The molecular epidemiology of malaria

Tropical Medicine and International Health

Volumn 7, Issue 12, 2002, Pages 1012-1021

  Greenwood, Brian ^a  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Anopheline mosquitoes; Epidemiology; Malaria; Molecular diagnosis; Plasmodium falciparum

Indexed keywords

ANTIMALARIAL AGENT; CHLORPHENOTANE; CYTOKINE; DIHYDROPTEROATE SYNTHASE; EPITOPE; INSECTICIDE; MALARIA VACCINE; PARASITE ANTIGEN; PROTOZOAL PROTEIN; PYRIMETHAMINE; SULFONAMIDE; PROTOZOAL DNA; PYRETHROID;

DISEASE CONTROL; EPIDEMIOLOGY; MALARIA; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION;

ANOPHELES; ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; GENE MUTATION; GENETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY; GENOTYPE; HEMOGLOBINOPATHY; HLA SYSTEM; HOST RESISTANCE; HUMAN; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; MALARIA; MOLECULAR ECOLOGY; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NONHUMAN; PARASITE IDENTIFICATION; PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; REVIEW; ANIMAL; DISEASE CARRIER; EPIDEMIOLOGY; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION; GENETICS; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TEST; IMMUNOLOGY; METHODOLOGY; MOSQUITO; PARASITEMIA; PLASMODIUM;

PLASMODIUM FALCIPARUM; PROTOZOA;

ANIMALS; ANOPHELES; CYTOKINES; DNA, PROTOZOAN; EPIDEMIOLOGY, MOLECULAR; GENETIC PREDISPOSITION TO DISEASE; GENOTYPE; HEMOGLOBINOPATHIES; HISTOCOMPATIBILITY TESTING; HUMANS; INSECT VECTORS; INSECTICIDE RESISTANCE; INSECTICIDES; MALARIA; MALARIA VACCINES; MOSQUITO CONTROL; PARASITEMIA; PLASMODIUM; POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION; PYRETHRINS;

EID: 0036885996     PISSN: 13602276     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3156.2002.00980.x     Document Type: Review

References (80)

1. Aidoo M, Lalvani A, Allsopp CEM et al. (1995) Identification of conserved antigenic components for a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-inducing vaccine against malaria. Lancet 345, 1003-1007.
2. Alloueche A, Silveira H, Conway DJ et al. (2000) High-throughput sequence typing of T-cell epitope polymorphisms in Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 106, 273-282.
3. Al-Yaman F, Genton B, Reeder JC, Mokela D, Anders RF & Alpers MP (1997) Humoral response to defined Plasmodium falciparum antigens in cerebral and uncomplicated malaria and their relationship to parasite genotype. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56, 430-435.
4. Ansell J, Hu J-T, Gilbert SC, Hamilton KA, Hill AVS & Lindsay SW (2000) Improved method for distinguishing the human source of mosquito blood meals between close family members. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 94, 572-574.
5. Arez AP, Snounou G, Pinto J et al. (1999) A clonal Plasmodium falciparum population in an isolated outbreak of malaria in the republic of Cabo Verde. Parasitology 118, 347-355.
6. Ariey F, Chalvet W, Hommel D et al. (1999) Plasmodium falciparum parasites in French Guiana; limited genetic diversity and high selfing rate. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 978-985.
7. Arnot D (1998) Clone multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in individuals exposed to variable levels of disease transmission. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, 580-585.
8. Babiker HA, Ranford-Cartwright L, Sultan A, Satti G & Walliker D (1994) Genetic evidence that R1 chloroquine resistance of Plasmodium falciparum is caused by recrudescence of resistant parasites. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 328-331.
9. Beck H-P, Felger I, Huber W et al. (1997) Analysis of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzanian children during the phase III trial of the malaria vaccine SPf66. Journal of Infectious Diseases 175, 921-926.
10. Beck H-P, Felger I, Vounatsou P et al. (1999) The epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 8. Effect of iron supplementation and malaria prophylaxis in infants on Plasmodium falciparum genotypes and multiplicity of infection. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (Suppl. 1), S1/41-S1/45.
11. Bellamy R, Kwiatkowski D & Hill AVS (1998) Absence of an association between intracellular adhesion molecule 1, complement receptor 1 and interleukin 1 receptor antagonist gene polymorphisms and severe malaria in a West African population. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, 312-316.
12. Black J, Hommel M, Snounou G & Pinder M (1994) Mixed infections with Plasmodium falciparum and P. malariae and fever in Malaria. Lancet 343, 1095.
13. Bottius E, Guanzirolli A, Trape J-F, Rogier C, Konate L & Druihle P (1996) Malaria: even more chronic in nature than previously thought; evidence for subpatent parasitaemia detectable by the polymerase chain reaction. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 15-19.
14. Brockman A, Paul REL, Anderson TJC et al. (1999) Application of genetic markers to the identification of recrudescent Plasmodium falciparum infections on the northwestern border of Thailand. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 14-21.
15. Burgner D, Xu W, Rockett K et al. (1998) Inducible nitric oxide synthase polymorphism and fatal cerebral malaria. Lancet 352, 1193-1194.
16. Carter R & Voller A (1975) The distribution of enzyme variation in populations of Plasmodium falciparum in Africa. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 69, 371-376.
17. Chandre F, Darrier F, Manga L et al. (1999) Status of pyrethroid resistance in Anopheles gambiae sensu lato. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 77, 230-234.
18. Collins FH, Mendez MA, Rasmussen MO, Mehaffey PC, Besansky NJ & Finnerty V (1987) A ribosomal RNA probe differentiates member species of the Anopheles gambiae complex. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 37, 37-41.
19. Contamin H, Fandeur T, Rogier C et al. (1996) Different genetic characteristics of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected during successive clinical malaria episodes in Senegalese children. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54, 632-643.
20. Conway DJ & McBride JS (1991) Population genetics of Plasmodium falciparum within a malaria hyperendemic area. Parasitology 103, 7-16.
21. Conway DJ, Greenwood BM & McBride JS (1991) The epidemiology of multiple-clone Plasmodium falciparum infections in Gambian patients. Parasitology 103, 1-6.
22. Craig MH, Snow RW & Le Suer D (1999) A climate-based distribution model of malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Parasitology Today 15, 105-111.
23. Creasey A, Fenton B, Walker A et al. (1990) Genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum shows geographic variation. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 42, 403-413.
24. Farnert A, Snounou G, Rooth I & Bjorkman A (1997) Daily dynamics of Plasmodium falciparum subpopulations in asymptomatic children in a holoendemic area. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 56, 538-547.
25. Farnert A, Arez AP, Correia AT, Björkman A, Snounou G & do Rosario V (1999) Sampling and storage of blood and the detection of malaria parasites by polymerase chain reaction. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 50-53.
26. Favia G, della Torre A, Bagayoko M et al. (1997) Molecular identification of sympatric chromosomal forms of Anopheles gambiae and further evidence of their reproductive isolation. Insect Molecular Biology 6, 377-383.
27. Felger I, Smith T, Edoh D et al. (1999) Epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 6. Multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections in Tanzanian infants. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (Suppl. 1), S1/29-S1/34.
28. Fernandez-Reyes D, Craig AG & Kyes SA (1997) A high frequency African coding polymorphism in the N-terminal domain of ICAM-1 predisposing to cerebral malaria in Kenya. Human Molecular Genetics 6, 1357-1360.
29. Fidock DA, Nomura T, Talley AK et al. (2000) Mutations in the P. falciparum digestive vacuole transmembrane protein PfCRT and evidence of their role in chloroquine resistance. Molecular Cell 6, 861-871.
30. Flint J, Harding RM, Boyce AJ & Clegg JB (1993) The population genetics of the haemoglobinopathies. In: Ballières Clinical Haematology (eds DR Higgs & DJ Weatherall) Ballière Tyndall, London, pp. 215-262.
31. Frean JA, El Kariem FMA, Warhurst DC & Miles MA (1992) Rapid detection of pfmdr1 mutations in chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria by polymerase chain reaction analysis of blood spots. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 86, 29-30.
32. Gilbert SC, Plebanski M, Gupta S et al. (1998) Association of malaria parasite population structure, HLA, and immunological antagonism. Science 279, 1173-1177.
33. Gokool S, Curtis CF & Smith DF (1993) Analysis of mosquito bloodmeals by DNA profiling. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 7, 208-215.
34. Haddad D, Snounou G, Mattei D et al. (1999) Limited genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum in field isolates from Honduras. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 30-34.
35. Haywood M, Conway DJ, Weiss H et al. (1999) The epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 12. Reduction in the mean number of Plasmodium falciparum genotypes in Gambian children immunized with the malaria vaccine SPf66. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (Suppl. 1), S1/65-S1/68.
36. Hill SM & Crampton JM (1994) Synthetic DNA probes to identify members of the Anopheles gambiae complex and to distinguish the two major vectors of malaria within the complex An. gambiae s.s. and An. arabiensis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 50, 312-321.
37. Hill AVS, Allsopp CEM, Kwiatkowski D et al. (1991) Common West African HLA antigens are associated with protection from severe malaria. Nature 352, 595-600.
38. Irion A, Felger I, Abdulla S et al. (1998) Distinction of recrudescences from new infections by PCR-RFLP analysis in a comparative trial of CGP 56 697 and chloroquine in Tanzanian children. Tropical Medicine and International Health 3, 490-497.
39. Kamau L, Lehmann T, Hawley WA, Orago ASS & Collins FH (1998) Microgeographic genetic differentiation of Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes from Asembo Bay, Western Kenya: a comparison with Kilifi in coastal Kenya. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 58, 64-69.
40. Knight JC, Udalova I, Hill AVS et al. (1999) A polymorphism that affects OCT-1 binding to the TNF promoter region is associated with severe malaria. Nature Genetics 22, 145-150.
41. Koekemoer LL, Lochouarn L, Hunt RH & Coetzee M (1999) Single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for identification of four members of the Anopheles funestus (Diptera: Culicidae) group. Journal of Medical Entomology 36, 125-130.
42. Kolaczinski JH, Fanello C, Herve JP, Conway DJ, Carnevale P & Curtis CF (2000) Experimental and molecular genetic analysis of the impact of pyrethroid and non-pyrethroid insecticide impregnated bednets for mosquito control in an area of pyrethroid resistance. Bulletin of Entomological Research 90, 125-132.
43. Korsinczky M, Chen N, Kotecka B, Saul A, Rieckmann K & Cheng Q (2000) Mutations in Plasmodium falciparum cytochrome b that are associated with atovaquone resistance are located at a putative drug-binding site. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 44, 2100-2108.
44. Kun JFJ, Mordmüller B, Lell B, Lehman LG, Luckner D & Kremsner PG (1998) Polymorphism in promoter region of inducible nitric oxide synthase and protection against malaria. Lancet 351, 265-266.
45. Kilifi mutation with protection against severe malaria in Lambaréné, Gabon. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 61, 776-779.
46. Laserson KF, Petralanda I, Almera R et al. (1999) Genetic characterization of an epidemic of Plasmodium falciparum among Yanomami Ameridians. Journal of Infectious Diseases 180, 2081-2085.
47. Lázaro CD (1999) Strain-Specific Immune Responses to Plasmodium falciparum Merozoite Surface Antigens. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh.
48. Li J, Wirtz RA & McCutchan TF (1997) Analysis of malaria parasite RNA from decade-old Giemsa-stained blood smears and dried mosquitoes. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57, 727-731.
49. Long GW, Fries L, Watt GH & Hoffman SL (1995) Polymerase chain reaction amplification from Plasmodium falciparum on dried blood spots. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 344-346.
50. Maitland K, Williams TN & Newbold CI (1997) Plasmodium vivax and P. falciparum: biological interactions and the possibility of cross-species immunity. Parasitology Today 13, 227-231.
51. Manguin S, Wilkerson RC, Conn JE et al. (1999) Population structures of the primary malaria vector in South America, Anopheles darlingi, using isozyme, random amplified polymorphic DNA, internal transcribed spacer 2, and morphological markers. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 364-376.
52. Martinez-Torres D, Chandre F, Williams MS et al. (1998) Molecular characterization of pyrethroid knockdown resistance (Kdr) in the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae s.s. Insect Molecular Biology 7, 179-184.
53. Masinde GL, Krogstad DJ, Gordon DM & Duffy PE (1998) Immunization with SPf66 and subsequent infection with homologous and heterologous Plasmodium falciparum parasites. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 600-605.
54. Mazier D, Nitcheu J & Idrissa-Boubou M (2000) Cerebral malaria and immunogenetics. Parasite Immunology 22, 613-623.
55. McGuire W, Hill AVS, Allsopp CEM, Greenwood BM & Kwiatkowski D (1994) Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 371, 508-511.
56. McGuire W, Knight JC, Hill AVS, Allsopp CEM, Greenwood BM & Kwiatkowski D (1999) Severe malarial anemia and cerebral malaria are associated with different tumour necrosis factor promoter alleles. Journal of Infectious Diseases 179, 287-290.
57. Mercereau-Puijalon O (1996) Revisiting host/parasite interactions: molecular analysis of parasites collected during longitudinal and cross-sectional surveys in humans. Parasite Immunology 18, 173-180.
58. Ntoumi F, Contamin H, Rogier C, Bonnefoy S, Trape J-F & Mercereau-Puijalon O (1995) Age-dependent carriage of multiple Plasmodium falciparum merozoite surface antigen-2 alleles in asymptomatic malaria infections. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 81-88.
59. Ohrt C, Mirabelli-Primdahl L, Karnasuta C & Chantakulkij & Kain KC (1997) Distinguishing Plasmodium falciparum treatment failures from reinfections by restriction fragment length polymorphism and polymerase chain reaction genotyping. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 57, 430-437.
60. Paul REL, Brockman A, Price RN et al. (1999) Genetic analysis of Plasmodium falciparum infections on the north-western border of Thailand. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, 587-593.
61. Peterson DS, Walliker D & Wellems TE (1988) Evidence that a point mutation in dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase confers resistance to pyrimethamine in falciparum malaria. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85, 9114-9118.
62. Plowe CV, Djimde A, Bouare M, Doumbo O & Wellems TE (1995) Pyrimethamine and proguanil resistance-conferring mutations in Plasmodium falciparum dihydrofolate reductase: polymerase chain reaction methods for surveillance in Africa. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 52, 565-568.
63. Ranford-Cartwright LC, Taylor J, Umasunthar T et al. (1997) Molecular analysis of recrudescent parasites in a Plasmodium falciparum drug efficacy trial in Gabon. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 91, 719-724.
64. Ranson H, Jensen B, Vulule JM, Wang X, Hemingway J & Collins FH (2000) Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids. Insect Molecular Biology 9, 491-497.
65. Reed MB, Saliba KJ, Caruana SR, Kirk K & Cowman AF (2000) Pgh1 modulates sensitivity and resistance to multiple anti-malarials in Plasmodium falciparum. Nature 403, 906-909.
66. Robert F, Ntoumi F, Angel G et al. (1996) Extensive genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum isolates collected from patients with severe malaria in Dakar, Senegal. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 90, 704-711.
67. Rongnoparut P, Sirichotpakorn N, Rattanarithikul R, Yaicharoen S & Linthicum KJ (1999) Estimates of gene flow among Anopheles maculatus populations in Thailand using microsatellite analysis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 508-515.
68. Roper C, Elhassan IM, Hviid L et al. (1996) Detection of very low level Plasmodium falciparum infections using the nested polymerase chain reaction and a reassessment of the epidemiology of unstable malaria in Sudan. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 54, 325-331.
69. Roper C, Richardson W, Elhassan IM et al. (1998) Seasonal changes in the Plasmodium falciparum population in individuals and their relationship to clinical malaria: a longitudinal study in a Sudanese village. Parasitology 116, 501-510.
70. Rubio JM, Benito A, Roche J et al. (1999) Semi-nested, multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection of human malaria parasites and evidence of Plasmodium vivax infection in Equatorial Guinea. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 60, 183-187.
71. Smith T, Beck H-P, Kitua A et al. (1999a) Epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 4. Age dependence of the multiplicity of Plasmodium falciparum infections and of other malariological indices in an area of high endemicity. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (Suppl. 1), S1/15-S1/20.
72. Smith T, Felger I, Kitua A, Tanner M & Beck H-P (1999b) The epidemiology of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. 7. Dynamics of multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections in infants in a highly endemic area of Tanzania. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93 (Suppl. 1), S1/35-S1/39.
73. Snounou G & Beck H-P (1998) The use of PCR genotyping in the assessment of recrudescence or reinfection after antimalarial treatment. Parasitology Today 14, 462-467.
74. Snounou G, Pinheiro L, Gonçalves A et al. (1993) The importance of sensitive detection of malaria parasites in the human and insect hosts in epidemiological studies, as shown by the analysis of field samples from Guinea Bissau. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 87, 649-653.
75. Su X, Kirkman LA, Fujioka H & Wellems TE (1997) Complex polymorphisms in an ∼330 kDa protein are linked to chloroquine-resistant P. falciparum in Southeast Asia and Africa. Cell 91, 593-603.
76. von Seidlein L, Jaffar S, Pinder M et al. (1997) Treatment of African children with uncomplicated falciparum malaria with a new antimalarial drug, CGP 56697. Journal of Infectious Diseases 176, 1113-1116.
77. Walton C, Handley JM, Kuvangkadilok C, Collins FH, Harbach RE, Baimai V & Butlin RK (1999) Identification of five species of the Anopheles dirus complex from Thailand, using allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 13, 24-32.
78. Wang P, Read M, Sims PFG & Hyde JE (1997) Sulfadoxine resistance in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum is determined by mutations in dihydropteroate synthetase and an additional factor associated with folate utilization. Molecular Microbiology 23, 979-986.
79. Wang R, Kafatos FC & Zheng L (1999) Microsatellite markers and genotyping procedures for Anopheles gambiae. Parasitology Today 15, 33-37.
80. Zwetyenga J, Rogier C, Tall A et al. (1998) No influence of age on infection complexity and allelic distribution in Plasmodium falciparum infections in Ndiop, a Senegalese village with seasonal, mesoendemic malaria. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 59, 726-735.