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Boerjan W, Bauw G, Van Montagu M, Inzé D: Distinct phenotypes generated by overexpression and suppression of S-adenosyl-L-methionine synthetase reveal developmental patterns of gene silencing in tobacco. Plant Cell 1994, 6:1401-1414. These authors propose a model to explain developmental and spatial regulation of co-suppression. They suggest that co-suppression in a few cells would create a sink for the metabolite product of the silenced gene. The transport of metabolite in the sink would deplete adjacent cells and result in compensating activation of the unsilenced host gene. Expression of this gene would activate co-suppression either through a threshold mechanism or because it could function as a receptor locus (as is proposed in the present review).
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Van Blokland R, Van der Geest N, Mol JNM, Kooter JM: Transgene-mediated suppression of chalcone synthase expression in Petunia hybrids results from an increase in RNA turnover. Plant J 1994, 6:861-877. Illustrates that transgene expression is not relevant to co-suppression. Different CHS loci are shown to co-suppress the endogenous CHS loci irrespective of whether they are transcribed at high levels, low levels or not at all.
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De Carvalho Niebel F, Frendo P, Van Montagu M, Cornelissen M: Post-transcriptional cosuppression of β-glucanase genes does not affect accumulation of transgene nuclear mRNA. Plant Cell 1995, 7:347-358. Shows conclusively that co-suppression does not affect accumulation of pre-mRNA. The data could be consistent either with a block of mRNA transport out of the nucleus or degradation of the target RNA in the cytoplasm.
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English JJ, Mueller E, Baulcombe DC: Suppression of virus accumulation in transgenic plants exhibiting silencing of nuclear genes. Plant Cell 1996, 8:179-188. Illustrates the use of a virus to analyze post-transcriptional gene silencing. The data also reinforce the association between post-transcriptional gene silencing and transgene methylation, showing a concurrence of the target of silencing at the RNA level and transgene methylation at the DNA level. The demonstration that the methylation is localized to the transgene serves to emphasize that methylation analyses of post-transcriptionally silenced genes should inspect the gene in its entirety.
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Lomonossoff GP: Pathogen-derived resistance to plant viruses. Annu Rev Phytopathol 1995, 33:323-343. An assessment of all aspects of virus resistance in transgenic plants. The prominent emphasis on the potential role of the co-suppression mechanism by this author, a proponent of replicase mediated virus resistance, illustrates how the perspective of the virology community is changing.
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Goodwin J, Chapman K, Parks TD, Wernsman EA, Dougherty WG: Genetic and biochemical dissection of transgenic RNA-mediated resistance. Plant Cell 1996, 8:95-105. An elegant use of doubled haploid lines to confirm that the potential for post-transcriptional silencing/resistance is increased with multiple transgene loci. Biochemical analysis of putative breakdown products of the silenced RNA species is carried out. This analysis reinforces the earlier findings indicating specific target sites for the silencing/resistance mechanism [14].
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Goodwin, J.1
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Characterization of a plant scaffold attachment region in a DNA fragment that normalizes transgene expression in tobacco
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Breyne P, Van Montagu M, Depicker A, Gheysen G: Characterization of a plant scaffold attachment region in a DNA fragment that normalizes transgene expression in tobacco. Plant Cell 1992, 4:463-471.
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The MAR-mediated reduction in position effect can be uncoupled from copy number-dependent expression in transgenic plants
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Mlynarova L, Jansen RC, Conner AJ, Stiekema WJ, Nap JP: The MAR-mediated reduction in position effect can be uncoupled from copy number-dependent expression in transgenic plants. Plant Cell 1995, 7:599-609. Extends the previous analysis [44] and supports the conclusions from [46] that MARs protect a gene from transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene silencing. Even with MARs, however, there is still a level of control over transgene expression that is not understood, as previously suggested [44].
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Mlynarova, L.1
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Inhibition of tobacco nitrite reductase activity by expression of antisense RNA
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Vaucheret H, Kronenberger J, Lepingle A, Vilaine F, Boulin JP, Caboche M: Inhibition of tobacco nitrite reductase activity by expression of antisense RNA. Plant J 1992, 2:559-569.
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Vilaine, F.4
Boulin, J.P.5
Caboche, M.6
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49
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A visible marker for antisense mRNA expression in plants: Inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis with a glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase antisense gene
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Hofgen R, Axelsen KB, Kannangara CG, Schuttke I, Pohlenz H-D, Willmitzer L, Grimm B, Von Wettstein D: A visible marker for antisense mRNA expression in plants: inhibition of chlorophyll synthesis with a glutamate-1-semialdehyde aminotransferase antisense gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91:1726-1730. Illustrates the use of antisense transgenes to suppress chlorophyll biosynthesis, but also shows that the chlorotic phenotype does not necessarily reflect the known pattern of expression of the promoter in the antisense constructs. The sectoring of suppression in one set of lines is as one would expect if there were somatically unstable methylation of the endogenous genes as a result of ectopic pairing with the antisense transgene.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Hofgen, R.1
Axelsen, K.B.2
Kannangara, C.G.3
Schuttke, I.4
Pohlenz, H.-D.5
Willmitzer, L.6
Grimm, B.7
Von Wettstein, D.8
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50
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Effective resistance to potyvirus infection conferred by expression of antisense RNA in transgenic plants
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Hammond J, Kamo KK: Effective resistance to potyvirus infection conferred by expression of antisense RNA in transgenic plants. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 1995, 8:674-682. The introduction reviews the previous unsuccessful attempts to control RNA viruses with antisense transgenes. The data provide one of only a few successful applications of these antisense transgenes against viruses.
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Mol Plant Microbe Interact
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Hammond, J.1
Kamo, K.K.2
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51
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Inhibition of brome mosaic virus (BMV) amplification in protoplasts from transgenic tobacco plants expressing replicable BMV RNAs
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Kaido M, Mon M, Mise K, Okuno T, Furusawa I: Inhibition of brome mosaic virus (BMV) amplification in protoplasts from transgenic tobacco plants expressing replicable BMV RNAs. J Gen Virol 1995, 76:2827-2833. This paper prompts the question of why do viruses not activate gene silencing in the course of a normal infection? Is it because there must be DMA with homology to the virus or is it because the transgene allows the virus to enter cells that are not normally infected?
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J Gen Virol
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Kaido, M.1
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Okuno, T.4
Furusawa, I.5
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52
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RNA-dlrected de novo methylation of genomic sequences in plants
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Wassenegger M, Heimes S, Riedel L, Sänger HL: RNA-dlrected de novo methylation of genomic sequences in plants. Cell 1994, 76:567-576. The first and so far only report of RNA-directed methylation of DNA in plants. This phenomenon could be central to many aspects of epigenetic phenomena in plants. It should be a matter of priority to find out whether this effect of RNA on DNA is specific to viroid RNAs.
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Cell
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Wassenegger, M.1
Heimes, S.2
Riedel, L.3
Sänger, H.L.4
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53
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Cytoplasmic inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis with virus-derived RNA
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Kumagai MH, Donson J, Della-Cioppa G, Harvey D, Hanley K, Grill LK: Cytoplasmic inhibition of carotenoid biosynthesis with virus-derived RNA. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92:1679-1683. This paper leaves many questions unanswered, but describes how RNA viruses may be useful for both over-expression and suppression of host genes. These findings suggest novel applications of viruses as research tools in the analysis of the function of unknown gene products. These data also suggest that viruses may be useful in the analysis of gene silencing.
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Proc Natl Acad Sci USA
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Kumagai, M.H.1
Donson, J.2
Della-Cioppa, G.3
Harvey, D.4
Hanley, K.5
Grill, L.K.6
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54
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Extreme resistance to potato virus X infection in plants expressing a modified component of the putative viral replicase
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Longstaff M, Brigneti G, Boccard F, Chapman S, Baulcombe DC: Extreme resistance to potato virus X infection in plants expressing a modified component of the putative viral replicase. EMBO J 1993, 12:379-386.
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Chapman, S.4
Baulcombe, D.C.5
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55
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0028863303
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The reduced expression of endogenous duplications (REED) in the maize R gene family is mediated by DNA methylation
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Ronchi A, Petroni K, Tonelli C: The reduced expression of endogenous duplications (REED) in the maize R gene family is mediated by DNA methylation. EMBO J 1995, 14:5318-5328.
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Ronchi, A.1
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56
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Epigenetic control of an endogenous gene family is revealed by a novel blue fluorescent mutant of Arabidopsis
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Bender J, Fink G: Epigenetic control of an endogenous gene family is revealed by a novel blue fluorescent mutant of Arabidopsis. Cell 1995, 83:725-734.
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Mechanisms of cross protection between virus strains
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Edited by Evered D, Harnett S. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd
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Sherwood JL: Mechanisms of cross protection between virus strains. In Plant Resistance to Viruses. Edited by Evered D, Harnett S. Chichester, UK: John Wiley and Sons Ltd; 1988:144-157.
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