Neurons take shape

Current Biology

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2003, Pages

  Lee, Haeryun ^a   Van Vactor, David ^a  

^a The Harvard Center for Neurodegeneration & Repair   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0037452749     PISSN: 09609822     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00080-0     Document Type: Review

References (119)

1. Suter, D.M. and Forscher, P. (2000). Substrate-cytoskeletal coupling as a mechanism for the regulation of growth cone motility and guidance. J. Neurobiol. 44, 97-113.
2. Bridgeman, P.C. and Dailey, M.E. (1989). The organization of myosin and actin in rapid frozen nerve growth cones. J. Cell Biol. 108, 95-109.
3. Cheng T.P., Reese T.S. (1988). Compartmentalization of anterogradely and retrogradely transported organelles in axons and growth cones from chick optic tectum. J Neurosci. 8:3190-3199.
4. Yamada, K.M., Spooner, B.S. and Wessells, N.K. (1971). Ultrastructure and function of growth cones and axons of cultured nerve cells. J. Cell Biol. 49, 614-635.
5. Goldstein, L.S. and Yang, Z. (2000). Microtubule-based transport systems in neurons: the roles of kinesins and dyneins. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 23, 39-71.
6. Bassell, G.J. and Singer, R.H. (2001). Neuronal RNA localization and the cytoskeleton. Results Probl. Cell Differ, 34, 41-56.
7. Job, C. and Eberwine, J. (2001). Localization and translation of mRNA in dendrites and axons. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2, 889-898.
8. Campbell, D.S. and Holt, C.E. (2001). Chemotropic responses of retinal growth cones mediated by rapid local protein synthesis and degradation. Neuron 32, 1013-1026.
9. Brittis, P.A., Lu, Q. and Flanagan, J.G. (2002). Axonal protein synthesis provides a mechanism for localized regulation at an intermediate target. Cell 110, 223-235.
10. Ming, G.L., Wong, S.T., Henley, J., Yuan, X.B., Song, H.J., Spitzer, N.C. and Poo, M.M. (2002). Adaptation in the chemotactic guidance of nerve growth cones. Nature 417, 411-418.
11. Harris, W.A., Holt, C.E. and Bonhoeffer, F. (1987). Retinal axons with and without their somata, growing to and arborizing in the tectum of Xenopus embryos: a time-lapse video study of single fibres in vivo. Development 101, 123-133.
12. Schafer, A.W., Kabir, N. and Forscher, P. (2002). Filopodia and actin arcs guide the assembly and transport of two populations of microtubules with unique dynamic parameters in neuronal growth cones. J. Cell Biol. 158, 139-152.
13. Mallavarapu, A. and Mitchison, T. (1999). Regulated actin cytoskeleton assembly at filopodium tips controls their extension rate and retraction. J. Cell Biol. 87, 1097-1106.
14. Tanaka, E.M., Ho, T. and Kirschner, M.W. (1995). The role of microtubule dynamics in growth cone motility and axonal growth. J. Cell Biol. 128, 139-155.
15. Tanaka, E.M. and Kirschner, M.W. (1991). Microtubule behavior in the growth cones of living neurons during axon elongation. J. Cell Biol. 115, 345-363.
16. Sabry, J.H., O'Connor, T.P., Evans, L., Toroian-Raymond, A., Kirschner, M. and Bentley, D. (1991). Microtubule behavior during guidance of pioneer neuron growth cones in situ. J. Cell Biol. 115, 381-395.
17. Myers, P.Z. and Bastiani, M.J. (1993). Growth cone dynamics during the migration of an identified commissural growth cone. J. Neurosci. 13, 127-143.
18. Murray, M.J., Merritt, D.J., Brand, A.H. and Whitington, P.M. (1998). In vivo dynamics of axon pathfinding in the Drosophilia CNS: a time-lapse study of an identified motorneuron. Neurobiology 37, 607-621.
19. Hely, T.A. and Willshaw, D.J. (1998). Short-term interactions between microtubules and actin filaments underlie long-term behavior in neuronal growth cones. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 265, 1801-1807.
20. Kalil, K., Szebenyi, G. and Dent, E.W. (2000). Common mechanisms underlying growth cone guidance and axon branching. J. Neurobiol. 44, 145-158.
21. Letourneau, P.C., Condic, M.L. and Snow, D.M. (1994). Interactions of developing neurons with the extracellular matrix. J. Neurosci. 14, 915-928.
22. Bovolenta, P. and Fernaud-Espinosa, I. (2000). Nervous system proteoglycans as modulators of neurite outgrowth. Prog. Neurobiol. 61, 113-132.
23. Steketee, M.B. and Tosney, K.W. (2002). Three functionally distinct adhesions in filopodia: shaft adhesions control lamellar extension. J. Neurosci. 22, 8071-8083.
24. Bentley, D. and O'Connor, T.P. (1994). Cytoskeletal events in growth cone steering. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 4, 43-48.
25. Fan, J. and Raper, J.A. (1995). Localized collapsing cues can steer growth cones without inducing their full collapse. Neuron 14, 263-274.
26. Jurney, W.M., Gallo, G., Letourneau, P.C. and McLoon, S.C. (2002). Rac1-mediated endocytosis during ephrin-A2- and semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse. J. Neurosci. 22, 6019-6028.
27. Fournier, A.E., Nakamura, F., Kawamoto, S., Goshima, Y., Kalb, R.G. and Strittmatter, S.M. (2000). Semaphorin3A enhances endocytosis at sites of receptor-F-actin colocalization during growth cone collapse. J. Cell Biol. 149, 411-422.
28. Engert, F. and Bonhoeffer, T. (1999). Dendritic spine changes associated with hippocampal long-term synaptic plasticity. Nature 399, 66-70.
29. Maletic-Savatic, M.R., Malinow, R. and Svoboda, K. (1999). Rapid dendritic morphogenesis in CA1 hippocampal dendrites induced by synaptic activity. Science 283, 1923-1927.
30. Tessier-Lavigne, M. and Goodman, C.S. (1996). The molecular biology of axon guidance. Science 274, 1123-1133.
31. Mueller, B.K. (1999). Growth cone guidance: first steps towards a deeper understanding. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 22, 351-388.
32. Song, H.J. and Poo, M.M. (1999). Signal transduction underlying growth cone guidance by diffusible factors. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 3, 355-363.
33. Yu, T.W. and Bargmann, C.I. (2001). Dynamic regulation of ayxon guidance. Nat Neurosci. 4 Suppl., 1169-1176.
34. Patel, B. and Van Vactor, D. (2002). Axon guidance: the cytoplasmic tail. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 14, 221-229.
35. Jordan, J.D., Landau, E.M. and Iyenger, R. (2000). Signaling networks: the origins of cellular multitasking. Cell 103, 193-200.
36. Meinhardt, H. (1999). Orientation of chemotactic cells and growth cones: models and mechanisms. J. Cell Sci. 112, 2867-2874.
37. Van Vactor, D. (1998). Adhesion and signaling in axonal fasciculation. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 80-86.
38. Gallo, G. and Letourneau, P.C. (1999). Axon guidance: a balance of signals sets axons on the right track. Curr. Biol. 9, R490-R492.
39. Luo, L. (2000). Rho GTPases in neuronal morphogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci. 1, 173-180.
40. Dickson, B.J. (2001). Rho GTPases in growth cone guidance. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 11, 103-110.
41. Ming, G., Song, H., Berninger, B., Inagaki, N., Tessier-Lavigne, M. and Poo, M. (1999). Phospholipase C-gamma and phosphoinositide 3-kinase mediate cytoplasmic signaling in nerve growth cone guidance. Neuron 23, 139-148.
42. Funamoto, S., Meili, R., Lee, S., Parry, L. and Firtel, R.A. (2002). Spatial and temporal regulation of 3-phosphoinositides by PI 3-kinase and PTEN mediates chemotaxis. Cell 109, 611-623.
43. Iijima, M. and Devreotes, P. (2002). Tumor suppressor PTEN mediates sensing of chemoattractant gradients. Cell 109, 599-610.
44. Heinrich, R., Neel, B.G. and Rapoport, T.A. (2002). Mathematical models of protein kinase signal transduction. Mol. Cell 9, 1-20.
45. Hall, A. (1998). Rho GTPases and the actin cytoskeleton. Science 279, 509-514.
46. Kim, M.D., Kolodziej, P. and Chiba, A. (2002). Growth cone pathfinding and filopodial dynamics are mediated separately by Cdc42 activation. J. Neurosci. 22, 1794-1806.
47. Bateman, J. and Van Vactor, D. (2001). The Trio family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors: key regulators of neuronal morphogenesis. J. Cell Sci. 114, 1973-1980.
48. Estrach, S., Schmidt, S., Diriong, S., Penna, A., Blangy, A., Fort, P. and Debant, A. (2002). The Human Rho-GEF trio and its target GTPase RhoG are involved in the NGF pathway, leading to neurite outgrowth. Curr. Biol. 12, 307-312.
49. Shamah, S.M., Lin, M.Z., Goldberg, J.L., Estrach, S., Sahin, M., Hu, L., Bazalakova, M., Neve, R.L., Corfas, G., Debant, A. et al. (2001). EphA receptors regulate growth cone dynamics through the novel guanine nucleotide exchange factor ephexin. Cell 105, 233-244.
50. Perrot, V., Vazquez-Prado, J. and Gutkind, J.S. (2002). Plexin B regulates Rho through the guanine nucleotide exchange factors Leukemia-associated RhoGEF (LARG) and PDZ-RhoGEF. J. Biol. Chem. 277, 43115-43120.
51. Swiercz, J.M., Kuner, R., Behrens, J. and Offermanns, S. (2002). Plexin-B1 directly interacts with PDZ-RhoGEF/LARG to regulate RhoA and growth cone morphology. Neuron 35, 51-63.
52. Bashaw, G.J., Hu, H., Nobes, C.D. and Goodman, C.S. (2001). A novel Dbl family RhoGEF promotes Rho-dependent axon attraction to the central nervous system midline in Drosophila and overcomes Robo repulsion. J. Cell Biol. 155, 1117-1122.
53. Wong, K., Ren, X.R., Huang, Y.Z., Xie, Y., Liu, G., Saito, H., Tang, H., Wen, L., Brady-Kalnay, S.M., Mei, L. et al. (2001). Signal transduction in neuronal migration: roles of GTPase activating proteins and the small GTPase Cdc42 in the Slit-Robo pathway. Cell 107, 209-221.
54. Lu, Q., Sun, E.E., Klein, R.S. and Flanagan, J.G. (2001). Ephrin-B reverse signaling is mediated by a novel PDZ-RGS protein and selectively inhibits G protein-coupled chemoattraction. Cell 105, 69-79.
55. Xiang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Cui, K., Wang, S., Yuan, X.B., Wu, C.P., Poo, M.M. and Duan, S. (2002). Nerve growth guidance mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 843-848.
56. Suetsugu, S., Miki, H. and Takenawa, T. (2002). Spatial and temporal regulation of actin polymerization for cytoskeleton formation through Arp2/3 complex and WASP/WAVE proteins. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 51, 113-122.
57. Eden, S., Rohatgi, R., Podtelejnikov, A.V., Mann, M. and Kirschner, M.W. (2002) Mechanism of regulation of WAVE1-induced actin nucleation by Rac1 and Nck. Nature 418, 790-793.
58. Svitkina, T.M. and Borisy, G.G. (1999). Arp2/3 complex and actin depolymerizing factor/cofilin in dendritic organization and treadmilling of actin filament array in lamellipodia. J. Cell Biol. 145, 1009-1026.
59. Gomez, T.M. and Spitzer, N.C. (2000). Regulation of growth cone behavior by calcium: new dynamics to earlier perspectives. J. Neurobiol. 44, 174-183.
60. Gomez, T.M., Robles, E., Poo, M.M. and Spitzer, N.C. (2001). Filopodial calcium transients promote substrate-dependent growth cone turning. Science 291, 1983-1987.
61. Lau, P.M., Zucker, R.S. and Bentley, D. (1999). Induction of filopodia by direct local elevation of intracellular calcium ion concentration. J. Cell Biol. 145, 1265-1275.
62. Hong, K., Nishiyama, M., Henley, J., Tessier-Lavigne, M. and Poo, M.M. (2000). Calcium signalling in the guidance of nerve growth by netrin-1. Nature 403, 93-98.
63. Xiang, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Z., Cui, K., Wang, S., Yuan, X.B., Wu, C.P., Poo, M.M. and Duan, S. (2002). Nerve growth guidance mediated by G protein-coupled receptors. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 843-848.
64. VanBerkum, M.F. and Goodman, C.S. (1995). Targeted disruption of Ca(2+)-calmodulin signaling in Drosophila growth cones leads to stalls in axon extension and errors in axon guidance. Neuron 14, 43-56.
65. Fritz, J.L. and VanBerkum, M.F.A. (2000). Calmodulin and Son of sevenless dependent signaling pathways regulate midline crossing of axons in the Drosophila CNS. Development 127, 1991-2000.
66. Flanagan, J.G. and Vanderhaeghen, P. (1998). The ephrins and Eph receptors in neural development. Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 21, 309-345.
67. Maness, P.F., Beggs, H.E. and Klinz, S.G. and Morse, W.R. (1996). Selective neural cell adhesion molecule signaling by Src family tyrosine kinases and tyrosine phosphatases. Perspect. Dev. Neurobiol. 4, 169-181.
68. Suter, D.M. and Forscher, P. (2001). Transmission of growth cone traction force through apCAM-cytoskeletal linkages is regulated by Sro family tyrosine kinase activity. J. Cell Biol. 155, 427-438.
69. Lanier, L.M. and Gertler, F.B. (2000). From Abl to actin: the role of the Abl tyrosine kinase and tis associated proteins in growth cone motility. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 10, 80-87.
70. Hing, H., Xiao, J., Harden, N., Lim, L. and Zipursky, S.L. (1999). Pak functions downstream of Dock to regulate photoreceptor axon guidance in Drosophila. Cell 97, 853-863.
71. Schmucker, D., Clemens, J.C., Shu, H., Worby, C.A., Xiao, J., Muda, M., Dixon, J.E. and Zipursky, S.L. (2000). Drosophila Dscam is an axon guidance receptor exhibiting extraordinary molecular diversity. Cell 101, 671-684.
72. Forcet, C., Stein, E., Pays, L., Corset, V., Llambi, F., Tessier-Lavigne, M. and Mehlen, P. (2002). Netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth requires deleted in colorectal cancer-dependent MAPK activation. Nature 417, 443-447.
73. Yoshida, T., Ito, A., Matsuda, N. and Mishina, M. (2002). Regulation by protein kinase A switching of axonal pathfinding of zebrafish olfactory sensory neurons through the olfactory placode-olfactory bulb boundary. J. Neurosci. 22, 4964-4972.
74. Brouns, M.R., Matheson, S.F. and Settleman, J. (2001). p190 RhoGAP is the principal Src substrate in brain and regulates axon outgrowth, guidance and fasciculation. Nat. Cell Biol. 3, 361-367.
75. Gertler, F.B., Comer, A.R., Juang, J.-L, Ahern, S.M., Clark, M.J., Liebl, E.C. and Hoffmann, F.M. (1995). Enabled, a dosage-sensitive suppressor of mutations in the Drosophila Abl tyrosine kinase, encodes an Abl substrate with SH3 domain-binding properties. Genes Dev. 9, 521-533.
76. Rhee, J., Mahfooz, N.S., Arregui, C., Lilien, J., Balsamo, J. and Van-Berkum, M.F. (2002). Activation of the repulsive receptor Round-about inhibits N-cadherin-mediated cell adhesion. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 798-805.
77. Bashaw, G.J., Kidd, T., Murray, D., Pawson, T. and Goodman, C.S. (2000). Repulsive Axon Guidance: Abelson and Enabled play opposing roles downstream of the Roundabout receptor. Cell 101, 703-715.
78. Cowan, C.A. and Henkemeyer, M. (2001). The SH2/SH3 adaptor Grb4 transduces B-ephrin reverse signals. Nature 413, 174-179.
79. Buday, L., Wunderlich, L. and Tamas, P (2002). The Nck family of adapter proteins. Regulators of actin cytoskeleton. Cell. Signal. 14, 723-731.
80. Garrity, P.A., Rao, Y., Salecker, I., McGlade, J., Pawson, T. and Zipursky, S.L. (1996). Drosophila photoreceptor axon guidance and targeting requires the dreadlocks SH2/SH3 adapter protein. Cell 85, 639-650.
81. Holland, S.J., Gale, N.W., Gish, G.D., Roth, R.A., Songyang, Z., Cantley, L.C., Henkemeyer, M., Yancopoulos, G.D. and Pawson, T. (1997). Juxtamembrane tyrosine residues couple the Eph family receptor EphB2/Nuk to specific SH2 domain proteins in neuronal cells. EMBO J. 16, 3877-3888.
82. Higgs, H.N. and Pollard, T.D. (2001). Regulation of actin filament network formation through ARP2/3 complex: activation by a diverse array of proteins. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 70, 649-676.
83. Stossel, T.P. (1993). On the crawling of animal cells. Science 260, 1086-1094.
84. Bear, J.E., Libova, I., Loureiro, J.J., Wehland, J. and Gertler, F.B. (2000). Negative regulation of fibroblast motility by Ena/VASP proteins. Cell 101, 717-728.
85. Bear, J.E., Svitkina, T.M., Krause, M., Schafer, D.A., Loureiro, J.J., Strasser, G.A., Maly, I.V., Chaga, O.Y., Cooper, J.A., Borisy, G.G. et al. (2002). Antagonism between Ena/VASP proteins and actin filamant capping regulates fibroblast motility. Cell 109, 509-521.
86. Lanier, L.M., Gates, M.A., Witke, W., Menzies, A.S., Wehman, A.M., Macklis, J.D., Kwiatkowski, D., Soriano, P. and Gertler, F.B. (1999). Requirement for Mena in Neurulation and Commisure Formation. Neuron 22, 313-325.
87. Wills, Z., Bateman, J., Korey, C.A., Comer, A. and Van Vactor, D. (1999). The tyrosine kinase Abl and its substrate enabled collaborate with the receptor phosphatase Dlar to control motor axon guidance. Neuron 22, 301-312.
88. Yu, T.W., Hao, J.C., Lim, W., Tessier-Lavigne, M. and Bargmann, C.I. (2002). Shared receptors in axon guidance: SAX-3/Robo signals via UNC-34/Enabled and a netrin-independent UNC-40/DCC function. Nat. Neurosci. 5, 1-8.
89. Gitai Z., Yu, T.W., Lundquist, E.A., Tessier-Lavigne M. and Bargmann, C.I. (2003). The netrin receptor UNC-40/DCC stimulates axon attraction and outgrowth through Enabled and, in parallel, Rac and UNC-115/AbLIM. Neuron, in press.
90. Lu, M., Witke, W., Kwiatkowski, D.J. and Kosik, K.S. (1997). Delayed retraction of filopodia in gelsolin null mice. J. Cell Biol. 138, 1279-1287.
91. Schafer, D.A. and Cooper, J.A. (1995). Control of actin assembly at filament ends. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol. 11, 497-518.
92. Carlier, M.F. and Pantaloni, D. (1994). Actin assembly in response to extracellular signals: role of capping proteins, thymosin beta4 and profilin. Semin. Cell Biol. 5, 183-191.
93. Wills, Z., Emerson, M., Rusch, J., Bikoff, J., Baum, B., Perrimon, N. and Van Vactor, D. (2002). A Drosophila homologue of cyclase-associated-proteins collaborates with the Abl tyrosine kinase to control midline axon pathfinding. Neuron 36, 611-622.
94. Fox, J.W., Lamperti, E.D., Eksioglu, Y.Z., Hong, S.E., Feng, Y., Graham, D.A., Scheffer, I.E., Dobyns, W.B., Hirsch, B.A., Radtke, R.A. et al. (1998). Mutations in filamin 1 prevent migration of cerebral cortical neurons in human periventricular heterotopia. Neuron 21, 1315-1325.
95. Cohan, C.S., Welnhofer, E.A., Zhao, L., Matsumura, F. and Yamashiro, S. (2001). Role of the actin bundling protein fascin in growth cone morphogenesis: localization in filopodia and lamellipodia. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 48, 109-120.
96. Lin, C.H. and Forscher, P. (1995). Growth cone advance is inversely proportional to retrograde F-actin flow. Neuron 14, 763-771.
97. Schmidt, J.T., Morgan, P., Dowell, N. and Leu, B. (2002). Myosin light chain phosphorylation and growth cone motility. J. Neurobiol. 52, 175-188.
98. Bridgman, P.C., Dave, S., Asnes, C.F., Tullio, A.N. and Adelstein, R.S. (2001). Myosin IIb is required for growth cone motility. J. Neurosci. 21, 6159-6169.
99. Diefenbach, T.J., Latham, V.M., Yimlamai, D., Liu, C.A., Herman, I.M. and Jay, D.G. (2002). Myosin 1c and myosin IIb serve opposing roles in lamellipodial dynamics of the neuronal growth cone. J. Cell Biol. 158, 1207-1217.
100. Berg, J.S. and Cheney, R.E. (2002). Myosin-X is an unconventional myosin that undergoes intrafilopodial motility. Nat. Cell Biol. 4, 246-250.
101. Meberg, P.J. (2000). Signal-regulated ADF/cofilin activity and growth cone motility. Mol. Neurobiol. 21, 97-107.
102. Aizawa, H., Wakatsuki, S., Ishii, A., Moriyama, K., Sasaki, Y., Ohashi, K., Sekine-Aizawa, Y., Sehara-Fujisawa, A., Mizuno, K., Goshima, Y. et al. (2001). Phosphorylation of cofilin by LIM-kinase is necessary for semaphorin 3A-induced growth cone collapse. Nat. Neurosci. 4, 367-373.
103. Suetsugu, S. and Miki, H. and Takenawa, T. (1998). The essential role of profilin in the assembly of actin for microspike formation. EMBO J. 17, 6516-6526.
104. Wills, Z., Marr, L., Zinn, K., Goodman, C.S. and Van Vactor, D. (1999). Profilin and the Abl tyrosine kinase are required for motor axon outgrowth in the Drosophila embryo. Neuron 22, 291-299.
105. Kim, Y.S., Furman, S., Sink, H. and VanBerkum, M.F. (2001). Calmodulin and profilin coregulate axon outgrowth in Drosophila. J. Neurobiol. 47, 26-38.
106. Van Etten, R.A., Jackson, P.K., Baltimore, D., Sanders, M.C., Matsudaira, P.T. and Janmey, P.A. (1994). The COOH terminus of the c-Abl tyrosine kinase contains distinct F- and G-actin binding domains with bundling activity. J. Cell Biol. 124, 325-340.
107. Henkemeyer, M., West, S.R., Gertler, F.B. and Hoffmann, F.M. (1990). A novel tyrosine kinase-independent function of Drosophila abl correlates with proper subcellular localization. Cell 63, 949-960.
108. Terman, J.R. Mao, T., Pasterkamp, R.J., Yu, H.H. and Kolodkin, A.L. (2002). MICALs, a family of conserved flavoprotein oxidoreductases, function in Plexin-mediated axonal repulsion. Cell 109, 887-900.
109. Buck, K.B. and Zheng, J.Q. (2002). Growth cone turning induced by direct local modification of microtubule dynamics. J. Neurosci. 22, 9358-9367.
110. Zhou, F.Q., Waterman-Storer, C.M. and Cohan, C.S. (2002). Focal los of actin bundles causes microtubule redistribution and growth cone turning. J. Cell Biol. 157, 839-849.
111. Dent, E.W. and Kalil, K. (2001). Axon branching requires interactions between dynamic microtubules and actin filaments. J. Neurosci. 21, 9757-9769.
112. Kabir, N., Schaefer, A.W., Nakhost, A., Sossin, W.S. and Forscher, P. (2001). Protein kinase C activation promotes microtubule advance in neuronal growth cones by increasing average microtubule growth lifetimes. J. Cell Biol. 152, 1033-1044.
113. Hummel, T., Krukkert, K., Roos, J., Davis, G. and Klambt, C. (2000). Drosophila Futsch/22C10 is a MAP1B-like protein required for dendritic and axonal development. Neuron 26, 357-370.
114. Lee, S., Harris, K.L., Whitington, P.M. and Kolodziej, P.A. (2000). short stop is allelic to kakapo and encodes rod-like cytoskeletal-associated proteins required for axon extension. J. Neurosci. 20, 1096-1108.
115. Roos, J., Hummel, T., Ng, N., Klambt, C. and Davis, G.W. (2000). Drosophila Futsch regulates synaptic microtubule organization and is necessary for synaptic growth. Neuron 26, 371-382.
116. Pedrotti, B., Francolini, M., Cotelli, F. and Islam, K. (1996). Modulation of microtubule shape in vitro by high molecular weight microtubule associated proteins MAP1A, MAP1B and MAP2. FEBS Lett. 384, 147-150.
117. Goold, R.G., Owen, R. and Gordon-Weeks, P.R. (1999). Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 1B regulates the stability of microtubules in growth cones. J. Cell Sci. 112, 3373-3384.
118. Pedrotti, B. and Islam, K. (1996). Dephosphorylated but not phosphorylated microtubule associated protein MAP1B binds to microfilaments. Lett. 388, 131-133.
119. Lee, S. and Kolodzieg, P.A. (2002). Short stop provides an essential link between F-actin and microtubules during axon extension. Development 129, 1195-1204.