Functional plasticity of the circadian timing system in old age: Light exposure

Progress in Brain Research

Volumn 138, Issue , 2002, Pages 205-231

  Van Someren, Eus J W ^a   Riemersma, Rixt F ^a   Swaab, Dick F ^a  

^a Amsterdam University Medical Center   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MELATONIN;

AGING; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BEHAVIOR; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; COGNITION; CONFERENCE PAPER; CORE TEMPERATURE; FUNCTIONAL ANATOMY; HORMONAL REGULATION; HUMAN; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; LIGHT EXPOSURE; MOOD; NERVE CELL PLASTICITY; NONHUMAN; OPTIC NERVE; PHYSIOLOGY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RETINA; SLEEP WAKING CYCLE; SUPRACHIASMATIC NUCLEUS;

EID: 0036454287     PISSN: 00796123     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1016/S0079-6123(02)38080-4     Document Type: Conference Paper

References (293)

1. Abegg, A. and Wettstein, A. (1993) Lichttherapie von verhaltensstorungen als folge gestorter zirkadianer rhythmen bei dementiellen alterspatienten. Schwierigkeiten der praktischklinischen anwendbarkeit. Schweiz. Arch. Neurol. Psychiatr., 144: 63-80.
2. Aggleton, J.P., Blindt, H.S. and Candy, J.M. (1989) Working memory in aged rats. Behav. Neurosci., 103: 975-983.
3. Aizawa, S. and Tokura, H. (1996) The effects of different light intensities during the daytime on the forearm blood flow and mean body temperature in the evening. Jpn. J. Physiol., 46: 481-484.
4. Aizawa, S. and Tokura, H. (1997) Exposure to bright light for several hours during the daytime lowers tympanic temperature. Int. J. Biometeorol., 41: 90-93.
5. Akiyama, M., Kouzu, Y., Takahashi, S., Wakamatsu, H., Moriya, T., Maetani, M., Watanabe, S., Tei, H., Sakaki, Y. and Shibata, S. (1999) Inhibition of light- or glutamate-induced mPer1 expression represses the phase shifts into the mouse circadian locomotor and suprachiasmatic firing rhythms. J. Neurosci., 19: 1115-1121.
6. Albrecht, U. (2002) Invited Review: Regulation of mammalian circadian clock genes. J. Appl. Physiol., 92: 1348-1355.
7. Amir, S., Beaulé, C., Arvanitogiannis, A. and Stewart, J. (2002) Modes of plasticity within the mammalian circadian system. In: M.A. Hofman, G.J, Boer, A.J.G.D. Holtmaat, E.J.W. van Someren, J. Verhaagen and D.F. Swaab (Eds.), Plasticity in the Adult Brain: From Genes to Neurotherapy. Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 138, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 191-203.
8. Ancoli-Israel, S. and Kripke, D.F. (1989) Now I lay me down to sleep: The problem of sleep fragmentation in elderly and demented residents of nursing homes. Bull. Clin. Neurosci., 1154: 127-132.
9. Ancoli-Israel, S., Klauber, M.R., Jones, D.W., Kripke, D.F., Martin, J., Mason, W., Pat-Horenczyk, R. and Fell, R. (1997) Variations in circadian rhythms of activity, sleep, and light exposure related to dementia in nursing-home patients. Sleep, 20: 18-23.
10. Antoniadis, E.A., Ko, C.H., Ralph, M.R. and McDonald, R.J. (2000) Circadian rhythms, aging and memory. Behav. Brain Res., 111: 25-37.
11. Aronson, B.D., Bell-Pedersen, D., Block, G.D., Bos, N.P., Dunlap, J.C., Eskin, A., Garceau, N.Y., Geusz, M.E., Johnson, K.A. and Khalsa, S.B. et al. (1993) Circadian rhythms. Brain Res. Rev., 18: 315-333.
12. Aston-Jones, G., Chen, S., Zhu, Y. and Oshinsky, M.L. (2001) A neural circuit for circadian regulation of arousal. Nat. Neurosci., 4: 732-738.
13. Aujard, F., Dkhissi-Benyahya, O., Fournier, I., Claustrat, B., Schilling, A., Cooper, H.M. and Perret, M. (2001) Artificially accelerated aging by shortened photoperiod alters early gene expression (Fos) in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and sulfatoxymelatonin excretion in a small primate, Microcebus murinus. Neuroscience, 105: 403-412.
14. Avery, D.H., Shah, S.H., Eder, D.N. and Wildschiodtz, G. (1999) Nocturnal sweating and temperature in depression. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 100: 295-301.
15. Badia, P., Myers, B., Boecker, M., Culpepper, J. and Harsh, J.R. (1991) Bright light effects on body temperature, alertness, EEG and behavior. Physiol. Behav., 50: 583-588.
16. Barinaga, M. (2002) Circadian clock. How the brain's clock gets daily enlightenment. Science, 295: 955-957.
17. Bayer, A.U., Keller, O.N., Ferrari, F. and Maag, K.P. (2002) Association of glaucoma with neurodegenerative diseases with apoptotic cell death: Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 133: 135-137.
18. Benloucif, S., L'Hermite-Baleriaux, M., Weintraub, S. and Zee, P.C. (2000) Phase shifting response to light in young and older adults. In: Abstracts of the Seventh Meeting of the Society or Research on Biological Rhythms, Jacksonville, FL, pp. 133.
19. Berson, D.M., Dunn, F.A. and Takao, M. (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science, 295: 1070-1073.
20. Bianchetti, A., Scuratti, A., Zanetti, O., Binetti, G., Frisoni, G.B., Magni, E. and Trabucchi, M. (1995) Predictors of mortality and institutionalization in Alzheimer disease patients 1 year after discharge from an Alzheimer dementia unit. Dementia, 6: 108-112.
21. Bina, K.G., Rusak, B. and Semba, K. (1993) Localization of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain and brainstem that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus in rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 335: 295-307.
22. Blanks, J.C., Hinton, D.R., Sadun, A.A. and Miller, C.A. (1989) Retinal ganglion cell degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res., 501: 364-372.
23. Blanks, J.C., Schmidt, S.Y., Torigoe, Y., Porrello, K.V., Hinton, D.R. and Blanks, R.H.I. (1996a) Retinal pathology in Alzheimers disease. 2. Regional neuron loss and glial changes in gcl. Neurobiol. Aging, 17: 385-395.
24. Blanks, J.C., Torigoe, Y., Hinton, D.R. and Blanks, R.H.I. (1996b) Retinal pathology in Alzheimer's disease. 1. Ganglion cell loss in foveal/parafoveal retina. Neurobiol. Aging, 17: 377-384.
25. Bobbert, A.C. and Riethoven, J.J. (1991) Feedback in the rabbit's central circadian system, revealed by the changes in its free-running food intake pattern induced by blinding, cervical sympathectomy, pinealectomy, and melatonin administration. J. Biol. Rhythms, 6: 263-278.
26. Boer, G.J., van Esseveldt, K.E., van der Geest, B.A., Duindam, H. and Rietveld, W.J. (1999) Vasopressin-deficient suprachiasmatic nucleus grafts re-instate circadian rhythmicity in suprachiasmatic nucleus-lesioned arrhythmic rats. Neuroscience, 89: 375-385.
27. Boivin, D.B., Czeisler, C.A., Dijk, D.J., Duffy, J.F., Folkard, S., Minors, D.S., Totterdell, P. and Waterhouse, J.M. (1997) Complex interaction of the sleep-wake cycle and circadian phase modulates mood in healthy subjects. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 54: 145-152.
28. Bonnet, M.H. (1989) The effect of sleep fragmentation on sleep and performance in younger and older subjects. Neurobiol. Aging, 10: 21-25.
29. Bonnet, M.H. and Arand, D.L. (1998) Heart rate variability in insomniacs and matched normal sleepers. Psychosom. Med., 60: 610-615.
30. Brockhaus, H. (1942). J. Psych. Neurol. (LPZ), 51: 96-196.
31. Brown, R.P., Kocsis, J.H., Caroff, S., Amsterdam, J., Winokur, A., Stokes, P. and Frazer, A. (1987) Depressed mood and reality disturbance correlate with decreased nocturnal melatonin in depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 76: 272-275.
32. Brown, S.A. and Schibler, U. (1999) The ins and outs of circadian timekeeping. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev., 9: 588-594.
33. Buijs, R.M. and Kalsbeek, A. (2001) Hypothalamic integration of central and peripheral clocks. Nat. Rev. Neurosci., 2: 521-526.
34. Buijs, R.M., Hou, Y.-X., Shinn, S. and Renaud, L.P. (1994) Ultrastructural evidence for intra- and extranuclear projections of GABAergic neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol., 340: 381-391.
35. Buijs, R.M., Wortel, J. and Hou, Y.-X. (1995) Colocalization of γ-aminobutyric acid with vasopressin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol., 358: 343-352.
36. Cagnacci, A., Elliott, J.A. and Yen, S.S. (1992) Melatonin: A major regulator of the circadian rhythm of core temperature in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 75: 447-452.
37. Campbell, S.S. and Dawson, D. (1991) Bright light treatment of sleep disturbance in older subjects. Sleep Res., 20: 448.
38. Campbell, S.S. and Murphy, P.J. (1998) Extraocular circadian phototransduction in humans. Science, 279: 396-399.
39. Campbell, S.S., Kripke, D.F., Gillin, J.C. and Hrubovcak, J.C. (1988) Exposure to light in healthy elderly subjects and Alzheimer's patients. Physiol. Behav., 42: 141-144.
40. Campbell, S.S., Satlin, A., Volicer, L., Ross, V. and Herz, L. (1991) Management of behavioral and sleep disturbance in Alzheimer's patients using timed exposure to bright light. Sleep Res., 20: 446.
41. Campbell, S.S., Dijk, D.J., Boulos, Z., Eastman, C.I., Lewy, A.J. and Terman, M. (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: Consensus report. III. Alerting and activating effects. J. Biol. Rhythms, 10: 129-132.
42. Cermakian, N. and Sassone-Corsi, P. (2000) Multilevel regulation of the circadian clock. Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1: 59-.67.
43. Chee, C.A., Roozendaal, B., Swaab, D.F., Goudsmit, E. and Mirmiran, M. (1988) Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neuron changes in the senile rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neurobiol. Aging, 9: 307-312.
44. Chemelli, R.M., Willie, J.T., Sinton, C.M., Elmquist, J.K., Scammell, T., Lee, C., Richardson, J.A., Williams, S.C., Xiong, Y., Kisanuki, Y., Fitch, T.E., Nakazato, M., Hammer, R.E., Saper, C.B. and Yanagisawa, M. (1999) Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: Molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell, 98: 437-451.
45. Cho, K. (2001) Chronic 'jet lag' produces temporal lobe atrophy and spatial cognitive deficits. Nat. Neurosci., 4: 567-568.
46. Cho, K., Ennaceur, A., Cole, J.C. and Suh, C.K. (2000) Chronic jet lag produces cognitive deficits. J. Neurosci., 20: RC66.
47. Cohen, R.A. and Albers, H.E. (1991) Disruption of human circadian and cognitive regulation following a discrete hypothalamic lesion: A case study. Neurology, 41: 726-729.
48. Colenda, C.C., Cohen, W., McCall, W.V. and Rosenquist, P.B. (1997) Phototherapy for patients with Alzheimer disease with disturbed sleep patterns: Results of a community-based pilot study. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 11: 175-178.
49. Copinschi, G. and Van Cauter, E. (1995) Effects of ageing on modulation of hormonal secretions by sleep and circadian rhythmicity. Horm. Res., 43: 20-24.
50. Costa, M.S., Santee, U.R., Cavalcante, J.S., Moraes, P.R., Santos, N.P. and Britto, L.R. (1999) Retinohypothalamic projections in the common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus): A study using cholera toxin subunit B. J. Comp. Neurol., 415: 393-403.
51. Curcio, C.A. and Drucker, D.N. (1993) Retinal ganglion cells in Alzheimer's disease and aging. Ann. Neurol., 33: 248.
52. Curcio, C.A., Millican, C.L., Allen, K.A. and Kalina, R.E. (1993) Aging of the human photoreceptor mosaic: Evidence for selective vulnerability of rods in central retina. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 34: 3278.
53. Czeisler, C.A., Dumont, M., Duffy, J.F., Steinberg, J.D., Richardson, G.S., Brown, E.N., Sanchez, R., Rios, C.D. and Ronda, J.M. (1992) Association of sleep-wake habits in older people with changes in output of circadian pacemaker. Lancet, 340: 933-936.
54. Czeisler, C.A., Duffy, J.F., Shanahan, T.L., Brown, E.N., Mitchell, J.F., Rimmer, D.W., Ronda, J.M., Silva, E.J., Allan, J.S., Emens, J.S., Dijk, D.J. and Kronauer, R.E. (1999) Stability, precision, and near-24-hour period of the human circadian pacemaker. Science, 284: 2177-2181.
55. Daan, S., Albrecht, U., van der Horst, G.T., Illnerova, H., Roenneberg, T., Wehr, T.A. and Schwartz, W.J. (2001) Assembling a clock for all seasons: Are there M and E oscillators in the genes?. J. Biol. Rhythms, 16: 105-116.
56. Dai, J., Swaab, D.F. and Buijs, R.M. (1997) Distribution of vasopressin and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) fibers in the human hypothalamus with special emphasis on suprachiasmatic nucleus efferent projections. J. Comp. Neurol., 383: 397-414.
57. Dai, J., Swaab, D.F., Van Der Vliet, J. and Buijs, R.M. (1998a) Postmortem tracing reveals the organization of hypothalamic projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the human brain. J. Comp. Neurol., 400: 87-102.
58. Dai, J., Van der Vliet, J., Swaab, D.F. and Buijs, R.M. (1998b) Human retinohypothalamic tract as revealed by in vitro postmortem tracing. J. Comp. Neurol., 397: 357-370.
59. Davies, D.C., McCoubrie, P., McDonald, B. and Jobst, K.A. (1995) Myelinated axon number in the optic nerve is unaffected by Alzheimer's disease. Br. J. Ophthalmol., 79: 596-600.
60. Depres-Brummer, P., Levi, F., Metzger, G. and Touitou, Y. (1995) Light-induced suppression of the rat circadian system. Am. J. Physiol., 268: R1111-R1116.
61. Deuschle, M., Schweiger, U., Weber, B., Gotthardt, U., Korner, A., Schmider, J., Standhardt, H., Lammers, C.H. and Heuser, I. (1997) Diurnal activity and pulsatility of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal system in male depressed patients and healthy controls. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82: 234-238.
62. Devan, B.D., Goad, E.H., Petri, H.L., Antoniadis, E.A., Hong, N.S., Ko, C.H., Leblanc, L., Lebovic, S.S., Lo, Q., Ralph, M.R. and McDonald, R.J. (2001) Circadian phase-shifted rats show normal acquisition but impaired long-term retention of place information in the water task. Neurobiol. Learn. Mem., 75: 51-62.
63. Dijk, D.-J., Duffy, J.F. and Czeisler, C.A. (2000) Contribution of circadian physiology and sleep homeostasis to age-related changes in human sleep. Chronobiol. Int., 17: 285-311.
64. Dowling, G.A., Luxenberg, J.S., Davids, R., Davidson, A. and Hubbard, E. (2000) Light therapy for sleep-activity disruption in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 21: S232.
65. Downey, R. and Bonnet, M.H. (1987) Performance during frequent sleep disruption. Sleep, 10: 354-363.
66. Duffy, J.F., Dijk, D.J., Klerman, E.B. and Czeisler, C.A. (1998) Later endogenous circadian temperature nadir relative to an earlier wake time in older people. Am. J. Physiol., 275: R1478-R1487.
67. Duffy, J.F., Zeitzer, J.M., Rimmer, D.W., Klerman, E.B., Dijk, D.J. and Czeisler, C.A. (2002) Peak of circadian melatonin rhythm occurs later within the sleep of older subjects. Am. J. Physiol., 282: E297-E303.
68. Dumont, M., Montplaisir, J. and Infante-Rivard, C. (1997) Sleep quality of former night-shift workers. Int. J. Occup. Environ. Health, 3: S10-S14.
69. Duncan, M.J., Cheng, X. and Heller, K.S. (1995) Photoperiodic exposure and time of day modulate the expression of arginine vasopressin mRNA and vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of Siberian hamsters. Mol. Brain Res., 32: 181-186.
70. Eastman, C.I., Martin, S.K. and Hebert, M. (2000) Failure of extraocular light to facilitate circadian rhythm reentrainment in humans. [In Process Citation]. Chronobiol. Int., 17: 807-826.
71. Endo, Y., Shinohara, K., Fueta, Y. and Irie, M. (2001) Influences of cholinergic neurotoxin ethylcholine aziridinium ion on circadian rhythms in rats. Neurosci. Res., 41: 385-390.
72. Espiritu, R.C., Kripke, D.F., Ancoli-Israel, S., Mowen, M.A., Mason, W.J., Fell, R.L., Klauber, M.R. and Kaplan, O.J. (1994) Low illumination experienced by San Diego adults: Association with atypical depressive symptoms. Biol. Psychiatry, 35: 403-407.
73. Fekete, M., van Ree, J.M., Niesink, R.J. and de Wied, D. (1985) Disrupting circadian rhythms in rats induces retrograde amnesia. Physiol. Behav., 34: 883-887.
74. Francis, A.J. and Coleman, G.J. (1997) Phase response curves to ambient temperature pulses in rats. Physiol. Behav., 62: 1211-1217.
75. Fukuda, N., Kohsaka, M., Sasamoto, Y., Koyama, E., Kobayashi, R., Honma, H., Matsubara, H., Nakano, T. and Sakakibara, S. (1998) Effects of short duration morning bright light in healthy elderly subjects. I: Subjective feeling and ophthalmological examinations. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 52: 250-251.
76. Fukuda, N., Kobayashi, R., Kohsaka, M., Honma, H., Sasamoto, Y., Sakakibara, S., Koyama, E., Nakamura, F. and Koyama, T. (2001) Effects of bright light at lunchtime on sleep in patients in a geriatric hospital II. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 55: 291-293.
77. Fuller, C.A., Sulzman, F.M. and Moore-Ede, M.C. (1978) Thermoregulation is impaired in an environment without circadian time cues. Science, 199: 794-796.
78. Gais, S., Plihal, W., Wagner, U. and Born, J. (2000) Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills. Nat. Neurosci., 3: 1335-1339.
79. Gao, B. and Moore, R.Y. (1996) Glutamic acid decarboxylase message isoforms in human suprachiasmatic nucleus. J. Biol. Rhythms, 11: 172-179.
80. Gibson, G.E., Peterson, C. and Jenden, D.J. (1981) Brain acetylcholine synthesis declines with senescence. Science, 213: 674-676.
81. Gillette, M.U. and Tischkau, S.A. (1999) Suprachiasmatic nucleus: The brain's circadian clock. Recent Prog. Horm. Res., 54: 33-58.
82. Gonzalez Garcia-Portilla, P., Pedregal Sanchez, J.A., Lopez Rodriguez, J.L., Bousono Garcia, M. and Bobes Garcia, J. (1991) Sleep, organic deterioration and general health in the aging population. Study in a basic health zone of Oviedo. Actas Luso Esp. Neurol. Psiquiatr. Cienc. Afines, 19: 191-199.
83. Gonze, D., Halloy, J. and Goldbeter, A. (2002) Robustness of circadian rhythms with respect to molecular noise. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 99: 673-678.
84. Gooley, J.J., Lu, J., Chou, T.C., Scammell, T.E. and Saper, C.B. (2001) Melanopsin in cells of origin of the retinohypothalamic tract. Nat. Neurosci., 4: 1165.
85. Gordo, M.A., Recio, J. and Sanchez-Barcelo, E.J. (2001) Decreased sleep quality in patients suffering from retinitis pigmentosa. J. Sleep Res., 10: 159-164.
86. Graf, A., Wallner, C., Schubert, V., Willeit, M., Wlk, W., Fischer, P., Kasper, S. and Neumeister, A. (2001) The effects of light therapy on mini-mental state examination scores in demented patients. Biol. Psychiatry, 50: 725-727.
87. Graves, L., Pack, A. and Abel, T. (2001) Sleep and memory: A molecular perspective. Trends Neurosci., 24: 237-243.
88. Gubin, D.G. and Gubin, G.D. (1999) A circadian to extracircadian variance transposition of human body temperature with advancing age. Chronobiol. Int., 16: S41.
89. Hajak, G. and Rodenbeck, A. (1998) Melatonin and cortisol rhythms in disturbed sleep. J. Sleep Res., 7(S2): 112.
90. Hanger, M.A., Ancoli-Israel, S., Kripke, D.F., Jones, D.W. and Almendarez, L. (1992) Effects of phototherapy on depression in nursing home residents. Sleep Res., 21: 88.
91. Hankins, M.W. and Lucas, R.J. (2002) The primary visual pathway in humans is regulated according to long-term light exposure through the action of a nonclassical photopigment. Curr. Biol., 12: 191-198.
92. Hannibal, J., Hindersson, P., Knudsen, S.M., Georg, B. and Fahrenkrug, J. (2002) The photopigment melanopsin is exclusively present in pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-containing retinal ganglion cells of the retinohypothalamic tract. J. Neurosci., 22: RC191.
93. Harmer, S.L., Panda, S. and Kay, S.A. (2001) Molecular bases of circadian rhythms. Annu. Rev. Cell Dev. Biol., 17: 215-253.
94. Harper, D.G., Stopa, E.G., McKee, A.C., Satlin, A., Harlan, P.C., Goldstein, R. and Volicer, L. (2001) Differential circadian rhythm disturbances in men with Alzheimer disease and frontotemporal degeneration. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 58: 353-360.
95. Hashimoto, S., Kohsaka, M., Nakamura, K., Honma, H., Honma, S. and Honma, K. (1997) Midday exposure to bright light changes the circadian organization of plasma melatonin rhythm in humans. Neurosci. Lett., 221: 89-92.
96. Hattar, S., Liao, H.W., Takao, M., Berson, D.M. and Yau, K.W. (2002) Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: Architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science, 295: 1065-1070.
97. Hebert, M., Martin, S.K. and Eastman, C.I. (1999) Nocturnal melatonin secretion is not suppressed by light exposure behind the knee in humans. Neurosci. Lett., 274: 127-130.
98. Hinton, D.R., Sadun, A.A., Blanks, J.C. and Miller, C.A. (1986) Optic-nerve degeneration in Alzheimer's disease. New Engl. J. Med., 315: 485-487.
99. Hofman, M.A. and Swaab, D.F. (1994) Alterations in circadian rhythmicity of the vasopressin-producing neurons of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) with aging. Brain Res., 651: 134-142.
100. Hofman, M.A. and Swaab, D.F. (1995) Influence of aging on the seasonal rhythm of the vasopressin-expressing neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Neurobiol. Aging, 16: 965-971.
101. Holloway, F.A. and Wansley, R.A. (1973) Multiple retention deficits at periodic intervals after active and passive avoidance learning, Behav. Biol., 9: 1-14.
102. Holmes, D., Teresi, J., O'Brien, D. and Savinon, J. (1994) Light Therapy for Residents of Special Care Units. New York State Department of Health Report. Research Division of the Hebrew Home for the Aged at Riverdale, Riverdale.
103. Hozumi, S., Okawa, M., Mishima, K., Hishikawa, Y., Hori, H. and Takahashi, K. (1990) Phototherapy for elderly patients with dementia and sleep-wake rhythm disorders - A comparison between morning and evening light exposure. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol., 44: 813-814.
104. Hughes, P.C. and Neer, R.M. (1981) Lighting for the elderly: A psychobiological approach to lighting. Hum. Factors, 23: 65-85.
105. Hurd, M.W. and Ralph, M.R. (1998) The significance of circadian organization for longevity in the golden hamster. J. Biol. Rhythms, 13: 430-436.
106. Husby, R. and Lingjaerde, O. (1990) Prevalence of reported sleeplessness in northern Norway in relation to sex, age and season. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 81: 542-547.
107. Hut, R.A., Van der Zee, E.A., Jansen, K., Gerkema, M.P. and Daan, S. (2002) Gradual reappearance of post-hibernation circadian rhythmicity correlates with numbers of vasopressin-containing neurons in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of European ground squirrels. J. Comp. Physiol. B, 172: 59-70.
108. Ingram, C.D., Ciobanu, R., Coculescu, I.L., Tanasescu, R., Coculescu, M. and Mihai, R. (1998) Vasopressin neurotransmission and the control of circadian rhythms in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. In: I.J.A. Urban, J.P.H. Burbach and D. De Wied (Eds.) Advances in Brain Vassopressin. Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 119, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 351-364.
109. Ionescu, D., Driver, H.S., Heon, E., Flanagan, J. and Shapiro, C.M. (2001) Sleep and daytime sleepiness in retinitis pigmentosa patients. J. Sleep Res., 10: 329-335.
110. Ito, T., Yamadera, H., Ito, R. and Endo, S. (1999) Effects of bright light on cognitive disturbances in Alzheimer-type dementia. Nippon Ika Daigaku Zasshi, 66: 229-238.
111. Jagota, A., de la Iglesia, H.O. and Schwartz, W.J. (2000) Morning and evening circadian oscillations in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in vitro. Nat. Neurosci., 3: 372-376.
112. Janik, D. and Mrosovsky, N. (1994) Intergeniculate leaflet lesions and behaviorally-induced shifts of circadian rhythms. Brain Res., 651: 174-182.
113. Jansen, K., Van der Zee, E.A. and Gerkema, M.P. (1999) Organotypic suprachiasmatic nuclei cultures of adult voles reflect locomotor behavior: Differences in number of vasopressin cells. Chronobiol. Int., 16: 745-750.
114. Jean-Louis, G., Kripke, D.F. and Ancoli-Israel, S. (2000a) Sleep and quality of well-being. Sleep, 23: 1115-1121.
115. Jean-Louis, G., Kripke, D.F., Cole, R.J. and Elliot, J.A. (2000b) No melatonin suppression by illumination of popliteal fossae or eyelids. J. Biol. Rhythms, 15: 265-269.
116. Jewett, M.E. and Kronauer, R.E. (1999) Interactive mathematical models of subjective alertness and cognitive throughput in humans. J. Biol. Rhythms, 14: 588-597.
117. Jin, X., Shearman, L.P., Weaver, D.R., Zylka, M.J., de Vries, G.J. and Reppert, S.M. (1999) A molecular mechanism regulating rhythmic output from the suprachiasmatic circadian clock. Cell, 96: 57-68.
118. Johnson, R.F., Moore, R.Y. and Morin, L.P. (1988a) Loss of entrainment and anatomical plasticity after lesions of the hamster retinohypothalamic tract. Brain Res., 460: 297-313.
119. Johnson, R.F., Morin, L.P. and Moore, R.Y. (1988b) Retinohypothalamic projections in the hamster and rat demonstrated using cholera toxin. Brain Res., 462: 301-312.
120. Johnson, R.F., Smale, L., Moore, R.Y. and Morin, L.P. (1988c) Lateral geniculate lesions block circadian phase-shift responses to a benzodiazepine. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 5301-5304.
121. Justino, L., Kergoat, M., Bergman, H., Chertkow, H., Robillard, A. and Kergoat, H. (2001) Neuroretinal function is normal in early dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurobiol. Aging, 22: 691-695.
122. Kabuto, M., Otsuka, T., Saito, K. and Maruyama, S. (1982) A preliminary report on the levels and rhythmicity of urinary melatonin in the patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Mental Health Res., 29: 65-77.
123. Kalsbeek, A., Buijs, R.M., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Arts, M. and van der Woude, T.P. (1992) Vasopressin-containing neurons of the suprachiasmatic nuclei inhibit corticosterone release. Brain Res., 580: 62-67.
124. Kalsbeek, A., Drijfhout, W.-J., Westerink, B.H.C., Van Heerikhuize, J.J., Van Der Woude, T.P., Van Der Vliet, J. and Buijs, R.M. (1996) GABA receptors in the region of the dorsomedial hypothalamus of rats are implicated in the control of melatonin and corticosterone release. Neuroendocrinology, 63: 69-78.
125. Kanikowska, D., Hirata, Y., Hyun, K. and Tokura, H. (2001) Acute phase proteins, body temperature and urinary melatonin under the influence of bright and dim light intensities during the daytime. J. Physiol. Anthropol. Appl. Human Sci., 20: 333-338.
126. Kendall, A.R., Lewy, A.J. and Sack, R.L. (2001) Effects of aging on the intrinsic circadian period of totally blind humans. J. Biol. Rhythms, 16: 87-95.
127. Klein, B.E., Klein, R., Sponsel, W.E., Franke, T., Cantor, L.B., Martone, J. and Menage, M.J. (1992) Prevalence of glaucoma. The Beaver Dam Eye Study. Ophthalmology, 99: 1499-1504.
128. Klerman, E.B., Duffy, J.F., Dijk, D.J. and Czeisler, C.A. (2001) Circadian phase resetting in older people by ocular bright light exposure. J. Invest. Med., 49: 30-40.
129. Knutsson, A., Akerstedt, T., Jonsson, B.G. and Orth-Gomer, K. (1986) Increased risk of ischaemic heart disease in shift workers. Lancet, 2: 89-92.
130. Kobayashi, R., Fukuda, N., Kohsaka, M., Sasamoto, Y., Sakakibara, S., Koyama, E., Nakamura, F. and Koyama, T. (2001) Effects of bright light at lunchtime on sleep of patients in a geriatric hospital I. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 55: 287-289.
131. Kohsaka, M., Fukuda, N., Honma, H., Kobayashi, R., Sakakibara, S., Koyama, E., Nakano, T. and Matsubara, H. (1999) Effects of moderately bright light on subjective evaluations in healthy elderly women. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 53: 239-241.
132. Koorengevel, K.M., Gordijn, M.C., Beersma, D.G., Meesters, Y., den Boer, J.A., van den Hoofdakker, R.H. and Daan, S. (2001) Extraocular light therapy in winter depression: A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Biol. Psychiatry, 50: 691-698.
133. Kräuchi, K., Cajochen, C., Danilenko, K.V. and Wirz-Justice, A. (1997) The hypothermic effect of late evening melatonin does not block the phase delay induced by concurrent bright light in human subjects. Neurosci. Lett., 232: 57-61.
134. Kripke, D.F. (1998) Light treatment for nonseasonal depression: Speed, efficacy, and combined treatment. J. Affect. Disord., 49: 109-117.
135. Leak, R.K., Card, J.P. and Moore, R.Y. (1999) Suprachiasmatic pacemaker organization analyzed by viral transynaptic transport. Brain Res., 819: 23-32.
136. Leander, P., Vrang, N. and Moller, M. (1998) Neuronal projections from the mesencephalic raphe nuclear complex to the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the deep pineal gland of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus). J. Comp. Neurol., 399: 73-93.
137. Lebeer, J. (1998) How much brain does a mind need? Scientific, clinical, and educational implications of ecological plasticity. Dev. Med. Child Neurol., 40: 352-357.
138. LeSauter, J. and Silver, R. (1999) Localization of a suprachiasmatic nucleus subregion regulating locomotor rhythmicity [In Process Citation]. J. Neurosci., 19: 5574-5585.
139. Li, H. and Satinoff, E. (1995) Changes in circadian rhythms of body temperature and sleep in old rats. Am. J. Physiol., 269: R208-214.
140. Liu, R.Y., Zhou, J.N., Hoogendijk, W.J.G., Van Heerikhuize, J., Kamphorst, W., Unmehopa, U.A., Hofman, M.A. and Swaab, D.F. (2000) Decreased vasopressin gene expression in the biological clock of Alzheimer's disease patients with and without depression. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 59: 314-322.
141. Lockley, S.W., Skene, D.J., Thapan, K., English, J., Ribeiro, D., Haimov, I., Hampton, S., Middleton, B., von Schantz, M. and Arendt, J. (1998) Extraocular light exposure does not suppress plasma melatonin in humans. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83: 3369-3372.
142. Lovell, B.B., Ancoli-Israel, S. and Gevirtz, R. (1995) Effect of bright light treatment on agitated behavior in institutionalized elderly subjects. Psychiatry Res., 57: 7-12.
143. Lu, J., Shiromani, P. and Saper, C.B. (1999) Retinal input to the sleep-active ventrolateral preoptic nucleus in the rat. Neuroscience, 93: 209-214.
144. Lu, J., Zhang, Y.H., Chou, T.C., Gaus, S.E., Elmquist, J.K., Shiromani, P. and Saper, C.B. (2001) Contrasting effects of ibotenate lesions of the paraventricular nucleus and subparaventricular zone on sleep-wake cycle and temperature regulation. J. Neurosci., 21: 4864-4874.
145. Lucassen, P.J., Hofman, M.A. and Swaab, D.F. (1995) Increased light intensity prevents the age related loss of vasopressin-expressing neurons in the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus. Brain Res., 693: 261-266.
146. Lucassen, P.J., Muller, M.B., Holsboer, F., Bauer, J., Holtrop, A., Wouda, J., Hoogendijk, W.J., De Kloet, E.R. and Swaab, D.F. (2001) Hippocampal apoptosis in major depression is a minor event and absent from subareas at risk for glucocorticoid overexposure. Am. J. Pathol., 158: 453-468.
147. Lyketsos, C.G., Lindell Veiel, L., Baker, A. and Steele, C. (1999) A randomized, controlled trial of bright light therapy for agitated behaviors in dementia patients residing in long-term care. Int. J. Geriatr. Psychiatry, 14: 520-525.
148. Mailloux, A., Benstaali, C., Bogdan, A., Auzeby, A. and Touitou, Y. (1999) Body temperature and locomotor activity as marker rhythms of aging of the circadian system in rodents. Exp. Gerontol., 34: 733-740.
149. Mazzoni, G., Gori, S., Formicola, G., Gneri, C., Massetani, R., Murri, L. and Salzarulo, P. (1999) Word recall correlates with sleep cycles in elderly subjects. J. Sleep Res., 8: 185-188.
150. McArthur, A.J., Gillette, M.U. and Prosser, R.A. (1991) Melatonin directly resets the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock in vitro. Brain Res., 565: 158-161.
151. Meguro, K., Ueda, M., Yamaguchi, T., Sekita, Y., Yamazaki, H., Oikawa, Y., Kikuchi, Y. and Matsuzawa, T. (1990) Disturbance in daily sleep/wake patterns in patients with cognitive impairment and decreased daily activity. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 38: 1176-1182.
152. Meguro, K., Ueda, M., Kobayashi, I., Yamaguchi, S., Yamazaki, H., Oikawa, Y., Kikuchi, Y. and Sasaki, H. (1995) Sleep disturbance in elderly patients with cognitive impairment, decreased daily activity and periventricular white matter lesions. Sleep, 18: 109-114.
153. Meijer, J.H. and Rietveld, W.J. (1989) Neurophysiology of the suprachiasmatic circadian pacemaker in rodents. Physiol. Rev., 69: 671-707.
154. Meijer, J.H., Watanabe, K., Détàri, L. and Schaap, J. (1996) Circadian rhythm in light response in suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons of freely moving rats. Brain Res., 741: 352-355.
155. Meijer, J.H., Watanabe, K., Schaap, J., Albus, H. and Detari, L. (1998) Light responsiveness of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Long-term multiunit and single-unit recordings in freely moving rats. J. Neurosci., 18: 9078-9087.
156. Mikkelsen, J.D. (1990) A neuronal projection from the lateral geniculate nucleus to the lateral hypothalamus of the rat demonstrated with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin tracing. Neurosci. Lett., 116: 58-63.
157. Miles, A. and Philbrick, D.R. (1988) Melatonin and psychiatry. Biol. Psychiatry, 23: 405-425.
158. Miller, J.D. (1993) On the nature of the circadian clock in mammals. Am. J. Physiol., 264: R821-R832.
159. Minors, D.S. and Waterhouse, J.M. (1987) The role of naps in alleviating sleepiness during an irregular sleep-wake schedule. Ergonomics, 30: 1261-1273.
160. Mishima, K. and Hishikawa, Y. (1997) Chronotherapy for circadian rhythm disorders in elderly patients with dementia. In: O. Hayaishi and S. Inoue (Eds.), Sleep and Sleep Disorders: From Molecule to Behavior. Academic Press, Kyoto, pp. 177-191.
161. Mishima, K., Okawa, M., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S., Hori, H. and Takahashi, K. (1994) Morning bright light therapy for sleep and behavior disorders in elderly patients with dementia. Acta Psychiatr. Scand., 89: 1-7.
162. Mishima, K., Okawa, M., Shimizu, T. and Hishikawa, Y. (2001) Diminished melatonin secretion in the elderly caused by insufficient environmental illumination. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 86: 129-134.
163. Moe, K.E., Vitiello, M.V., Larsen, L.H. and Prinz, P.N. (1995) Sleep/wake patterns in Alzheimer's disease: Relationships with cognition and function. J. Sleep Res., 4: 15-20.
164. Moga, M.M., Weis, R.P. and Moore, R.Y. (1995) Efferent projections of the paraventricular thalamic nucleus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 359: 221-238.
165. Monk, T.H. (1994) Circadian rhythms in subjective activation, mood and performance efficiency. In: M.H. Kryger, T. Roth and W.C. Dement (Eds.), Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine. W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 321-330.
166. Monk, T.H. and Kupfer, D.J. (2000) Circadian rhythms in healthy aging - Effects downstream from the pacemaker. Chronobiol. Int., 17: 355-368.
167. Monk, T.H., Reynolds, C.F.D., Machen, M.A. and Kupfer, D.J. (1992) Daily social rhythms in the elderly and their relation to objectively recorded sleep. Sleep, 15: 322-329.
168. Monk, T.H., Buysse, D.J., Billy, B.D., Kennedy, K.S. and Kupfer, D.J. (1997) The effects on human sleep and circadian rhythms of 17 days of continuous bedrest in the absence of daylight. Sleep, 20: 858-864.
169. Monk, T.H., Buysse, D.J., Carrier, J. and Kupfer, D.J. (2000) Inducing jet-lag in older people: directional asymmetry. J. Sleep Res., 9: 101-116.
170. Moore, R.Y. (1992) The organization of the human timing system. In: D.F. Swaab, M.A. Hofman, M. Mirmiran, R. Ravid and F.W. Van Leeuwen (Eds.), Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 93, Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 101-115.
171. Moore, R.Y. (1995a) Organization of the circadian timing system. In: R.M. Buijs, A. Kalsbeek, M. Mirmiran, C.M.A. Pennartz and H.J. Romijn (Eds.), 19th International Summer School of Brain Research. The Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Amsterdam, pp. 55-57.
172. Moore, R.Y. (1995b) Organization of the mammalian circadian system. In: D.J. Chadwick and K. Ackrill (Eds.), Ciba Foundation Symposium 183. Circadian Clocks and Their Adjustment. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 88-106.
173. Moore, R.Y. (1996) Entrainment pathways and the functional organization of the circadian system. In: R.M. Buijs, A. Kalsbeek, H.J. Romijn, C.M.A. Pennartz and M. Mirmiran (Eds.), Hypothalamic Integration of Circadian Rhythms. Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 111. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 103-119.
174. Moore, R.Y. and Lenn, N.J. (1972) A retinohypothalamic projection in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 146: 1-14.
175. Morgan, J.L.M., Graber, C. and Kirby, J.D. (1997) Constant light and increased ambient temperature disrupt the circadian rhythm of body temperature in the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus). Soc. Neurosci. Abstr., 23: 1323.
176. Morin, L.P. (1999) Serotonin and the regulation of mammalian circadian rhythmicity. Ann. Med., 31: 12-33.
177. Morita, T. and Tokura, H. (1998) The influence of different wavelengths of light on human biological rhythms. Appl. Hum. Sci., 17: 91-96.
178. Mortimer, J.A., Ebbitt, B., Jun, S. and Finch, M.D. (1993) Predictors of cognitive and functional progression in patients with probable Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 42: 1689-1696.
179. Muller, M.B., Lucassen, P.J., Yassouridis, A., Hoogendijk, W.J., Holsboer, F. and Swaab, D.F. (2001) Neither major depression nor glucocorticoid treatment affects the cellular integrity of the human hippocampus. Eur. J. Neurosci., 14: 1603-1612.
180. Murakami, N., Takahashi, K. and Kawashima, K. (1984) Effect of light on the acetylcholine concentrations of the suprachiasmatic nucleus in the rat. Brain Res., 311: 358-360.
181. Murphy, P.J. and Campbell, S.S. (1996) Enhanced performance in elderly subjects following bright light treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia. J. Sleep Res., 5: 165-172.
182. Nair, N.P., Hariharasubramanian, N., Pilapil, C., Isaac, L. and Thavundayil, J.X. (1986a) Plasma melatonin - An index of brain aging in humans?. Biol. Psychiatry, 21: 141-150.
183. Nair, N.P.V., Hariharasubramanian, N., Pilapil, C. and Thavundayil, J.X. (1986b) Plasma melatonin rhythm in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease. J. Neural Transm., 21(Suppl.): 494.
184. Nair, N.P.N., Schwartz, G., Ng Ying Kin, N.M.K., Thakur, M. and Thavundayil, J.X. (1998) Melatonin and cortisol circadian rhythms in Alzheimer's Disease patients and normal elderly subjects. In: Y. Touitou (Ed.), Biological Clocks. Mechanisms and Applications. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 357-360.
185. Ohashi, Y., Okamoto, N., Uchida, K., Iyo, M., Mori, N. and Morita, Y. (1999) Daily rhythm of serum melatonin levels and effect of light exposure in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type, Biol. Psychiatry, 45: 1646-1652.
186. Okawa, M., Mishima, K., Shimizu, T., Iijima, S., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S. and Hori, H. (1989) Sleep-wake rhythm disorders and their phototherapy in elderly patients with dementia. Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol., 43: 293-295.
187. Okawa, M., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S. and Hori, H. (1991a) Sleep-wake disorder and phototherapy in elderly patients with dementia. In: G. Racagni (Ed.), Biological Psychiatry, Vol. 1. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, pp. 837-840.
188. Okawa, M., Mishima, K., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S., Hori, H. and Takahashi, K. (1991b) Circadian rhythm disorders in sleep-waking and body temperature in elderly patients with dementia and their treatment. Sleep, 14: 478-485.
189. Okawa, M., Mishima, K., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S. and Hori, H. (1993) Sleep disorder in elderly patients with dementia and trials of new treatments - Enforcement of social interaction and bright light therapy. In: V.M. Kumar, H.N. Mallick and U. Nayar (Eds.), Sleep-Wakefulness. Wiley Eastern, New Delhi, pp. 128-132.
190. Okawa, M., Mishima, K., Shirakawa, S., Hishikawa, Y., Hozumi, S. and Hori, H. (1994) Sleep disorders in elderly patients with dementia and attempts of bright light therapy in senile dementia of Alzheimer's type and multi-infarct dementia. In: T. Hiroshige and K. Honma (Eds.), Evolution of Circadian Clock. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo, pp. 313-322.
191. Okumoto, Y., Koyama, E., Matsubara, H., Nakano, T. and Nakamura, R. (1998) Sleep improvement by light in a demented aged individual. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 52: 194-196.
192. Oler, J.A. and Markus, E.J. (1998) Age-related deficits on the radial maze and in fear conditioning: Hippocampal processing and consolidation. Hippocampus, 8: 402-415.
193. Ouyang, Y. and Johnson, C.H. (1998) Are circadian clocks adaptive?. Light Treat. Biol. Rhythms, 10: 6-8.
194. Park, S.J. and Tokura, H. (1999) Bright light exposure during the daytime affects circadian rhythms of urinary melatonin and salivary immunoglobulin A. Chronobiol. Int., 16: 359-371.
195. Partonen, T. and Lönnqvist, J. (2000) Bright light improves vitality and alleviates distress in healthy people. J. Affect. Disord., 57: 55-61.
196. Pate, J.R. (1937) Trans-neural atrophy of the nucleus ovoideus following eye removal in cats. Anat. Rec., 67(S3): 39.
197. Penev, P.D., Kolker, D.E., Zee, P.C. and Turek, F.W. (1998) Chronic circadian desynchronization decreases the survival of animals with cardiomyopathic heart disease. Am. J. Physiol., 275: H2334-2337.
198. Peng, M.T., Jiang, M.J. and Hsu, H.K. (1980) Changes in running-wheel activity, eating and drinking and their day/night distributions throughout the life span of the rat. J. Gerontol., 35: 339-347.
199. Perret, M., Dkissi-Benyahya, O., Schilling, A., Cooper, H.M. and Aujard, F. (2000) Evidence of artificially accelerated aging in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus). In: Abstracts of the Seventh Meeting of the Society or Research on Biological Rhythms. Jacksonville, FL, pp. 115.
200. Provencio, I., Rodriguez, I.R., Jiang, G., Hayes, W.P., Moreira, E.F. and Rollag, M.D. (2000) A novel human opsin in the inner retina. J. Neurosci., 20: 600-605.
201. Provencio, I., Rollag, M.D. and Castrucci, A.M. (2002) Photoreceptive net in the mammalian retina. Nature, 415: 493.
202. Quay, W.B. (1972) Pineal homeostatic regulation of shifts in the circadian activity rhythm during maturation and aging. Trans. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 34: 239-254.
203. Quillen, D.A. (1999) Common causes of vision loss in elderly patients. Am. Fam. Phys., 60: 99-108.
204. Rea, M.A. (1998) Photic entrainment of circadian rhythms in rodents. Chronobiol. Int., 15: 395-423.
205. Reppert, S.M. and Weaver, D.R. (2001) Molecular analysis of mammalian circadian rhythms. Annu. Rev. PhysioL, 63: 647-676.
206. Rietveld, W.J. (1992) Neurotransmitters and the pharmacology of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Pharmacol. Ther., 56: 119-130.
207. Rietveld, W.J. and Groos, G.A. (1981) The role of suprachiasmatic nucleus afferents in the central regulation of circadian rhythms. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res., 59C: 205-211.
208. Rodenbeck, A. and Hajak, G. (1998) Increased evening cortisol levels and nocturnal awakenings in primary insomnia. J. Sleep Res., 7(S2): 227.
209. Romani, A., Bergamaschi, R., Versino, M., Zilioli, A., Callieco, R. and Cosi, V. (2000) Circadian and hypothermia-induced effects on visual and auditory evoked potentials in multiple sclerosis. Clin. Neurophysiol., 111: 1602-1606.
210. Roozendaal, B., van Gool, W.A., Swaab, D.F., Hoogendijk, J.E. and Mirmiran, M. (1987) Changes in vasopressin cells of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus with aging. Brain Res., 409: 259-264.
211. Rosenberg, R.S., Winter, J.B. and Rechtschaffen, A. (1990) Effect of light phase reversal on sleep rhythms of young and old rats. Sleep Res., 9: 105.
212. Rosenthal, N.E., Sack, D.A., Gillin, J,C., Lewy, A.J., Goodwin, F.K., Davenport, Y., Mueller, P.S., Newsom, D.A. and Wehr, T.A. (1984) Seasonal affective disorder: A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 41: 72-80.
213. Rutishauser, U. and Landmesser, L. (1996) Polysialic acid in the vertebrate nervous system: A promoter of plasticity in cell-cell interactions. Trends Neurosci., 19: 422-427.
214. Rutkowska, D., Park, S.J., Okazaki, J. and Tokura, H. (1996) Effects of the different light intensities on some physiological parameters in terms of circadian rhythm. Appl. Hum. Sci., 15: 129.
215. Sack, R.L., Lewy, A.J., Erb, D.L., Vollmer, W.M. and Singer, C.M. (1986) Human melatonin production decreases with age. J. Pineal Res., 3: 379-388.
216. Sadun, A.A. and Bassi, C.J. (1990a) Optic nerve damage in Alzheimer's disease. Ophthalmology, 97: 9-17.
217. Sadun, A.A. and Bassi, C.J. (1990b) The visual system in Alzheimer's disease. Res. Publ. Assoc. Res. Nerv. Ment. Dis., 67: 331-347.
218. Sanchez, R., Ge, Y. and Zee, P.C. (1993) A comparison of the strength of external Zeitgebers in young and older adults. Sleep Res., 22: 416.
219. Sandyk, R., Anninos, P.A. and Tsagas, N. (1991) Age-related disruption of circadian rhythms: Possible relationship to memory impairment and implications for therapy with magnetic fields. Int. J. Neurosci., 59: 259-262.
220. Sapolsky, R.M. (2001) Depression, antidepressants, and the shrinking hippocampus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98: 12320-12322.
221. Satlin, A., Volicer, L., Ross, V., Herz, L. and Campbell, S. (1992) Bright light treatment of behavioral and sleep disturbances in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 149: 1028-1032.
222. Savides, T.J., Messin, S., Senger, C. and Kripke, D.F. (1986) Natural light exposure of young adults. Physiol. Behav., 38: 571-574.
223. Schaap, J., Bos, N.P., de Jeu, M.T., Geurtsen, A.M., Meijer, J.H. and Pennartz, C.M. (1999) Neurons of the rat suprachiasmatic nucleus show a circadian rhythm in membrane properties that is lost during prolonged whole-cell recording. Brain Res., 815: 154-166.
224. Schaechter, J.D. and Sadun, A.A. (1985) A second hypothalamic nucleus receiving retinal input in man: The paraventricular nucleus. Brain Res., 340: 243-250.
225. Scheer, F.A., van Doornen, L.J. and Buijs, R.M. (1999) Light and diurnal cycle affect human heart rate: Possible role for the circadian pacemaker. J. Biol. Rhythms, 14: 202-212.
226. Sharma, M., Palacios-Bois, J., Schwartz, G., Iskandar, H., Thakkur, M., Quirion, R. and Nair, N.P.V. (1989) Circadian rhythms of melatonin and cortisol in aging. Biol. Psychiatry, 25: 305-319.
227. Shen, H. and Semba, K. (1994) A direct retinal projection to the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat. Brain Res., 635: 159-168.
228. Shimizu, T., Saito, Y., Takahashi, Y., Takahashi, K., Kanbayashi, T., Ogawa, Y., Mishima, K. and Hishikawa, Y. (1998) Dose-response relationship between the light intensity and muscle sympathetic nerve activity in man is very similar to that of circadian phase shift by light. J. Sleep Res., 7(S2): 247.
229. Shochat, T., Martin, J., Marler, M. and Ancoli-Israel, S. (2000) Illumination levels in nursing home patients: Effects on sleep and activity rhythms. J. Sleep Res., 9: 373-379.
230. Skene, D.J., Vivien-Roels, B., Sparks, D.L., Hunsaker, J.C., Pevet, P., Ravid, D. and Swaab, D.F. (1990) Daily variation in the concentration of melatonin and 5-methoxytryptophol in the human pineal gland: Effect of age and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res., 528: 170-174.
231. Sloan, M.A., Levenson, J., Tran, Q., Kerbeshian, M., Block, G.D. and Eskin, A. (1999) Aging affects the ocular circadian pacemaker of Aplysia california. J. Biol. Rhythms, 14: 151-159.
232. Smith, M.L. and Booze, R.M. (1995) Cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in the nucleus basalis region of young and aged rats. Neuroscience, 67: 679-688.
233. Song, X. and Rusak, B. (2000) Acute effects of light on body temperature and activity in Syrian hamsters: Influence of circadian phase. Am. J. Physiol., 278: R1369-R1380.
234. Sörensen, S. and Brunnström, G. (1995) Quality of light and quality of life: An intervention study among older people. Lighting Res. Technol., 27: 113-118.
235. Souêtre, E., Salvati, E., Belugou, J.L., Pringuey, D., Candito, M., Krebs, B., Ardisson, J.L. and Darcourt, G. (1989) Circadian rhythms in depression and recovery: Evidence for blunted amplitude as the main chronobiological abnormality. Psychiatry Res., 28: 263-278.
236. Speh, J.C. and Moore, R.Y. (1993) Retinohypothalamic tract development in the hamster and rat. Dev. Brain Res., 76: 171-181.
237. Starkey, S.J., Walker, M.P., Beresford, I.J.M. and Hagan, R.M. (1995) Modulation of the rat suprachiasmatic circadian clock by melatonin in vitro. NeuroReport, 6: 1947-1951.
238. Stickgold, R., James, L. and Hobson, J.A. (2000) Visual discrimination learning requires sleep after training. Nat. Neurosci., 3: 1237-1238.
239. Stone, W.S. (1989) Sleep and aging in animals. Relationships with circadian rhythms and memory. Clin. Geriatr. Med., 5: 363-379.
240. Stopa, E.G., Volicer, L., Kuo-Leblanc, V., Harper, D., Lathi, D., Tate, B. and Satlin, A. (1999) Pathologic evaluation of the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in severe dementia. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol., 58: 29-39.
241. Strassman, R.J., Qualls, C.R., Lisansky, E.J. and Peake, G.T. (1991) Elevated rectal temperature produced by all-night bright light is reversed by melatonin infusion in men. J. Appl. Physiol., 71: 2178-2182.
242. Sumaya, I.C., Rienzi, B.M., Deegan II, J.F. and Moss, D.E. (2001) Bright light treatment decreases depression in institutionalized older adults: A placebo-controlled crossover study. J. Gerontol., 56: M356-M360.
243. Sumova, A., Travnickova, Z., Peters, R., Schwartz, W.J. and Illnerova, H. (1995) The rat suprachiasmatic nucleus is a clock for all seasons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 92: 7754-7758.
244. Sutin, E.L., Dement, W.C., Heller, H.C. and Kilduff, T.S. (1993) Light-induced gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of young and aging rats. Neurobiol. Aging, 14: 441-446.
245. Swaab, D.F. (1991) Brain aging and Alzheimer's disease, 'wear and tear' versus 'use it or lose it'. Neurobiol. Aging, 12: 317-324.
246. Swaab, D.F., Fliers, E. and Partiman, T.S. (1985) The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the human brain in relation to sex, age and senile dementia. Brain Res., 342: 37-44.
247. Swaab, D.F., Grundke-Iqbal, I., Iqbal, K., Kremer, H.P., Ravid, R. and van de Nes, J.A. (1992) Tau and ubiquitin in the human hypothalamus in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res., 590: 239-249.
248. Swaab, D.F., Hofman, M.A. and Honnebier, M.B.O.M. (1990) Development of vasopressin neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to birth. Dev. Brain Res., 52: 289-293.
249. Swaab, D.F., Zhou, J.N., Ehlhart, T. and Hofman, M.A. (1994) Development of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide neurons in the human suprachiasmatic nucleus in relation to birth and sex. Dev. Brain Res., 79: 249-259.
250. Tabandeh, H., Lockley, S.W., Buttery, R., Skene, D.J., Defrance, R., Arendt, J. and Bird, A.C. (1998) Disturbance of sleep in blindness. Am. J. Ophthalmol., 126: 707-712.
251. Takeda, T. (1999) Senescence-accelerated mouse (SAM): A biogerontological resource in aging research. Neurobiol. Aging, 20: 105-110.
252. Tapp, W.N. and Holloway, F.A. (1981) Phase shifting circadian rhythms produces retrograde amnesia. Science, 211: 1056-1058.
253. Teresi, J., Lawton, M.P., Ory, M. and Holmes, D. (1994) Measurement issues in chronic care populations: Dementia special care. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 8(Suppl. 1): S144-S183.
254. Thapan, K., Arendt, J. and Skene, D.J. (2001) An action spectrum for melatonin suppression: Evidence for a novel non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor system in humans. J. Physiol., 535: 261-267.
255. Uchida, K., Okamoto, N., Ohara, K. and Morita, Y. (1996) Daily rhythm of serum melatonin in patients with dementia of the degenerate type. Brain Res., 717: 154-159.
256. Usui, S., Takahashi, Y., Honda, Y. and Ebihara, S. (1989) Circadian behavioral rhythms during various light-intensity cycles in rats. Physiol. Behav., 46: 521-528.
257. Van Coevorden, A., Mockel, J., Laurent, E., Kerkhofs, M., L'Hermite-Baleriaux, M., Decoster, C., Neve, P. and Van Cauter, E. (1991) Neuroendocrine rhythms and sleep in aging men. Am. J. Physiol., 260: E651-E661.
258. van de Nes, J.A., Kamphorst, W., Ravid, R. and Swaab, D.F. (1998) Comparison of beta-protein/A4 deposits and Alz-50-stained cytoskeletal changes in the hypothalamus and adjoining areas of Alzheimer's disease patients: Amorphic plaques and cytoskeletal changes occur independently. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.), 96: 129-138.
259. van der Zee, E.A., Streefland, C., Strosberg, A.D., Schroder, H. and Luiten, P.G. (1991) Colocalization of muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in cholinoceptive neurons of the suprachiasmatic region in young and aged rats. Brain Res., 542: 348-352.
260. van Esseveldt, K.E., Lehman, M.N. and Boer, G.J. (2000) The suprachiasmatic nucleus and the circadian time-keeping sys-tem revisited. Brain Res. Rev., 33: 34-77.
261. Van Someren, E.J.W. (1997) Rest-Activity Rhythms in Aging, Alzheimer's Disease and Parkinson's Disease. Methodological Developments and Therapeutic Interventions. In: Ph.D. Thesis, Medical Faculty of the University of Amsterdam, pp. 303. University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
262. Van Someren, E.J.W. (2000) More than a marker: Interaction between the circadian regulation of temperature and sleep, age-related changes, and treatment possibilities. Chronobiol. Int., 17: 313-354.
263. Van Someren, E.J.W. (2002) Article reviewed: Chronic 'jet lag' produces temporal lobe atrophy and spatial cognitive deficits. Sleep Med., 3: 81-82.
264. Van Someren, E.J.W., Mirmiran, M. and Swaab, D.F. (1993) Non-pharmacological treatment of sleep and wake disturbances in aging and Alzheimer's disease: Chronobiological perspectives. Behav. Brain Res., 57: 235-253.
265. Van Someren, E.J.W., Hagebeuk, E.E.O., Lijzenga, C., Scheltens, P., De Rooij, S.E.J.A., Jonker, C., Pot, A.-M., Mirmiran, M. and Swaab, D.F. (1996) Circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Biol. Psychiatry, 40: 259-270.
266. Van Someren, E.J.W., Kessler, A., Mirmiran, M. and Swaab, D.F. (1997a) Indirect bright light improves circadian rest-activity rhythm disturbances in demented patients. Biol. Psychiatry, 41: 955-963.
267. Van Someren, E.J.W., Lijzenga, C., Mirmiran, M. and Swaab, D.F. (1997b) Long-term fitness training improves the circadian rest-activity rhythm in healthy elderly males. J. Biol. Rhythms, 12: 146-156.
268. Van Someren, E.J.W., Scherder, E.J.A. and Swaab, D.F. (1998) Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) improves circadian rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer Dis. Assoc. Disord., 12: 114-118.
269. Van Someren, E.J.W., Scherder, E.J.A. and Swaab, D.F. (1999a) Stimulation of the circadian timing system in healthy and demented elderly. In: K. Iqbal, D.F. Swaab, B. Winblad and H.M. Wisniewski (Eds.), Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp. 771-779.
270. Van Someren, E.J.W., Swaab, D.F., Colenda, C.C., Cohen, W., McCall, W.V. and Rosenquist, P.B. (1999b) Bright light therapy: Improved sensitivity to its effects on rest-activity rhythms in Alzheimer patients by application of nonparametric methods. Chronobiol. Int., 16: 505-518.
271. Verdecchia, P., Schillaci, G., Borgioni, C., Ciucci, A., Telera, M.P., Pede, S., Gattobigio, R. and Porcellati, C. (1998) Adverse prognostic value of a blunted circadian rhythm of heart rate in essential hypertension. J. Hypertens., 16: 1335-1343.
272. Volicer, L., Harper, D.G., Manning, B.C., Goldstein, R. and Satlin, A. (2001) Sundowning and circadian rhythms in Alzheimer's disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 158: 704-711.
273. Waterhouse, J., Minors, D., Folkard, S., Owens, D., Atkinson, G., Macdonald, I., Reilly, T., Sytnik, N. and Tucker, P. (1998) Light of domestic intensity produces phase shifts of the circadian oscillator in humans. Neurosci. Lett., 245: 97-100.
274. Watts, A.G. (1991) The efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: Anatomical insights into the control of circadian rhythms. In: D.C. Klein, R.Y. Moore and S.M. Reppert (Eds.), Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. The Mind's Clock. Oxford University Press, New York, NY, pp. 77-106.
275. Watts, A.G. and Swanson, L.W. (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 258: 230-252.
276. Watts, A.G., Swanson, L.W. and Sanchez-Watts, G. (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol., 258: 204-229.
277. Weaver, D.R., Stehle, J.H., Stopa, E.G. and Reppert, S.M. (1993) Melatonin receptors in human hypothalamus and pituitary: Implications for circadian and reproductive responses to melatonin. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 76: 295-301.
278. Weiland, N.G. and Wise, P.M. (1990) Aging progressively decreases the densities and alters the diurnal rhythms of alpha 1-adrenergic receptors in selected hypothalamic regions. Endocrinology, 126: 2392-2397.
279. Weinert, D., Weinert, H. and Sturm, J. (1999) Internal and external desynchronization in old mice; effect of zeitgeber strength. Biol. Rhythm Res., 30: 279.
280. Weitzman, E.D., Moline, M.L., Czeisler, C.A. and Zimmerman, J.C. (1982) Chronobiology of aging: Temperature, sleep-wake rhythms and entrainment. Neurobiol. Aging, 3: 299-309.
281. Wickland, C. and Turek, F.W. (1994) Lesions of the thalamic intergeniculate leaflet block activity-induced phase shifts in the circadian activity rhythm of the golden hamster. Brain Res., 660: 293-300.
282. Wideman, C.H., Murphy, H.M. and Nadzam, G.R. (2000) Vasopressin deficiency provides evidence for separate circadian oscillators of activity and temperature. Peptides, 21: 811-816.
283. Wise, P.M., Cohen, I.R., Weiland, N.G. and London, E.D. (1988) Aging alters the circadian rhythm of glucose utilization in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 85: 5305-5309.
284. Witting, W., Mirmiran, M., Bos, N.P. and Swaab, D.F. (1993) Effect of light intensity on diurnal sleep-wake distribution in young and old rats. Brain Res. Bull., 30: 157-162.
285. Wyatt, J.K., Cecco, A.R., Czeisler, C.A. and Dijk, D.J. (1999) Circadian temperature and melatonin rhythms, sleep, and neurobehavioral function in humans living on a 20-h day. Am. J. Physiol., 277: R1152-R1163.
286. Wyss, J.M., Swanson, L.W. and Cowan, W.M. (1979) A study of subcortical afferents to the hippocampal formation in the rat. Neuroscience, 4: 463-476.
287. Yamadera, H., Ito T., Suzuki, H., Asayama, K., Ito, R. and Endo, S. (2000) Effects of bright light on cognitive and sleep-wake (circadian) rhythm disturbances in Alzheimer-type dementia. Psychiatry Clin. Neurosci., 54: 352-353.
288. Youngstrom, T.G., Weiss, M.L. and Nunez, A.A. (1991) Retinofugal projections to the hypothalamus, anterior thalamus and basal forebrain in hamsters. Brain Res. Bull., 26: 403-411.
289. Zatz, M. and Brownstein, M.J. (1979) Intraventricular carbachol mimics the effects of light on the circadian rhythm in the rat pineal gland. Science, 203: 358-361.
290. Zee, P.C., Rosenberg, R.S. and Turek, F.W. (1992) Effects of aging on entrainment and rate of resynchronization of circadian locomotor activity. Am. J. Physiol., 263: R1099-R1103.
291. Zeitzer, J.M., Daniels, J.E., Duffy, J.F., Klerman, E.B., Shanahan, T.L., Dijk, D.J. and Czeisler, C.A. (1999) Do plasma melatonin concentrations decline with age?. Am. J. Med., 107: 432-436.
292. Zhou, J.N., Hofman, M.A. and Swaab, D.F. (1995) VIP neurons in the human SCN in relation to sex, age, and Alzheimers disease. Neurobiol. Aging, 16: 571-576.
293. Zhou, J.N., Riemersma, R.F., Unmehopa, U.A., Hoogendijk, W.J., van Heerikhuize, J.J., Hofman, M.A, and Swaab, D.F. (2001) Alterations in arginine vasopressin neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in depression. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 58: 655-662.