Blood pressure and Alzheimer's disease;Pression arterielle et maladie d'Alzheimer

Revue Neurologique

Volumn 154, Issue 11, 1998, Pages 743-751

  Pasquier, F ^a   Leys, D ^a  

^a LILLE UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (France)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGED; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD PRESSURE; CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT; COGNITION; DEMENTIA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE PREDISPOSITION; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; NEUROPATHOLOGY; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; REVIEW; WHITE MATTER; ADRENERGIC NERVE; BRAIN; CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE; COMORBIDITY; DENERVATION; LONGITUDINAL STUDY; MULTIINFARCT DEMENTIA; ONSET AGE; PATHOLOGY; PHYSIOLOGY; RISK FACTOR;

ADRENERGIC FIBERS; AGE OF ONSET; AGED; AGED, 80 AND OVER; ALZHEIMER DISEASE; BLOOD PRESSURE; BRAIN; CEREBROVASCULAR DISORDERS; COMORBIDITY; DEMENTIA, VASCULAR; DENERVATION; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; HYPOTENSION; LONGITUDINAL STUDIES; RISK FACTORS;

EID: 0032196839     PISSN: 00353787     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (114)

1. ARONSON M.K., POST D.C., GUASTADISEGNI P., NESJE B. (1993). Weight changes and dementia. In Corain B., Iqbal K., Nicoli M., Winblad B., Wisniewski H.M., Zatta P. (Eds). Alzheimer's disease: advances in clinical and basic research. pp. 55-63. John Willey and sons, New York.
2. BLENNOW K., WALLIN A., GOTTFRIES C.G. (1990). Confusional symptomatology distinguishes early and late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Aging, 2: 395-401.
3. BLENNOW K., WALLIN A., UHLEMANN C., GOTTFRIES C.G. (1991). White matter lesions on CT in Alzheimer patients: relation to clinical symptomatologic and vascular factors. Acta Neurol Scand, 83: 187-193.
4. BLOTS M.L., HOES A.W., KOUDSTAAL P.J., HOFMAN A., GROBBEE D.E. (1996). Common carotid intimamedia thickness predicts stroke in the Rotterdam study. J Neurol, 243: 6.
5. BONDAREFF W,. MOUNTJOY C.Q., ROTH M. (1982). Loss of neurons of origin of the adrenergic projection to cerebral cortex (nucleus locus ceruleus) in senile dementia. Neurology, 32: 164-168.
6. BREITNER J.C.S., WELSH K., GAU B.A., MCDONALD W.M., STEFFENS D.C., SAUNDERS A.M., MAGRUDER K.M., HELMS M.J., PLASSMAN B.L., FOLSTEIN M.F., BRANDT J., ROBINETTE C.D., PAGE W.F. (1995). Alzheimer's disease in the National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council Registry of Aging Twin Veterans. Arch Neurol, 52: 763-771.
7. BRETELER M.M.B., CLAUS J.J., GROBBEE D.E., HOFMAM A. (1994a). Cardiovascular disease and distribution of cognitive function in elderly people: the Rotterdam study. Br Med J, 308: 1604-1608.
8. BRETELER M.M.B., VAN SWIETEN J.C., BOTS M.L., GROBBE D.E., CLAUS J.J., VAN DEN HOUT J.H.W., VAN HARSKAMP F., TANGHE H.L.J., DE JONG P.T.V.M., VAN GIJN J, HOFMAN A. (1994b). Cerebral white matter lesions, vascular risk factors, and cognitive function in a population-based study: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology, 44: 1246-1252.
9. BREZENOFF H.E., VARGAS H., XIAO Y.F. (1988). Blockade of brain M2 muscarinic receptors lowers blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Pharmacology 36: 101-105.
10. BRODY M.J. (1986). Central nervous system mechanisms of arterial pressure regulation. Fed Proc 45: 2700-2706.
11. BRUN A., ENGLUND E. (1986). A white matter disorder in dementia of the Alzheimer type: a pathoanatomical study. Ann Neurol, 19: 253-262.
12. BURKE W.J., CORONADO P.G., SCHMITT C.A., GILLESPIE K.M, CHUNG H.D. (1994). Blood pressure regulation in Alzheimer's disease. J Auton Nerv Syst, 48: 65-71.
13. CADELO M., INZITARI D., PRACUCCI G., MASCALCHI M. (1991). Predictors of leukoaraiosis in elderly neurological patients. Cerebrovasc Dis, 1: 345-351.
14. DAHLÖF B., LINDHOLM L.H., HANSSON L., SCHERSTEN B., EKBOM T., WESTER P.O. (1991). Morbidity and mortality in the swedish trial in old patients with hypertension (STOP-Hypertension). Lancet, 338: 1281-1285.
15. DE LA MONTE S.M. (1989). Quantification of cerebral atrophy in preclinical and end-stage Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol, 25: 450-459.
16. DE REUCK J., CREVITS L., DE COSTER W., SIEBEN G., VANDER EECKEN H. (1980). Pathogenesis of Binswanger's chronic subcortical encephalopathy. Neurology, 30: 920-928.
17. DE REUCK J., VAN AKEN J., DECOO D., STRIJCKMANS K., LEMAHIEU I. (1991). Cerebral blood flow and oxygen metabolism in leukoaraiosis. A positron emission tomography study. Cerebrovasc Dis, 1: 25-30.
18. DESMOND D.W., TATEMICHI T.K., PAIK M., STERN Y. (1993). Risk factors for cerebrovascular disease as correlates of cognitive function in a stroke-free cohort. Arch Neurol 50: 162-166.
19. ELIAS M.F., ELIAS P.K. (1993). Editorial. Hypertension affects neurobehavioral functioning: so what's new? Psychosom Med 55: 44-50.
20. ELIAS M.F., ROBBINS M.A., SCHULTZ N.R. JR. (1987a). Influence of hypertension on intellectual performance. Causation or speculation? In Elias JW et Marschall PH (Eds), cardiovascular disease and behavior. Hemisphere, pp 107-149. Washington DC.
21. ELIAS M.F., ROBBINS M.A., SCHULTZ N.R. JR., STREETEN D.H.P., ELIAS P.K. (1987b). Clinical significance of cognitive performance by hypertensive patients. Hypertension 9: 192-197.
22. ELIAS M.F., WOLF P.A., D'AGOSTINO R.B., COBB J., WHITE L.R. (1993). Untreated blood pressure level is inversely related to cognitive functioning: The Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol 138: 353-364.
23. ELIAS P.K., D'AGOSTINO R.B., RLIAS M., WOLF P.A. (1995). Blood pressure, hypertension, and age as risk factors for poor cognitive performance. Exp Aging Res, 21: 393-417.
24. ERKINJUNTTI T., GAO F., LEE D.H., ELIASZIW M., MERSKEY H., HACHINSKI V.C. (1994). Lack of difference in brain hyperintensities between patients with early Alzheimer's disease and control subjects. Arch Neurol 51: 260-268.
25. ERKINJUNTTI T., KETONEN L., SULKAVA R., SIPPONEN J., VUORIALHO M., IIVANAINEN M. (1987). Do white matter changes on MRI and CT differentiate vascular dementia from Alzheimer's disease? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 50: 37-42.
26. EVANS D.A., FUNKENSTEIN H., ALBERT M.S., SCHERR P.A., CROOK N.R., CHOWN M.J., HEBERT L.E., HENNEKENS C.H., TAYLOR J.O. (1989). Prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in a community population of older person. JAMA, 262: 25-51-2556.
27. FALLET-BIANCO C., ROUDIER M., LAMOUR Y., DAVOUS P. (1990). Etude neuropathologique de 50 cas de démence sénile. Rev Neurol. (Paris) 146: 687-696.
28. FARMER M.E., KITTNER S.J., ABBOTT R.D., WOLZ M., WOLF P.A., WHITE L.R. (1990). Longitudinally measured blood pressure, antihypertensive medication use and cognitive performance: the Framingham study; J Clin Epidemiol 43; 475-480.
29. FARMER M.E., WHITE L.R., ABBOTT R.D., KITTNER S.J., KAPLAN E., WOLZ M.M.; BRODY J.A., WOLF P.A. (1987a). Blood pressure and cognitive performance: the Framingham study. Am J Epidemiol 126: 1103-1114.
30. FARMER M.E., WHITE L.R., KITTNER S.J., KAPLAN E., MOES E., MCNAMARA P., WOLZ M.M., WOLF P.A., FEINLEIB M. (1987b). Neuropsychological test performance in Framingham: a descriptive study. Psychol Rep 60: 1023-1040.
31. FARNETT L., MULROW C.D., LINN W.D., LUCEY C.R., TULEY M.R. (1991). The J-curve phenomenon and the treatment of hypertension: Is there a point beyond the treatment of hypertension is dangerous? JAMA 265: 489-495.
32. FAZEKAS F., CHAWLUK J.B., ALAVI A., HURTIG H.I., ZIMMERMAN R.A. (1987). MR signal abnormalities at 1.5 T in Alzheimer's dementia and normal aging. Am J Neuroradiol (AJNR), 8: 421-426.
33. FERRUCCI L., GURALNIK J.M., SALIVE M.E., PAHOR M., CORTI M.C., BARONI A., HAVLIK R.J. (1996). Cognitive impairment and risk of stroke in the older population. J Am Geriatr Soc 44: 237-241.
34. GIROUD M., BEURIAT P., VION P., D'ATHIS P., DUSSERRE L., DUMAS R. (1989). Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux dans la population dijonnaise. Incidence-répartition-mortalité. Rev Neurol (Paris), 145: 221-227.
35. GORELICK P.B, NYENHUIS D.L, GARRON D.C., COCHRAN E. (1996). Is vascular dementia really Alzheimer's disease or mixed dementia? Neuroepidemiology 15; 286-290.
36. GUO Z., VITANEN M., FRATIGLIONI L., WINBLAD B. (1996). Low blood pressure and dementia in elderly people: the Kungsholmen project. Br Med J, 312: 805-808.
37. GUSSEKLOO J., HEEREN T.J., IZAKS G.J., LIGHTHART G.J., ROOIJMANS H.G.M. (1995). A communitiy based study of the incidence of dementia in subjects aged 85 years and over. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 59: 507-510.
38. HACHINSKI V.C., POTTER P., MERSKEY H. (1987). Leuko-araiosis. Arch Neurol, 44: 21-23.
39. HEBERT R., BRAYNE C. (1995). Epidemiology of vascular dementia. Neuroepidemiology 14: 240-257.
40. HENON H., DURIEU I., LUCAS C., GODEFROY O., PASQUIER F., LEYS D. (1996a). Dementia in stroke. Neurology, 47: 852-853.
41. HENON H., GODEFROY O., LUCAS C.H., PRUVO J.P., LEYS D. (1996b). Risk factors for leuko-araiosis in stroke patients. Acta Neurol Scand, 94: 137-144.
42. HENON H., PASQUIER F., DURIEU I., GODEFROY O., LUCAS C., LEBERT F., LEYS D. (1997). Pre-existing dementia in stroke patients: baseline frequency, associated factors and outcome. Stroke 28: 2429-2436.
43. HIJDRA A., VERBEETEN B. J.R, VERHULST J.A.P.M. (1990). Relation of Leukoaraiosis to lesion type in stroke patients. Stroke, 21: 890-894.
44. HIJDRA A., VERBEETEN B. J.R. (1991). Leuko-araiosis and ventricular enlargement in patients with ischemic stroke. Stroke, 22: 447-450.
45. HOFMAN A., OTT A., BRETELER M.M.B., BOTS M.L., SLOOTER A.J.C., VAN HARSKMP F., VAN DUIJN C.N., VAN BROECKHOVEN C., GROBBE D.E. (1997). Atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E, and prevalence of dementia and Alzheimer's disease in the Rotterdam study. Lancet, 349: 151-154.
46. HOFMAN A., ROCCA W.A., BRAINE C., BRETELER M.M.B., CLARKE M., COOPER B., COPELAND J.R.M., DARTIGUES J.F., DA SYLVA DROUX A., HAGNELL O., HEEREN T.J., ENGEDAL K., JONKER C., LINDESAY J., LOBO A., MANN A.H., MÖLSÄ P.K., MORGAN K., O'CONNOR D.W., SULKAVA R., KAY D.W.K., AMADUCCI L. (1991). The prevalence of dementia in Europe: Collaborative study of 1980-1990 findings. Int J Epidemiol 20; 736-748.
47. INCE P.G., MCARTHUR F.K., BJERTNESS E., TORVIK A., CANDY J.M., EDWARDSON J.A. (1995). Neuropathological diagnoses in elderly patients in Oslo: Alzheimer's disease, Lewy body disease, vascular lesions. Dementia, 6: 162-168.
48. INZITARI D., DIAZ F., FOX A., HACHINSKI V.C, STEINGART A., LAU C., DONALD A., WADE J., MULIC H., MERSKEY H. (1987). Vascular risk factors and Leuko-araiosis. Arch Neurol, 44: 42-47.
49. INZITARI D., GIORDANO G.P, ANCONA A.L., PRACUCCI G., MASCALCHI M., AMADUCCI L. (1990). Leuko-araiosis, intracerebral hemorrhage and arterial hypertension. Stroke 21: 1419-1423.
50. JANOTA I., MIRSEN T.R., HACHINSKI V.C., LEE D.H., MERSKEY H. (1989). Neuropathologic correlates of Leuko-Araiosis. Arch Neurol, 46: 1124-1128.
51. JANSSENS E., MOUNIER-VEHIER F., HAMON M., LEYS D. (1995). Small subcortical infarcts and primary subcortical hemorrhages may have different vascular risk factors. J Neurol, 242: 425-429.
52. JELLINGER K., DANIELCZYK W., FISCHER P., GABRIEL E. (1990). Clinicopathological analysis of dementia disorders in the elderly. J Neurol Sci, 95: 239-258.
53. JOBST K.A., SMITH A.D., SZATMARI M., MOLYNEUX A., ESIRI M.E., KING E., SMITH A., JASKOWSKI A., MCDONALD B., WALD N. (1992). Detection in life of confirmed Alzheimer's disease using a simple measurement of medial temporal lobe atrophy by computed tomography. Lancet, 340: 1179-1183.
54. KAYE J.A., SWIHART T., HOWIESON D., DAME A., MOORE M.M., KARNOS T., CAMICIOLI R., BALL A., OKEN B., SEXTON G. (1997). Volume loss of the hippocampus and temporal lobe in healthy elderly persons destined to develop dementia. Neurology, 48; 1297-1304.
55. KOKMEN E., WHISNANT J.P., O'FALLON W.M., CHU C.P., BEARD C.M. (1996). Dementia after ischemic stroke: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota (1960-1984). Neurology, 46: 154-159.
56. KUSHIRO T., KURUMATANI H., ISHII T., YOKOYAMA H., KOIKE J., HATAYAMA Y., KOBAYASHI Y., KAJIWARA N. (1988). Role of serotoninergic (5-HT2) receptor in blood pressure regulation in rats. Clin Exp Theory Pract 10: 339-345.
57. LANDIN K., BLENNOW K., WALLIN A., GOTTFRIES C.G. (1993). Low blood pressure and blood glucose levels in Alzheimer's disease. Evidence for a hypometabolic disorder? J Intern Med, 233: 357-363.
58. LENZEN H.J., ASSMANN G., BUCHWALSKY R., SCHULTE H. (1986). Association of apolipoprotein E polymorphism, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and coronary artery disease. Clin Chem, 32: 778-781.
59. LEYS D., BOGOUSSLAVSKY J. (1994). Mechanisms of vascular dementia. In Leys D., Scheltens Ph. (eds). Vascular dementia. 121-132. ICG Publications. Dordrecht. The Netherlands.
60. LEYS D., HENON H., DURIEU L., PRUVO J.P., PASQUIER F. (1997a). Medial temporal lobe atrophy in stroke patients: relationship with prestroke dementia. Neurology 48: A206.
61. LEYS D., HENON H., PASQUIER F. (1997b). Alterations of the blood-brain barrier and glial cells in white-matter lesions in cerebrovascular and Alzheimer's disease patients. Stroke, 28: 874-875.
62. LEYS D., PARNETTI L., PASQUIER F. (1998). Vascular dementia. Current Opinion of Cerebrovascular Diseases (Sous presse).
63. LEYS D., PRUVO J.P., PARENT M., VERMERSCH P., SOETAERT G., STEINLING M., DELACOURTE A., DEFOSSEZ A., RAPOPORT A., CLARISSE J., PETIT H. (1991a). Could Wallerian degeneration contribute to "Leuko-Araiosis" in subjects free of any vascular disorder? J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 54: 46-50.
64. LEYS D., PRUVO J.P., SCHELTENS Ph., RONDEPIERRE Ph., GODEFROY O., LECLERC X., DE REUCK J. (1992). Leuko-araiosis: relationship with the types of focal lesions occurring in acute cerebrovascular disorders. Cerebrovasc Dis, 2: 169-176.
65. LEYS D., SCHELTENS Ph., STEINLING M. (1991b). White matter lesions on CT in Alzheimer patients. Acta Neurol Scand, 84: 264.
66. LEYS D., SOETAERT G., PETIT H., FAUQUETTE A., PRUVO J.P., STEINLING M. (1990). Periventricular and white matter magnetic resonance imaging hyperintensities do not differ between Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Arch Neurol, 47: 524-527.
67. LEYS D., STEINLING M., PRUVO J.P., PETIT H., SCHELTENS Ph., BARKHOF F. (1991c). White matter hyperintensities in Alzheimer's disease and normal aging. Arch Neurol, 48: 469-470.
68. MCKHANN G., DRACHMAN D., FOLSTEIN M., KATZMAN R., PRICE D., STADLAN E.M. (1984). Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: report of the NINCDS-ADRDA work group under the auspices of department of health and human services task force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 34: 939-944.
69. MRC WORKING PARTY. (1992). Medical Research Council trial of treatment of hypertension in older adults: principal results. Br Med J, 304: 405-412.
70. ORGANISATION MONDIALE DE LA SANTE (1993). Description clinique et directives pour le diagnostic. In: Classification internationale des troubles mentaux et des troubles du comportement. CIM-10/ ICD-10, Masson, Paris.
71. PASQUIER F., BAIL L., LEBERT F., PRUVO J.P., PETIT H. (1994a). Determination of medial temporal lobe atrophy in early Alzheimer's disease with computed tomography. Lancet, 343: 861-862.
72. PASQUIER F., HAMON M., LEBERT F., JACOB B., PRUVO J.P., PETIT H. (1997). Medial temporal lobe atrophy in memory disorders. J Neurol, 244: 175-181.
73. PASQUIER F., LEBERT F., PETIT H. (1994b). Pseudo progressive dementia and " strategic " infarcts. In Leys D., Scheltens Ph. (eds). Vascular dementia. 47-54. ICG Publications. Dordrecht. The Netherlands.
74. PASQUIER F., LEYS D. (1997). Why are stroke patients prone to develop dementia? J Neurol, 244: 135-142.
75. PASQUIER F., LEYS D., SCHELTENS Ph. (1998). The influence of coincidental vascular pathology on symptomatology and course of Alzheimer's disease. J Neural Trans (Sous presse).
76. PRINCE M.J. (1995). Vascular risk factors and atherosclerosis as risk factors for cognitive decline and dementia. J Psychosom Res, 39: 525-530.
77. PRINCE M.J., BIRD A.S., BLIZARD R.A., MANN A.H. (1996). Is the cognitive function of older patients affected by antihypertension treatment? Results from 54 months of the medical research council's treatment trial of hypertension in older adults. Br Med J, 312: 801-805.
78. REIS D.J., LEDOUX J.E. (1987) Some central neural mechanisms governing resting and behaviorally coupled control of blood pressure. Circulation 76: 2-9.
79. REZEK D.L., MORRIS J.C., FULLING K.H., GADO M.H. (1987). Periventricular white matter lucencies in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in normal aging. Neurology, 37: 1365-1368.
80. ROMAN G.C., TATEMICHI T.K., ERKINJUNTTI T., CUMMINGS J.L., MASDEU J.C., GARCIA J.H., AMADUCCI L., ORGOGOZO J.M., BRUN A., HOFMAN A., MOODY D.M., O'BRIEN M.D., YAMAGUCHI T., GRAFMAN J., DRAYER B.P., BENNETT D.A., FISHER M., OGATA J., KOKMEN E., BERME J.O.F., WOLF P.A., GORELICK P.B., BICK K.L., PAJEAU A.K., BELL M.A., DECARLI C., CULEBRAS A., KORCZYN A.D., BOGOUSSLAVSKY J., HARTMANN A., SCHEINBERG P. (1993). Vascular dementia: diagnostic criteria for research studies. Neurology, 43: 250-260.
81. ROSS C.A., RUGGIERO R.A., REIS D.J. (1985). Projections from the nucleus tractus solitarii to rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Comp Neurol, 242: 511-534.
82. SANDERCOCK P.A.G., WARLOW C.P., JONES L.N., STARKEY I.R. (1989). Predisposing factors for cerebral infarction: the Oxfordshire community stroke project? Br Med J, 298: 75-79.
83. SAWCHENKO P.E., SWANSON L.W. (1982). The organization of noradrenergic pathways from the brainstem to the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclein the rat. Brain Res Rev, 4: 275-325.
84. SCHEINBERG P. (1988). Dementia due to vascular disease: a multifactorial disorder. Stroke, 19: 1782-1788.
85. SCHELTENS Ph., BARKHOF F., VALK J., ALGRA P.R., GERRITSEN VAN DER HOOP R., NAUTA J., WOLTERS E. Ch. (1992). White matter lesions on Magnetic Resonance imaging in Alzheimer's disease: evidence for heterogeneity. Brain, 115: 735-743.
86. SCHELTENS Ph., VERMERSCH P., LEYS D. (1993). Hétérogénéité de la maladie d'Alzheimer. Rev. Neurol. (Paris), 149: 14-25.
87. SCHERR P.A., HEBERT L.E., SMITH L.A., EVANS D.A. (1991). Relation of blood pressure to cognitive function in the elderly. Am J Epidemiol, 134: 1303-1315.
88. SCHMIDT R., FAZEKAS F., KLEINERT G., OFFENBACHER H., GINDL K., PAYER F., FREIDL W., NIEDERKORN K., LECHNER H. (1992). Magnetic resonance imaging signal hyperintensities in the deep and subcortical white matter. A comparative study between stroke patients and normal volunteers. Arch Neurol, 49: 825-827.
89. SCHMIDT R., FAZEKAS F., OFFENBACHER H., DUSEK T., ZACH E., REINHART B., GRIESHOFER P., FREIDL W., EBER B., SCHUMACHER M., KOCH M., LECHNER H. (1993). Neuropsychologic correlates of MRI white matter hyperintensities: a study of 150 normal volunteers. Neurology, 43: 2490-2494.
90. SCHMIDT R., FAZEKAS F., OFFENBACHER H., LYTWYN H., BLEMATL B., NIEDERKORN K., HORNER S., PAYER F., FREIDL W. (1991). Magnetic resonance imaging white matter lesions and cognitive impairment in hypertensive individuals. Arch Neurol, 48: 417-420.
91. SHEP COOPERATIVE RESEARCH GROUP. (1991). Prevention of stroke by antihypertensive drug treatment in older persons with isolated systolic hypertension. Final results of the Systolic Hypertension in the Elderly Program (SHEP). JAMA, 265: 3255-3264.
92. SHIMANO H., ISHIBASHI S., MURASE T. (1989). Plasma apolipoproteins in patients with multi-infarct dementia. Atherosclerosis, 79: 257-260.
93. SKOOG I. (1994). Risk factors for vascular dementia: a review. Dementia, 5: 137-144.
94. SKOOG I., LERNFELT B., LANDAHL S., PALMERTZ B., ANDREASSON L.A., NILSSON L., PERSSON G., ODEN A., SVANBORG A. (1996). 15-year longitudinal study of blood pressure and dementia. Lancet, 347: 1141-1145.
95. SKOOG I., NILSSEN L., PALMERTZ B., ANDREASSON L.A., SVANBORG A. (1993). A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds. N Engl J Med, 328: 153-158.
96. SNOWDON D.A., GREINER L.H., MORTIMER J.A., RILEY K.P., GREINER P.A., MARKESBERY W.R. (1997). Brain infarction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease. The nun study. JAMA, 277: 813-817.
97. STEINGART A., HACHINSKI V.C., LAU C,. FOX A.J., DIAZ F., CAPE R., LEE D., INZITARI D., MERSKEY H. (1987a). Cognitive and neurologic findings in subjects with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (Leuko-araiosis). Arch Neurol, 44: 32-35.
98. STEINGART A., HACHINSKI V.C., LAU C., FOX A.J., FOX H., LEE D., INZITARI D., MERSKEY H. (1987b). Cognitive and neurologic findings in demented patients with diffuse white matter lucencies on computed tomographic scan (Leuko-Araiosis). Arch. Neurol, 44: 36-39.
99. STRANDGAARD S., PAULSON O.B. (1994). Cerebrovascular consequences of hypertension. Lancet, 344: 519-521.
100. TALMAN W.T., SNYDER D.W., REIS D.J. (1980). Chronic lability of arterial pressure produced by destruction of A2 catecholamine neurons in rat brainstem. Circ Res, 46: 842-853.
101. TATEMICHI T.K., FOULKES M.A., MOHR J.P., HEWITT J.R., HIER D.B., PRICE T.R., WOLF P.A. (1990). Dementia in stroke survivors in the stroke data bank cohort. Prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and computed tomographic findings. Stroke, 21: 858-866.
102. TATEMICHI T.K., PAIK M., BAGIELLA E., DESMOND D.W., STERN Y., SANO M., HAUSER W.A., MAYEUX R. (1994). Risk of dementia after stroke in a hospitalized cohort: results of a longitudinal study. Neurology, 44: 1885-1891.
103. TROLLIET M.R., KURNJEK M.L., MIKULIC L., BASSO N., TAQUINI A.C. (1990). Development of renovascular hypertension after central serotonin depletion. Hypertension, 15(suppl.1): 166-169.
104. VAN DUIJN C.M. (1996). Epidemiology of the dementias: recent developments and new approaches. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 60: 478-488.
105. VAN DUIJN C.M., HOFMAN A. (1991). Relation between nicotine intake and Alzheimer's disease. Br Med J, 302: 1491-1494.
106. VAN SWIETEN J.C., GEYSKES G.G., DERIX M.M.A., PEECK B.M., RAMOS L.M.P., VAN LATUM J.C., VAN GIJN J. (1991a). Hypertension in the elderly is associated with white matter lesions and cognitive decline. Ann Neurol, 30: 825-830.
107. VAN SWIETEN J.C., VAN DEN HOUT J.H.W., VAN KETEL B.A., HIJDRA A., WOKKE J.H.J., VAN GIJN J. (1991b). Periventricular lesions in the white matter on magnetic resonance imaging in the elderly. A morphometric correlation with arteriolosclerosis and dilated perivascular spaces. Brain, 114: 761-774.
108. VICTOROFF J., MACK W.J., LYNESS S.C., CHUI H.C. (1995). Multicenter clinicopathological correlation in dementia. Am J Psychiatry, 152: 1476-1484.
109. WALDSTEIN S.R., RYAN C.M., MANUCK S.B., PARKINSON D.K., BROMET E.G. (1991). Learning and memory function in men with untreated blood pressure elevation. J Consult Clin Psychol, 59; 513-517.
110. WILKIE F.L., EISDORFER C. (1980). Hypertension and tests of memory. In: Ellias M.F. and Streeten D.H.P. (eds). Hypertension and cognitive processes. 71-82. Mount Desert, M.E. Beech Hill.
111. WOLF P.A., KANNEL W.B., MCGEE D.L. (1986). Prevention of ischemic stroke: risk factors. In: Barnett H.J.M., Stein B.M., Mohr J.P., Yatsu F.M. (eds). Stroke, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management. 967-988. Churchill Livingstone. New york, Edinburg, London, Melbourne.
112. WRITING COMMITTEE, LANCET CONFERENCE. (1996). The challenge of the dementias. Lancet, 347: 1303-1307.
113. YLIKOSKI R., YLIKOSKI A., ERKINJUNTTI T., SULKAVA R., RAININKO R., TILVIS R. (1993). White matter changes in healthy elderly persons correlate with attention and speed of mental processing. Arch Neurol, 50: 818-824.
114. ZUBER M., MAS J.L. (1993). Epidémiologie des accidents vasculaires cérébraux. In: Bogousslavsky J., Bousser M.G. et Mas J.L. Accidents vasculaires cérébraux, pp. 13-26. Doin Editeurs. Paris.