Ternary complex factors: Prime nuclear targets for mitogen-activated protein kinases

International Journal of Biochemistry and Cell Biology

Volumn 35, Issue 8, 2003, Pages 1210-1226

  Shaw, Peter E ^a   Saxton, Janice ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NOTTINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Deacetylases; Elk 1; ETS; Histone acetylation; Net; Phosphorylation; Sap 1a; SUMO modification; Transcription

Indexed keywords

DNA; MITOGEN ACTIVATED PROTEIN KINASE; PROTEIN; PROTEIN TERNARY COMPLEX FACTOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

COMPLEX FORMATION; DNA BINDING; ENZYME ANALYSIS; GENETIC ANALYSIS; MAMMAL; MOLECULAR BIOLOGY; NONHUMAN; PREDICTION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN EXPRESSION; PROTEIN FAMILY; PROTEIN FUNCTION; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; UPREGULATION;

CERVUS ELAPHUS; EUKARYOTA; MAMMALIA;

EID: 0038702223     PISSN: 13572725     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1357-2725(03)00031-1     Document Type: Review

References (144)

1. Ayadi A., Suelves M., Dollé P., Wasylyk B. Net, an Ets ternary complex transcription factor, is expressed in sites of vasculogenesis, angiogenesis and chondrogenesis during mouse development. Mechanical Development. 102:2001;205-208.
2. Ayadi A., Zheng H., Sobieszczuk P., Buchwalter G., Moerman P., Alitalo K., Wasylyk B. Net-targeted mutant mice develop a vascular phenotype and up-regulate egr-1. EMBO Journal. 20:2001;5139-5152.
3. Babu G.J., Lalli M.J., Sussman M.A., Sadoshima J., Periasamy M. Phosphorylation of Elk-1 by MEK/ERK Pathway is Necessary for c-fos Gene Activation During Cardiac Myocyte Hypertrophy. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology. 32:2000;1447-1457.
4. Beitel G.J., Tuck S., Greenwald I., Horvitz H.R. The Caenorhabditis elegans gene lin-1 encodes an ETS-domain protein and defines a branch of the vulval induction pathway. Genes Development. 9:1995;3149-3162.
5. Bevan N., Scott S., Shaw P.E., Lee M.G., Marshall F.H., Rees S. Nociceptin activates Elk-1 and Sap1a following expression of the ORL1 receptor in CHinese hamster ovary cells. NeuroReport. 9:1998;2703-2708.
6. Bhaskar V., Valentine S.A., Courey A.J. A functional interaction between dorsal and components of the Smt3 conjugation machinery. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275:2000;4033-4040.
7. Boyer T.G., Martin M.E.D., Lees E., Ricciardi R.P., Berk A.J. Mammalian Srb/mediator complex is targeted by adenovirus E1A protein. Nature. 399:1999;276-279.
8. Brennan R.G. The winged-helix DNA-binding motif: another helix-turn-helix takeoff. Cell. 74:1993;773-776.
9. Brown L.A., Yang S.H., Hair A., Galanis A., Sharrocks A.D. Molecular characterisation of a zebrafish TCF ETS-domain transcription factor. Oncogene. 18:1999;7985-7993.
10. Burtis K.C., Thummel C.S., Jones C.W., Karim F.D., Hogness D.S. The Drosophila 74EF early puff contains E74, a complex ecdysone-inducible gene that encodes two ets-related proteins. Cell. 61:1990;85-99.
11. Carrere S., Verger A., Flourens A., Stehelin D., Duterquecoquillaud M. Erg proteins, transcription factors of the ets family, form homo, heterodimers and ternary complexes via 2 distinct domains. Oncogene. 16:1998;3261-3268.
12. Cavigelli M., Dolfi F., Claret F.-X., Karin M. Induction of c-fos expression through JNK-mediated TCF/Elk-1 phosphorylation. EMBO Journal. 14:1995;5957-5964.
13. Chan H.M., La Thangue N.B. p300/CBP proteins: HATs for transcriptional bridges and scaffolds. Journal of Cellular Science. 114:2001;2363-2373.
14. Chiu J.J., Wung B.S., Hsieh J.J., Lo L.W., Wang D.L. Nitric oxide regulates shear stress-induced early growth response-1. Expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in endothelial cells. Circulation Research. 85:1999;238-246.
15. Christy B.A., Sanders L.K., Lau L.F., Copeland N.G., Jenkins N.A., Nathans D. An Id-related helix-loop-helix protein encoded by a growth factor-inducible gene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88:1991;1815-1819.
16. Chung K.C., Gomes I., Wang D.L., Lau L.F., Rosner M.R. Raf and fibroblast growth factor phosphorylate Elk1 and activate the serum response element of the immediate early gene pip92 by mitogen-activated protein kinase-independent as well as-dependent signaling pathways. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18:1998;2272-2281.
17. Clarkson R.W., Shang C.A., Levitt L.K., Howard T., Waters M.J. Ternary complex factors Elk-1 and Sap-1a mediate growth hormone-induced transcription of egr-1 (early growth response factor-1) in 3T3-F442A preadipocytes. Molecular Endocrinology. 13:1999;619-631.
18. Criqui-Filipe P., Ducret C., Maira S.M., Wasylyk B. Net, a negative Ras-switchable TCF, contains a second inhibition domain, the CID, that mediates repression through interactions with CtBP and de-acetylation. EMBO Journal. 18:1999;3392-3403.
19. Cruzalegui F.H., Cano E., Treisman R. ERK activation induces phosphorylation of Elk-1 at multiple S/T-P motifs to high stoichiometry. Oncogene. 18:1999;7948-7957.
20. Dai T.N., Rubie E., Franklin C.C., Kraft A., Gillespie D.A.F., Avruch J., Kyriakis J.M., Woodgett J.R. Stress-activated protein-kinases bind directly to the delta- domain of c-jun in resting cells - implications for repression of c-jun function. Oncogene. 10:1995;849-855.
21. Dalgleish P., Sharrocks A.D. The mechanism of complex formation between Fli-1 and SRF transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Research. 28:2000;560-569.
22. Dalton S., Treisman R. Characterization of SAP-1, a protein recruited by serum response factor to the c-fos serum response element. Cell. 68:1992;597-612.
23. Drewett V., Muller S., Goodall J., Shaw P.E. Dimer formation by ternary complex factor Elk-1. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275:2000;1757-1762.
24. Duan R., Xie W., Burghardt T.C., Safe S. Estrogen receptor-mediated activation of the serum response element in MCF-7 cells through MAPK-dependent phosphorylation of Elk-1. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276:2001;11590-11598.
25. Ducret C., Maira S.M., Dierich A., Wasylyk B. The net repressor is regulated by nuclear export in response to anisomycin, UV, and heat shock. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19:1999;7076-7087.
26. Ducret C., Maira S.M., Lutz Y., Wasylyk B. The ternary complex factor Net contains two distinct elements that mediate different responses to MAP kinase signalling cascades. Oncogene. 19:2000;5063-5072.
27. El-Dahr S.S., Dipp S., Baricos W.H. Bradykinin stimulates the ERK-→ Elk-1Fos/AP-1 pathway in mesangial cells. American Journal of Physiology. 275:1998;343-352.
28. Fantz D.A., Jacobs D., Glossip D., Kornfeld K. Docking sites on substrate proteins direct extracellular signal-regulated kinases to phosphorylate specific residues. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276:2001;27256-27265.
29. Fuchs S.Y., Xie B., Adler V., Fried V.A., Davis R.J., Ronai Z. C-jun NH2-terminal kinases target the ubiquitination of their associated transcription factors. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272:1997;32163-32168.
30. Gille H., Kortenjann M., Thomae O., Moomaw C., Slaughter C., Cobb M.H., Shaw P.E. ERK phosphorylation potentiates ELK-1-mediated ternary complex formation and transactivation. EMBO Journal. 14:1995;951-962.
31. Gille H., Kortenjann M., Strahl T., Shaw P.E. Phosphorylation-dependent formation of a quaternary complex at the c-fos SRE. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 16:1996;1094-1102.
32. Gille H., Sharrocks A.D., Shaw P.E. Phosphorylation of transcription factor p62TCF by MAP kinase stimulates ternary complex formation at c-fos promoter. Nature. 358:1992;414-417.
33. Gille H., Strahl T., Shaw P.E. Activation of ternary complex factor Elk-1 by stress-activated protein kinases. Current Biology. 5:1995;1191-1200.
34. Giovane A., Pintzas A., Maira S.-M., Sobieszczuk P., Wasylyk B. Net, a new ets transcription factor that is activated by Ras. Genes Development. 8:1994;1502-1513.
35. Giovane A., Sobieszczuk P., Ayadi A., Maira S.-M., Wasylyk B. Net-b, a Ras-insensitive factor that forms ternary complexes with serum response factor on the serum response element of the fos promoter. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17:1997;5667-5678.
36. Giovane A., Sobieszczuk P., Mignon C., Mattei M.G., Wasylyk B. Locations of the ets subfamily members net, elk1, and sap1 (ELK3, ELK1, and ELK4) on three homologous regions of the mouse and human genomes. Genomics. 29:1995;769-772.
37. Goldman D., Sapru M.K., Stewart S., Plotkin J., Libermann T.A., Wasylyk B., Guan K. Cloning and characterisation of GETS-1, a goldfish Ets family member that functions as a transcriptional repressor in muscle. Biochemistry Journal. 335:1998;267-275.
38. Gostissa M., Hengstermann A., Fogal V., Sandy P., Schwarz S.E., Scheffner M., Del Sal G. Activation of p53 by conjugation to the ubiquitin-like protein SUMO-1. EMBO Journal. 18:1999;6462-6471.
39. Harindranath N., Mills F.C., Mitchell M., Meindl A., Max E.E. The human elk-1 gene family: the functional gene and two processed pseudogenes embedded in the IgH locus. Gene. 221:1998;2703-2708.
40. Hassler M., Richmond T.J. The B-box dominates SAP-1-SRF interactions in the structure of the ternary complex. EMBO Journal. 20:2001;3018-3028.
41. Herrera R.E., Shaw P.E., Nordheim A. Occupation of the c-fos serum response element in vivo by a multi-protein complex is unaltered by growth factor induction. Nature. 340:1989;68-70.
42. Hibi M., Lin A., Smeal T., Minden A., Karin M. Identification of an oncoprotein- and UV-responsive protein kinase that binds and potentiates the c-Jun activation domain. Genes Development. 7:1993;2135-2148.
43. Hill C.S., Marais R., John S., Wynne J., Dalton S., Treisman R. Functional analysis of a growth factor-responsive transcription factor complex. Cell. 73:1993;395-406.
44. Hipskind R.A., Büscher D., Nordheim A., Baccarini M. Ras/MAP kinase-dependent and -independent signalling pathways target distinct ternary cojplex factors. Genes Development. 8:1994;1803-1816.
45. Hipskind R.A., Rao V.N., Mueller C.G.F., Reddy E.S.P., Nordheim A. Ets-related protein Elk-1 is homologous to the c-fos regulatory factor p62TCF. Nature. 354:1991;531-534.
46. Hodge C., Liao J., Stofega M., Guan K., Carter-Su C., Shchwartz J. Growth hormone stimulates phosphorylation and activation of elk-1 and expression of c-fos, egr-1 and junB through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273:1998;31327-31336.
47. Holland P.M., Cooper J.A. Protein modification: docking sites for kinases. Current Biology. 9:1999;R329-R331.
48. Hsu T., McRackan D., Vincent T.S., Gert De Couet H. Drosophila Pin1 prolyl isomerase Dodo is a MAP kinase signal responder during oogenesis. Natural Cell Biology. 3:2001;538-543.
49. Iniguez-Lluhí J.A., Pearce D. A common motif within negative regulatory regions of multiple factors inhibits their transcriptional synergy. Molecular Cell Biology. 20:2000;6040-6050.
50. Jacobs D., Glossip D., Xing H., Muslin A.J., Kornfeld K. Multiple docking sites on substrate proteins form a modular system that mediates recognition by ERK MAP kinase. Genes Development. 13:1999;163-175.
51. Janknecht R., Hunter T. Activation of the Sap-1a transcription factor by the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) mitogen-activated protein kinase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272:1997a;4219-4224.
52. Janknecht R., Hunter T. Convergence of MAP kinase pathways on the ternary complex factor Sap-1a. EMBO Journal. 16:1997b;1620-1627.
53. Janknecht R., Nordheim A. Elk-1 protein domains required for direct and SRF-assisted DNA-binding. Nucleic Acids Research. 20:1992;3317-3324.
54. Janknecht R., Nordheim A. Regulation of the c-fos promoter by the ternary complex factor Sap-1a and its coactivator CBP. Oncogene. 12:1996a;1961-1969.
55. Janknecht R., Nordheim A. MAP kinase-dependent transcriptional coactivation by Elk-1 and its cofactor CBP. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 228:1996b;831-837.
56. Janknecht R., Ernst W.H., Nordheim A. Sap1a is a nuclear target of signalling cascades involving ERKs. Oncogene. 10:1995;1209-1216.
57. Janknecht R., Ernst W.H., Pingoud V., Nordheim A. Activation of ternary complex factor ELK-1 by MAP kinases. EMBO Journal. 12:1993;5097-5104.
58. Janknecht R., Zinck R., Ernst W.H., Nordheim A. Functional dissection of the transcription factor Elk-1. Oncogene. 9:1994;1273-1278.
59. Jousset C., Carron C., Boureux A., Quang C.T., Oury C., Dusanterfourt I., Charon M., Levin J., Bernard O., Ghysdael J. A domain of tel conserved in a subset of ets proteins defines a specific oligomerization interface essential to the mitogenic properties of the tel-pdgfr-beta oncoprotein. EMBO Journal. 16:1997;69-82.
60. Kahyo T., Nishida T., Yasuda H. Involvement of PIAS1 in the sumoylation of tumour suppressor p53. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 8:2001;713-718.
61. Kaminska B., Kaczmarek L., Zangenehpour S., Chaudhuri A. Rapid phosphorylation of Elk-1 transcription factor and activation of MAP kinase signal transduction pathways in response to visual stimulation. Molecular and Cellular Neurosciences. 13:1999;405-414.
62. Keyse S.M. Protein phosphatases and the regulation of map kinase-activity. Seminars in Cell Development and Biology. 9:1998;143-152.
63. Kirsh O., Seeler J.S., Pichler A., Gast A., Muller S., Miska E., Mathieu M., Harel-Bellan A., Kouzarides T., Melchior F., Dejean A. The SUMO E3 ligase RanBP2 promotes modification of the HDAC4 deacetylase. EMBO Journal. 21:2002;2682-2691.
64. Klingbeil P., Frazzetto G., Bouwmeester T. Xwig a novel putative endoplasmic reticulum protein expressed during epithelial morphogenesis and in response to embryonic wounding. International Journal of Developmental Biology. 45:2001;379-385.
65. Kodandapani R., Pio F., Ni C.Z., Piccialli G., Kiemsz M., McKerscher S., Maki R.A., Ely K.R. A new pattern for helix-turn-helix recognition revealed by the PU.1 ETS-domain-DNA complex. Nature. 380:1996;456-460.
66. König H. Cell-type specific multiprotein complex formation over the c-fos serum response element in vivo: ternary complex formation is not required for the induction of c-fos. Nucleic Acids Research. 19:1991;3607-3611.
67. Kortenjann M., Thomae O., Shaw P.E. Inhibition of v-raf-Dependent c-fos Expression and Transformation by a Kinase-Defective Mutant of the Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Erk2. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14:1994;4815-4824.
68. Kotaja N., Karvonen U., Janne O.A., Palvimo J.J. PIAS proteins modulate transcription factors by functioning as SUMO-1 ligases. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22:2002;5222-5234.
69. Kujoth G.C., Robinson D.F., Fahl W.E. Binding of ETS family members is important for the function of the c-sis/platelet-derived growth factor-B TATA neighboring sequence in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-treated K562 cells. Cell Growth and Differentiation. 9:1998;523-534.
70. Laudet V., Hänni C., Stéhelin D., Duterque-Coquillaud M. Molecular phylogeny of the ETS gene family. Oncogene. 18:1999;1351-1359.
71. Lehembre F., Badenhorst P., Müller S., Travers A., Schweisguth F., Dejean A. Covalent modification of the transcriptional repressor tramtrack by the ubiquitin-related protein Smt3 in Drosophila flies. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20:2000;1072-1082.
72. Lehmann U., Brocke P., Dittner J., Nordheim A. Characterisation of the human elk-1 promoter. Potential role of a downstream intronic sequence for elk-1 gene expression in monocytes. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274:1999;1736-1744.
73. Li Q.J., Vaingankar S., Sladek F.M., Martins-Green M. Novel nuclear target for thrombin: activation of the Elk1 transcription factor leads to chemokine gene expression. Blood. 96:2000;3696-3706.
74. Liang H., Mao X., Olejniczak E.T., Hnettesheim D.G., Yu L., Meadows R.P., Thompson G.B., Fesik S.W. Solution structure of the ets domain of Fli-1 when bound to DNA. Nature Structural Biology. 1:1994;871-876.
75. Ling Y., Lakey J.H., Roberts C.E., Sharrocks A.D. Molecular characterization of the b-box protein-protein interaction motif of the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. EMBO Journal. 16:1997;2431-2440.
76. Ling Y., West A.G., Roberts E.C., Lakey J.H., Sharrocks A.D. Interaction of transcription factors with serum response factor-identification of the Elk-1 binding surface. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 273:1998;10506-10514.
77. Lopez M., Oettgen P., Akbarali Y., Dendorfer U., Libermann T.A. ERP, a new member of the ets transcription factor/oncoprotein family: cloning, characterization, and differential expression during B-lymphocyte development. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14:1994;3292-3309.
78. Lu K.P., Hanes S.D., Hunter T. A human peptidyl-prolyl isomerase essential for regulation of mitosis. Nature. 380:1996;544-547.
79. Lu P.J., Zhou X.Z., Shen M., Lu K.P. Function of WW Domains as phosphoserine- or phosphothreonine-binding modules. Science. 283:1999;1325-1328.
80. Maira S.M., Wurtz J.M., Wasylyk B. Net (erp/sap2), one of the ras-inducible tcfs, has a novel inhibitory domain with resemblance to the helix-loop-helix motif. EMBO Journal. 15:1996;5849-5865.
81. Malik R.K., Roe M.W., Blackshear P.J. Epidermal growth factor and other mitogens induce binding of a protein complex to the c-fos serum response element in human astrocytoma and other cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 266:1991;8576-8582.
82. Marais R., Wynne J., Treisman R. The SRF accessory protein Elk-1 contains a growth factor- regulated transcriptional activation domain. Cell. 73:1993;381-393.
83. McMahon S.B., Monroe J.G. A ternary complex factor-dependent mechanism mediates induction of egr-1 through selective serum response elements following antigen receptor cross-linking in b-lymphocytes. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15:1995a;1086-1093.
84. McMahon S.B., Monroe J.G. Activation of the p21ras Pathway Couples Antigen Receptor Stimulation to Induction of the Primary Response Gene egr-1 in B Lymphocytes. Journal of Experimental Medicine. 181:1995b;417-422.
85. Mo Y., Ho W., Johnston K., Marmorstein R. Crystal structure of a ternary SAP-1/SRF/c-fos SRE complex. Journal of Molecular Biology. 314:2001;495-506.
86. Mo Y., Vaessen B., Johnston K., Marmorstein R. Structures of SAP-1 bound to DNA targets from the E74 and c-fos promoters: insights into DNA sequence discrimination by Ets proteins. Molecular Cell. 2:1998;201-212.
87. Mo Y., Vaessen B., Johnston K., Marmorstein R. Structure of the Elk-1-DNA complex reveals how DNA-distal residues affect ETS domain recognition of DNA. Nature Structural Biology. 7:2000;292-297.
88. Mueller C.G.F., Nordheim A. A protein domain conserved between yeast MCM1 and human SRF directs ternary complex formation. EMBO Journal. 10:1991;4219-4229.
89. Müller S., Berger M., Lehembre F., Seeler J.S., Haupt Y., Dejean A. c-Jun and p53 activity is modulated by SUMO-1 modification. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 275:2000;13321-13329.
90. Müller S., Hoege C., Pyrowolakis G., Jentsch S. SUMO, ubiquitin's mysterious cousin. Natural Review of Molecular and Cellular Biology. 2:2001;202-210.
91. Nissen L.J., Gelly J.C., Hipskind R.A. Induction-independent recruitment of CREB-binding protein to the c-fos serum response element through interactions between the bromodomain and Elk-1. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276:2001;5213-5221.
92. Pichler A., Gast A., Seeler J.S., Dejean A., Melchior F. The nucleoporin RanBP2 has SUMO1 E3 ligase activity. Cell. 108:2002;109-120.
93. Portier M., Combes T., Gully D., Maffrand J.P., Casellas P. Neurotensin type 1 receptor-mediated activation of krox24, c-fos and Elk-1: preventing effect of the neurotensin antagonists SR 48692 and SR 142948. FEBS Letters. 432:1998;88-93.
94. Price M.A., Rogers A.E. Comparative analysis of the ternary complex factors Elk-1, SAP-1a and SAP-1 (ERP/NET). EMBO Journal. 14:1995;2589-2601.
95. Price M.A., Cruzalegui F.H., Treisman R. The p38 and ERK MAP kinase pathways cooperate to activate Ternary Complex Factors and c-fos transcription in response to UV light. EMBO Journal. 15:1996;6552-6563.
96. Ranganathan R., Lu K.P., Hunter T., Noel J.P. Structural and functional analysis of the mitotic rotamase Pin1 suggests substrate recognition is phosphorylation dependent. Cell. 89:1997;875-886.
97. Rao V.N., Reddy E.S. Delta elk-1, a variant of elk-1, fails to interact with the serum response factor and binds to DNA with modulated specificity. Cancer Research. 53:1993;215-220.
98. Rao V.N., Reddy E.S. Elk-1 proteins are phosphoproteins and activators of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Cancer Research. 53:1993;3449-3454.
99. Rao V.N., Huebner K., Isobe M., Ar-Rushdi A., Croce C.M., Reddy E.S.P. elk, tissue specific ets-related genes on chromosome X and 14 near translocation breakpoints. Science. 244:1989;66-70.
100. Rodriguez M.S., Desterro J.M., Lain S., Midgley C.A., Lane D.P., Hay R.T. SUMO-1 modification activates the transcriptional response of p53. EMBO Journal. 18:1999;6455-6461.
101. Sachdev S., Bruhn L., Sieber H., Pichler A., Melchior F., Grosschedl R. PIASy, a nuclear matrix-associated SUMO E3 ligase, represses LEF1 activity by sequestration into nuclear bodies. Genes Development. 15:2001;3088-3103.
102. Sgambato V., Vanhoutte P., Pàges C., Rogard M., Hipskind R.A., Besson M.J., Caboche J. In vivo expression and regulation of Elk-1, a target of extracellular regulated kinase, in the adult brain. Journal of Neuroscience. 18:1998;214-226.
103. Sharrocks A.D. ERK2/p42 MAP kinase stimulates both autonomous and SRF- dependent DNA-binding by Elk-1. FEBS Letters. 368:1995;77-80.
104. Sharrocks A.D., Yang S.H., Galanis A. Docking domains and substrate-specificity determination for MAP kinases. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 25:2000;448-453.
105. Shaw P.E. Ternary complex formation over the c-fos serum response element: p62TCF Exhibits dual component specificity with contacts to DNA and an extended structure in the DNA-binding domain of p67SRF. EMBO Journal. 11:1992;3011-3019.
106. Shaw P.E. Peptidyl-prolyl isomerases: a new twist to transcription. EMBO Reports. 3:2002;521-526.
107. Shipley J., Sheer D., Dalton S., Treisman R., Patel K. Mapping of the human sap1 (srf accessory protein-1) gene and sap2, a gene encoding a related protein, to chromosomal bands 1q32 and 12q23, respectively. Genomics. 23:1994;710-711.
108. Shore P., Sharrocks A.D. The transcription factors Elk-1 and serum response factor interact by direct protein-protein contacts mediated by a short region of Elk-1. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 14:1994;3283-3291.
109. Shore P., Sharrocks A.D. The ets-domain transcription factors Elk-1 and Sap-1 exhibit differential DNA-binding specificities. Nucleic Acids Research. 23:1995;4698-4706.
110. Shore P., Bisset L., Lakey J., Waltho J.P., Virden R., Sharrocks A.D. Characterization of the elk-1 ets dna-binding domain. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 270:1995;5805-5811.
111. Stepan V.M., Tatewaki M., Matsushima M., Dickinson C.J., del Valle J., Todisco A. Gastrin induces c-fos gene transcrption via multiple signaling pathways. American Journal of Physiology. 276:1999;G415-G424.
112. Stevens J.L., Cantin G.T., Wang G., Shevchenko A., Berk A.J. Transcription control by E1A and MAP kinase pathway via Sur2 mediator subunit. Science. 296:2002;755-758.
113. Strahl T., Gille H., Shaw P.E. Selective response of ternary complex factor Sap1a to different mitogen-activated protein kinase subgroups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 93:1996;11563-11568.
114. Sugimoto T., Stewart S., Guan K.L. The calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase calcineurin is the major Elk-1 phosphatase. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 272:1997;29415-29418.
115. Sundqvist A., Sollerbrant K., Svensson C. The carboxy-terminal region of adenovirus E1A activates transcription through targeting of a C-terminal binding protein-histone deacetylase complex. FEBS Letters. 429:1998;183-188.
116. Suzuki M. SPXX, a frequent sequence motif noted in gene regulatroy proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology. 207:1989;61-84.
117. Tanoue T., Adachi M., Moriguchi T., Nishida E. A conserved docking motif in MAP kinases common to substrates, activators and regulators. Nature Cell Biology. 2:2000;110-116.
118. Tanoue T., Maeda R., Adachi M., Nishida E. Identification of a docking groove on ERK and p38 MAP kinases that regulates the specificity of docking interactions. EMBO Journal. 20:2001;466-479.
119. Thompson M.J., Roe M.W., Malik R.K., Blackshear P.J. Insulin and other growth factors induce binding of the ternary complex and a novel protein complex to the c-fos serum response element. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 269:1994;21127-21135.
120. Tian J., Karin M. Stimulation of Elk1 transcriptional activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases is negatively regulated by protein, phosphatase 2B (calcineurin). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274:1999;15173-15180.
121. Townsend K.J., Zhou P., Qian L., Bieszczad C.K., Lowrze C.H., Zen A., Craig R.W. Regulation of MCL1 through a serum response factor/Elk-1-mediated mechanism links expression of a viability-promoting member of the BCL2 family to the induction of hematopoietic cell differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 274:1999;1801-1813.
122. Treisman R. The serum response element. Trends in Biochemical Sciences. 17:1992;423-426.
123. Treisman R., Marais R., Wynne J. Spatial flexibility in ternary complexes between SRF and its accessory proteins. EMBO Journal. 11:1992;4631-4640.
124. Tsai E.Y., Falvo J.V., Tsytsykova A.V., Barczak A.K., Reimold A.M., Glimcher L.H., Fenton M.J., Gordon D.C., Dunn I.F., Goldfeld A.E. A lipopolysaccharide-specific enhancer complex involving Ets, Elk-1, Sp1, and CREB binding protein and p300 is recruited to the tumour necrosis factor alpha promoter in vivo. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 20:2000;6084-6094.
125. Valjent E., Pages C., Rogard M., Besson M.J., Maldonado R., Caboche J. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol-induced MAPK/ERK and Elk-1 activation in vivo depends on dopaminergic transmission. European Journal of Neuroscience. 14:2001;342-352.
126. Vanhoutte P., Barnier J.V., Guibert B., Pàges C., Besson M.J., Hipskind R.A., Caboche J. Glutamate induces phosphorylation of Elk-1 and CREB, along with c-fos activation, via an extracellular signal-regulated kinase-dependent pathway in brain slices. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 19:1999;136-146.
127. Vanhoutte P., Nissen J.L., Brugg B., Gaspera B.D., Besson M.J., Hipskind R.A., Caboche J. Opposing roles of Elk-1 and its brain-specific isoform, short Elk-1, in nerve growth factor-induced PC12 differentiation. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276:2001;5189-5196.
128. Verdecia M.A., Bowman M.E., Lu K.P., Hunter T., Noel J.P. Structural basis for phosphoserine-proline recognition by group IV WW domains. Nature Structural Biology. 7:2000;639-643.
129. Wasylyk B. The Ets family of transcription factors. European Journal of Biochemistry. 211:1993;7-18.
130. Watson D.K., Robinson L., Hodge D.R., Kola I., Papas T.S., Seth A. FLI1 and EWS-FLI1 function as ternary complex factors and ELK1 and SAP1a function as ternary and quaternary complex factors on the Egr1 promoter serum response elements. Oncogene. 14:1997;213-221.
131. Werner M.H., Clore G.M., Fisher C.L., Fisher R.J., Trinh L., Shiloach J., Gronenborn A.M. The solution structure of the human ETS1-DNA complex reveals a novel mode of binding and true side chain intercalation. Cell. 83:1995;761-771.
132. Whitmarsh A.J., Shore P., Sharrocks A.D., Davis R.J. Integration of MAP kinase signal transduction pathways at the serum response element. Science. 269:1995;403-407.
133. Whitmarsh A.J., Yang S.H., Su M.S.S., Sharrocks A.D., Davis R.J. Role of p38 and JNK mitogen-activated protein-kinases in the activation of ternary complex factors. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 17:1997;2360-2371.
134. Wilmot C.M., Thornton J.M. Analysis and prediction of the different types of beta-turn in proteins. Journal of Molecular Biology. 203:1988;221-232.
135. Xu Z., Dziarski R., Wang Q., Swartz K., Sakamoto K.M., Gupta D. Bacterial peptidoglycan-induced tnf-α transcription is mediated through the transcripton factors Egr-1, Elk-1, and NF-kB. Journal of Immunology. 167:2001;6975-6982.
136. Xu L., Glass C.K., Rosenfeld M.G. Coactivator and corepressor complexes in nuclear receptor function. Current Opinion in Genetics and Development. 9:1999;140-147.
137. Yang S.H., Bumpass D.C., Perkins N.D., Sharrocks A.D. The ETS domain transcription factor Elk-1 contains a novel class of repression domain. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 22:2002;5036-5046.
138. Yang S.-H., Shore P., Willingham N., Lakey J.H., Sharrocks A.D. The mechanism of phosphorylation-inducible activation of the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. EMBO Journal. 18:1999;5666-5674.
139. Yang S.H., Vickers E., Brehm A., Kouzarides T., Sharrocks A.D. Temporal recruitment of the mSin3A-histone deacetylase corepresor complex to the ETS domain transcription factor Elk-1. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 21:2001;2802-2814.
140. Yang S.H., Whitmarsh A.J., Davis R.J., Sharrocks A.D. Differential targeting of map kinases to the ets-domain transcription factor elk-1. EMBO Journal. 17:1998;1740-1749.
141. Yang S.H., Yates P.R., Whitmarsh A.J., Davis R.J., Sharrocks A.D. The Elk-1 ETS-domain transcription factor contains a mitogen-activated protein kinase targeting motif. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 18:1998;710-720.
142. Yates P.R., Atherton G.T., Deed R.W., Norton J.D., Sharrocks A.D. Id helix-loop-helix proteins inhibit nucleoprotein complex formation by the TCF ETS-domain transcription factors. EMBO Journal. 18:1999;968-976.
143. Zinck R., Cahill M.A., Kracht M., Sachsenmaier C., Hipskind R.A., Nordheim A. Protein-synthesis inhibitors reveal differential regulation of mitogen-activated protein-kinase and stress-activated protein- kinase pathways that converge on elk-1. Molecular and Cellular Biology. 15:1995;4930-4938.
144. Zinck R., Hipskind R.A., Pingoud V., Nordheim A. c-fos transcriptional activation and repression correlate temporally with the phosphorylation status of TCF. EMBO Journal. 12:1993;2377-2387.