Neurochemical alterations during age-related anorexia

Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine

Volumn 221, Issue 3, 1999, Pages 153-165

  Blanton, Cynthia A ^a   Horwitz, Barbara A ^a   McDonald, Roger B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGING; ANIMAL EXPERIMENT; ANIMAL MODEL; ANOREXIA; BODY WEIGHT; CALORIC INTAKE; CONTROLLED STUDY; ENERGY BALANCE; FOOD INTAKE; GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT FUNCTION; NEUROCHEMISTRY; NONHUMAN; NUTRITION; RAT; SHORT SURVEY; SOCIAL ISOLATION;

ANIMALIA;

EID: 0032975768     PISSN: 00379727     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.1999.d01-70.x     Document Type: Short Survey

References (193)

1. Blanton CA, Geitzen DW, Griffey SM, Horwitz BA, McDonald RB, Murtagh-Mark C. Meal patterns associated with the age-related decline in food intake in the Fischer 344 rat. Am J Physiol 275:R1494-R1502, 1998.
2. Fischer J, Johnson MA. Low body weight and weight loss in the aged. J Am Diet Assoc 90:1697-1706, 1990.
3. Morley JE. Anorexia of aging: Physiologic and pathologic. Am J Clin Nutr 66:760-773, 1997.
4. Anonymous. Daily dietary fat and total food energy intakes. Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, phase III. 1988-1991. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Rep 43:116-125, 1994.
5. Hallfrisch J, Muller D, Drinkwater D. Continuing trends in men: The Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (1961-1987). J Gerontol 45:M186-M191, 1990.
6. Koehler KM. The New Mexico Aging Process Study. Nutr Rev 8(Suppl):S34-S37, 1994.
7. Chumlea WC, Garry PJ, Hunt WC, Rhyne RL. Distributions of serial changes in stature and weight in a healthy elderly population. Hum Biol 60:917-925, 1988.
8. Steen B, Isaksson B, Svanborg A. Body composition at 70 and 75 years of age: A longitudinal population study. J Clin Exp Gerontol 1:185-192, 1979.
9. McGandy RB, Russell RM, Hartz SC, Jacob RA, Tannenbaum S, Peters H, Sahyoun N, Otradovec CL. Nutritional status survey of healthy noninstitutionalized elderly: Energy and nutrient intakes from three-day diet records and nutrient supplements. Nutr Res 6:785, 1986.
10. Mowe M, Bohmer T, Kindt E. Reduced nutritional status in an elderly population (>70 yr) is probable before disease and possibly contributes to the development of disease. Am J Clin Nutr 59:317-324, 1994.
11. O'Hanlon P, Kohrs MB. Dietary studies of older Americans. Am J Clin Nutr 31:1257, 1978.
12. Posner BEM, Smigelski CG, Krachenfels MM. Dietary characteristics and nutrient intake in an urban homebound population. J Am Diet Assoc 87:452, 1987.
13. Launer LJ, Harris T, Rumpel C, Madans J. Body mass index, weight change, and risk of mobility disability in middle-aged and older women: The epidemiologic follow-up study of NHANES I. JAMA 271:1093-1098, 1994.
14. Silver AJ, Morley JE, Strome SS, Jones D, Vickers L. Nutritional status in an academic nursing home. J Am Geriatr Soc 36:487, 1988.
15. McCue JD. The naturalness of dying. JAMA 273:1039-1043, 1995.
16. Roberts S. Effects of aging on energy requirements and the control of food intake in men. J Gerontol 50:101-106, 1995.
17. Rolls B, Dimeo K, Shide D. Age-related impairments in the regulation of food intake. Am J Clin Nutr 62:923-931, 1995.
18. Clarkston WK, Pantano MM, Morley JE, Horowitz M, Littlefield JM, Burton FR. Evidence for the anorexia of aging: Gastrointestinal transit and hunger in healthy elderly vs. young adults. Am J Physiol 272:R243-R248, 1997.
19. Evans WJ, Campbell WW. Sarcopenia and age-related changes in body composition and functional capacity. J Nutr 123:465-468, 1993.
20. Thompson JS, Robbins J, Cooper JK. Nutritional and immune function in the geriatric population. Clin Geriatr Med 3:309, 1987.
21. Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. Mini-mental state. J Psychiatr Res 12:189-198, 1975.
22. Egbert A. The Dwindles: Failure to thrive in older patients. Nutr Rev 54:S25-S30, 1996.
23. Marcus E-L, Berry EM. Refusal to eat in the elderly. Nutr Rev 56:163-171, 1998.
24. Anand BK, Brobeck JR. Hypothalamic control of food intake in rats and cats. Yale J Biol Med 24:123-140, 1951.
25. Hyde TM, Miselis RR. Effects of area postrema/caudal medial nucleus of the solitary tract lesions on food intake and body weight. Am J Physiol 244:R577-R587, 1983.
26. Ricardo JA, Koh ET. Anatomical evidence of direct projections from the nucleus of the solitary tract to the hypothalamus, amygdala and other forebrain structures in the rat. Brain Res 153:1-26, 1978.
27. Sawchenko PE. Central connections of the sensory and motor nuclei of the vagus nerve. J Auton Nerv System 9:13-26, 1983.
28. Fibiger HC, Zis AP, McGreer EG. Feeding and drinking deficits after 6-hydroxytryptamine administration in the rat: Similarities to the lateral hypothalamic syndrome. Brain Res 55:135-148, 1973.
29. Dube MG, Xu B, Crowley WR, Kalra PS, Kalra SP. Evidence that neuropeptide Y is a physiological signal for normal food intake. Brain Res 646:341-344, 1994.
30. Rovere C, Viale A, Nahon J, Kitabgi P. Impaired processing of brain proneurotensin and promelanin-concentrating hormone in obese fat/fat mice. Endocrinology 137:2954-2958, 1996.
31. Antin J, Gibbs J, Holt J, Young RC, Smith GP. Cholecystokinin elicits the complete behavioral sequence of satiety in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 89:784-790, 1975.
32. Flynn MC, Scott TR, Pritchard TC, Plata-Salaman CR. Mode of action of OB protein, (leptin) on feeding. Am J Physiol 275:R174-R179, 1998.
33. Schick R, Samsami S, Zimmermann J. Effect of galanin on food intake in rats: Involvement of lateral and ventromedial hypothalamic sites. Am J Physiol 264:R355-R361, 1993.
34. Sakurai T, Amemiya A, Ishii M, Matsuzaki I, Chumelli RM, Tanaka H, Williams SC, Richardson JA, Kozlowski GP, Wilson S. Orexins and Orexin receptors: A family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior. Cell 92:573-585, 1998.
35. Fan W, Boston BA, Desterson RA, Hruby VJ, Cone RD. Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and agouti obesity syndrome. Nature 385:165-168, 1997.
36. Prese F, Sorokovsky I, Max J, Nicolaidis S, Nahon J. Melanin-concentrating hormone is a potent anorectic peptide regulated by food deprivation and glucopenia in the rat. Neurosci 71:735-745, 1996.
37. Ollmann M, Wilson BD, Yang YK, Kerns JA, Chen Y, Gantz I, Barsh GS. Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein. Science 278:135-138, 1997.
38. Arase K, York DA, Shimizu H, Shargill N, Bray GA. Effects of corticotropin-releasing factor on food intake and brown adipose tissue thermogenesis in rats. Am J Physiol 235:E255-E259, 1988.
39. Kalra SP, Kalra PS. Is neuropeptide Y (NPY) a naturally occurring appetite transducer? Curr Op Endocrinol Diabetes 3:157-163, 1996.
40. Chronwall BM, DiMaggio DA, Massari VJ, Pickel VM, Ruggieero DA, O'Donohue TL. The anatomy of neuropeptide-Y-containing neurons in rat brain. Neuroscience 15:1159-1181, 1985.
41. Kalra SP, Dube MG, Sahu A, Phelps CP, Kalra P. Neuropeptide Y secretion increases in the paraventricular nucleus in association with increased appetite for food. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:10931-10935, 1991.
42. Sahu A, Kalra PS, Kalra SP. Food deprivation and ingestion induce reciprocal changes in neuropeptide Y concentrations in the paraventricular nucleus. Peptides 9:83-86, 1988.
43. Akabayashi A, Watanabe Y, Wahlestedt R, McEwan BS, Paez X, Leibowitz SF. Hypothalamic neuropeptide Y, its gene expression and receptor activity: Relation to circulating corticosterone in adrenalectomised rats. Brain Res 665:201-212, 1994.
44. Mistry A, Swich A, Romse D. Leptin rapidly lowers food intake and elevates metabolic rates in lean and ob/ob mice. J Nutr 127:2065-2072, 1997.
45. Schwartz MW, Sipols AJ, Marks JL, Sanacora G, White JD, Scheurnik A, Kahn SE, Baskin DG. Inhibition of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression by insulin. Endocrinology 130:3608-3616, 1992.
46. Schwartz M, Dallman M, Woods S. Hypothalamic response to starvation: Implications for the study of wasting disorders. Am J Physiol 269:R949-R957, 1995.
47. Strack AM, Sebastian RJ, Schwartz MW, Dallman MF. Glucocorticoids and insulin: Reciprocal signals for energy balance. Am J Physiol 268:R142-R149, 1995.
48. Hu Y, Bloomquist BT, Cornfield LJ, DeCarr LB, Flores-Riveros JR, Friedman L, Jiang P, Lewis-Higgins L, Sadlowski Y, Schaifer J, Velazquez N, McCaleb ML. Identification of a novel hypothalamic neuropeptide Y receptor associated with feeding behavior. J Biol Chem 271:26315-26319, 1996.
49. Michel M, Lewejohann K, Farke W, Bischoff A, Feth F, Rascher W. Regulation of NPY/NPY Y1 receptor/G protein system in rat brain cortex. Am J Physiol 268:R192-R200, 1995.
50. Jolicoeur FB, Bouali SM, Fournier A, St-Pierre S. Mapping of hypothalamic sites involved in the effects of NPY on body temperature and food intake. Brain Res Bull 36:125-129, 1995.
51. Kalra SP, Dube MG, Kalra PS. Continuous intraventricular infusion of neuropeptide Y evokes episodic food intake in satiated female rats: Effects of adrenalectomy and cholecystokinin. Peptides 9:723-728, 1988.
52. Morley JE, Levine AS, Gosnell BA, Kneip J, Grace M. Effect of neuropeptide Y on ingestive behaviors in the rats. Am J Physiol 252:R599-R609, 1987.
53. Stanley BG. Neuropeptide Y in multiple hypothalamic sites controls eating behavior, endocrine, and autonomic systems for energy balance. In: Colmers WF, Wahlestedt C, Ed. The Biology of Neuropeptide Y and Related Peptides. Totowa, NJ: Humana, pp457-509, 1993.
54. Stanley BG, Magdalin W, Seirafi A, Nguyen MM, Leibowitz SF. Evidence for neuropeptide Y mediation of eating produced by food deprivation and for a variant of the YI receptor mediating this peptide's effect. Peptides 13:581-587, 1992.
55. Billington CJ, Briggs JE, Grace M. Effects of intracerebroventricular injection of neuropeptide Y on energy metabolism. Am J Physiol 260:R321-R327, 1991.
56. Egawa M, Yoshimatsu H, Bray GA. Neuropeptide Y suppresses sympathetic activity to interscapular brown adipose tissue in rats. Am J Physiol 260:R328-R334, 1991.
57. Gosnell BA, Levine AS, Morley JE. The effects of aging on opioid modulation of feeding in rats. Life Sci 32:2793-2799, 1983.
58. Gruenewald DA, Marck BT, Matsumoto AM. Fasting-induced increases in food intake and neuropeptide Y gene expression are attenuated in aging male Brown Norway rats. Endocrinology 137: 4460-4467, 1996.
59. McDonald RB, Florez-Duquet M, Murtagh-Mark C, Horwitz BA. Relationship between cold-induced thermoregulation and spontaneous rapid body weight loss of aging F344 rats. Am J Physiol 271:R1115-R1122, 1996.
60. Peng MT, Jiang MJ, Hsu HK. Changes in running-wheel activity, eating and drinking and their day/night distributions throughout the life span of the rat. J Gerontol 35:339-347, 1980.
61. Peng MT, Kang M. Circadian rhythms and patterns of running-wheel activity, feeding and drinking behaviors of old male rats. Physiol Behav 33:615-620, 1984.
62. Veyrat-Durebex C, Alliot J. Changes in pattern of macronutrient intake during aging in male and female rats. Physiol Behav 62:1273-1278, 1997.
63. Pich EM, Messori B, Zoli M, Ferraguti F, Marrama P, Biagini G, Fuxe K, Agnati LF. Feeding and drinking responses to neuropeptide Y injections in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus of aged rats. Brain Res 575:265-271, 1992.
64. Gruenewald DA, Naai MA, Marck BT, Matsumoto AM. Age-related decrease in neuropeptide Y gene expression in the arcuate nucleus of the male rat brain is independent of testicular feedback. Endocrinology 134:2383-2389, 1994.
65. Burek JD, Hollander CF. Incidence patterns of spontaneous tumors in BN/Bi rats. J Natl Cancer Inst 58:99-105, 1977.
66. Schneider EL, Rowe JW. Handbook of the Biology of Aging. San Diego, Ca: Academic Press, p8, 1996.
67. Kowalski C, Micheau J, Corder R, Gaillard R, Conte-Devolx B. Age-related changes in cortico-releasing factor, somatostatin, neuropeptide Y, methionine enkephalin and β-endorphin in specific rat brain areas. Brain Res 582:38-46, 1992.
68. Kerkerian L, Bosler O. Striatal neuropeptide Y neurons are under influence of the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway: Immunohistochemical evidence. Neurosci Lett 66:106-112, 1986.
69. Kerkerian L, Salin P, Nieoullon A. Pharmacological characterization of dopaminergic influence on expression of neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity by rat striatal neurons. Neuroscience 26:809-817, 1988.
70. Himi T, Cao M, Mori N. Reduced expression of the molecular markers of dopaminergic neuronal atrophy in the aging rat brain. J Gerontol 50:B193-200, 1995.
71. Lemierre S, Rouch C, Nicolaidis S, Orosco M. Combined effect of obesity and aging on feeding-induced monoamine release in the rostromedial hypothalamus of the Zucker rat. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 22:993-999, 1998.
72. Woods JM, Druse MJ. Effects of chronic ethanol consumption and aging on dopamine, serotonin, and metabolites. J Neurochem 66: 2168-2178, 1996.
73. Gillard ER, Dang DQ, Stanley BG. Evidence that neuropeptide Y and dopamine in the perifornical hypothalamus interact antagonistically in the control of food intake. Brain Res 628:128-136, 1993.
74. Myers RD, Lankford MF, Roscoe AK. Neuropeptide Y perfused in the preoptic area of rats shifts extracellular efflux of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin during hypothermia and feeding. Neurochem Res 21:637-648, 1996.
75. Cha C, Young I, Lee E. Age-related changes of VIP, NPY and somatostatin-immunoreactive neurons in the cerebral cortex of aged rats. Brain Res 753:235-244, 1997.
76. Meguid MM, Yang Z, Laviano A. Meal size and number: Relationship to dopamine levels in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Am J Physiol 272:R1925-R1930, 1997.
77. Meguid MM, Yang ZJ, Koseki M. Eating-induced rise in LHA-dopamine correlates with meal size in normal and bulbectomized rats. Brain Res Bull 36:487-490, 1995.
78. Yang ZJ, Meguid MM, Chai JK, Chen C, Oler A. Bilateral hypothalamic dopamine infusion in male Zucker rat suppresses feeding due to reduced meal size. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 58:631-635, 1997.
79. Blundell J. Pharmacological approaches to appetite suppression. Trends Physiol Sci 12:147-157, 1991.
80. Lee MC, Schiffman SS, Pappas TN. Role of neuropeptides in the regulation of feeding behavior: A review of cholecystokinin, bombesin, neuropeptide Y, and galanin. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 18:313-323, 1994.
81. Lambert PD, Wilding JP. A role for neuropeptide Y, dynorphin, and noradrenaline in the central control of food intake after food deprivation. Endocrinology 133:29-32, 1993.
82. Stanley BG, Leibowitz SF. Neuropeptide Y: Stimulation of feeding and drinking by injections into the paraventricular nucleus. Life Sci 33:2635-2642, 1984.
83. 2-adrenergic binding sites in membranes of the medulla oblongata of the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 118:293-295, 1983.
84. Matos FF, Guss V, Korpinen C. Effects of neuropeptide Y (NPY) and [D-Trp32] NPY on monoamine and metabolite levels in dialysates from rat hypothalamus during feeding behavior. Neuropeptides 30:391-398, 1996.
85. Myers RD, Lankford MF, Paez X. Norepinephrine, dopamine, and 5-HT release from perfused hypothalamus of the rat during feeding induced by neuropeptide Y. Neurochem Res 17:1123-1132, 1992.
86. Shimizu H, Bray GA. Effects of neuropeptide Y on norepinephrine and serotonin metabolism in rat hypothalamus in vivo. Brain Res Bull 22:945-950, 1989.
87. Huguet F, Comoy E, Piriou A, Bohuon C. Age-related changes of noradrenergic-neuropeptide Y (NPY) interactions in rat brain: Norepinephrine, NPY levels, and α-adrenoceptors. Brain Res 625:256-260, 1993.
88. Dourish C. 5-HT receptor subtypes and feeding behavior. Adv Biosci 85:179-202, 1992.
89. Leibowitz SF, Weiss GF, Shor-Posner G. Hypothalamic serotonin: Pharmacological, biochemical, and behavioral analyses of its feeding-suppressive action. Clin Neuropharmacol 11:S51-S71, 1988.
90. Stanley BG, Daniel DR, Chen AS, Leibowitz SF. Paraventricular nucleus injection of peptide YY and neuropeptide Y preferentially enhance carbohydrate ingestion. Peptides 6:1205-1211, 1985.
91. Rogers P, McKibbin PE, Williams G. Acute fenfluramine administration reduces neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic regions of the rat: Possible implications for the anorectic effect of fenfluramine. Peptides 12:251-255, 1991.
92. Smialowska M, Legutko B. Influence of imipramine on neuropeptide Y immunoreactivity in the rat brain. Neuroscience 41:767-771, 1991.
93. Dryden S, McCarthy HD, Malabu UH, Ware M, Williams G. Increased neuropeptide Y concentrations in specific hypothalamic nuclei of the rat following treatment with methysergide: Evidence that NPY may mediate serotonin's effects on food intake. Peptides 14:791-796, 1993.
94. Slotkin TA, McCook EC, Ritchie JC, Carroll BJ, Seidler FJ. Serotonin transporter expression in rat brain regions and blood platelets: Aging and glucocorticoid effects. Biol Psychiatry 41:172-183, 1997.
95. Li H, Matheny M, Turner N, Scarpace PJ. Aging and fasting regulation of leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression. Am J Physiol 275:E405-E411, 1998.
96. McDonald RB, Hoban-Higgins TM, Ruhe RC, Fuller CA, Horwitz BA. Alterations in endogenous circadian rhythm of core temperature in senescent Fischer 344 rats. Am J Physiol 276:R824-R830, 1999.
97. Myers BL, Badia P. Changes in circadian rhythms and sleep quality with aging: Mechanisms and interventions. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 19(4):553-571, 1995.
98. Satinoff E. Patterns of circadian body temperature rhythms in aged rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2:135-140, 1998.
99. Kousta E, Chrisoulidou A, Lawrence NJ, al-Shoumer KA, Parker KU, McCarthy MI, Johnston DG. The circadian rhythm of leptin is preserved in growth hormone deficient hypopituitary adults. Clin Endocrinol 48:685-690, 1998.
100. Lindow SW, Newham A, Hendricks MS, Thompson JW, van der Spuy ZM. The 24-hour rhythm of oxytocin and β-endorphin secretion in human pregnancy. Clin Endocrinol 45:443-446, 1996.
101. Schade R, Vick K, Ott T, Sohr R, Pfister C, Bellach J, Golor G, Lemmer B. Circadian rhythms of dopamine and cholecystokinin in nucleus accumbens and striatum of rats: Influence of dopaminergic stimulation. Chronobiol Int 12:87-99, 1995.
102. Broberger C, Johansen J, Schalling M, Hokfelt T. Hypothalamic neurohistochemistry of the murine anorexia (anx/anx) mutation: Altered processing of neuropeptide Y in the arcuate nucleus. J Comp Neurol 387:124-135, 1997.
103. Erickson JC, Clegg KE, Palmiter RD. Sensitivity to leptin and susceptibility to seizures of mice lacking neuropeptide Y. Nature 381:415-418, 1996.
104. Erickson JC, Ahima RS, Hollopeter G, Flier JS, Palmiter RD. Endocrine function of neuropeptide Y knockout mice. Regul Pept 70:199-202, 1997.
105. Araki E, Lipes MA, Patti ME, Bruning JC, Haag B III, Johnson RS, Kahn CR. Alternative pathway of insulin signalling in mice with targeted disruption of the IRS-1 gene. Nature 372:186-189, 1994.
106. Hummler E, Cole TJ, Blendy JA, Ganss R, Aguzzi A, Schmid W, Beerman F, Schutz G. Targeted mutation of the CREB gene: Compensation within the CREB/ATF family of transcription factors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:5647-5651, 1994.
107. Lee G, Proenca P, Montez J. Abnormal splicing of the leptin receptor in diabetic mice. Nature 379:632-635, 1996.
108. Wang Q, Bing C, Al-Barazanji K, Mossakowaska DE, Wang XM, McBay DL, Neville WA, Taddayon M, Pickavance L, Dryden S. Interactions between leptin and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y neurons in the control of food intake and energy homeostasis in the rat. Diabetes 46:335-341, 1997.
109. Ahima RS, Prabakaran D, Mantzoros C, Qu D, Lowell B, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS. Role of leptin in the neuroendocrine response to fasting. Nature 382:250-252, 1996.
110. Cusin I, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F, Stricker-Krongrad A, Jeanrenaud B. The weight-reducing effect of an intracerebroventricular bolus injection of leptin in genetically obese fa/fa rats: Reduced sensitivity compared with lean animals. Diabetes 45:1446-1450, 1996.
111. Sahu A. Evidence suggesting that galanin, melanin-concentrating hormone, neurotensin, proopiomelanocortin and neuropeptide Y are targets of leptin signaling in the hypothalamus. Endocrinology 139:795-798, 1998.
112. Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Bukowshi TR, Kuijper JL, Fuster D, Lasser G, Prunkard DE, Porte D, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Weigle DS. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose and hypotha-lamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 45:531-535, 1996.
113. Campfield LA, Smith FJ. Overview: Neurobiology of OB protein (leptin). Proc Nutr Soc 57:429-440, 1998.
114. Havel PJ, Kasim-Karakas S, Mueller W, Johnson PR, Gingerich RL, Stern JS. Relationship of plasma leptin to plasma insulin and adiposity in normal weight and overweight women: Effects of dietary fat content and sustained weight loss. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4406-4413, 1996.
115. Li H, Matheny M, Turner N, Scarpace P. Leptin gene expression increases with age independent of increasing adiposity in rats. Diabetes 46:2035-2039, 1997.
116. Elahi D, McAloon Dyke M, Andres R. Aging, fat metabolism, and adiposity. In: Masoro EJ, Ed. Handbook of Physiology: Aging. New York: Oxford University Press, pp147-170, 1995.
117. Perry HM, Morley JE, Horowitz M, Kaiser FE, Miller DK, Willert G. Body composition and age in African-American and Caucasian women: Relationship to plasma leptin levels. Metab Clin Exp 46:1399-1405, 1997.
118. Ostlund RE, Yang JW, Klein S, Gingerich R. Relation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat, gender, diet, age, and metabolic covariates. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:3909-3913, 1996.
119. Ryan AS, Elahi D. The effects of acute hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on plasma leptin levels: Its relationships with body fat, visceral adiposity, and age in women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 81:4433-4438, 1996.
120. Ahren B, Mansson S, Gingerich RL, Havel PJ. Regulation of plasma leptin in mice: Influence of age, high-fat diet, and fasting. Am J Physiol 273:R113-R120, 1997.
121. Gabaldon A, McDonald R, Horwitz B. Gender differences in the relationship of neuropeptide Y (NPY) to serum leptin and adiposity in senescent F344 rats. FASEB J (in press).
122. Moller N, O'Brien P, Sreekumaran Nair K. Disruption of the relationship between fat content and leptin levels with aging in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:931-934, 1998.
123. Cederholm T, Amer P, Palmblad J. Low circulating leptin levels in protein-energy malnourished chronically ill elderly patients. J Intern Med 97:377-382, 1997.
124. Hale L, Becker GW, Bowsher RR. Evidence of free and bound leptin in human circulation: Studies in lean and obese subjects and during short-term fasting. J Clin Invest 98:1277-1282, 1996.
125. Houseknecht KL, Mantzoros CS, Kuliawat R. Evidence for leptin binding to proteins in serum of rodents and humans: Modulation with obesity. Diabetes 45:1638-1643, 1996.
126. Saad MF, Riad-Gabriel MG, Khan A, Sharma A, Michael R, Jinagouda SD, Boyadjian R, Steil GM. Diurnal and ultradian rhythmicity of plasma leptin: Effects of gender and adiposity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 83:453-459, 1998.
127. Schoeller DA, Cella LK, Sinha MK, Caro JF. Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing. J Clin Invest 100:1882-1887, 1997.
128. Reidelberger RD. Cholecystokinin and control of food intake. J Nutr 124:13275-13335, 1994.
129. Grider J. Role of Cholecystokinin in regulation of gastrointestinal motility. J Nutr 124:13345-13395, 1994.
130. Schick RR, Harty GJ, Yaksh TL. Sites in the brain at which cholecystokinin octapeptide acts to suppress feeding in rats: A mapping study. Neuropharmacology 29:109-118, 1990.
131. Louie D, Liddle R, Owyang C, Reidelberger R, Grider J. Overview symposium: New research in the physiology of cholecystokinin: Nutrition issues. J Nutr 124:13065-13395, 1994.
132. Bertelemy P, Bouisson M, Vellas B. Postprandial cholecystokinin secretion in elderly with protein-energy undernutrition. J Am Geriatr Society 40:365-369, 1992.
133. Miyasaka K, Kanai S, Ohta M, Funakoshi A. Aging impairs release of central and peripheral cholecystokinin (CCK) in male but not in female rats. J Gerontol 52A:M14-M18, 1997.
134. Miyasaka K, Kanai S, Masuda M. Gene expression of cholecystokinin (CCK) and CCK receptors, and its satiety effect in young and old male rats. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 21:147-155, 1995.
135. Ohta M, Tanaka Y, Masuda M, Miyasaka K, Funakoshi A. Impaired release of cholecystokinin (CCK) from synaptosomes in old rats. Neurosic Lett 198:161-164, 1995.
136. Poston GJ, Singh P, Maclellan DG. Age-related changes in gallbladder contractibility and gallbladder cholecystokinin receptor population in guinea pigs. Mech Aging Dev 46:225-236, 1988.
137. Khalil T, Walker PJ, Wiener I, Pagan CJ, Townsend J, Courtney M, Greeley J, George H, Thompson JC. Effect of aging on gallbladder contraction and release of cholecystokinin-33 in humans. Surgery 98:423-429, 1985.
138. Masclee AA, Geuskens LM, Driessen WM. Effect of aging on plasma cholecystokinin secretion and gallbladder emptying. Age 11:136-140, 1988.
139. Martinez M, Hernanz A, Gomez-Cerezo J, Pena JM, Vazquez JJ, Arnalich F. Alterations in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid levels of neuropeptides in idiopathic senile anorexia. Reg Peptides 49:109-117, 1993.
140. Baile CA, McLaughlin CL, Della-Fera MA. Role of cholecystokinin and opioid peptides in control of food intake. Physiol Rev 66:172-234, 1986.
141. McCaleb M, Myers R. Cholecystokinin acts on the hypothalamic noradrenergic system: Involved in feeding. Peptides 1:47-49, 1980.
142. Willis GL, Hansky J, Smith GC. Central and peripheral proglumide administration and CCK-induced satiety. Reg Peptides 15:87-98, 1986.
143. Voigt JP, Huston JP, Voits M, Fink H. Effects of cholecystokinin octapeptide on food intake in adult and aged rats under different feeding conditions. Peptides 17:1313-1315, 1996.
144. Silver AJ, Flood JF, Song AM. Evidence for a physiological role for CCK in the regulation of food intake in mice. Am J Physiol 256:R646-R652, 1989.
145. Crawley J, Beinfeld M. Rapid development of tolerance to the behavioral actions of cholecystokinin. Nature London 302:703-706, 1983.
146. West DB, Fey D, Woods SC. Cholecystokinin persistently suppresses meal size but not food intake in free-feeding rats. Am J Physiol 246:R776-R787, 1984.
147. Woods SC, Seeley RJ, Porte D, Schwartz MW. Signals that regulate food intake and energy homeostasis. Science 280:1378-1382, 1998.
148. Drewnowski A. Taste preferences and food intake. Annu Rev Nutr 17:237-253, 1997.
149. Geiselman JP. Control of food intake: A physiologically complex, motivated behavioral system. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 25:815-829, 1996.
150. Tepperman F, Hirst M. Effect of intrahypothalamic injections of D-Ala D-Leu enkephalin on feeding and temp in rat. Eur J Pharmacol 96:243-249, 1983.
151. Trenchard ES, Silverstone T. Naloxane reduces the food intake of normal human volunteers. Appetite 4:43, 1983.
152. Yeomans MR, Gray RW. Effects of naltrexone on food intake and changes in subjective appetite during eating: Evidence for opioid involvement in the appetizer effect. Physiol Behav 62:15-21, 1997.
153. Lau SM, Tang F. The effect of haloperidol on met-enkephalin, β-endorphin, cholecystokinin and substance P in the pituitary, the hypothalamus and the striatum of rats during aging. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 19:1163-1175, 1995.
154. Rudski JM, Grace M, Kuskowski MA, Billington CJ, Levine AS. Behavioral effects of naloxone on neuropeptide Y-induced feeding. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 54:771-777, 1996.
155. Brands B, Thornhill J, Hirst M, Gowdey C. Suppression of food intake and body weight gain by naloxone in rats. Life Sci 24:1773-1778, 1979.
156. Tseng L, Cheng D. Acute and chronic administration of β-endorphin and naltrexone on food and water intake in rats. Fed Proc 39:606, 1980.
157. Forman LJ, Sonntag WE, Van Vugt DA, Meites J. Immunoreactive β-endorphin in the plasma, pituitary, and hypothalamus of young and old male rats. Neurobiol Aging 2:281-284, 1981.
158. Dupont A, Savard P, Merand Y, Labrie F, Boissier JR. Age-related changes in central nervous system enkephalins and substance P. Life Sci 29:2317-2322, 1981.
159. Wang ZP, Man SY, Tang F. Age-related changes in the contents of neuropeptides in the rat brain and pituitary. Neurobiol Aging 14:529-534, 1993.
160. Gambert SR, Garthwaite TL, Pontzer CH, Hagen TC. Age-related changes in central nervous system β-endorphin and ACTH. Neuroendocrinology 31:252-255, 1980.
161. Missale C, Govoni S, Croce L, Bosio A, Spano PF, Trabucchi M. Changes of β-endorphin and met-enkephalin content in the hypothalamus-pituitary axis induced by aging. J Neurochem 40:20-24, 1983.
162. Tang F, Tang J, Chou J, Costa E. Age-related and diurnal changes in met5-enk-arg6-phe7 and met5-enkephalin contents of pituitary and rat brain structures. Life Sci 35:1005-1014, 1984.
163. Arey LB, Tremaine MJ, Mozingo FL. The numerical and topographical relations of taste buds to human circumvallate papillae throughout the life span. Anat Rec 64:9-25, 1935.
164. Mochizuki Y. Topographical relations of tastebuds to circumvallate papillae of Japanese. Okajimas Folia Anat Jpn 15:595-608, 1937.
165. Vanzant F, Alvarez W, Essterman G, Dunn H, Berkson H. The normal range of gastric acidity from youth to old age. Arch Intern Med 49:345-359, 1932.
166. Wormsley K, Grossman M. Maximal histalog test in control subjects and patients with peptic ulcer. Gut 6:427-435, 1965.
167. Bradley R, Stedman H, Mistretta C. Age does not affect numbers of taste buds and papillae in adult rhesus monkeys. Anat Rec 212:246-249, 1985.
168. Miller IJ Jr. Human taste bud density across adult age groups. J Gerontol 43:B26-B30, 1988.
169. Mistretta C. Anatomy and neurophysiology of the taste system in aged animals. Ann N Y Acad Sci 561:277-290, 1989.
170. Doty R. Influence of age and age-related disease on olfactory function. Ann NY Acad Sci 561:76-86, 1989.
171. Weiffenbach J, Bartoshuk L. Taste and smell. Clin Geriatr Med 8:543-555, 1992.
172. Bartoshuk L, Duffy V. Taste and smell. In: Masoro EJ, Ed. Handbook of Physiology: Aging. New York: Oxford University Press, pp363-375, 1995.
173. De Simone J, Heck G, Bartoshuk L. Surface active taste modifiers: A comparison of the physical and psycho-physical properties of gymnemic acid and sodium lauryl sulfate. Chem Sens 5:317-330, 1980.
174. Rolls BJ, Drewnowski A. Nutrition and aging. In: Encyclopedia of Gerontology. New York: Academic, pp429-440, 1997.
175. Greip M, Verleye G, Franck A, Collys K, Mets T, Massart D. Variation in nutrient intake with dental status, age and odour perception. Eur J Clin Nutr 50:816-825, 1996.
176. Duffy V, Backstrand J, Ferris A. Olfactory dysfunction and related nutritional risk in free-living elderly women. J Am Diet Assoc 95:879-884, 1995.
177. Schiffman SS, Warwick ZS. Effect of flavor enhancement of foods for the elderly on nutritional status: Food intake, biochemical indices, and anthrometric measures. Physiol Behav 53:395-402, 1993.
178. Cave D. Transmission and epidemiology of the Helicobacter pylori. Am J Med 100(Suppl):125-185, 1996.
179. Frank E, Lange R, McCallum R. Abnormal gastric emptying in patients with atrophic gastritis with or without pernicious anemia. Gastroenterology 80:A1151, 1981.
180. Goldschmiedt M, Feldman M. Age-Related Changes in Gastric Acid Secretion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp13-30, 1993.
181. Goldschmeidt M, Barnett C, Schwarz B, Karnes W, Redfern J, Feldman M. Effect of age on gastric acid secretion and serum gastrin concentrations in healthy men and women. Gastroenterology 101:977-990, 1991.
182. Kekki M, Sipponen P. Age behavior of gastric acid secretion in males and females with a normal antral and body mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 18:1009-1016, 1983.
183. Horowitz M, Guy M, Chjatterton B, Collins P, Harding P, Shearman D. Changes in gastric emptying rates with age. Clin Sci 67:213-218, 1984.
184. Smits G, Lefebvre R. Influence of aging on gastric emptying of liquids, small intestinal transit and fecal output in rats. Exp Gerontol 31:589-596, 1996.
185. McDougal JW, Miller MS, Burks TF. Intestinal transit and gastric emptying in young and senescent rats. Dig Dis Sci 25:A-15, 1980.
186. Varga F. Transit time changes with age in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Digestion 14:319-324, 1976.
187. Portnoi VA. Helicobacter pylori infection and anorexia of aging. Arch Intern Med 153:269-272, 1997.
188. DeCastro JM. Age-related changes in spontaneous food intake and hunger in humans. Appetite 21:255-272, 1993.
189. Leibowitz SF. Brain neuropeptide Y: An integrator of endocrine, metabolic and behavioural processes. Brain Res Bull 27:333-337, 1991.
190. Lynch WC, Hart P, Babcock AM. Neuropeptide Y attenuates satiety: Evidence from a detailed analysis of patterns ingestion. Brain Res 636:28-34, 1994.
191. Verdery RB. Failure to thrive in old age: Follow-up on a workshop. J Gerontol 52A:M333-M336, 1997.
192. Klein DC, Moore RY, Reppert SM. Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: The Mind's Clock. New York: Oxford University Press, pp191-196; 233-245, 1991.
193. Kahler A, Geary N, Eckel LA, Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Langhans W. Chronic administration of OB protein decreases food intake by selectively reducing meal size in male rats. Am J Physiol 275:R180-R185, 1998.