Transvection and other homology effects

Current Opinion in Genetics and Development

Volumn 9, Issue 2, 1999, Pages 237-246

  Wu, C ting ^a   Morris, James R ^a  

^a HARVARD MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CIS ACTING ELEMENT; DNA; DOUBLE STRANDED RNA; RNA; TRANS ACTING FACTOR;

DNA DNA HYBRIDIZATION; DNA METHYLATION; DNA RNA HYBRIDIZATION; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENE FUNCTION; GENE SILENCING; NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCE; POINT MUTATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA RNA HYBRIDIZATION; SEQUENCE HOMOLOGY; TRANSCRIPTION REGULATION;

EID: 0033118341     PISSN: 0959437X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S0959-437X(99)80035-5     Document Type: Article

References (125)

1. Bestor TH, Chandler VL, Feinberg AP: Epigenetic effects in eukaryotic gene expression. Dev Genet 1994, 15:458-462.
2. Matzke MA, Matzke AJM: Epigenetic silencing of plant transgenes as a consequence of diverse cellular defence responses. Cell Mol Life Sci 1998, 54:94-103.
3. Wassenegger M, Pélissier T: A model for RNA-mediated gene silencing in higher plants. Plant Mol Biol 1998, 37:349-362.
4. Rountree MR, Selker EU: DNA methylation inhibits elongation but not initiation of transcription in Neurospora crassa. Genes Dev 1997, 11:2383-2395. This paper discusses the mechanism by which DNA methylation leads to gene silencing. By analyzing genes that are mutated by RIP and methylated in their promoter regions in Neurospora, the authors found that methylation prevents accumulation of transcripts. In vivo labeling and nuclear run-on experiments were then used to demonstrate that methylation severely inhibits transcription elongation whereas its effect on transcription initiation is not significant.
5. Diéguez MJ, Vaucheret H, Paszkowski J, Mittelsten Scheid O: Cytosine methylation at CG and CNG sites is not a prerequisite for the initiation of transcriptional gene silencing in plants, but it is required for its maintenance. Mol Gen Genet 1998, 259:207-215.
6. Stam M, Viterbo A, Mol JNM, Kooter JM: Position-dependent methylation and transcriptional silencing of transgenes in inverted T-DNA repeats: Implications for posttranscriptional silencing of homologous host genes in plants. Mol Cell Biol 1998, 18:6165-6177.
7. Baulcombe DC: RNA as a target and an initiator of post-transcriptional gene silencing in transgenic plants. Plant Mol Biol 1996, 32:79-88.
8. Depicker A, Van Montagu M: Post-transcriptional gene silencing in plants. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997, 9:373-382.
9. Finnegan EJ, Genger RK, Peacock WJ, Dennis ES: DNA methylation in plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 1998, 49:223-247.
10. Bestor TH, Tycko B: Creation of genomic methylation patterns. Nat Genet 1996, 12:363-367.
11. Bender J: Cytosine methylation of repeated sequences in eukaryotes: The role of DNA pairing. Trends Biochem Sci 1998, 23:252-256.
12. Ye F, Signer ER: RIGS (repeat-induced gene silencing) in Arabidopsis is transcriptional and alters chromatin configuration. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:10881-10886.
13. Colot V, Maloisel L, Rossignol JL: Interchromosomal transfer of epigenetic states in Ascobolus: Transfer of DNA methylation is mechanistically related to homologous recombination. Cell 1996, 86:855-864.
14. Selker EU: Epigenetic phenomena in filamentous fungi: Useful paradigms or repeat-induced confusion? Trends Genet 1997, 13:296-301.
15. Mette MF, van der Winden J, Matzke MA, Matzke AJM: Production of aberrant promoter transcripts contributes to methylation and silencing of unlinked homologous promoters in trans. EMBO J 1999, 18:241-248.
16. Baulcombe DC, English JJ: Ectopic pairing of homologous DNA and post-transcriptional gene silencing in transgenic plants. Curr Opin Biotech 1996, 7:173-180.
17. Metzlaff M, O'Dell M, Cluster PD, Flavell RB: RNA-mediated RNA degradation and chalcone synthase A silencing in petunia. Cell 1997, 88:845-854.
18. Palauqui J-C, Elmayan T, Pollien J-M, Vaucheret H: Systemic Acquired Silencing: Transgene-Specific Post-Transcriptional Silencing is Transmitted by Grafting from Silenced Stocks to Non-Silenced Scions. (Erratum appears in EMBO J 1998, 17:2137). EMBO J 1997, 16:4738-4745.
19. Palauqui J-C, Elmayan T, Pollien J-M, Vaucheret H: Systemic Acquired Silencing: Transgene-Specific Post-Transcriptional Silencing is Transmitted by Grafting from Silenced Stocks to Non-Silenced Scions. (Erratum appears in EMBO J 1998, 17:2137). EMBO J 1997, 16:4738-4745.
20. Palauqui J-C, Elmayan T, Pollien J-M, Vaucheret H: Systemic Acquired Silencing: Transgene-Specific Post-Transcriptional Silencing is Transmitted by Grafting from Silenced Stocks to Non-Silenced Scions. (Erratum appears in EMBO J 1998, 17:2137). EMBO J 1997, 16:4738-4745.
21. Voinnet O, Vain P, Angell S, Baulcombe DC: Systemic spread of sequence-specific transgene RNA degradation in plants is initiated by localized introduction of ectopic promoterless DNA. Cell 1998, 95:177-187.
22. Waterhouse PM, Graham MW, Wang M-B: Virus resistance and gene silencing in plants can be induced by simultaneous expression of sense and antisense RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:13959-13964.
23. van den Boogaart T, Lomonossoff GP, Davies JW: Can we explain RNA-mediated virus resistance by homology-dependent gene silencing. Mol Plant - Microbe Interact 1998, 11:717-723.
24. Palauqui JC, Vaucheret H: Transgenes are dispensable for the RNA degradation step of cosuppression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:9675-9680.
25. Cogoni C, Irelan JT, Schumacher M, Schmidhauser TJ, Selker EU, Macino G: Transgene silencing of the al-1 gene in vegetative cells of Neurospora is mediated by a cytoplasmic effector and does not depend on DNA - DNA interactions or DNA methylation. EMBO J 1996, 15:3153-3163.
26. Fire A, Xu S, Montgomery MK, Kostas SA, Driver SE, Mello CC: Potent and specific genetic interference by double-stranded RNA in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nature 1998, 391:806-811.
27. Montgomery MK, Fire A: Double-stranded RNA as a mediator in sequence-specific genetic silencing and co-suppression. Trends Genet 1998, 14:255-258.
28. Montgomery MK, Xu S, Fire A: RNA as a target of double-stranded RNA-mediated genetic interference in Caenorhabditis elegans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:15502-15507.
29. Tabara H, Grishok A, Mello CC: RNAi in C. Elegans: Soaking in the genome sequence. Science 1998, 282:430-431.
30. Timmons L, Fire A: Specific interference by ingested dsRNA. Nature 1998, 395:854.
31. Kennerdell JR, Carthew RW: Use of dsRNA-mediated genetic interference to demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 act in the wingless pathway. Cell 1998, 95:1017-1026.
32. Ngô H, Tschudi C, Gull K, Ullu E: Double-stranded RNA induces mRNA degradation in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:14687-14692.
33. Ronchi A, Petroni K, Tonelli C: The reduced expression of endogenous duplications (REED) in the maize R gene family is mediated by DNA methylation. EMBO J 1995, 14:5318-5328.
34. Perkins DD, Margolin BS, Selker EU, Haedo SD: Occurrence of repeat induced point mutation in long segmental duplications of Neurospora. Genetics 1997, 147:125-136.
35. Al-Kaff NS, Covey SN, Kreike MM, Page AM, Pinder R, Dale PJ: Transcriptional and posttranscriptional plant gene silencing in response to a pathogen. Science 1998, 279:2113-2115.
36. Ruiz MT, Voinnet O, Baulcombe DC: Initiation and maintenance of virus-induced gene silencing. Plant Cell 1998, 10:937-946.
37. Holliday R: Genomic imprinting and allelic exclusion. Development 1990, Suppl:125-129.
38. Monk M: Variation in epigenetic inheritance. Trends Genet 1990, 6:110-114.
39. Mittelsten Scheid O, Jakovleva L, Afsar K, Maluszynska J, Paszkowski J: A change of ploidy can modify epigenetic silencing. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93:7114-7119.
40. Lyon MF: X-chromosome inactivation: A repeat hypothesis. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998, 80:133-137. This review proposes an intriguing model for the mechanism of Xist RNA action in X-chromosome inactivation. Xist RNA coats the inactive X, but its role in the inactivation process is unclear. Noting the abundant and dispersed nature of the repetitive LINE element on the X chromosome, the author proposes that these elements boost the spread of Xist RNA and that they further mediate X inactivation via a homology dependent gene silencing mechanism.
41. Hollick JB, Dorweiler JE, Chandler VL: Paramutation and related allelic interactions. Trends Genet 1997, 13:302-308.
42. Bennett ST, Wilson AJ, Esposito L, Bouzekri N, Undlien DE, Cucca F, Nisticò L, Buzzetti R, Bosi E, Pociot F et al: Insulin VNTR allele-specific effect in type 1 diabetes depends on identity of untransmitted paternal allele. Nat Genet 1997, 17:350-352. This paper raises the possibility that paramutation or paramutation-like phenomena occur in humans. The IDDM2 type 1 diabetes susceptibility gene is the insulin gene (INS) VNTR regulatory polymorphism. There are two classes of INS VNTR alleles in Caucasians. Class I alleles are recessive and predispose a person to type 1 diabetes, while class III alleles are dominant and confer protection. Transmission studies of these alleles demonstrated that a paternally-inherited class I allele does not predispose to diabetes when the untransmitted paternal allele is class III. This finding suggests that the untransmitted allele can modify the function of the transmitted allele.
43. Hollick JB, Chandler VL: Epigenetic allelic states of a maize transcriptional regulatory locus exhibit overdominant gene action. Genetics 1998,150:891-897. Overdominance is an allelic relationship in which the phenotype of a heterozygote is greater than the phenotype of either corresponding homozygote. This paper reports on an example of overdominant gene action at the maize purple plant (pl) locus. Here, the Pl'-mah allele is expressed at a low level as a homozygote or as a heterozygote with another allele, Pl-Rh. Interestingly, Pl'-mah expression levels are higher when it is hemizygous or heterozygous with a class of alleles called neutral alleles. The authors propose a model in which the low expression state of Pl'-mah requires allelic interactions with another Pl'-mah allele or with the Pl-Rh allele. According to this model, neutral alleles are unable to support such interactions and, therefore, when Pl'-mah is heterozygous with a neutral allele, its expression level increases.
44. Kricker MC, Drake JW, Radman M: Duplication-targeted DNA methylation and mutagenesis in the evolution of eukaryotic chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1992, 89:1075-1079.
45. Lupski JR: Genomic disorders: Structural features of the genome can lead to DNA rearrangements and human disease traits. Trends Genet 1998, 14:417-422.
46. Maloisel L, Rossignol JL: Suppression of crossing-over by DNA methylation in Ascobolus. Genes Dev 1998, 12:1381-1389.
47. Henikoff S, Comai L: Trans-sensing effects: The ups and downs of being together. Cell 1998, 93:329-332.
48. Mable BK, Otto SP: The evolution of life cycles with haploid and diploid phases. Bioessays 1998, 20:453-462.
49. Ashburner M: Happy birthday - Puffs! Chromosomes Today 1977, 6:213-222.
50. Meyer E, Butler A, Dubrana K, Duharcourt S, Caron F: Sequence specific epigenetic effects of the maternal somatic genome on developmental rearrangements of the zygotic genome in Paramecium primaurelia. Mol Cell Biol 1997, 17:3589-3599. In ciliates, two kinds of nuclei, germ-line micronuclei and somatic macronuclei, are present in the same cytoplasm. The macronucleus is derived from the micronucleus, is extensively rearranged during development, and is not transmitted through the sexual process. In the ciliate Paramecium, transformation of the macronucleus can affect macronuclear rearrangement patterns in the sexual progeny of the transformed individual. This paper shows that this effect is general and sequence-specific. The authors propose that transacting DNA or RNA factors act in a pairing-dependent fashion to modulate rearrangement of the genome.
51. Matzke AJM, Matzke MA: Position effects and epigenetic silencing of plant transgenes. Curr Opin Plant Biol 1998, 1:142-148. This review is devoted to a form of gene silencing that results from the repressive influence of flanking DNA on integrated transgenes. Specific mechanisms for such position effects are detailed, in particular how de novo methylation is triggered and how genomic context influences transgene expression. The review nicely calls attention to how organisms sense foreign DNA and disruptions of the integrity of the genome.
52. Csink AK, Henikoff S: Large-scale chromosomal movements during interphase progression in Drosophila. J Cell Biol 1998, 143:13-22.
53. Fung JC, Marshall WF, Dernburg A, Agard DA, Sedat JW: Homologous chromosome pairing in Drosophila melanogaster proceeds through multiple independent initiations. J Cell Biol 1998, 141:5-20.
54. Gemkow MJ, Verveer PJ, Arndt-Jovin DJ: Homologous association of the Bithorax-Complex during embryogenesis: Consequences for transvection in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 1998, 125:4541-4552.
55. Henikoff S: Nuclear organization and gene expression: Homologous pairing and long-range interactions. Curr Opin Cell Biol 1997, 9:388-395.
56. Aragón-Alcaide L, Reader S, Beven A, Shaw P, Miller T, Moore G: Association of homologous chromosomes during floral development. Curr Biol 1997, 7:905-908.
57. Golic MM, Golic KG: A quantitative measure of the mitotic pairing of alleles in Drosophila melanogaster and the influence of structural heterozygosity. Genetics 1996, 143:385-400.
58. Lankenau D-H, Gloor GB: In vivo gap repair in Drosophila: A one-way street with many destinations. Bioessays 1998, 20:317-327.
59. Yáñez RJ, Porter ACG: Therapeutic gene targeting. Gene Ther 1998, 5:149-159.
60. Cherbas L, Cherbas P: 'Parahomologous' gene targeting in Drosophila cells: An efficient, homology-dependent pathway of illegitimate recombination near a target site. Genetics 1997, 145:349-358.
61. Lewis EB: The theory and application of a new method of detecting chromosomal rearrangements in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 1954, 88:225-239.
62. Stevens NM: A study of the germ cells of certain Diptera with reference to the heterochromosomes and the phenomena of synapsis. J Exp Zool 1908, 5:359-374.
63. Gelbart WM: Synapsis-dependent allelic complementation at the decapentaplegic gene complex in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1982, 79:2636-2640.
64. Leiserson WM, Bonini NM, Benzer S: Transvection at the eyes absent gene of Drosophila. Genetics 1994, 138:1171-1179.
65. Aramayo R, Metzenberg RL: Meiotic transvection in fungi. Cell 1996, 86:103-113.
66. Krebs JE, Dunaway M: The scs and scs' insulator elements impart a cis requirement on enhancer-promoter interactions. Mol Cell 1998, 1:301-308.
67. Goldsborough AS, Kornberg TB: Reduction of transcription by homologue asynapsis in Drosophila imaginal discs. Nature 1996, 381:807-810.
68. Casares F, Bender W, Merriam J, Sánchez-Herrero E: Interactions of Drosophila Ultrabithorax regulatory regions with native and foreign promoters. Genetics 1997, 145:123-137.
69. Hendrickson JE, Sakonju S: Cis and trans interactions between the iab regulatory regions and abdominal-A and Abdominal-B in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1995, 139:835-848.
70. Hopmann R, Duncan D, Duncan I: Transvection in the iab-5,6,7 region of the bithorax complex of Drosophila: Homology independent interactions in trans. Genetics 1995, 139:815-833.
71. Sipos L, Mihály J, Karch F, Schedl P, Gausz J, Gyurkovics H: Transvection in the Drosophila Abd-B domain: Extensive upstream sequences are involved in anchoring distant cis-regulatory regions to the promoter. Genetics 1998, 149:1031-1050.
72. Morris JR, Chen J-I, Geyer PK, Wu C-t: Two modes of transvection: Enhancer action in trans and bypass of a chromatin insulator in cis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:10740-10745.
73. Morcillo P, Rosen C, Baylies MK, Dorsett D: Chip, a widely expressed chromosomal protein required for segmentation and activity of a remote wing margin enhancer in Drosophila. Genes Dev 1997, 11:2729-2740.
74. Sigrist CJA, Pirrotta V: Chromatin insulator elements block the silencing of a target gene by the Drosophila Polycomb response element (PRE) but allow trans interactions between PREs on different chromosomes. Genetics 1997, 147:209-221.
75. Gause M, Hovhannisyan H, Kan T, Kuhfittig S, Mogila V, Georgiev P: Hobo induced rearrangements in the yellow locus influence the insulation effect of the gypsy su(Hw)-binding region in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1998, 149:1393-1405.
76. Roche SE, Rio DC: Trans-silencing by P elements inserted in subtelomeric heterochromatin involves the Drosophila Polycomb group gene, Enhancer of zeste. Genetics 1998, 149:1839-1855.
77. Ronsseray S, Marin L, Lehmann M, Anxolabéhère D: Repression of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster by combinations of telomeric P-element reporters and naturally occurring P elements. Genetics 1998, 149:1857-1866.
78. Donaldson KM, Karpen GH: Trans-suppression of terminal deficiency-associated position effect variegation in a Drosophila minichromosome. Genetics 1997, 145:325-337.
79. Kassis JA, VanSickle EP, Sensabaugh SM: A fragment of engrailed regulatory DNA can mediate transvection of the white gene in Drosophila. Genetics 1991, 128:751-761.
80. Pirrotta V: PcG complexes and chromatin silencing. Curr Opin Genet Dev 1997, 7:249-258.
81. Hagstrom K, Muller M, Schedl P: A Polycomb and GAGA dependent silencer adjoins the Fab-7 boundary in the Drosophila bithorax complex. Genetics 1997, 146:1365-1380.
82. Belenkaya T, Soldatov A, Nabirochkina E, Birjukova I, Georgieva S, Georgiev P: P-element insertion at the polyhomeotic gene leads to formation of a novel chimeric protein that negatively regulates yellow gene expression in P-element-induced alleles of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1998, 150:687-697.
83. Jack JW, Judd BH: Allelic pairing and gene regulation: A model for the zeste-white interaction in Drosophila melanogaster. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979, 76:1368-1372.
84. Muller HJ: Induced mutations in Drosophila. Cold Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol 1941, 9:151-167.
85. zm family of mutants. Mol Gen Genet 1994, 242:717-726.
86. Gubb D, Roote J, Trenear J, Coulson D, Ashburner M: Topological constraints on transvection between white genes within the transposing element TE35B in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1997, 146:919-937.
87. Dominant heterochromatic element in Drosophila. Genetics 1995, 140:1007-1017.
88. Sabl JF, Henikoff S: Copy number and orientation determine the susceptibility of a gene to silencing by nearby heterochromatin in Drosophila. Genetics 1996, 142:447-458.
89. Georgiev P, Tikhomirova T, Yelagin V, Belenkaya T, Gracheva E, Parshikov A, Evgen'ev MB, Samarina OP, Corces VG: Insertions of hybrid P elements in the yellow gene of Drosophila cause a large variety of mutant phenotypes. Genetics 1997, 146:583-594.
90. Keeney S, Kleckner N: Communication between homologous chromosomes: Genetic alterations at a nuclease-hypersensitive site can alter mitotic chromatin structure at that site both in cis and in trans. Genes Cells 1996, 1:475-489.
91. Elmayan T, Balzergue S, Béon F, Bourdon V, Daubremet J, Guénet Y, Mourrain P, Palauqui JC, Vernhettes S, Vialle T et al: Arabidopsis mutants impaired in cosuppression. Plant Cell 1998, 10:1747-1758.
92. Furner IJ, Sheikh MA, Collett CE: Gene silencing and homology-dependent gene silencing in Arabidopsis: Genetic modifiers and DNA methylation. Genetics 1998, 149:651-662.
93. Jeddeloh JA, Bender J, Richards EJ: The DNA methylation locus DDM1 is required for maintenance of gene silencing in Arabidopsis. Genes Dev 1998, 12:1714-1725.
94. Mittelsten Scheid O, Afsar K, Paszkowski J: Release of epigenetic gene silencing by trans-acting mutations in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:632-637.
95. Paszkowski J, Mittelsten Scheid O: Plant genes: The genetics of epigenetics. Curr Biol 1998, 8:R206-208.
96. COgoni C, Macino G: Isolation of quelling-defective (qde) mutants impaired in posttranscriptional transgene-induced gene silencing in Neurospora crassa. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:10233-10238.
97. Foss HM, Roberts CJ, Selker EU: Mutations in the dim-1 gene of Neurospora crassa reduce the level of DNA methylation. Mol Gen Genet 1998, 259:60-71.
98. Malagnac F, Wendel B, Goyon C, Faugeron G, Zickler D, Rossignol JL, Noyer-Weidner M, Vollmayr P, Trautner TA, Walter J: A gene essential for de novo methylation and development in Ascobolus reveals a novel type of eukaryotic DNA methyltransferase structure. Cell 1997, 91:281-290.
99. Mittelsten Scheid O: New tool for Swiss army knife. Nature 1999, 397:25.
100. Xoconostle-Cázares B, Xiang Y, Ruiz-Medrano R, Wang H-L, Monzer J, Yoo B-C, McFarland KC, Franceschi VR, Lucas WJ: Plant paralog to viral movement protein that potentiates transport of mRNA into the phloem. Science 1999, 283:94-98.
101. Leu J-Y, Chua PR, Roeder GS: The meiosis-specific Hop2 protein of S. cerevisiae ensures synapsis between homologous chromosomes. Cell 1998, 94:375-386.
102. Judd BH: Mutations of zeste that mediate transvection are recessive enhancers of position-effect variegation in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1995, 141:245-253.
103. Laney JD, Biggin MD: Zeste-mediated activation by an enhancer is independent of cooperative DNA binding in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997, 94:3602-3604.
104. 1. Genetics 1998, 148:1865-1874.
105. Georgiev PG: Identification of mutations in three genes that interact with zeste in the control of white gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetics 1994, 138:733-739.
106. Bhadra U, Pal Bhadra M, Birchler JA: Interactions among dosage-dependent trans-acting modifiers of gene expression and position-effect variegation in Drosophila. Genetics 1998, 150:251-263.
107. Brown JL, Mucci D, Whiteley M, Dirksen ML, Kassis JA: The Drosophila Polycomb group gene pleiohomeotic encodes a DNA binding protein with homology to the transcription factor YY1. Mol Cell 1998, 1:1057-1064.
108. Mihaly J, Mishra RK, Karch F: A conserved sequence motif in Polycomb-response elements. Mol Cell 1998, 1:1065-1066.
109. Lewis EB, Knafels JD, Mathog DR, Celniker SE: Sequence analysis of the cis-regulatory regions of the bithorax complex of Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:8403-8407.
110. Martinez-Laborda A, González-Reyes A, Morata G: Trans regulation in the Ultrabithorax gene of Drosophila: Alterations in the promoter enhance transvection. EMBO J 1992, 11:3645-3652.
111. Morris JR, Geyer PK, Wu C-t: Core promoter elements can regulate transcription on a separate chromosome in trans. Genes Dev 1999, 13:253-258.
112. McKee BD: Pairing sites and the role of chromosome pairing in meiosis and spermatogenesis in male Drosophila. Curr Top Dev Biol 1998, 37:77-115. This review discusses many aspects of chromosome pairing during meiosis and spermatogenesis in male Drosophila. Of particular interest are the discussion of pairing sites and the finding that discrete mutations in the promoter of a major X chromosome pairing site disrupts X-Y pairing. These results argue for a link between meiotic pairing and transcriptional regulatory elements.
113. Lichten M, Goldman ASH: Meiotic recombination hotspots. Annu Rev Genet 1995, 29:423-444.
114. Cook PR: The transcriptional basis of chromosome pairing. J Cell Sci 1997, 110:1033-1040.
115. Lalande M: Parental imprinting and human disease. Annu Rev Genet 1996, 30:173-195.
116. Henikoff S: Conspiracy of silence among repeated transgenes. Bioessays 1998, 20:532-535.
117. Fox AS, Yoon SB, Gelbart WM: DNA-induced transformation in Drosophila: Genetic analysis of transformed stocks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1971, 68:342-346.
118. Ashe HL, Monks J, Wijgerde M, Fraser P, Proudfoot NJ: Intergenic transcription and transinduction of the human β-globin locus. Genes Dev 1997, 11:2494-2509. This study defines a process in transfected mammalian cells called transinduction. The authors find that transient transfection of tissue culture cells with a plasmid containing a β-globin gene led to transcription from the chromosomal β-globin locus. In situ hybridization analysis further showed that the plasmid co-localizes with the endogenous β-globin locus, suggesting that some form of homologue pairing may be important for transinduction.
119. Pal-Bhadra M, Bhadra U, Birchler JA: Cosuppression in Drosophila: Gene silencing of Alcohol dehydrogenase by white-Adh transgenes is Polycomb dependent. Cell 1997, 90:479-490.
120. Chaboissier MC, Bucheton A, Finnegan DJ: Copy number control of a transposable element, the / factor, a LINE-like element in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:11781 -11785. The / factor is a LINE-like retrotransposable element. Expression from the / factor promoter was found to be reduced with increasing copies of the first 186 nucleotides of the / factor sequence. This finding suggests that the mechanisms underlying copy number control of a transposable element may resemble HDGS in other organisms.
121. Meyer E, Duharcourt S: Epigenetic programming of developmental genome rearrangements in ciliates. Cell 1996, 87:9-12.
122. Duharcourt S, Keller AM, Meyer E: Homology-dependent maternal inhibition of developmental excision of internal eliminated sequences in Paramecium tetraurelia. Mol Cell Biol 1998, 18:7075-7085.
123. Lease RA, Cusick ME, Belfort M: Riboregulation in Escherichia coli: DsrA RNA acts by RNA:RNA interactions at multiple loci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:12456-12461.
124. Majdalani N, Cunning C, Sledjeski D, Elliott T, Gottesman S: DsrA RNA regulates translation of RpoS message by an anti-antisense mechanism, independent of its action as an antisilencer of transcription. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998, 95:12462-12467.
125. Sit TL, Vaewhongs AA, Lommel SA: RNA-mediated trans-activation of transcription from a viral RNA. Science 1998, 281:829-832.