Ginkgo biloba extracts and cancer: A research area in its infancy

Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 17, Issue 4, 2003, Pages 405-417

  DeFeudis, Francis V ^a   Papadopoulos, Vassilios ^b   Drieu, Katy ^c  

^a Institute for BioScience   (United States)

^b GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c IPSEN   (France)

Author keywords

Antioxidant; Cancer; Chemoprevention; Gene expression; Ginkgo biloba; Ginkgolide

Indexed keywords

ANTINEOPLASTIC AGENT; CISPLATIN; CYTOKINE; DOXORUBICIN; ESTROGEN RECEPTOR; FLUOROURACIL; GINKGO BILOBA EXTRACT; KAEMPFEROL; NATURAL PRODUCT; NITRIC OXIDE; NITRIC OXIDE SYNTHASE; PACLITAXEL; QUERCETIN; SCATTER FACTOR; THIOBARBITURIC ACID REACTIVE SUBSTANCE; VASCULOTROPIN; VINBLASTINE; VINCRISTINE;

ANGIOGENESIS; ANIMAL MODEL; ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY; BLADDER CANCER; BREAST ADENOCARCINOMA; BREAST CANCER; CANCER CELL CULTURE; CANCER MODEL; CANCER PREVENTION; CARDIOTOXICITY; CHERNOBYL ACCIDENT; CHROMOSOME ABERRATION; CLINICAL TRIAL; COLORECTAL CANCER; CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL; CONTROLLED STUDY; DNA DAMAGE; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GINKGO BILOBA; HUMAN; HUMAN CELL; LEUKEMIA; LUNG METASTASIS; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; NUDE MOUSE; OXIDATIVE STRESS; PANCREAS CANCER; PHASE 2 CLINICAL TRIAL; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW;

ANGIOGENESIS INHIBITORS; ANIMALS; ANTICARCINOGENIC AGENTS; ANTIOXIDANTS; CLINICAL TRIALS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GINKGO BILOBA; HUMANS; NEOPLASMS; PLANT EXTRACTS; PLANT LEAVES;

EID: 0042169046     PISSN: 07673981     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00156.x     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Ong Y.C., Yong E.L. Panax (ginseng) - panacea or placebo? Molecular and cellular basis of its pharmacological activity. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore (2000) 29 42-46.
2. Dragsted L.O., Strube M., Larsen J.C. Cancer-protective factors in fruits and vegetables: biochemical and biological background. Pharmacol. Toxicol. (1993) 72 (Suppl 1), 116-135.
3. Marks F., Muller-Decker K., Furstenberger G. A causal relationship between unscheduled eicosanoid signaling and tumor development: cancer chemoprevention by inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism. Toxicology (2000) 153 11-26.
4. Zheng S., Yang H., Zhang S., Wang X., Yu L., Lu J. et al. Initial study on naturally occurring products from traditional Chinese herbs and vegetables for chemoprevention. J. Cell. Biochem. Suppl. (1997) 27 106-112.
5. DeFeudis F.V. Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb 761): From Chemistry to the Clinic, Ullstein-Medical, Wiesbaden, 1998.
6. Wiseman H., Halliwell B. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem. J. (1996) 313 (Part 1) 17-29.
7. Halliwell B. Can oxidative DNA damage be used as a biomarker of cancer risk in humans? Problems, resolutions and preliminary results from nutritional supplementation studies. Free Radic. Res. (1998) 29 469-486.
8. Chatterjee S.S. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on cerebral metabolic processes, in: Agnoli A., Rapin J.R., Scapagnini V., Weitbrecht W.V. (Eds), Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Organic Cerebral Impairment, John Libbey & Co., London. 1985. pp. 5-14.
9. DeFeudis F.V., Auguet M., Delaflotte S. et al. Some in vitro and in vivo actions of an extract of Ginkgo biloba (GB 761), in: Agnoli A., Rapin J.R., Scapagnini V. Weitbrecht W.V. (Eds), Effects of Ginkgo biloba on Organic Cerebral Impairment. John Libbey & Co., London. 1985, pp. 17-29.
10. Pincemail J., Thirion A., Dupuis M., Braquet P., Drieu K., Deby C. Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits oxygen species production generated by phorbol myristate acetate stimulated human leukocytes. Experientia (1987) 43 181-184.
11. Pincemail J., Dupuis M., Nasr C. et al. Superoxide anion scavenging effect and superoxide dismutase activity of Ginkgo biloba extract. Experientia (1989) 45 708-712.
12. Gardès-Albert M., Ferradini C., Sekaki A., Droy-Lefaix M.T. Oxygen-centered free radicals and their interactions with EGb 761 or CP 202, in: Ferradini C., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Christen Y. (Eds), Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research, Vol. 2. Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) as a Free-Radical Scavenger. Elsevier, Paris. 1993, pp. 1-11.
13. Maitra I., Marcocci L., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Packer, L. Peroxyl radical scavenging activity of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Biochem. Pharmacol. (1995) 49 1649-1655.
14. Packer L., Marcocci L., Haramaki N., Kobuchi H., Christen Y., Droy-Lefaix, M.T. Antioxidant properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 and clinical implications, in: Packer L, Traber M.G., Xin W. (Eds) Natural Antioxidants: Molecular Mechanisms and Health Effects. AOCS Press, Champaign, Illinois, 1996, pp. 472-487.
15. Marcocci L., Maguire J.J., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Packer L. The nitric oxide-scavenging properties of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1994) 201 748-755.
16. Goureau O., Courtois Y. Nitric oxide and retinal aging: a potential role for a Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761), in: Christen Y., Courtois Y, Droy-Lefaix, M.T. (Eds), Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research, Vol. 4. Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) on Aging and Age-Related Disorders. Elsevier. Paris. 1995, pp. 65-69.
17. Oyama Y., Chikahisa L., Ueha T., Kanemaru K., Noda K. Ginkgo biloba extract protects brain neurones against oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide. Brain Res. (1996) 712 349-352.
18. Deby C., Deby-Dupont G., Dister M., Pincemail J. Efficiency of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in neutralizing ferryl ion-induced peroxidations: therapeutic implications, in: Ferradini C., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Christen Y. (Eds), Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research, Vol. 2. Ginkgo biloba Extract as a Free-Radical Scavenger. Elsevier. Paris. 1993, pp. 13-26.
19. Monboisse J.C., Garnotel R., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Borel J.P. A Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) inhibits superoxide-anion production by human neutrophils, in: Ferradini C., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Christen Y.(Eds), Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research, Vol. 2. Ginkgo biloba Extract as a Free-Radical Scavenger. Elsevier. Paris. 1993, pp. 123-128.
20. Packer L., Haramaki N., Kawabata T. et al. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): Antioxidant action and prevention of oxidative stress-induced injury, in: Christen Y., Courtois Y., Droy-Lefaix, M.T. (Eds), Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research, Vol. 4. Effects of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) on Aging and Age-Related Disorders. Elsevier. Paris. 1995, pp. 17-47.
21. Pasquier C., Babin-Chevaye C., Marquetty C. EGb 761 inhibition of neutrophil functions and adhesion to endothelium activated by oxygen free radicals, in: Packer L, Traber M.G., Xin W. (Eds.), Natural Antioxidants: Molecular Mechanisms and Health Effects. AOCS Press. Champaign, Illinois. 1996, pp. 488-498.
22. Pietri S., Maurelli E., Drieu K., Culcasi M. Cardioprotective and antioxidant effects of the terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. (1997) 29 733-742.
23. Gohil K., Moy R.K., Farzin S., Maguire J.J., Packer L. mRNA expression profile of a human cancer cell line in response to Ginkgo biloba extract: induction of antioxidant response and the Golgi system. Free Radic. Res. (2000) 33 831-849.
24. Rimbach G., Gohil K., Matsugo S. et al. Induction of glutathione synthesis in human keratinocytes by Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761). Biofactors (2001) 15 39-52.
25. Chen J.X., Zeng H., Chen X., Su C.Y., Lai C.C. Induction of heme oxygenase-1 by Ginkgo biloba extract but not its terpenoids partially mediated its protective effect against lysophosphatidylcholine-induced damage. Pharmacol. Res. (2001) 43 63-69.
26. Song W., Guan H.J., Zhu X.Z., Chen Z.L., Yin M.L., Cheng X.F. Protective effect of bilobalide against nitric oxide-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells. Acta Pharmacol. Sin. (2000) 21 415-420.
27. Yan L.-J., Droy-Lefaix M.T., Packer L. Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) protects human low density lipoproteins against oxidative modification mediated by copper. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. (1995) 212 360-366.
28. Pietta P.G., Gardana C., Mauri P.L., Maffei-Facino R., Carini M. Identification of flavonoid metabolites after oral administration to rats of a Ginkgo biloba extract. J. Chromatogr. B (1995) 673 75-80.
29. Pietta P.G., Gardana C., Mauri P.L. Identification of Ginkgo biloba flavonol metabolites after oral administration to humans. J. Chromatogr. B (1997) 693 249-255.
30. Terao J. Dietary flavonoids as antioxidants in vivo: conjugated metabolites of (-)-epicatechin and quercetin participate in antioxidative defense in blood plasma. J. Med. Invest. (1999) 46 159-168.
31. Yamamoto N., Moon J.H., Tsushida T., Nagao A., Terao J. Inhibitory effect of quercetin metabolites and their related derivatives on copper ion-induced lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1999) 372 347-354.
32. Mutoh M., Takahashi M., Fukuda K. et al. Suppression of cyclooxygenase-2 promoter-dependent transcriptional activity in colon cancer cells by chemopreventive agents with a resorcin-type structure. Carcinogenesis (2000) 21 959-963.
33. Watanabe K., Kawamori T., Nakatsugi S., Wakabayashi K. COX-2 and iNOS, good targets for chemoprevention of colon cancer. Biofactors (2000) 12 129-133.
34. Raso G.M., Meli R., Di Carlo G., Pacilio M., Di Carlo R. Inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 expression by flavonoids in macrophage J774A. Life Sci. (2001) 68 921-931.
35. Ekmekcioglu S., Ellerhorst J., Smid C.M. et al. Inducible nitric oxide synthase and nitrotyrosine in human metastatic melanoma tumors correlate with poor survival. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6 4768-4775.
36. Griffiths K., Morton M.S., Denis I. Certain aspects of molecular endocrinology that relate to the influence of dietary factors on the pathogenesis of prostate cancer. Eur. Urol. (1999) 35 443-455.
37. Webster R.P., Gawde M.D., Bhattacharya R.K. Protective effect of rutin, a flavonol glycoside, on the carcinogen-induced DNA damage and repair enzymes in rats. Cancer Lett. (1996) 109 185-191.
38. scc activity and androgen formation. in: Packer L., Christen Y. (Eds), Advances in Ginkgo biloba Extract Research, Vol. 7: Lessons from Cell Biology. Elsevier, Paris. 1998, pp. 129-138.
39. Liebgott T., Miollan M., Berchadsky Y., Drieu K., Culcasi M., Pietri S. Complementary cardioprotective effects of flavonoid metabolites and terpenoid constituents of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) during ischemia and reperfusion. Basic Res. Cardiol. (2000) 95 368-377.
40. Papadopoulos V., Kapsis A., Li H. et al. Drug-induced inhibition of the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor expression and cell proliferation in human breast cancer cells. Anticancer Res. (2000) 20 2835-2847.
41. Folkman J., Klagsbrun M. Vascular physiology: a family of angiogenic peptides. Nature (1987) 329 671-672.
42. Folkman J. Angiogenesis in cancer, vascular, rheumatoid and other disease. Nature Med. (1995) 1 27-31.
43. Monte M., Davel L.E., de Lustig E.S. Inhibition of lymphocyte-induced angiogenesis by free radical scavengers. Free Radical Biol. Med. (1994) 17 259-266.
44. Roche W.R. Mast cells and tumors. The specific enhancement of tumor proliferation in vitro. Am. J. Pathol. (1985) 119 57-64.
45. Ueno T., Toi M., Saji H. et al. Significance of macrophage chemoattractant protein-1 in macrophage recruitment, angiogenesis, and survival in human breast cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. (2000) 6 3282-3289.
46. Shamamian P., Schwartz J.D., Pocock B.J. et al. Activation of progelatinase A (MMP-2) by neutrophil elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase-3: a role for inflammatory cells in tumor invasion and angiogenesis. J. Cell Physiol. (2001) 189 197-206.
47. Benitez-Bribiesca L., Wong A., Utrera D., Castellanos E. The role of mast cell tryptase in neoangiogenesis of premalignant and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. J. Histochem. Cytochem. (2001) 49 1061-1062.
48. Norrby K. Mast cells and angiogenesis. APMIS (2002) 110 355-371.
49. Li C., Shintani S., Terakado N., Nakashiro K., Hamakawa H. Infiltration of tumor-associated macrophages in human oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol. Rep. (2002) 9 1219-1223.
50. Kamate C., Baloul S., Grootenboer S. et al. Inflammation and cancer, the mastocytoma P815 tumor model revisited: triggering of macrophage activation in vivo with pro-tumorigenic consequences. Int. J. Cancer (2002) 100 571-579.
51. Iba O., Matsubara H., Nozawa Y. et al. Angiogenesis by implantation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and platelets into ischemic limbs. Circulation (2002) 106 2019-2025.
52. Scapini P., Nesi L., Morini M. et al. Generation of biologically active angiostatin kringle 1-3 by activated human neutrophils. J. Immunol. (2002) 168 5798-5804.
53. Ohta M., Kitadai Y., Tanaka S. et al. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression correlates with macrophage infiltration and tumor vascularity in human esophageal squamous cell carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer (2002) 102 220-224.
54. McCourt M., Wang J.H., Sookhai S., Redmond H.P. Pro-inflammatory mediators stimulate neutrophil-directed angiogenesis. Arch. Surg. (1999) 134 1325-1331.
55. McCourt M., Wang J.H., Sookhai S., Redmond H.P. Activated human neutrophils release hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. (2001) 27 396-403.
56. Otamiri T., Tagesson C. Ginkgo biloba extract prevents mucosal damage associated with small-intestinal ischaemia. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. (1989) 24 666-670.
57. Pehlivan M., Dalbeler Y., Hazinedaroglu S. et al. An assessment of the effect of Ginkgo biloba EGb 761 on ischemia reperfusion injury of intestine. Hepatogastroenterology (2002) 49 201-204.
58. Juarez C.P., Muino J.C., Guglielmone H. et al. Experimental retinopathy of prematurity: angiostatic inhibition by nimodipine, ginkgo-biloba, and dipyridamole, and response to different growth factors. Eur. J. Ophthalmol. (2000) 10 51-59.
59. Berra E., Pages G., Pouyssegur J. MAP kinases and hypoxia in the control of VEGF expression. Cancer Metastasis Rev. (2000) 19 139-145.
60. Hardwick M., Fertikh D., Culty M., Li H., Vidic B., Papadopoulos V. Peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) in human breast cancer: correlation of breast cancer cell aggressive phenotype with PBR expression, nuclear localization, and PBR-mediated cell proliferation and nuclear transport of cholesterol. Cancer Res. (1999) 59 831-842.
61. Li W., Pretner E., Shen L., Drieu K., Papadopoulos V. Common gene targets of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) in human tumor cells: relation to cell growth. Cell. Mol. Biol. (Noisy-le-Grand) (2002) 48 655-662.
62. Middleton E. Jr. Kandaswami C., Theoharides T.C. The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol. Rev. (2000) 52 673-751.
63. Watanabe C.M., Wolffram S., Ader P. et al. The in vivo neuromodulatory effects of the herbal medicine Ginkgo biloba. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (2001) 98 6577-6580.
64. Hayes J.D., McMahon M. Molecular basis for the contribution of the antioxidant responsive element to cancer chemoprevention. Cancer Lett. (2001) 174 103-113.
65. Zhao H.W., Li X.Y. Ginkgolide A, B, and huperzine A inhibit nitric oxide production from rat C6 and human BT325 glioma cells. Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao (1999) 20 941-943.
66. Swaroop G.R., Kelly P.A., Bell H.S., Shinoda J., Yamaguchi S., Whittle I.R. The effects of chronic nitric oxide synthase suppression on glioma pathophysiology. Br. J. Neurosurg. (2000) 14 543-548.
67. Cobbs C.S., Brenman J.E., Aldape K.D., Bredt D.S., Israel M.A. Expression of nitric oxide synthase in human central nervous system tumors. Cancer Res. (1995) 55 727-730.
68. Cobbs C.S., Samanta M., Harkins L.E. et al. Evidence for peroxynitrite-mediated modifications to p53 in human gliomas: possible functional consequences. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (2001) 394 167-172.
69. Cheung F., Slow Y.L., O K. Inhibition by ginkgolides and bilobalide of the production of nitric oxide in macrophages (THP-1) but not in endothelial cells (HUVEC). Biochem. Pharmacol. (2001) 61 503-510.
70. DeFeudis F.V. Review: excess EDRF/NO, a potentially deleterious condition that may be involved in accelerated atherogenesis and other chronic disease states. Gen. Pharmacol. (1995) 26 667-680.
71. Wadsworth T.L., Koop D.R. Effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) and quercetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced release of nitric oxide. Chem. Biol. Interact. (2001) 137 43-58.
72. Mikkelsen T. Cytostatic agents in the management of malignant gliomas. Cancer Control JMCC (1998) 5 150-162.
73. Fukaya H., Kanno H. Experimental studies of the protective effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) on cisplatin-induced toxicity in rats. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho (1999) 102 907-917 [In Japanese].
74. Shiraishi F., Curtis L.M., Truong L. et al. Heme oxygenase-1 gene ablation or expression modulates cisplatin-induced renal tubular apoptosis. Am. J. Physiol. Renal Physiol. (2000) 278 F726-F736.
75. Agha A.M., El-Fattah A.A., Al-Zuhair H.H., Al-Rikabi A.C. Chemopreventive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract against benzo(a)pyrene-induced forestomach carcinogenesis in mice: amelioration of doxorubicin cardiotoxicity. J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res. (2001) 20 39-50.
76. Bhide S.V., Zariwala M.B., Amonkar A.J., Azuine M.A. Chemopreventive efficacy of a betel leaf extract against benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach tumors in mice. J. Ethnopharmacol. (1991) 34 207-213.
77. Katiyar S.K., Agarwal R., Zaim M.T., Mukhtar H. Protection against N-nitrosodiethylamine and benzo[a]pyrene-induced forestomach and lung tumorigenesis in A/J mice by green tea. Carcinogenesis (1993) 14 849-855.
78. Sadzuka Y., Sugiyama T., Shimoi K., Kinae N., Hirota S. Protective effect of flavonoids on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity. Toxicol. Lett. (1997) 92 1-7.
79. Emerit I., Oganesian N., Sarkisian T. et al. Clastogenic factors in the plasma of Chernobyl accident recovery workers: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Radiat. Res. (1995) 144 198-205.
80. Emerit I., Arutyunyan R., Oganesian N. et al. Radiation-induced clastogenic factors: anticlastogenic effect of Ginkgo biloba extract. Free Radic. Biol. Med. (1995) 18 985-991.
81. Pietschmann A., Kuklinski B., Otterstein A. Protection from UV-light-induced oxidative stress by nutritional radical scavengers. Z. Gesamte Inn. Med. (1992) 47 518-522 [In German].
82. Osterlind A., Jensen O.M. Skin pigmentation, nevi and sunshine as etiological factors in cutaneous malignant melanoma. Nord. Med. (1990) 105 223-229 [in Danish].
83. Casagrande F., Darbon J.M. Effects of structurally related flavonoids on cell cycle progression of human melanoma cells: regulation of cyclin-dependent kinases CDK2 and CDK1. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2001) 61 1205-1215.
84. Hauns B., Hating B., Kohler S., Mross K., Robben-Bathe P., Unger C. Phase II study with 5-fluorouracil and Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE 761 ONC) in patients with pancreatic cancer. Arzneimittelforschung (1999) 49 1030-1034.
85. Hauns B., Haring B., Kohler S., Mross K., Unger C. Phase II study of combined 5-fluorouracil/Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE 761 ONC) therapy in 5-fluorouracil pretreated patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Phytother. Res. (2001) 15 34-38.
86. Antoku K., Liu Z., Johnson DE. Inhibition of caspase proteases by CrmA enhances the resistance of human leukemic cells to multiple chemotherapeutic agents. Leukemia (1997) 11 1665-1672.
87. Lei W., Mayotte J.E., Levitt M.L. Enhancement of chemosensitivity and programmed cell death by tyrosine kinase inhibitors correlates with EGFR expression in non-small cell lung cancer cells. Anticancer Res. (1999) 19 221-228.
88. Jakubikova J., Duraj J., Hunakova L., Chorvath B., Sedlak J. PK11195, an isoquinoline carboxamide ligand of the mitochondrial benzodiazepine receptor, increased drug uptake and facilitated drug-induced apoptosis in human multidrug-resistant leukemia cells in vitro. Neoplasma (2002) 49 231-236.
89. Wang Y., Perchellet E.M., Tamura M., Hua D.H., Perchellet J.P. Induction of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 cleavage by antitumor triptycene bisquinones in wild-type and daunorubicin-resistant HL-60 cell lines. Cancer Lett. (2002) 188 73-83.
90. Arnold J., Grune T. PARP-mediated proteasome activation: a co-ordination of DNA repair and protein degradation? Bioessays (2002) 24 1060-1065.
91. Morrow C.S., Smitherman P.K., Townsend A.J. Role of multidrug-resistance protein 2 in glutathione S-transferase P1-1-mediated resistance to 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide toxicities in HepG2 cells. Mol. Carcinog. (2000) 29 170-178.
92. Paumi C.M., Ledford B.G., Smitherman P.K., Townsend A.J., Morrow C.S. Role of multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) and glutathione S-transferase A1-1 in alkylating agent resistance. Kinetics of glutathione conjugate formation and efflux govern differential cellular sensitivity to chlorambucil versus melphalan toxicity. J. Biol. Chem. (2001) 276 7952-7956.
93. Sampath J., Adachi M., Hatse S. et al. Role of MRP4 and MRP5 in biology and chemotherapy. AAPS PharmSci. (2002) 4 E14.
94. Burg D., Wielinga P., Zelcer N., Saeki T., Mulder G.J., Borst P. Inhibition of the multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) by peptidomimetic glutathione-conjugate analogs. Mol. Pharmacol. (2002) 62 1160-1166.
95. Thornalley P.J. Isothiocyanates: Mechanism of cancer chemopreventive action. Anticancer Drugs (2002) 13 331-338.
96. Lehne G. P-glycoprotein as a drug target in the treatment of multidrug resistant cancer. Curr. Drug Targets (2000) 1 85-99.
97. Shtil A.A. Signal transduction pathways and transcriptional mechanisms as targets for prevention of emergence of multidrug resistance in human cancer cells. Curr. Drug Targets (2001) 2 57-77.
98. Batra S., Iosif C.S. Elevated concentrations of mitochondrial peripheral benzodiazepine receptors in ovarian tumors. Int. J. Oncol. (1998) 12 1295-1298.
99. Benavides J., Cornu P., Dennis T. et al. Imaging of human brain lesions with an omega 3 site radioligand. Ann. Neurol. (1988) 24 708-712.
100. Starosta-Rubinstein S., Ciliax B.J., Penney J.B., McKeever P., Young A.B. Imaging of a glioma using peripheral benzodiazepine receptor ligands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA (1987) 84 891-895.
101. Kuhlmann A.C., Guilarte T.R. Cellular and subcellular localization of peripheral benzodiazepine receptors after trimethyltin neurotoxicity. J. Neurochem. (2000) 74 1694-1704.
102. Brown R.C., Degenhardt B., Kotoula M., Papadopoulous V. Location-dependent role of the human glioma cell peripheraltype benzodiazepine receptor in proliferation and steroid biosynthesis. Cancer Lett. (2000) 156 125-132.
103. Hoffmann J.J., Torrance S.J., Widehopf R.M., Cole J.R. Cytotoxic agents from Michelia champaca and Talauma ovata: Parthenolide and costunolide. J. Pharm. Sci. (1977) 66 883-884.
104. Ross J.J., Arnason J.T., Birnboim H.C. Low concentrations of the feverfew component parthenolide inhibit in vitro growth of tumor lines in a cytostatic fashion. Planta Med. (1999) 65 126-129.
105. Quintero A., Pelcastre A., Solano J.D. Antitumoral activity of new pyrimidine derivatives of sesquiterpene lactones. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. (1999) 2 108-112.
106. Fukuda K., Hibiya Y., Mutoh M. et al. Inhibition by parthenolide of phorbol ester-induced transcriptional activation of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in a human monocyte cell line THP-1. Biochem. Pharmacol. (2000) 60 595-600.