Molecular systematics, evolution, and population biology in the mustard family (Brassicaceae)

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

Volumn 90, Issue 2, 2003, Pages 151-171

  Koch, Marcus ^a   Al Shehbaz, Ihsan A ^b   Mummenhoff, Klaus ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND LIFE SCIENCES   (Austria)

^b MISSOURI BOTANICAL GARDEN   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OSNABRÜCK   (Germany)

Author keywords

Arabidopsis; Brassicaceae; Cruciferae; Evolution; Literature review; Molecular systematics; Polyploidy; Population biology; Speciation

Indexed keywords

ARABIDOPSIS; ARABIDOPSIS THALIANA; BRASSICA; BRASSICACEAE; EMBRYOPHYTA;

EID: 0038613484     PISSN: 00266493     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3298580     Document Type: Review

References (275)

1. Acarkan, A., M. Roßberg, M. Koch & R. Schmidt. 2000. Comparative genome analysis reveals extensive conservation of genome organisation for Arabidopsis thaliana and Capsella rubella. Pl. J. 23: 55-62.
2. Al-Shehbaz, I. A. 1973. The biosystematics of the genus Thelypodium (Cruciferae). Contr. Gray Herb. 204: 3-148.
3. _. 1984. The tribes of Cruciferae (Brassicaceae) in the Southeastern United States. J. Arnold Arbor. 65: 343-373.
4. _. 2001. A review of gamosepaly in the Brassicaceae and a revision of Desideria, with a critical evaluation of related genera. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 549-563.
5. _ & S. L. O'Kane, Jr. 2002a. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae) (22 August 2002). In: C. R. Somerville & E. M. Meyerowitz (editors), The Arabidopsis Book. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, Maryland. doi/10.1199/tab. 0001, 〈http://www.aspb.org/publications/arabidopsis/〉.
6. _ & _. 2002b. Lesquerella is united with Physaria (Brassicaceae). Novon 12: 319-329.
7. _, _ & R. A. Price. 1999. Generic placement of species excluded from Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon 9: 296-307.
8. _, K. Muminenhoff & O. Appel. 2002. Cardaria, Coronopus, and Stroganowia are united with Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Novon 12: 5-11.
9. Alvarez-Buylla, E. R. & A. A. Garay. 1994. Population genetic structure of Ceropegia obtusifolia, a tropical pioneer tree species. Evolution 48: 437-453.
10. Anderson, J. K. & S. I. Warwick. 1999. Chromosome number evolution in the tribe Brassiceae (Brassicaceae): Evidence from isozyme number. Pl. Syst. Evol. 215: 255-285.
11. Appel, O. & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1997. Re-evaluation of the tribe Heliophileae (Brassicaceae). Mitt. Inst. Allg. Bot. Hamburg 27: 85-92.
12. _ & _. 2002. Cruciferae. Pp. 75-174 in K. Kubitzki (editor), Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, Vol. 5. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg.
13. Arabidopsis Genome Initiative, The. 2000. Analysis of the genome sequence of the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Nature 408: 796-815.
14. Arnold, M. L. 1997. Natural Hybridization and Evolution. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.
15. _, E. K. Kentner, J. A. Johnston, S. Cornman & A. C. Bouck. 2001. Natural hybridization and fitness. Taxon 50: 93-104.
16. Axelsson, T., C. M. Bowman, A. G. Sharpe, D. J. Lydiate & U. Lagercrantz. 2000. Amphidiploid Brassica juncea contains conserved progenitor genomes. Genome 43: 679-688.
17. _, O. Shavorskaya & U. Lagercrantz. 2001. Multiple flowering time QTLs within several Brassica species could be the result of duplicated copies of one ancestral gene. Genome 44: 856-864.
18. Bailey, C. D. & J. J. Doyle. 1999. Potential phylogenetic utility of the low-copy nuclear gene pistillata in dicotyledonous plants: Comparison to nrDNA ITS and trnL intron in Sphaerocardamum and other Brassicaceae. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 13: 20-30.
19. _, R. A. Price & J. J. Doyle. 2002. Systematics of the Halimolobine Brassicaceae: Evidence from three loci and morphology. Syst. Bot. 27: 318-332.
20. Baldwin, B. C. & M. J. Sanderson. 1998. Age and rate of diversification of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Compositae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 9402-9406.
21. Beilstein, M. A. & M. Windham. 2002. Evolution in western North American Draba (Brassicaceae). Syst. Bot. (in press).
22. Bharathan, G., T. E. Goliber, C. Moore, S. Kessler, T. Pham & N. L. Sinha. 2002. Homologies in leaf form inferred from KNOX1 gene expression during development. Science 296: 1858-1860.
23. Bishop, J., A. M. Dean & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2000. Rapid evolution in plant chitinases: Molecular targets of selection in plant-pathogen coevolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 5322-5327.
24. Blanc, G., A. Barakat, R. Guyot, R. Cooke & M. Delsney. 2000. Extensive duplication and reshuffling in the Arabidopsis genome. Pl. Cell 12: 1093-1101.
25. Bleeker, W. & H. Hurka. 2001. Introgressive hybridization in Rorippa (Brassicaceae): Gene flow and its consequences in natural and anthropogenic habitats. Molec. Ecol. 10: 2013-2022.
26. _, M. Huthmann & H. Hurka. 1999. Evolution of hybrid taxa in Nasturtium R. Br. (Brassicaceae). Folia Geobot. 34: 421-433.
27. _, C. Weber-Sparenberg & H. Hurka. 2002a. Chloroplast DNA variation and biogeography in the genus Rorippa Scop. (Brassicaceae). Pl. Biol. 4: 104-111.
28. _, A. Franzke, K. Pollmann, A. H. D. Brown & H. Hurka. 2002b. Phylogeny and biogeography of Southern Hemisphere high-mountain Cardamine species (Brassicaceae). Austral. Syst. Bot. 15: 575-581.
29. Bloom, T. C., J. M. Baskin & C. C. Baskin. 2001. Ecological life history of the facultative woodland biennial Arabis laevigata variety laevigata (Brassicaceae): Survivorship. J. Torrey Bot. Soc. 128: 93-108.
30. Böhle, U.-R., H. H. Hilger & W. F. Martin. 1996. Island colonization and evolution of the insular woody habit in Echium L. (Boraginaceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93: 11740-11745.
31. Bohuon, E. J. R., D. J. Keith, I. A. P. Parkin, A. G. Sharpe & D. J. Lydiate. 1996. Alignment of the conserved genomes of Brassica oleracea and Brassica napus. Theor. Appl. Genet. 93: 833-839.
32. Boutilier, K., J. Hattori, B. R. Baum & B. L. Miki. 1999. Evolution of 2S albumin seed storage protein genes in the Brassicaceae. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 27: 223-234.
33. Bowman, J. L. & D. Smyth. 1998. Patterns of petal and stamen reduction in Australian species of Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 159: 65-74.
34. _, H. Brüggemann, J.-Y. Lee & K. Mummenhoff. 1999. Evolutionary changes in floral structure within Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 160: 917-929.
35. Bradshaw, H. D., S. M. Wilbert, K. G. Otto & D. W. Schemske. 1995. Genetic mapping of floral traits associated with reproductive isolation in monkeyflowers (Mimulus). Nature 376: 762-765.
36. Bricker, J. S., G. K. Brown & L. T. L. Patts. 2000. Status of Descurainia torulosa (Brassicaceae). W. N. Amer. Naturalist 60: 426-432.
37. Britton, T., B. Oxelman, A. Vinnersten & K. Bremer. 2002. Phylogenetic dating with confidence intervals using metal path lengths. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 24: 58-65.
38. Brochmann, C. 1992. Polyploid evolution in arctic-alpine Draba (Brassicaceae). Sommerfeltia Suppl. 4: 1-37.
39. _, P. S. Soltis & D. E. Soltis. 1991. Multiple origins of the octoploid Scandinavian endemic Draba cacuminum: Electrophoretic and morphological evidence. Nordic J. Bot. 12: 257-272.
40. _, D. E. Soltis & P. S. Soltis. 1992a. Electrophoretic relationships and phylogeny of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 182: 35-70.
41. _, P. S. Soltis & D. E. Soltis. 1992b. Recurrent formation and polyphyly of Nordic polyploids in Draba (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 79: 673-688.
42. _, B. Stedje & L. Borgen. 1992c. Gene flow across ploidal levels in Draba (Brassicaceae). Evol. Trends Pl. 6: 125-134.
43. Brüggemann, H. 2000. Molekulare Systematik und Biogeographic der Gattung Lepidium L. und verwanter Sippen (Brassicaceae). Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück, Germany.
44. Cabin, R. J. 1996. Genetic comparisons of seed bank and seedling populations of a perennial desert mustard, Lesquerella fendleri. Evolution 50: 1830-1841.
45. Candolle, A. P. de. 1821. Cruciferae. Systema Naturale 2: 139-700. Treuttel & Würtz, Paris.
46. Cavell, A. C., D. J. Lydiate, I. A. P. Parkin, C. Dean & M. Trick. 1998. Colinearity between a 30-centimorgan segment of Arabidopsis thaliana chromosome 4 and duplicated regions within the Brassica napus genome. Genome 41: 62-69.
47. Charlesworth, D., F. L. Liu & L. Zhang. 1998. The evolution of the alcohol dehydrogenase gene family by loss of introns in plants of the genus Leavenworthia (Brassicaceae). Molec. Biol. Evol. 15: 552-559.
48. _, P. Awadalla, B. K. Mable & M. H. Schierup. 2000. Population-level studies of multiallelic self-incompatibility loci, with particular reference to Brassicaceae. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 85(Suppl. A): 227-239.
49. Chevre, A. M., R. Delourme, F. Eber, C. F. Margale, C. F. Quiros & P. Arus. 1995. Genetic analysis and nomenclature for seven isozyme systems in Brassica nigra, B. oleracea and B. campestris. Pl. Breed. 114: 473-480.
50. Comai, L., A. P. Tyagi, K. Winter, R. Holmes-Davis, S. H. Reynolds, Y. Stevens & B. Byers. 2000. Phenotypic instability and rapid gene silencing in newly formed Arabidopsis allotetraploids. Pl. Cell 12: 1551-1567.
51. Conner, J. A., P. Conner, M. E. Nasrallah & J. B. Nasrallah. 1998. Comparative mapping of the Brassica S locus region and its homeolog in Arabidopsis: Implications for the evolution of mating systems in the Brassicaceae. Pl. Cell 10: 801-812.
52. Constantinescu, O. & J. Fatehi. 2002. Peronospora-like fungi (Chromista, Peronosporales) parasitic on Brassicaceae and related hosts. Nova Hedwigia 74: 291-338. Crespo, M. B., M. D. Lledó, M. F. Fay & M. W. Chase.
53. 2000. Subtribe Vellinae (Brassiceae, Brassicaceae): A combined analysis of ITS nrDNA sequences and morphological data. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 86: 53-62.
54. Crisp, P. 1976. Trends in the breeding and cultivation of cruciferous crops. Pp. 69-118 in J. G. Vaughan, A. J. MacLeod & B. M. G. Jones (editors), The Biology and Chemistry of the Cruciferae. Academic Press, London.
55. Dannemann, A. 2000. Der Einfluss von Fragmentierung und Populationsgröße auf die genetische Variation und Fitness von seltenen Pflanzenarten am Beispiel von Biscutella laevigata (Brassicaceae). Diss. Bot. 330. J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart.
56. De Haen, A., F. Mauricio, D. Charlesworth, J. Crepau, C. Langle, M. Koch, T. Mitchell-Olds & O. Savolainen. 1999. Comparative mapping between Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabis petraea. Proceedings of the VIIth Plant & Animal Genome Conference. San Diego. Poster 131.
57. Delseny, M., J. M. McGrath, P. This, A. M. Chevre & C. F. Quiros. 1990. Ribosomal RNA genes in diploid and amphiploid Brassica and related species: Organization, polymorphism, and evolution. Genome 33: 733-744.
58. Ellstrand, N. C. & K. A. Schierenbeck. 2000. Hybridization as a stimulus for the evolution of invasiveness in plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97: 7043-7050.
59. Erickson, L. R., N. A. Straus & W. D. Beversdorf. 1983. Restriction patterns reveal origin of chloroplast genomes in Brassica amphiploids. Theor. Appl. Genet. 65: 201-206.
60. Evans, M. E. K., R. W. Dolan, E. S. Menges & D. R. Gordon. 2000. Genetic diversity and reproductive biology in Warea carteri (Brassicaceae), a narrowly endemic Florida scrub annual. Amer. J. Bot. 87: 372-381.
61. Ferrandiz, C., S. J. Liljegren & M. F. Yanofsky. 2000. Negative regulation of SHATTERPROOFf genes by FRUITFULL during Arabidopsis fruit development. Science 289: 436-438.
62. Francisco-Ortega, J., J. Fuertes-Aguilar, C. Gómez-Campo, A. Santos-Guera & R. K. Jansen. 1999. Internal transcribed spacer sequence phylogeny of Crambe L. (Brassicaceae): Molecular data reveal two Old World disjunctions. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 11: 361-380.
63. Franzke, A. & H. Hurka. 2000. Molecular systematics and biogeography of the Cardamine pratensis complex (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 224: 213-234.
64. _ & K. Mummenhoff. 1999. Recent hybrid speciation in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) - Conversion of nuclear ribosomal ITS sequences in statu nascendi. Theor. Appl. Genet. 98: 831-834.
65. _, K. Pollmann, W. Bleeker, R. Kohrt & H. Hurka. 1998. Molecular systematics of Cardamine and allied genera (Brassicaceae): ITS and non-coding chloroplast DNA. Folia Geobot. 33: 225-240.
66. Galloway, G. L., R. L. Malmberg & R. A. Price. 1998. Phylogenetic utility of the nuclear gene arginine decarboxylase: An example from Brassicaceae. Molec. Biol. Evol. 15: 1312-1320.
67. Gómez-Campo, C. 1999. Taxonomy. Pp. 3-32 in C. Gómez-Campo (editor), Biology of Brassica Coenospecies. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
68. _ & S. Prakash. 1999. Origin and domestication. Pp: 33-58 in C. Gómez-Campo (editor), Biology of Brassica Coenospecies. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
69. Grant, M. R., J. M. McDowell, A. G. Sharpe, M. de Torres Zabala, D. J. Lydiate & J. L. Dangl. 1998. Independent deletions of a pathogen-resistance gene in Brassica and Arabidopsis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 15843-15848.
70. Hall, A. E., A. Fiebig & D. Preuss. 2002. Beyond the Arabidopsis genome: Opportunities for comparative genomics. Pl. Physiol. 129: 1439-1447.
71. Hall, J. C., K. J. Sytsma & H. H. Iltis. 2002. Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data. Amer. J. Bot. 89: 1826-1842.
72. Hanfstingl, U., A. Berry, E. A. Kellogg, J. T. Costa III, W. Rudiger & F. M. Ausubel. 1994. Haplotype divergence coupled with lack of diversity at Arabidopsis thaliana alcohol dehydrogenase locus: Role for both balancing and directional selection. Genetics 138: 811-828.
73. Harris, S. A. & R. Ingram. 1991. Chloroplast DNA and biosystematics: The effects of intraspecific diversity and plastid transmission. Taxon 40: 393-412.
74. Harrison, G. E. & J. S. Heslop-Harrison. 1995. Centromeric repetitive DNA sequences in the genus Brassica. Theor. Appl. Genet. 90: 157-160.
75. Hauser, L. A. & T. J. Crovello. 1982. Numerical analysis of generic relationships in Thelypodieae. Syst. Bot. 7: 249-268.
76. Hayek, A. 1911. Entwurf eines Cruciferensystems auf phylogenetischer Grundlage. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 27: 127-335.
77. Heenan, P. B., A. D. Mitchell & M. Koch, 2002. Molecular systematics of the New Zealand Pachycladon (Brassicaceae) complex: Generic circumscription and relationships to Arabidopsis s.l. and Arabis s.l. New Zealand J. Bot. 40: 543-562.
78. Hoffmann, M. H. 2000. Biogeography and climatic differentiation of two annual species of Teesdalia R. Br. (Brassicaceae). J. Biogeogr. 27: 989-999.
79. _. 2002. Biogeography of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. (Brassicaceae). J. Biogeogr. 29: 125-134.
80. Huh, M. K. & O. Ohnishi. 2001. Allozyme diversity and population structure of Japanese and Korean populations of wild radish, Raphanus sativus var. hortensis f. raphanistroides (Brassicaceae). Genes & Genet. Systems 76: 15-23.
81. Hurka, H. 1990. Differentiation and adaptation in the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae). Pp. 19-32 in S. H. Kawano (editor), Biological Approaches and Evolutionary Trends in Plants. Academic Press, London.
82. _ & S. Düring. 1994. Genetic control of plastidic L-glutamate dehydrogenase isozymes in the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae). Heredity 72: 126-131.
83. _ & B. Neuffer. 1997. Evolutionary processes in the genus Capsella (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 206: 295-316.
84. Innan, H., F. Tajma, R. Terauchi & T. Miyashita. 1996. Intragenic recombination in the Adh locus of the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 143: 1761-1770.
85. Jackson, S. A., Z. Cheng, M. L. Wang, H. M. Goodman & J. Jiang. 2000. Comparative fluorescence in situ hybridization mapping of a 431-kb Arabidopsis thaliana bacterial chromosome contig reveals the role of chromosomal duplications in the expansion of the Brassica rapa genome. Genetics 156: 833-838.
86. Janchen, E. 1942. Das System der Cruciferen. Oesterr. Bot. Z. 91: 1-28.
87. Jones, B. M. G. & J. R. Akeroyd. 1993. Arabis. In: T. G. Tutin, N. A. Burges, A. O. Chater, J. R. Edmondson, V. H. Heywood, D. M. Moore, D. H. Valentine, S. M. Walters & D. A. Webb (editors), Fl. Europaea, ed. 2, 1: 352-356. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, New York.
88. Judd, W. S., R. W. Sanders & M. J. Donoghue. 1994. Angiosperm family pairs: Preliminary phylogenetic analysis. Harvard Pap. Bot. 5: 1-51.
89. Kamm, A., I. Galasso, T. Schmidt & J. S. Heslop-Harrison. 1995. Analysis of a repetitive DNA family from Arabidopsis arenosa and relationships between Arabidopsis species. Pl. Molec. Biol. 27: 853-862.
90. Kawabe, A., H. Innan, R. Terauchi & N. T. Miyashita. 1997. Nucleotide polymorphism in the acidic chitinase locus (ChiA) region of the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Molec. Biol. Evol. 14: 1303-1315.
91. Kim, H.-G., S. C. Keeley, P. S. Vroom & R. K. Jansen. 1998. Molecular evidence for an African origin of Hawaiian endemic Hesperomannia (Asteraceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 15440-15445.
92. Kliebenstein, D. J., J. Kroymann, P. Brown, A. Figuth, D. Pedersen, J. Gershenzon & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2001. Genetic control of natural variation in Arabidopsis glucosinolates. Pl. Physiol. 126: 811-825.
93. Koch, M. 2002. Genetic differentiation and speciation in prealpine Cochlearia (Brassicaceae): Allohexaploid Cochlearia bavarica (Brassicaceae) compared to its diploid ancestor Cochlearia pyrenaica in Germany and Austria. Pl. Syst. Evol. 232: 35-49.
94. _ & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2000. Molecular systematics of the Chinese Yinshania (Brassicaceae): Evidence from plastid and nuclear ITS DNA sequence data. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 87: 246-272.
95. _ & _. 2002. Molecular data indicate complex intra- and intercontinental differentiation of American Draba (Brassicaceae). Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 89: 88-109.
96. _ & H. Hurka. 1999. Isozyme analysis in the polyploid complex Microthlaspi perfoliatum (L.) F. K. Meyer: Morphology, biogeography and evolutionary history. Flora 194: 33-48.
97. _ & K. Mummenhoff. 2001. Thlaspi s. str. (Brassicaceae) versus Thlaspi s.l.: Morphological and anatomical characters in the light of ITS mDNA sequence data. Pl. Syst. Evol. 227: 209-225.
98. _, _ & K. Zunk. 1993. Isoelektrische Fokussierung der Untereinheiten der Rubisco in Thlaspi (Brassicaceae): Weitere Hinweise auf eine Formengattung. Feddes Repert. 104: 371-381.
99. _, H. Hurka & K. Mummenhoff. 1996. Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation and RAPD-analyses in Cochlearia (Brassicaceae): Biosystematics and speciation. Nordic J. Bot. 16: 585-603.
100. _, M. Huthmann & H. Hurka. 1998a. Isozymes, speciation and evolution in the polyploid Cochlearia L. (Brassicaceae). Bot. Acta 111: 411-425.
101. _, K. Mummenhoff & H. Hurka. 1998b. Systematics and evolutionary history of heavy metal tolerant Thlaspi caerulescens in Western Europe: Evidence from genetic studies based on isozyme analysis. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 26: 823-838.
102. _, _ & _. 1998c. Molecular biogeography and evolution of the Microthlaspi perfoliatum s.l. polyploid complex (Brassicaceae): Chloroplast DNA and nuclear ribosomal DNA restriction site variation. Canad. J. Bot. 76: 382-396.
103. _, J. Bishop & T. Mitchell-Olds. 1999a. Molecular systematics of Arabidopsis and Arabis. Pl. Biol. 1: 529-537.
104. _, K. Mummenhoff & H. Hurka. 1999b. Molecular phylogenetics of Cochlearia (Brassicaceae) and allied genera based on nuclear ribosomal ITS DNA sequence analysis contradict traditional concepts of their evolutionary relationship. Pl. Syst. Evol. 216: 207-230.
105. _, B. Haubold & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2000. Comparative evolutionary analysis of chalcone synthase and alcohol dehydrogenase loci in Arabidopsis, Arabis, and related genera (Brassicaceae). Molec. Biol. Evol. 17: 1483-1498.
106. _, _ & _. 2001a. Molecular systematics of the Brassicaceae: Evidence from coding plastidic mark and nuclear chs sequences. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 534-544.
107. _, B. Weisshaar, J. Kroymann, B. Haubold & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2001b. Comparative phylogenetic analysis of the CHS and apetala3 promoter reveals new clues for promoter function determination. Molec. Biol. Evol. 18: 1882-1891.
108. _, M. Huthmann & K. G. Bernhardt. 2003a. Population dynamics of Cardamine amara L. (Brassicaceae) in dynamic habitats: Genetic comparisons of seed bank and surface populations. Basic Appl. Ecol. (in press).
109. _, C. Dobeš & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2003b. Multiple hybrid formation in natural populations: Concerted evolution of the internal transcribed spacer of nuclear ribosomal DNA (ITS) in North American Arabis divaricarpa (Brassicaceae). Molec. Biol. Evol. (in press).
110. Kowalski, S. P., T. H. Lan, K. A. Feldmann & A. H. Paterson. 1994. Comparative mapping of Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica oleracea chromosomes reveals islands of conserved organization. Genetics 138: 499-510.
111. Kropf, M. 2002. Vergleichende Biogeographie europäischer Gebirgspflanzen: Molekulare und morphometrische Untersuchungen an der montan-subalpinen Anthyllis montana L. (Fabaceae) und der hochalpinen Pritzelago alpina (L.) O. Kuntze (Brassicaceae). Doctorate Dissertation, Mainz University, Cuvillier Verlag Göttingen.
112. Kuittinen, H. & M. Aguade. 2000. Nucleotide variation at the chalcone isomerase locus in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 155: 863-872.
113. Kusaba, M., K. Dwyer, J. Hendershot, J. Vrebalov, J. B. Nasrallah & M. E. Nasrallah. 2001. Self-incompatibility in the genus Arabidopsis: Characterization of the S locus in the outcrossing A. lyrata and its autogamous relative A. thaliana. Pl. Cell 13: 627-643.
114. Lagercrantz, U. 1998. Comparative mapping between Arabidopsis thaliana and Brassica nigra indicates that Brassica genomes have evolved through extensive genome replication accompanied by chromosome fusions and frequent rearrangements. Genetics 150: 1217-1228.
115. _ & D. Lydiate. 1996. Comparative genome mapping in Brassica. Genetics 144: 1903-1910.
116. _, J. Putterill, G. Coupland & D. Lydiate. 1996. Comparative mapping in Arabidopsis and Brassica, fine scale genome colinearity and congruence of genes controlling flowering time. Pl. J. 9: 13-20.
117. Lakshmikumaran, M. & M. S. Negi. 1994. Structural analysis of two length variations of the rDNA intergenic spacer from Eruca sativa. Pl. Molec. Biol. 24: 915-927.
118. Lan, T. H. & A. H. Paterson. 2000. Comparative mapping of quantitative trait loci sculpting the curd of Brassica oleracea. Genetics 155: 1927-1954.
119. _ & _. 2001. Comparative mapping of QTLs determine the plant size of Brassica oleracea. Theoret. Appl. Genet. 103: 383-397.
120. _, T. A. Del Monte, K. P. Reischmann, J. Hyman, S. P. Kowalski, J. McFerson, S. Kresovich & A. H. Paterson. 2000. An EST-enriched comparative map of Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana. Genome Res. 10: 776-788.
121. Lannér, C. 1998. Relationships of wild Brassica species with chromosome number 2n = 18, based on comparison of the DNA sequence of the chloroplast intergenic region between trnL (UAA) and trnF (GAA). Canad. J. Bot. 76: 228-237.
122. Lee, J.-Y., K. Mummenhoff & J. L. Bowman. 2002. Alloploidization and evolution of species with reduced floral structures in Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. (in press).
123. Lenoir, A., B. Cournoyer, S. Warwick, G. Picard & J.-M. Deragon. 1997. Evolution of SINE S1 retroposons in Cruciferae plant species. Molec. Biol. Evol. 14: 934-941.
124. Les, D. H. 1994. Molecular systematics and taxonomy of lake cress (Neobeckia aquatica; Brassicaceae), an imperiled aquatic mustard. Aquatic Bot. 49: 149-165.
125. Lihová J., K. Marhold & B. Neuffer. 2000. Taxonomy of Cardamine amara (Cruciferae) in the Iberian Peninsula. Taxon 49: 747-763.
126. Liljegren, S. J., G. S. Ditta, Y. Eshed, B. Savidge, J. L. Bowman & M. F. Yanofsky. 2000. Shatterproof MAD-box genes control seed dispersal in Arabidopsis. Nature 404: 766-770.
127. Linde, M., S. Diel & B. Neuffer. 2001. Flowering ecotypes of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Medik. (Brassicaceae) analysed by a cosegregation of phenotypic characters (QTL) and molecular markers. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 87: 91-99.
128. Lowman, A. C. & M. D. Purugganan. 1999. Duplication of the Brassica oleracea APETALAI floral homeotic gene and the evolution of domesticated cauliflower. J. Hered. 90: 514-520.
129. Mahy, G., X. Vekemans & A. L. Jacquemart. 1999. Patterns of allozymic variation within Calluna vulgaris populations at seed bank and adult stages. Heredity 82: 432-440.
130. Maluszynska, J. & J. S. Heslop-Harrison. 1993. Physical mapping of rDNA loci in Brassica species. Genome 36: 774-781.
131. Marhold, K., M. Huthmann & H. Hurka. 2002a. Evolutionary history of the polyploid complex of Cardamine amara (Brassicaceae): Isozyme evidence. Pl. Syst. Evol. 233: 15-28.
132. _, J. Lihová, M. Perny, R. Grupe & B. Neuffer 2002b. Natural hybridization in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) in the Pyrenees: Evidence from morphological and molecular data. Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 139: 275-294.
133. Martin, J. P. & M. D. Sanchez-Yelamo. 2000. Genetic relationships among species of the genus Diplotaxis (Brassicaceae) using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. Theor. Appl. Genet. 101: 1234-1241.
134. Mayer, M. S. & P. S. Soltis. 1994. The evolution of serpentine endemics: A chloroplast DNA phylogeny of the Streptanthus glandulosus complex (Cruciferae). Syst. Bot. 19: 557-574.
135. _, _ & D. E. Soltis. 1994. The evolution of the Streptanthus glandulosus complex (Cruciferae): Genetic divergence and gene flow in serpentine endemics. Amer. J. Bot. 81: 1288-1299.
136. McCue, K. A. & T. P. Holtsford. 1998. Seed bank influences on genetic diversity in the rare annual Clarkia springvillensis (Onagraceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85: 30-36.
137. McKay, J. K., J. Bishop, J. Z. Lin, J. H. Richards, A. Sala & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2001. Local adaptation across a climatic gradient despite small effective population size in the rare sapphire rockcress. Proc. Roy. Soc. Biol. Sci., Ser. B 268: 1715-1721.
138. Meekins, J. F., H. E. Ballard & B. C. McCarthy. 2001. Genetic variation and molecular biogeography of a North American invasive plant species (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae). Int. J. Pl. Sci. 162: 161-169.
139. Meyer F. K. 1973. Conspectus der "Thlaspi"-Arten Europas, Afrikas und Vorderasiens. Feddes Repert. 84: 449-470.
140. _. 1979. Kritische Revision der "Thlaspi"-Arten Europas, Afrikas und Vorderasiens. I. Geschichte, Morphologie und Chorologie. Feddes Repert. 90: 129-154.
141. Meyerowitz, E. M. 1989. Arabidopsis, a useful weed. Cell 56: 263-269.
142. Mitchell, A. D. & P. B. Heenan. 2000. Systematic relationships of New Zealand endemic Brassicaceae inferred from nrDNA ITS sequence data. Syst. Bot. 25: 98-105.
143. _ & _. 2002. Genetic variation within the Pachycladon (Brassicaceae) complex based on fluorescent AFLP data. J. Roy. Soc. New Zealand 32: 427-443.
144. Miyashita, N. T. 2001. DNA variation in the 5'upstream region of the Adh locus of the wild plant Arabidopsis thaliana and Arabis gemmifera. Molec. Biol. Evol. 18: 164-171.
145. _, H. Innan & R. Terauchi. 1996. Intra- anti interspecific variation of the alcohol dehydrogenase locus region in wild plants Arabis gemmifera and Arabidopsis thaliana. Molec. Biol. Evol. 13: 433-436.
146. _, A. Kawabe, H. Innan & R. Terauchi. 1998. Intra- and interspecific DNA variation and codon bias of the alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh) locus in Arabis and Arabidopsis species. Molec. Biol. Evol. 15: 1420-1429.
147. Mummenhoff, K. 1989. Sippenstrukturen in der Gattung Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae): Isoelektrische Fokussierungsmuster der Untereinheiten von Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphat Carboxylase/Oxygenase (RUBISCO) als systematischer and phylogenetischer Marker. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück.
148. _. 1995. Should Cardaria draba (L.) Desv. be classified within the genus Lepidium L. (Brassicaceae)? Evidence from subunit polypeptide composition of RUBISCO. Feddes Repert. 106: 25-28.
149. _ & H. Hurka. 1990. Evolution of the tetraploid Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae): Isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco. Pl. Syst. Evol. 172: 205-213.
150. _ & _. 1991. Isoelectric focusing analysis of RUBISCO in Lepidium (Brassicaceae), sections Lepia, Lepiocardamon, and Cardamon. Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 19: 47-52.
151. _ & _. 1994. Subunit polypeptide composition of Rubisco and the origin of allopolyploid Arabidopsis suecica (Brassicaceae). Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 22: 807-812.
152. _ & _. 1995. Allopolyploid origin of Arabidopsis suecica (Fries) Norrlin: Evidence from chloroplast and nuclear genome markers. Bot. Acta 108: 449-456.
153. _ & M. Jentzsch. 1994. Isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco in the genus Erysimum L. Eucarpia Cruciferae Newsl. 16: 16-17.
154. _ & M. Koch. 1994. Chloroplast DNA restriction site variation and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Thlaspi sensu lato (Brassicaceae). Syst. Bot. 19: 73-88.
155. _ & K. Zunk. 1991. Should Thlaspi (Brassicaceae) be split? Preliminary evidence from isoelectric focusing analysis of Rubisco. Taxon 40: 427-434.
156. _, H. Hurka & H. J. Bandelt. 1992. Systematics of Australian Lepidium species (Brassicaceae) and implications for their origins: Evidence from IEF analysis of Rubisco. Pl. Syst. Evol. 183: 99-112.
157. _, G. Eschmann-Grupe & K. Zunk. 1993. Subunit polypeptide composition of Rubisco indicates Diplotaxis viminea as maternal species of amphidiploid Diplotaxis muralis. Phytochemistry 34: 429-431.
158. _, E. Kuhnt, M. Koch & K. Zunk. 1995. Systematic implications of chloroplast DNA variation in Lepidium sections Cardamon, Lepiocardamon and Lepia (Brassicaceae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 196: 75-88.
159. _, A. Franzke & M. Koch. 1997a. Molecular data reveal convergence in fruit characters used in the classification of Thlaspi s.l. (Brassicaceae). Bot. J. Linn. Soc. 125: 183-199.
160. _, _ & _. 1997b. Molecular phylogenetics of Thlaspi s.l. (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation and sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canad. J. Bot. 75: 469-482.
161. _, H. Brüggemann & J. Bowman. 2001a. Chloroplast DNA phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Lepidium (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 88: 2051-2063.
162. _, U. Coja & H. Brüggemann. 2001b. Pachyphragma (Brassicaceae) revisited: Molecular data indicate close relationship to Thlaspi s. str. Folia Geobot. 36: 293-302.
163. Nasrallah, M. E., K. Yogeeswaran, S. Snyder & J. B. Nasrallah. 2000. Arabidopsis species hybrids in the study of species differences and evolution of amphiploidy in plants. Pl. Physiol. 124: 1605-1614.
164. Neuffer, B. 1989. Leaf morphology in Capsella (Cruciferae): Dependency on environments and biological parameters. Beitr. Biol. Pflanzen. 64: 39-54.
165. _. 1990. Ecotype differentiation in Capsella. Vegetatio 89: 165-172.
166. _. 1996. RAPD analyses in colonial and ancestral populations of Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) Med. (Brassicaceae). Biochem. Syst. & Ecol. 24: 393-403.
167. _ & S. Bartelheim. 1989. Gen-ecology of Capsella bursa-pastoris from an altitudinal transect in the Alps. Oecologia 8: 522-527.
168. _ & R. Hoffrogge. 1999. Ecotypic and allozyme variation of Capsella bursa-pastoris and C. rubella (Brassicaceae) along latitude and altitude gradients on the Iberian Peninsula. Anales Jard. Bot. Madrid 57: 299-315.
169. _ & H. Hurka. 1986. Variation of development time until flowering in natural populations of Capsella bursapastoris (Cruciferae). Pl. Syst. Evol. 152: 277-296.
170. _ & _. 1999. Colonizing history and introduction dynamics of Capsella bursa-pastoris (Brassicaceae) in North America: Isozymes and quantitative traits. Molec. Ecol. 8: 1667-1681.
171. _ & P. Jahncke. 1997. RAPD analysis of hybridization events in Cardamine (Brassicaceae). Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 32: 57-67.
172. _ & M. Koch. 1996. Maternal effects on populations of Capsella barsa-pastoris (L.) Med. from Scandinavia and the Alps: Independence of seed weight and the germination behavior of the maturation conditions in lowland and mountains. Biol. Zentralbl. 115: 337-352.
173. _ & M. Meyer-Walf. 1996. Ecotypic variation in relation to man made habitats in Capsella: Field and trampling area. Flora 191: 49-57.
174. _, S. Hirschle & S. Jäger. 1999. The colonizing history of Capsella in Patagonia (South America): Molecular and adaptive significance. Folia Geobot. Phytotax. 34: 435-450.
175. O'Kane, S. L., Jr. & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1997. A synopsis of Arabidopsis (Brassicaceae). Novon 7: 323-327.
176. _ & _. 2002. Paysonia, a new genus segregated from Lesquerella (Brassicaceae). Novon 12: 379-381.
177. _, B. A. Schaal & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1997. The origins of Arabidopsis suecica (Brassicaceae) as indicated by nuclear rDNA sequences. Syst. Bot. 21: 559-566.
178. O'Neill, C. M. & I. Bancroft. 2000. Comparative physical mapping of segments of the genome of Brassica oleracea var. alboglabra that are homoeologous to sequenced regions of chromosomes 4 and 5 of Arabidopsis thaliana. Pl. J. 23: 233-243.
179. Osborn, T. C., C. Kole, I. A. P. Parkin, A. G. Sharpe, M. Kuiper & D. J. Lydiate. 1997. Comparison of flowering time genes in Brassica rapa, B. napus and Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 146: 1123-1129.
180. Oyama, K., M. Ito, T. Yahara & M. Ono. 1993. Low genetic differentiation among populations of Arabis serrata (Brassicaceae) along an altitudinal gradient. J. Pl. Res. 106: 143-148.
181. Palmer, J. D., C. R. Shields, D. B. Cohen & T. J. Orton. 1983. Chloroplast DNA evolution and the origin of amphidiploid Brassica species. Theor. Appl. Genet. 65: 181-189.
182. Patrusky, B. 1991. Drosophila botanica (the fruit fly of plant biology). Mosaic 22(2): 32-43.
183. Pennisi, E. 2000a. Arabidopsis comes of age. Science 290: 32-35.
184. _. 2000b. Stalking the wild mustard. Science 290: 2055-2057.
185. Pepper, A. E. & L. E. Norwood. 2001. Evolution of Caulanthus amplexicaulis var. barbarae (Brassicaceae), a rare serpentine endemic plant: A molecular phylogenetic perspective. Amer. J. Bot. 88: 1479-1489.
186. Petit, C., F. Bretagnolle & F. Felber. 1999. Evolutionary consequences of diploid-polyploid hybrid zones in wild species. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14: 306-311.
187. _, H. Freville, A. Mignot, B. Colas, M. Riba, E. Imbert, S. Hurtez-Bousses, M. Virevaire & I. Olivieri. 2001. Gene flow and local adaptation in two endemic plant species. Biol. Conservation 100: 21-34.
188. Pigliucci, M. 2002. Ecology and evolutionary biology of Arabidopsis (22 August, 2002). In C. R. Somerville & E. M. Meyerowitz (editors), The Arabidopsis Book. American Society of Plant Biologists, Rockville, Maryland. doi/10.1199/tab. 0003, 〈http://www.aspb.org/publications/arabidopsis/〉.
189. _ & N. Byrd. 1998. Genetics and evolution of phenotypic plasticity to nutrient stress in Arabidopsis: Drift, constraints or selection? Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 64: 17-40.
190. _ & E. T. Marlow. 2001. Differentiation for flowering time and phenotypic integration in Arabidopsis thaliana in response to season length and vernalization. Oecologia 127: 501-508.
191. _ & J. Schmitt. 1999. Genes affecting phenotypic plasticity in Arabidopsis: Pleiotropic effects and reproductive fitness of photonmorphogenic mutants. J. Evol. Biol. 12: 551-562.
192. _, K. Cammell & J. Schmitt. 1999. Evolution of phenotypic plasticity: A comparative approach in the phylogenetic neighborhood of Arabidopsis thaliana. J. Evol. Biol. 12: 779-791.
193. Plantholt, U. 1995. Molekulare Untersuchungen zur Arealgeschichte von Arabis alpina L. (Brassicaceae) in Europa, Vorderasien und Afrika. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Osnabrück, Osnabrück.
194. Pollard, H., M. Cruzan & M. Pigliucci. 2001. Comparative studies of reaction norms in Arabidopsis. I. Evolution of response to daylength. Evol. Ecol. Res. 3: 129-155.
195. Pradhan, A. K., S. Prakash, A. Mukhopadhyay & D. Pental. 1992. Phylogeny of Brassica and allied genera based on variation in chloroplast and mitochondrial DNA patterns: Molecular and taxonomic classifications are incongruous. Theor. Appl. Genet. 85: 331-340.
196. Prantl, K. 1891. Cruciferae. Pp. 145-206 in A. Engler & K. Prantl (editors), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, Vol. III, 2. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
197. Price, R. A. & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 2003. Twisselmannia (Brassicaceae), a remarkable case of fruit modification in Tropidocarpum. Ann Missouri Bot. Gard. (in press).
198. _, J. D. Palmer & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1994. Systematic relationships of Arabidopsis: A molecular and morphological perspective. Pp. 7-19 in E. Meyerowitz & C. Somerville (editors), Arabidopsis. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York.
199. Purugganan, M. D. & J. I. Suddith. 1998. Molecular population genetics of the Arabidopsis CAULIFLOWER regulatory gene: Nonneutral evolution and naturally occurring variation in floral homeotic function. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 8130-8134.
200. _ & _. 1999. Molecular population genetics of floral homeotic loci: Departures from the equilibrium-neutral model at the APETALA3 and PISTILLATA genes of Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetics 151: 839-848.
201. _, A. L. Boyles & J. I. Suddith. 2000. Variation and selection at the CAULIFLOWER floral homeotic gene accompanying the evolution of domesticated Brassica oleracea. Genetics 155: 855-862.
202. Quiros, C. F., F. Grellet, J. Sadowski, T. Suzuki, G. Li & T. Wroblewski. 2001. Arabidopsis and Brassica comparative genomics: Sequence, structure and gene content in the ABI1-Rps2-Ck1 chromosomal segment and related regions. Genetics 157: 1321-1330.
203. Ramsey, J. & D. W. Schemske. 1998. Pathways, mechanisms, and rates of polyploid formation in flowering plants. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 29: 467-501.
204. Rask, L., E. Andréasson, B. Ekbom, S. Eriksson, B. Pontoppidan & J. Meijer. 2000. Myrosinase: Gene family evolution and herbivore defense in Brassicaceae. Pl. Molec. Biol. 42: 93-113.
205. Reboud, X. & C. Zeyl. 1994. Organelle inheritance in plants. Heredity 72: 132-140.
206. Richardson, J. E., F. M. Weitz, M. F. Fay, Q. B. C. Cronc, H. P. Linder, G. Reeves & M. W. Chase. 2001. Rapid and recent origin of species richness in the Cape flora of South Africa. Nature 412: 181-183.
207. Rieseberg, L. H. & C. R. Linden 1999. Hybrid classification: Insights from genetic map-based studies of experimental hybrids. Ecology 80: 361-370.
208. _, B. Sinervo, C. R. Linder, M. C. Ungerer & D. M. Arias. 1995. Hybrid speciation accompanied by genomic reorganization in wild sunflowers. Nature 375: 313-316.
209. _, J. Whitton & K. Gardner. 1999. Hybrid zones and the genetic architecture of a barrier to gene flow between two sunflower species. Genetics 152: 713-727.
210. Rodman, J. E., R. A. Price, K. Karol, E. Conti, K. J. Sytsma & J. D. Palmer. 1993. Nucleotide sequences of the rbcL gene indicate monophyly of mustard oil plants. Ann. Missouri Bot. Gard. 80: 686-699.
211. _, K. G. Karol, R. A. Price, E. Conti & K. J. Sytsma. 1994. Nucleotide sequences of rbcL confirm the capparalean affinity of the Australian endemic Gyrostemonaceae. Austral. Syst. But. 7: 57-69.
212. _, _, _, & K. J. Sytsma. 1996. Molecules, morphology, and Dahlgren's expanded order Capparales. Syst. Bot. 21: 289-307.
213. Rollins, R. C. 1993. The Cruciferae of Continental North America. Stanford Univ. Press, Stanford.
214. Rossberg, M., K. Theres, A. Acarkan, R. Herrero, T. Schmitt, K. Schuhmacher, G. Schmitz & R. Schmidt. 2001. Comparative sequence analysis reveals extensive microcolinearity in the lateral suppressor regions of the tomato, Arabidopsis, and Capsella genomes. Pl. Cell 13: 979-988.
215. Roy, B. 1995. The breeding systems of six species of Arabis. Amer. J. Bot. 82: 869-877.
216. _. 2001. Patterns of association between crucifers and their flower mimic pathogens: Host jumps are more common than co-evolution or co-speciation. Evolution 55: 41-53.
217. _ & L. H. Rieseberg. 1989. Evidence for apomixis in Arabis. J. Hered. 80: 506-508.
218. Ryder, C. D., L. B. Smith, G. R. Teakle & G. J. King. 2001. Contrasting genome organisation: Two regions of the Brassica oleracea genome compared with collinear regions of the Arabidopsis thaliana genome. Genome 44: 808-817.
219. Saal, B., J. Plieske, J. Hu, C. F. Quiros & D. Struss. 2001. Microsatellite markers for genome analysis in Brassica. II. Assignment of rapeseed microsatellites to the A and C genomes and genetic mapping in Brassica oleracea. Theoret. Appl. Genet. 102: 695-699.
220. Sadowski, J. & C. F. Quiros. 1998. Organization of an Arabidopsis thaliana gene cluster on chromosome 4 including the RPS2 gene in the Brassica nigra genome. Theor. Appl. Genet. 96: 468-474.
221. _, P. Gaubier, M. Delseny & C. F. Quiros. 1996. Genetic and physical mapping in Brassica diploid species of a gene cluster defined in Arabidopsis thaliana. Molec. Gen. Genet. 251: 298-306.
222. Sanderson, M. J. 1997. A non parametric approach to estimating divergence times in the absence of rate constancy. Molec. Biol. Evol. 14: 1218-1232.
223. _. 1998. Estimating rate and time in molecular phylogenies: Beyond the molecular clock? Pp. 242-264 in P. S. Soltis, E. E. Soltis & J. J. Doyle (editors), Molecular Systematics of Plants II. Kluwer, Boston.
224. _. 2002. Estimating absolute rates of molecular evolution and divergence times: A penalized likelihood approach. Molec. Biol. Evol. 19: 101-109.
225. Scheen, A.-C., R. Elven & C. Brochmann. 2002. A molecular-morphological approach solves taxonomic controversy in arctic Draba (Brassicaceae). Canad. J. Bot. 80: 59-71.
226. Schierup, M. H. 1998. The effect of enzyme heterozygosity on growth in a strictly outerossing species, the self-incompatible Arabis petraea (Brassicaceae). Hereditas 128: 21-31.
227. Schmidt, R. 2000. Synteny: Recent advances and future prospects. Curr Opin. Pl. Biol. 3: 97-102.
228. _, A. Acarkan & K. Boivin. 2001. Comparative structural genomics in the Brassicaceae family. Pl. Physiol. Biochem. 39: 1-11.
229. Schulz, O. E. 1936. Cruciferae. Pp. 227-658 in A. Engler & K. Prantl (editors), Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, vol. 17B. Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, Leipzig.
230. Sharbel, T. F. & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2001. Recurrent polyploid origins and biogeographic variation in the Arabis holboellii complex (Brassicaceae). Heredity 87: 59-68.
231. _, B. Haubold & T. Mitchell-Olds. 2000. Genetic isolation by distance in Arabidopsis thaliana: Biogeography and post-glacial colonization of Europe. Molec. Ecol. 9: 2109-2118.
232. Sillito, D., I. A. P. Parkin, R. Mayerhofer, D. J. Lydiate & A. G. Good. 2000. Arabidopsis thaliana: A source of candidate disease-resistance genes for Brassica napus. Genuine 43: 452-460.
233. Simillion, C., K. Vandepoele, M. C. E. Van Montagu, M. Zabeau & Y. Van de Peer. 2002. The hidden duplication past of Arabidopsis thaliana. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99: 13627-13632.
234. Simmonds, N. W. (editor). 1986. Evolution of Crop Plants. Longman, Harlow.
235. Simonsen, V. & W. K. Heneen. 1995a. Genetic variation within and among different cultivars and landraces of Brassica campestris L. and B. oleracca L. based on isozymes. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 346-352.
236. _ & _. 1995b. Inheritance of isozymes in Brassica campestris L. and genetic divergence among different species of Brassiceae. Theor. Appl. Genet. 91: 353-360.
237. Soltis, D. E. & P. S. Soltis. 1993. Molecular data and the dynamic nature of polyploidy. C.R.C. Crit. Rev. Pl. Sci. 12: 243-273.
238. _ & _. 1999. Polyploidy: Recurrent formation and genome evolution. Trends Ecol. Evol. 14: 348-352.
239. Soltis, P. S. & D. E. Soltis. 2001. Molecular systematics: Assembling and using the tree of life. Taxon 50: 663-677.
240. Song, K., P. Lu, K. Tang & T. Osborn. 1995. Rapid genuine change in synthetic polyploids of Brassica and its implications for polyploid evolution. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92: 7719-7723.
241. Stehlik, I., A. Tribsch & P. Schönswetter. 2001. Erstes gemeinsames Meeting zur Phylogeographie von arktischen und alpinen Pflanzen in Zürich, 1-3 Juni 2001. Bauhinia 15: 69-90.
242. Stotz, H., J. Bishop, C. W. Bergmann, M. Koch, P. Albersheim, A. G. Darvill & J. M. Labavitch. 2000. Evidence for divergent selection of amino acid sites in the evolution of fungal polygalacturonases and their plant inhibitors. Physiol. Molec. Pl. Pathol. 56: 117-130.
243. Strauss, S. Y., D. H. Siemens, M. B. Decher & T. Mitchell-Olds. 1999. Ecological costs of plant resistance to herbivores in the currency of pollination. Evolution 53: 1105-1113.
244. Sweeney, P. W. & R. A. Price. 2000. Polyphyly of the genus Dentaria (Brassicaceae): Evidence from trnL intron and ndhF sequence data. Syst. Bot. 25: 468-478.
245. Syvanen, M. 2002. Rates of ribosomal RNA evolution are uniquely accelerated in Eukaryotes. J. Molec. Evol. 55: 85-91.
246. Szymanski, D. B., A. M. Lloyd & M. D. Marks. 2000. Progress in the molecular genetic analysis of trichome initiation and morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Trends Pl. Sci. 5: 214-219.
247. Thompson, J. D. & R. Lumaret. 1992. The evolutionary dynamics of polyploid plants: Origins, establishment and persistence. Trends Ecol. Evol. 7: 302-307.
248. Toledo, J., P. Dehal, F. Jarrin, J. Hu, M. Hermann, I. Al-Shehbaz & C. F. Quiros. 1998. Genetic variability of Lepidium meyenii (Brassicaceae) assessed by molecular markers. Ann. Bot. (Oxford) 82: 523-530.
249. Tonsor, S. J., S. Kalisz, J. Fischer & T. P. Holtsford. 1993. A life-history based study of population genetic structure: Seed bank to adults in Plantago lanceolata. Evolution 47: 833-843.
250. Tremetsberger, K., C. König, R. Samuel, W. Pinsker & T. F. Stuessy. 2002. Infraspecific genetic variation in Biscutella laevigata: New focus on Irene Manton's theory. Pl. Syst. Evol. 233: 163-181.
251. Tsukaya, H., J. Yokoyama, H. Ikeda, H. Kuroiwa, T. Kuroiwa & K. Iwatsuki. 1997. Morphological, physiological and molecular genetic characterization of Arabidopsis himalaica, with reference to A. thaliana. J. Pl. Res. 110: 15-23.
252. Urbanska, K. M., H. Hurka, E. Landolt, B. Neuffer & K. Mummenhoff. 1997. Hybridization and evolution in Cardamine (Brassicaceae) at Urner Boden, Central Switzerland: Biosystematic and molecular evidence. Pl. Syst. Evol. 204.: 233-256.
253. Uyenoyama, M. K. 2000. Evolutionary dynamics of self-incompatibility alleles in Brassica. Genetics 156: 351-359.
254. Van der Zwan, C., S. A. Brodie & J. J. Campanella. 2000. The intraspecific phylogenetics of Arabidopsis thaliana in worldwide populations. Syst. Bot. 25: 47-59.
255. Van Treuren, R., H. Kuittinen, K. Karkkainen, E. BaenaGonzales & O. Savolainen. 1997. Evolution of microsatellies in Arabis petraea and Arabis lyrata, outcrossing relatives of Arabidopsis thaliana. Molec. Biol. Evol. 14: 220-229.
256. Vargas, P., B. C. Baldwin & L. Constance. 1998. Nuclear ribosomal DNA evidence for a western North American origin of Hawaiian and South American species of Sanicula (Apiaceae). Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 235-240.
257. Vision, T. J., D. G. Brown & S. D. Tanksley. 2000. The origins of genomic duplications in Arabidopsis. Science 290: 2114-2117.
258. Walther, G.-R., E. Post, P. Convey, A. Menzel, C. Parmesan, T. J. C. Beebee, J.-M. Fromentin, O. Hoegh-Guldberg & F. Bairlein. 2002. Ecological responses to recent climate change. Nature 416: 389-395.
259. Warwick, S. I. & I. A. Al-Shehbaz. 1998. Generic evaluation of Boleum, Euzomodendron, and Vella (Brassicaceae). Novon 8: 321-325.
260. _ & L. D. Black. 1991. Molecular systematics of Brassica and allied genera (Subtribe Brassicinae, Brassiceae) - Chloroplast genome and cytodeme congruence. Theor. Appl. Genet. 82: 81-92.
261. _ & _. 1993. Molecular relationships in subtribe Brassicinae (Cruciferae, tribe Brassiceae). Canad. J. Bot. 71: 906-918.
262. _ & _. 1994. Evaluation of the subtribes Moricandiinae, Savignyinae, Vellinae and Zillinae (Brassicaceae, tribe Brassiceae) using chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. Canad. J. Bot. 72: 1692-1701.
263. _ & _. 1997a. Phylogenetic implications of chloroplast DNA restriction site variation in subtribes Raphaninae and Cakilinae (Brassicaceae, tribe Brassiceae). Canad. J. Bot. 75: 960-973.
264. _ & _. 1997b. Molecular phylogenies from theory to application in Brassica and allies (Tribe Brassiceae, Brassicaceae). Opera Bot. 132: 159-168.
265. _, _ & I. Aguinagalde. 1992. Molecular systematics of Brassica and allied genera (Subtribe Brassicinae, Brassiceae) - Chloroplast DNA variation in the genus Diplotaxis. Theor. Appl. Genet. 83: 839-850.
266. _, I. A. Al-Shehbaz, R. A. Price & C. Sauder. 2002. Phylogeny of Sisymbrium (Brassicaceae) based on ITS sequences of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Canad. J. Bot. 80: 1002-1017.
267. Waters, E. R. & B. A. Schaal. 1996. Biased gene conversion is not occurring among rDNA repeats in the Brassica triangle. Genome 39: 150-154.
268. Widmer, A. & M. Baltisberger. 1999a. Molecular evidence for allopolyploid speciation and a single origin of the narrow endemic Draba ladina (Brassicaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 86: 1282-1289.
269. _ & _. 1999b. Extensive intraspecific chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) variation in the alpine Draba aizoides L. (Brassicaceae): Haplotype relationships and population structure. Molec. Ecol. 8: 1405-1415.
270. Yang, Y.-W., W. H. J. Kuo & T. H. Wong. 1998. Genetic polymorphism of seven populations of Capsella bursapastoris on RAPD markers. Bot. Bull. Acad. Sin. 39: 17-21.
271. _, K.-N. Lai, P.-Y. Tai, D.-P. Ma & W.-H. Li. 1999a. Molecular phylogenetic studies of Brassica, Rorippa, Arabidopsis and allied genera based on the internal transcribed spacer region of 18S-25S rDNA. Molec. Phylogenet. Evol. 13: 455-462.
272. _, _, _ & W.-H. Li. 1999b. Rates of nucleotide substitutions in angiosperm mitochondrial DNA sequences in angiosperm nfitochondrial DNA sequences and dates of divergence between Brassica and other angiosperm lineages. J. Molec. Evol. 48: 597-604.
273. Zunk, K., K. Mummenhoff & H. Hurka. 1993. Chloroplast restriction site variation in the Brassicaceae, tribe Lepidieae. Pl. Molec. Evol. Newsl. 3: 40-44.
274. _, _, M. Koch & H. Hurka. 1996. Phylogenetic relationships of Thlaspi s.l. (subtribe Thlaspidinae, Lepidieae) and allied genera based on chloroplast DNA restriction-site variation. Theor. Appl. Genet. 92: 375-381.
275. _, _ & _. 1999. Phylogenetic relationships in tribe Lepidieae (Brassicaceae) based on chloroplast DNA restriction site variation. Canad. J. Bot. 77: 1504-1512.