Extraocular circadian phototransduction in humans

Science

Volumn 279, Issue 5349, 1998, Pages 396-399

  Campbell, Scott S ^a   Murphy, Patricia J ^a  

^a WEILL CORNELL MEDICAL COLLEGE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

MELATONIN;

ARTICLE; BODY TEMPERATURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; HORMONE RELEASE; HUMAN; LIGHT DARK CYCLE; LIGHT EXPOSURE; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SLEEP DISORDER;

ADULT; AGED; BODY TEMPERATURE; CIRCADIAN RHYTHM; FEMALE; HUMANS; KNEE; LIGHT; MALE; MELATONIN; MIDDLE AGED; NEURAL PATHWAYS; PHOTORECEPTORS; PHOTOTRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0032535952     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.279.5349.396     Document Type: Article

References (60)

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30. The protocol was approved by Cornell University Medical College's Committee on Human Rights in Research. All participants gave written consent after being informed of the nature and potential risks of the study. They were paid for their participation.
31. The light source was a BiliBlanket Plus (Ohmeda), a fiber optic phototherapy device commonly used for home treatment of hyperbilirubinemia. The device consists of a halogen lamp in a vented metal housing, which also contains a small fan to disperse heat generated by the lamp. Illumination from the halogen bulb leaves the housing through 2400 optic fibers encased in a flexible plastic tube 1 m in length. The optic fibers terminate in a ∼10 cm by ∼15 cm woven pad about ∼0.64 cm thick. Because the light source is remote, the fiber optic pad generates no heat. A Biliblanket pad was placed over the popliteal area of each leg and secured in place with a polyester athletic knee brace. During the 3-hour light exposure interval, participants remained seated in a reclining chair, with a table positioned over their laps. To ensure that the light stimulus did not reach the retina, we draped a 3 m by 3 m black, opaque, double thickness polyester "skirt" over the table that reached the floor on all sides and secured it with Velcro around the participant's waist. The lamp housing was placed beneath the table and under the skirt, so that any light escaping through the housing vents was obscured from the participant's eyes. Illumination at the participant's eye level never exceeded 20 lux. Each BiliBlanket provided ∼13,000 lux to the popliteal region. An exhaust fan (in addition to those in each BiliBlanket housing) was placed beneath the skirt to evacuate any heat produced by the halogen light source.
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47. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
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49. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
50. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
51. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
52. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
53. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
54. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
55. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
56. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
57. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
58. S. Campbell, D. Dawson, M. Anderson, J. Am. Ger. Soc. 41, 829 (1993); S. Daan and A. J. Lewy, Psychopharmacol. Bull. 20, 566 (1984); C. I. Eastman, Work Stress 4, 245 (1990); C. I. Eastman et al., Sleep 17, 535 (1994); A. L. Elliott et al., J. Physiol. 221, 227 (1972); T. M. Hoban et al., Chronobiol. Int. 6, 347 (1989); K. Honma et al., Jpn. J. Psychiatry Neurol. 45, 153 (1991); T. Klein et al., Sleep 16, 333 (1993); L. C. Lack, J. D. Mercer, H. Wright, J. Sleep Res. 5, 211 (1996); L. Lack and K. Schumacher, Sleep Res. 22, 225 (1993); Q. R. Regestein and T. Monk, Am. J. Psychiatry 152, 602 (1995); N. Rosenthal et al., Sleep 13, 354 (1990); R. A. Wever, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 453, 282 (1985); for a consensus report on bright light treatment of sleep disorders, see J. Biol. Rhythms 10, 105 (1995).
59. J. Weber, J. C. Schwander, I. Unger, D. Meier, Sleep Res. 26, 757 (1997).
60. We thank our technical staff for their efforts, A. Barbano for participant recruitment, and R. J. Finney for melatonin assays. Supported by U.S. Public Health Service grants R01 MH45067, R01 MH54617, K02 MH01099, P20 MH49762, R01 AG512112, and R03 AG14197.