Molecular genetic basis of antimicrobial agent resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: 1998 update

Tubercle and Lung Disease

Volumn 79, Issue 1, 1998, Pages 3-29

  Ramaswamy, S ^a   Musser, J M ^a  

^a BAYLOR COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BACTERIAL ENZYME; ETHAMBUTOL; ISONIAZID; KANAMYCIN; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; RIFAMYCIN; RNA POLYMERASE; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE; BACTERIAL GENETICS; GENE LOCUS; GENE MUTATION; MOLECULAR GENETICS; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; NUCLEIC ACID BASE SUBSTITUTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; RNA GENE;

EID: 0032466234     PISSN: 09628479     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1054/tuld.1998.0002     Document Type: Article

References (267)

1. 1. Bloom B R, Murray C J L. Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer. Science 1992; 257: 1055-1064.
2. 2. Raviglione M C, Snider D E Jr, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis. Morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA 1995; 273: 220-226.
3. 3. Cohn D L, Bustreo F, Raviglione M C. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: review of the worldwide situation and the WHO/IUATLD global surveillance project. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: S121-S130.
4. 4. Daley C L, Small P M, Scheeter G F et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. An analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 231-235.
5. 5. Fischl M A, Daikos G L, Uttamchandani R B et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant bacilli. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 184-190.
6. 6. Frieden T R, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendéz A, Kilburn J O, Cauthen G M, Dooley S W. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 521-526.
7. 7. Sepkowitz K A, Telzak E E, Recalde S, Armstrong D, and the New York City Area Tuberculosis Working Group. Trends in the susceptibility of tuberculosis in New York City, 1987-1991. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 755-759.
8. 8. Shafer R W, Small P M, Larkin C et al. Temporal trends and transmission patterns during the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City: a molecular epidemiologic assessment. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 170-176.
9. 9. Bifani P J, Plikaytis B B, Kapur V et al. Origin and interstate spread of a New York City multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clone family. JAMA 1996; 275: 452-457.
10. 10. Ritacco V, Di Lonardo M, Reniero A et al. Nosocomial spread of human immunodeficiency virus-related multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in Buenos Aires. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 637-642.
11. 11. Moore M, Onorato I M, McCray E, Castro K G. Trends in drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States, 1993-1996. JAMA 1997; 278: 833-837.
12. 12. Shafer R W, Edlin B R. Tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: perspective on the past decade. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 683-704.
13. 13. Musser J M. Antimicrobial agent resistance in mycobacteria: molecular genetic insights. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 496-514.
14. 14. Inderlied C B, Nash K A. Antimycobacterial agents: in vitro susceptibility testing, spectra of activity, mechanisms of action and resistance, and assays for activity in biological fluids. In: Lorian V (ed). Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins, 1996: pp 127-175.
15. 15. Heifets L B. Antituberculosis drugs: antimicrobial activity in vitro. In: Heifets L B (ed). Drug Susceptibility in the Chemotherapy of Mycobacterial Infections, 1st Ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991: pp 14-57.
16. 16. Vareldzis B P, Grosset J, de Kantor I et al. Drug-resistant tuberculosis: laboratory issues. World Health Organization recommendations. Tuber Lung Dis 1994; 75: 1-7.
17. 17. Blanchard J S. Molecular mechanisms of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Annu Rev Biochem 1996; 65: 215-239.
18. 18. Chopra I, Brennan P. Molecular action of antimycobacterial agents. Tuber Lung Dis 1998; 78: 89-98.
19. 19. Mitchison D A. The action of antituberculosis drugs in short-course chemotherapy. Tubercle 1985; 66: 219-225.
20. 20. Stratton M A, Reed M T. Short-course drug therapy for tuberculosis. Clin Pharm 1986; 5: 977-987.
21. 21. The World Health Organization. Report on the Tuberculosis Epidemic, 1997. Geneva, Switzerland. World Health Organization Global TB Programme.
22. 22. Chaulk C P, Kazandjian V A, for the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of pulmonary tuberculosis. Consensus statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA 1998; 279: 943-948.
23. 23. Grosset J H. Present status of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Rev Infect Dis 1989; 11: S347-S352.
24. 24. Iseman M D. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 784-791.
25. 25. Mahmoudi A, Iseman M D. Pitfalls in the care of patients with tuberculosis: common errors and their association with the acquisition of drug resistance. JAMA 1993; 270: 65-68.
26. 26. Bradford W Z, Martin J N, Reingold A L, Scheeler G F, Hopewell P C, Small P M. The changing epidemiology of acquired drug-resistant tuberculosis in San Francisco, USA. Lancet 1996; 348: 928-931.
27. 27. Nolan C M, Williams D L, Cave M D et al. Evolution of rifampicin resistance in human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 1067-1071.
28. 28. Luftey M, Della-Latta P, Kapur V et al. Independent origin of mono-rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 837-840.
29. 29. March F, Garriga X, Rodriguez P et al. Acquired drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates recovered from compliant patients with human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1044-1047.
30. 30. Munsiff S S, Joseph S, Ebrahimzadeh A, Frieden T R. Rifampin-monoresistant tuberculosis in New York City, 1993-1994. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 1465-1467.
31. 31. Choudhri S H, Hawken M, Gathua S et al. Pharmacokinetics of antimycobacterial drugs in patients with tuberculosis, AIDS, and diarrhea. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 25: 104-111.
32. 32. Cole S T, Brosch R, Parkhill J et al. Deciphering the biology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the complete genome sequence. Nature 1998; 393: 537-544.
33. 33. Gale E F, Cundliffe E, Reynolds P E, Richmond M H, Waring M J. The Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Action. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1981.
34. 34. McClure W R, Cech C L. On the mechanism of rifampicin inhibition of RNA synthesis. J Biol Chem 1978; 253: 8949-8956.
35. 35. Levin M E, Hatfull G F. Mycobacterium smegmatis RNA polymerase: DNA supercoiling, action of rifampicin and mechanism of rifampicin resistance. Mol Microbiol 1993; 8: 277-285.
36. 36. Lisitsyn N A, Sverdlov E D, Moiseyeva E P, Danilevskaya O N, Nikiforov V G. Mutation to rifampin resistance at the beginning of the RNA polymerase β subunit gene in Escherichia coli. Mol Gen Genet 1984; 196: 173-174.
37. 37. Jin D J, Gross C A. Mapping and sequencing of mutations in the Escherichia coli rpoB gene that lead to rifampicin resistance. J Mol Biol 1988; 202: 45-58.
38. 38. Ovchinnikov Y A, Monastyrskaya G S, Gubanov V V et al. Primary structure of Escherichia coli RNA polymerase. Nucleotide substitution in the β subunit gene of the rifampicin resistant rpoB255 mutant. Mol Gen Genet 1981; 184: 536-538.
39. 39. Ovchinnikov Y A, Monastyrskaya G S, Guriev S O et al. RNA polymerase rifampicin resistance mutations in Escherichia coli. Sequence changes and dominance. Mol Gen Genet 1983; 190: 344-348.
40. 40. Miller L P, Crawford J T, Shinnick T M. The rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 805-811.
41. 41. Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F et al. Detection of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet 1993; 341: 647-650.
42. 42. Donnabella V, Martiniuk F, Kinney D et al. Isolation of the gene for the β subunit of RNA polymerase from rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis and identification of new mutations. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1994; 11: 639-643.
43. 43. Kapur V, Li L-L, Iordanescu S et al. Characterization by automated DNA sequencing of mutations in the gene (rpoB) encoding the RNA polymerase β subunit in rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains from New York City and Texas. J Clin Microbiol 1994; 32: 1095-1098.
44. 44. Heym B, Honoré N, Truffot-Pernot C et al. Implications of multidrug resistance for the future of short-course chemotherapy of tuberculosis: a molecular study. Lancet 1994; 344: 293-298.
45. 45. Williams D L, Waguespack C, Eisenach K et al. Characterization of rifampin resistance in pathogenic mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 2380-2386.
46. 46. Kapur V, Li L-L, Hamrick M R et al. Rapid Mycobacterium species assignment and unambiguous identification of mutations associated with antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by automated DNA sequencing. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1995; 119: 131-138.
47. 47. Morris S, Han Bai G, Suffys P, Portillo-Gomez L, Fairchok M, Rouse D. Molecular mechanisms of multiple drug resistance in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 954-960.
48. 48. Caugant D A, Sandven P, Eng J, Jeque J T, Tønjum T. Detection of rifampin resistance among isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Mozambique. Microbial Drug Resist 1995; 4: 321-326.
49. 49. Rinder H, Dobner P, Feldmann K et al. Disequilibria in the distribution of rpoB alleles in rifampicin-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates from Germany and Sierra Leone. Microbial Drug Resist 1997; 3: 195-197.
50. 50. Escalante P, Ramaswamy S, Sanabria H et al. Genotypic characterization of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Peru. Tuber Lung Dis 1998; in press.
51. 51. Matsiota-Bernard P, Vrioni G, Marinis E. Characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant clinical Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Greece. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 20-23.
52. 52. Kim B-J, Kim S-Y, Park B-H et al. Mutations in the rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that interfere with PCR-single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for rifampin susceptibility testing. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 492-494.
53. 53. Bodmer T, Zürcher G, Imboden P, Telenti A. Mutation position and type of substitution in the β-subunit of the RNA polymerase influence in-vitro activity of rifamycins in rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 1995; 35: 345-348.
54. 54. Ohno H, Koga H, Kohno S, Tashiro T, Hara K. Relationship between rifampin MICs for and rpoB mutations of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains isolated in Japan. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1053-1056.
55. 55. Taniguchi H, Aramaki H, Nikaido Y et al. Rifampicin resistance and mutation of the rpoB gene in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1996; 144: 103-108.
56. 56. Moghazeh S L, Pan X, Arain T, Stover C K, Musser J M, Kreiswirth B N. Comparative antimicrobial activities of rifampin, rifapentine, and KRM-1648 against a collection of rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with known rpoB mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2655-2657.
57. 57. Luna-Herrera J, Reddy M V, Gangadharam P R. In vitro activity of the benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 against drug-susceptible and multidrug-resistant tubercle bacilli. Antimicrob Agents chemother 1995; 38: 440-444.
58. 58. Reddy M V, Luna-Herrera J, Daneluzzi D, Gangadharum P R. Chemotherapeutic activity of benzoxazinorifamycin KRM-1648 against Mycobactertium tuberculosis in C57BL/6 mice. Tuber Lung Dis 1996; 77: 154-159.
59. 59. Williams D L, Spring L, Collins L et al. Contribution of rpoB mutations to the development of rifamycin cross-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1853-1857.
60. 60. Zhou Y N, Jin D J. The rpoB mutants destabilizing initiation complexes at stringently controlled promoters behave like 'stringent' RNA polymerase in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 2908-2913.
61. 61. Quan S, Venter H, Dabbs E R. Ribosylative inactivation of rifampin by Mycobacterium smegmatis is a principal contributor to its low susceptibility to this antibiotic. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2456-2460.
62. 62. Cohn M L, Kovitz C, Oda U, Middlebrook G. Studies on isoniazid and tubercle bacilli. II. The growth requirements, catalase activities, and pathogenic properties of isoniazid-resistant mutants. Am Rev Tuberc 1954; 70: 641-664.
63. 63. Middlebrook G. Isoniazid-resistance and catalase activity of tubercle bacilli. A preliminary report. Am Rev Tuberc 1954; 69: 471-472.
64. 64. Middlebrook G, Cohn M L, Schaefer W B. Studies on isoniazid and tubercle bacilli. III. The isolation, drug-susceptibility, and catalase-testing of tubercle bacilli from isoniazid-treated patients. Am Rev Tuberc 1954; 70: 852-872.
65. 65. Hedgecock L W, Faucher I O. Relation of pyrogallol-peroxidative activity to isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1957; 75: 670-674.
66. 66. Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, Young D, Cole S. The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature 1992; 358: 591-593.
67. 67. Heym B, Zhang Y, Poulet S, Young D, Cole S T. Characterization of the katG gene encoding a catalase-peroxidase required for the isoniazid susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 1993; 175: 4255-4259.
68. 68. Zhang Y, Garbe T, Young D. Transformation with katG restores isoniazid-sensitivity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates resistant to a range of drug concentrations. Mol Microbiol 1993; 8: 521-524.
69. 69. Stoeckle M Y, Guan L, Riegler N et al. Catalase-peroxidase gene sequences in isoniazid-sensitive and -resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from New York City. J Infect Dis 1993; 168: 1063-1065.
70. 70. Altamirano M, Marostenmaki J, Wong A, FitzGerald M, Black W A, Smith J A. Mutations in the catalase-peroxidase gene from isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 1162-1165.
71. 71. Goto M, Oka S, Tachikawa N et al. katG sequence deletion is not the major cause of isoniazid resistance in Japanese and Yemeni Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. Mol Cell Probes 1995; 9: 433-439.
72. 72. Cockerill F R III, Uhl J R, Temesgen Z et al. Rapid identification of a point mutation of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis catalase-peroxidase (katG) gene associated with isoniazid resistance. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 240-245.
73. 73. Heym B, Alzari P M, Honoré N, Cole S T. Missense mutations in the catalase-peroxidase gene, katG, are associated with isoniazid-resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15: 235-245.
74. 74. Musser J M, Kapur V, Williams D L, Kreiswirth B N, van Soolingen D, van Embden J D A. Characterization of the catalase-peroxidase gene (katG) and inhA locus in isoniazid-resistant and susceptible strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by automated DNA sequencing: restricted array of mutations associated with drug resistance. Infect Dis 1996; 173: 196-202.
75. 75. Haas W A, Schilke K, Brand J et al. Molecular analysis of katG gene mutations in strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex from Africa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1601-1603.
76. 76. Dobner P, Rüsch-Gerdes S, Bretzel G et al. Usefulness of Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic mutations in the genes katG and inhA for the prediction of isoniazid resistance. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 365-369.
77. 77. Pretorius G S, van Helden P D, Sirgel F, Eisenach K D, Victor T C. Mutations in katG gene sequences in isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are rare. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2276-2281.
78. 78. Victor T C, Pretorius G S, Felix J V, Jordaan A M, van Helden P D, Eisenach K D. katG mutations in isoniazid-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are not infrequent. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1572.
79. 79. Marttila H J, Soini H, Huovinen P, Viljanen M K. katG mutations in isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates recovered from Finnish patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2187-2189.
80. 80. Rouse D A, Li Z, Bai G-H, Morris S L. Characterization of the katG and inhA genes of isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2472-2477.
81. 81. Ferrazoli L, Palaci M, ds Silva Telles M A et al. Catalase expression, katG, and MIC of isoniazid for Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from Sao Paulo, Brazil. J Infect Dis 1995; 171: 237-240.
82. 82. Marttila H J, Soini H, Eerola E et al. A Ser315Thr substitution in KatG is predominant in genetically heterogeneous multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates originating from the St Petersburg area in Russia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 2443-2445.
83. 83. Wengenack N L, Uhl J R, St Amand A L et al. Recombinant Mycobacterium tuberculosis KatG(S315T) is a competent catalase-peroxidase with reduced activity toward isoniazid. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 722-727.
84. 84. Lee A S-G, Tang L L-H, Lim I H-K, Ling M-L, Tay L, Wong S-Y. Lack of clinical significance for the common arginine-to-leucine substitution at codon 463 of the katG gene in isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Singapore. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 1125-1126.
85. 85. Musser J M. Reply. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 1126-1127.
86. 86. Johnsson K, Froland W A, Schultz P G. Overexpression, purification, and characterization of the catalase-peroxidase KatG from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 1997; 272: 2834-2840.
87. 87. Rouse D A, DeVito J A, Li Z, Byer H, Morris S L. Site-directed mutagenesis of the katG gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: effects on catalase-peroxidase activities and isoniazid resistance. Mol Microbiol 1996; 22: 583-592.
88. 88. Kurepina N E, Sreevatsan S, Plikaytis B B et al. Characteristics of the phylogenetic distribution and chromosomal insertion sites of five IS6110 elements in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: nonrandom integration in the dnaA-dnaN region. Tuber Lung Dis 1998; in press.
89. 89. Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer K E et al. Restricted structural gene polymorphism in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex indicates evolutionarily recent global dissemination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 9869-9874.
90. 90. Loewen P C, Switala J, Smolenski M, Triggs-Raine B L. Molecular characterization of three mutations in katG affecting the activity of hydroperoxidase I of Escherichia coli. Biochem Cell Biol 1990; 68: 1037-1044.
91. 91. Pelletier H, Kraut J. Crystal structure of a complex between electron transfer partners, cytochrome c peroxidase and cytochrome c. Science 1992; 258: 1748-1755.
92. 92. Winder F G, Collins P B, Whelan D. Effects of ethionamide and isoxyl on mycolic acid synthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis BCG. J Gen Microbiol 1971; 66: 379-380.
93. 93. Canetti G. The J Burns Amberson lecture. Present aspects of bacterial resistance in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965; 92: 687-703.
94. 94. Hok T T. A comparative study of the susceptibility to ethionamide, thiosemicarbazone, and isoniazid of tubercle bacilli from patients never treated with ethionamide or thiosemicarbazone. Am Rev Respir Dis 1964; 90: 468-469.
95. 95. Lefford M J. The ethionamide sensitivity of British pre-treatment strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tubercle Lond 1966; 47: 198-206.
96. 96. Banerjee A, Dubnau E, Quémard A et al. inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1994; 263: 227-230.
97. 97. Dessen A, Quémard A, Blanchard J S, Jacobs Jr W R, Sacchettini J C. Crystal structure and function of the isoniazid target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1995; 267: 1638-1641.
98. 98. Quémard A, Sacchettini J C, Dessen A et al. Enzymatic characterization of the target for isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Biochemistry 1995; 34: 8235-8241.
99. 99. Mdluli K, Sherman D R, Hickey M J et al. Biochemical and genetic data suggest that InhA is not the primary target for activated isoniazid in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 1085-1090.
100. +. Biochem J 1996; 318: 451-457.
101. 101. Basso L A, Zheng R, Musser J M, Jacobs Jr W R, Blanchard J S. Mechanisms of isoniazid resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: enzymatic characterization of enoyl reductase mutants identified in isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates. J Infect Dis 1998; 178: 769-775.
102. 102. Johnsson K, Schultz P G. Mechanistic studies of the oxidation of isoniazid by the catalase peroxidase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Am Chem Soc 1994; 116: 7425-7426.
103. 103. Johnsson K, King D S, Schultz P G. Studies on the mechanism of action of isoniazid and ethionamide in the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. J Am Chem Soc 1995; 117: 5009-5010.
104. 104. Quémard A, Dessen A, Sugantino M, Jacobs Jr W R, Sacchettini J C, Blanchard J S. Binding of catalase-peroxidase-activated isoniazid to wild-type and mutant Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl-ACP reductases. J Am Chem Soc 1996; 118: 1561-1562.
105. 105. Basso L A, Zheng R, Blanchard J S. Kinetics of inactivation of WT and C243S mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase by activated isoniazid. J Am Chem Soc 1996; 118: 11301-11302.
106. 106. Zabinski R F, Blanchard J S. The requirement for manganese and oxygen in the isoniazid-dependent inactivation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis enoyl reductase. J Am Chem Soc 1997; 119: 2331-2332.
107. 107. Rozwarski D A, Grant G A, Barton D H R, Jacobs W R Jr, Sacchettini J C. Isoniazid modifies the NADH of its target enzyme (InhA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1998; 279: 98-102.
108. 108. Mdluli K, Slayden R A, Zhu Y et al. Inhibition of a Mycobacterium tuberculosis β-ketoacyl ACP synthase by isoniazid. Science 1998; 280: 1607-1610.
109. 109. Huang W, Jia J, Edwards P, Dehesh K, Schneider G, Lindqvist Y. Crystal structure of β-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthase II from E. coli reveals the molecular architecture of condensing enzymes. EMBO J 1998; 17: 1183-1191.
110. 110. Christman M F, Morgan R W, Jacobson F S, Ames B N. Positive control of a regulon for defenses against oxidative stress and some heat-shock proteins in Salmonella typhimurium. Cell 1985; 41: 753-762.
111. 111. Storz G, Tartaglia L A, Ames B N. Transcriptional regulator of oxidative stress-inducible genes: direct activation by oxidation. Science 1990; 248: 189-194.
112. 112. Farr S B, Kogoma T. Oxidative stress responses in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium. Microbiol Rev 1991; 55: 561-585.
113. 113. Tartaglia L A, Storz G, Ames B N. Identification and molecular analysis of oxyR-regulated promoters important for the bacterial adaptation to oxidative stress. J Mol Biol 1989; 210: 709-719.
114. 114. Toledano M B, Kullik I, Trinh F, Baird P T, Schneider T D, Storz G. Redox-dependent shift of OxyR-DNA contacts along an extended DNA-binding site: a mechanism for differential promoter selection. Cell 1994; 78: 897-909.
115. 115. Rosner J L. Susceptibilities of oxyR regulon mutants of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium to isoniazid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993; 37: 2251-2253.
116. 116. Deretic V, Phillipp W, Dhandayuthapani S et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a natural mutant with an inactivated oxidative-stress regulatory gene: implications for sensitivity to isoniazid. Mol Microbiol 1995; 17: 889-900.
117. 117. Sherman D R, Sabo P J, Hickey M J et al. Disparate responses to oxidative stress in saprophytic and pathogenic mycobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 6625-6629.
118. 118. Dhandayuthapani S, Zhang Y, Mudd M H, Deretic V. Oxidative stress response and its role in sensitivity to isoniazid in mycobacteria: characterization and inducibility of ahpC by peroxides in Mycobacterium smegmatis and lack of expression in M. aurum and M. tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 3641-3649.
119. 119. Dhandayuthapani S, Mudd M, Deretic V. Interactions of OxyR with the promoter region of the oxyR and ahpC genes from Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Bacteriol 1997; 179: 2401-2409.
120. 120. Schell M A. Molecular biology of the LysR family of transcriptional regulators. Annu Rev Microbiol 1993; 47: 597-626.
121. 121. Zhang Y, Dhandayuthapani S, Deretic V. Molecular basis for the exquisite sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to isoniazid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 13212-13216.
122. 122. Deretic V, Pagán-Ramos E, Zhang Y, Dhandayuthapani S, Via L E. The extreme sensitivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to the front-line antituberculosis drug isoniazid. Nature Biotechnol 1996; 14: 1557-1561.
123. 123. Deretic V, Song J, Pagán-Ramos E. Loss of oxyR in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Trends Microbiol 1997; 5: 367-372.
124. 124. Sherman D R, Mdluli K, Hickey M J et al. Compensatory ahpC gene expression in isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1996; 272: 1641-1643.
125. 125. Wilson T M, Collins D M. ahpC, a gene involved in isoniazid resistance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Mol Microbiol 1996; 19: 1025-1034.
126. 126. Sreevatsan S, Escalante P, Pan X et al. Identification of a polymorphic nucleotide in oxyR specific for Mycobacterium bovis. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 2007-2010.
127. 127. Kelley C L, Rouse D A, Morris S L. Analysis of ahpC gene mutations in isoniazid-resistant clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2057-2058.
128. 128. Telenti A, Honoré N, Bernasconi C et al. Genotypic assessment of isoniazid and rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a blind study at reference laboratory level. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 719-723.
129. 129. Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Zhang Y, Deretic V, Musser J M. Analysis of the oxyR-ahpC region in isoniazid-resistant and -susceptible Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms recovered from diseased humans and animals in diverse localities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 600-606.
130. 130. Song J, Pagán-Ramos E, Mudd M, Deretic V. Cotranscription of the ferric uptake homolog furA and katG in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and conservation of their linkage in mycobacteria: implications for regulation of oxidative stress response. Submitted.
131. 131. Moazed D, Noller H F. Interaction of antibiotics with functional sites in 16S ribosomal RNA. Nature 1987; 327: 389-394.
132. 132. Noller H F. Structure of ribosomal RNA. Annu Rev Biochem 1984; 53: 119-162.
133. 133. Douglass J, Steyn L M. A ribosomal gene mutation in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Infect Dis 1993; 167: 1505-1506.
134. 134. Finken M, Kirschner P, Meier A, Wrede A, Böttger E C. Molecular basis of streptomycin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: alterations of the ribosomal protein S12 gene and point mutations within a functional 16S ribosomal RNA pseudoknot. Mol Microbiol 1993; 9: 1239-1246.
135. 135. Nair J, Rouse D A, Bai G-H, Morris S L. The rpsL gene and streptomycin resistance in single and multiple drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 1993; 10: 521-527.
136. 136. Meier A, Kirschner P, Bange F-C, Vogel U, Böttger E C. Genetic alterations in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: mapping of mutations conferring resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 228-233.
137. 137. Honoré N, Cole S T. Streptomycin resistance in mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 238-242.
138. 138. Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Stockbauer K E, Williams D L, Kreiswirth B N, Musser J M. Characterization of rpsL and rrs mutations in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from diverse geographic localities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1024-1026.
139. 139. Cooksey R C, Morlock G P, McQueen A, Glickman S E, Crawford J T. Characterization of streptomycin resistance mechanisms among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from patients in New York City. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1186-1188.
140. 140. Meier A, Sander P, Schaper K-J, Scholz M, Böttger E C. Correlation of molecular resistance mechanisms and phenotypic resistance levels in streptomycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2452-2454.
141. 141. Bercovier H, Kafri O, Sela S. Mycobacteria possess a surprisingly small number of ribosomal RNA genes in relation to the size of their genome. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1986; 136: 1136-1141.
142. 142. Suzuki Y, Yoshinaga K, Ono Y, Nagata A, Yamada T. Organization of rRNA genes in Mycobacterium bovis BCG. J Bacteriol 1987; 169: 839-843.
143. 143. Stern S, Powers T, Changchien L M, Noller H F. Interaction of ribosomal proteins S5, S6, S11, S12, S18 and S21 with 16S rRNA. J Mol Biol 1988; 201: 683-695.
144. 144. Hull S I, Wallace R J Jr, Bobey D G et al. Presence of aminoglycoside acetyltransferase and plasmids in Mycobacterium fortuitum. Lack of correlation with intrinsic aminoglycoside resistance. Am Rev Respir Dis 1984; 129: 614-618.
145. 145. Konno K, Feldmann F M, McDermott W. Pyrazinamide susceptibility and amidase activity of tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967; 95: 461-469.
146. 146. Yeager R L, Munroe W G C, Dessau F I. Pyrazinamide (Aldinamide) in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Tuberc 1952; 65: 523-534.
147. 147. Heifets L, Lindholm-Levy P. Pyrazinamide sterilizing activity in vitro against semi-dormant Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial populations. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1223-1225.
148. 148. McDermott W, Tompsett R. Activation of pyrazinamide and nicotinamide in acidic environments in vitro. Am Rev Tuberc 1954; 70: 748-754.
149. 149. Cynamon M H, Klemens S P. Antimycobacterial activity of a series of pyrazinoic acid esters. J Med Chem 1992; 35: 1212-1215.
150. 150. Butler W R, Kilburn J O. Susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to pyrazinamide and its relationship to pyrazinamidase activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1983; 24: 600-601.
151. 151. McClatchy J K, Tsang A Y, Cernich M S. Use of pyrazinamidase activity in Mycobacterium tuberculosis as a rapid method for determination of pyrazinamide susceptibility. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1981; 20: 556-557.
152. 152. Scorpio A, Zhang Y. Mutations in pncA, a gene encoding pyrazinamidase/nicotinamidase, cause resistance to the antituberculous drug pyrazinamide in tubercle bacillus. Nature Med 1996; 2: 662-667.
153. 153. Jerlström P G, Bezjak D A, Jennings M P, Beacham I R. Structure and expression in Escherichia coli K-12 of the L-asparaginase I-encoding ansA gene and its flanking regions. Gene 1989; 78: 37-46.
154. 154. Sreevatsan S, Pan X, Zhang Y, Kreiswirth B N, Musser J M. Mutations associated with pyrazinamide resistance in pncA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex organisms. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 636-640.
155. 155. Scorpio A, Lindholm-Levy P, Heifets L et al. Characterization of pncA mutations in pyrazinamide-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 540-543.
156. 156. Hirano K, Takahashi M, Kazumi Y, Fukasawa Y, Abe C. Mutation in pncA is a major mechanism of pyrazinamide resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1998; 78: 117-122.
157. 157. Takayama K, Armstrong E L, Kunugi K A, Kilburn J O. Inhibition by ethambutol of mycolic acid transfer into the cell wall of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1979; 16: 240-242.
158. 158. Takayama K, Kilburn J O. Inhibition of synthesis of arabinogalactan by ethambutol in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1989; 33: 1493-1499.
159. 159. Wolucka B A, McNeil M R, de Hoffmann E, Chojnacki T, Brennan P J. Recognition of the lipid intermediate for arabinogalactan/arabinomannan biosynthesis and its relation to the mode of action of ethambutol on mycobacteria. J Biol Chem 1994; 269: 23328-23335.
160. 160. Wilkinson R G, Shepherd R G, Thomas J P, Baughn C. Stereospecificity in a new type of synthetic antituberculous agent. J Am Chem Soc 1961; 83: 2212-2213.
161. 161. Belanger A E, Besra G S, Ford M E et al. The embAB genes of Mycobacterium avium encode an arabinosyl transferase involved in cell wall arabinan biosynthesis that is the target for the antimycobacterial drug ethambutol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 11919-11924.
162. 162. Telenti A, Philipp W J, Sreevatsan S et al. The emb operon, a gene cluster of Mycobacterium tuberculosis involved in resistance to ethambutol. Nature Med 1997; 3: 567-570.
163. 163. Sreevatsan S, Stockbauer K E, Pan X et al. Ethambutol resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: critical role of embB mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1677-1681.
164. 164. Alcaide F, Pfyffer G E, Telenti A. Role of embB in natural and acquired resistance to ethambutol in mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2270-2273.
165. 165. Lety M A, Nair S, Berche P, Escuyer V. A single point mutation in the embB gene is responsible for resistance to ethambutol in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2629-2633.
166. 166. Tsukamura M, Nakamura E, Yoshii S, Amano H. Therapeutic effect of a new antibacterial substance ofloxacin (DL8280) on pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 352-356.
167. 167. Kennedy N, Berger L, Curram J et al. Randomized controlled trial of a drug regimen that includes ciprofloxacin for the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22: 827-833.
168. 168. Hooper D C, Wolfson J S. Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents. Washington DC: American Society for Microbiology Press, 1993.
169. 169. Wentland M. Structure-activity relationships of fluoroquinolones. In: Siporin C, Heifetz C L, Domagala J M (eds). The New Generation of Quinolones. New York: Dekker, 1990: pp 1-44.
170. 170. Wang J C. DNA topoisomerases. Annu Rev Biochem 1985; 54: 665-697.
171. 171. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. A controlled study of rifabutin and an uncontrolled study of ofloxacin in the retreatment of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid, streptomycin and rifampicin. Tuber Lung Dis 1992; 73: 59-67.
172. 172. Cambau E, Sougakoff W, Besson M, Truffot-Pernot C, Grosset J, Jarlier V. Selection of a gyrA mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistant to fluoroquinolones during treatment with ofloxacin. J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 479-483.
173. 173. Alangaden G J, Manavathu E K, Vakulenko S B, Zvonok N M, Lerner S A. Characterization of fluoroquinolone-resistant mutant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis selected in the laboratory and isolated from patients. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 1700-1703.
174. 174. Sullivan E A, Kreiswirth B N, Palumbo L et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. Lancet 1995; 345: 1148-1150.
175. 175. Williams K S, Chan R, Piddock L S. gyrA of ofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of M. tuberculosis from Hong Kong (letter). J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37: 1032-1034.
176. 176. Kocagöz T, Hackbarth C J, Ünsal I, Rosenberg E Y, Nikaido H, Chambers H F. Gyrase mutations in laboratory-selected, fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1768-1774.
177. 177. Takiff H E, Salazar L, Guerrero C et al. Cloning and nucleotide sequence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis gyrA and gyrB genes and detection of quinolone resistance mutations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 773-780.
178. 178. Revel V, Cambau E, Jarlier V, Sougakoff W. Characterization of mutations in Mycobacterium smegmatis involved in resistance to fluoroquinolones. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994; 38: 1991-1996.
179. 179. Xu C, Kreiswirth B N, Sreevatsan S, Musser J M, Drlica K. Fluoroquinolone resistance associated with specific gyrase mutations in clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 1127-1130.
180. 180. Takiff H E, Cimino M, Musso M C et al. Efflux pump of the proton antiporter family confers low-level fluoroquinolone resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93: 362-366.
181. 181. Lounis N, Ji B, Truffot-Pernot C, Grosset J. Which aminoglycoside or fluoroquinolone is more active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mice? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 607-610.
182. 182. Allen B W, Mitchison D A, Chan Y C, Yew W W, Allan W G L, Girling D J. Amikacin in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. Tubercle 1983; 64: 111-118.
183. 183. McClatchy J K, Kanes W, Davidson P T, Moulding T S. Cross-resistance in M. tuberculosis to kanamycin, capreomycin, and viomycin. Tubercle 1977; 58: 29-34.
184. 184. Herr E B Jr, Redstone M O. Chemical and physical characterization of capreomycin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966; 135: 940-946.
185. 185. Sutton W B, Gordee R S, Wick W E, Standfield L V. In vitro and in vivo laboratory studies on the antituberculous activity of capreomycin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1966; 135: 947-959.
186. 186. Tsukamura M, Mizuno S. Cross-resistance relationships among the aminoglucoside antibiotics in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Gen Microbiol 1975; 88: 269-274.
187. 187. Taniguchi H, Chang B, Abe C, Nikaido Y, Mizuguchi Y, Yoshida S-I. Molecular analysis of kanamycin and viomycin resistance in Mycobacterium smegmatis by use of the conjugation system. J Bacteriol 1997; 179: 4795-4801.
188. 188. Fourmy D, Recht M I, Blanchard S C, Puglisi J D. Structure of the A site of Escherichia coli 16S ribosomal RNA complexed with an aminoglycoside antibiotic. Science 1996; 274: 1367-1371.
189. 189. Suzuki Y, Katsukawa C, Tamaru A et al. Detection of kanamycin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by identifying mutations in the 16S rRNA gene. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36: 1220-1225.
190. 190. Alangaden G J, Kreiswirth B N, Aouad A et al. Mechanism of resistance to amikacin and kanamycin in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1295-1297.
191. 191. David H L, Goldman D S, Takayama K. Inhibition of the synthesis of wax D peptidoglycolipid of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by D-cycloserine. Infect Immun 1970; 1: 74-77.
192. 192. David H L, Takayama K, Goldman D S. Susceptibility of mycobacterial D-alanyl-D-alanine synthetase to D-cycloserine. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 100: 579-581.
193. 193. David H L. Resistance to D-cycloserine in the tubercle bacilli: mutation rate and transport of alanine in parental cells and drug-resistant mutants. Appl Microbiol 1971; 21: 888-892.
194. 194. Yew W W, Wong C F, Wong P C, Lee J, Chau C H. Adverse neurological reactions in patients with multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis after coadministration of cycloserine and ofloxacin. Clin Infect Dis 1993; 17: 288-289.
195. 195. Cáceres N E, Harris N B, Wellehan J F, Feng Z, Kapur V, Barletta R G. Overexpression of the D-alanine racemase gene confers resistance to D-cycloserine in Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Bacteriol 1997; 179: 5046-5055.
196. 196. Frieden T R, Sherman L F, Maw K L et al. A multi-institutional outbreak of highly drug-resistant tuberculosis. Epidemiology and clinical outcomes. JAMA 1996; 276: 1229-1235.
197. 197. Valway S E, Richards S B, Kovacovich J, Greilfinger R B, Crawford J T, Dooley S W. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in a New York State prison. Am J Epidemiol 1994; 140: 113-122.
198. 198. Fischl M A, Uttamchandani R B, Daikos G L et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 177-183.
199. 199. Edlin B R, Tokars J I, Grieco M H et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 1514-1521.
200. 200. Whalen C, Horsburgh C R, Hom D, Lahart C, Simberkoff M, Ellner J. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 129-135.
201. 201. Wenger P N, Otten J, Breeden A, Orfas D, Beck-Sague C, Jarvis W R. Control of nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among health care workers and HIV-infected patients. Lancet 1995; 345: 235-240.
202. 202. Ridzon R, Kent J H, Valway S et al. Outbreak of drug-resistant tuberculosis with second-generation transmission in a high school in California. J Pediatr 1997; 131: 863-868.
203. 203. Kenyon T A, Ridzon R, Luskin-Hawk R et al. A nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 32-36.
204. 204. Reves R, Blakey D, Snider D E Jr, Farer L S. Transmission of multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis: report of a school and community outbreak. Am J Epidemiol 1981; 113: 423-435.
205. 205. Bradford W Z, Daley C L. Multiple drug-resistant tuberculosis. Emerg Infect Dis 1998; 12: 157-172.
206. 206. Salomon N, Perlman D C, Friedmann P, Buchstein S, Kreiswirth B N, Mildvan D. Predictors and outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1245-1252.
207. 207. Nolan C M. Editorial: nosocomial multidrug-resistant tuberculosis - global spread of the third epidemic. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 748-751.
208. 208. Rullán J V, Herrera D, Cano R et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Spain. Emerging Infect Dis 1996; 2: 125-129.
209. 209. Kenyon T A, Valway S E, Ihle W W, Onorato I M, Castro K G. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis during a long airplane flight. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 933-938.
210. 210. Bloch A B, Cauthen G M, Onorato I M et al. Nationwide survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. JAMA 1994; 271: 665-671.
211. 211. Dooley S W, Jarvis W R, Martone W J, Snider D E Jr. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1992; 117: 257-259.
212. 212. Small P M, Shafer R W, Hopewell P C et al. Exogenous reinfection with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with advanced HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1137-1144.
213. 213. Telzak E E, Sepkowitz K, Alpert P et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in patients without HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 907-911.
214. 214. Sepkowitz K A, Raffalli J, Riley L, Kiehn T E, Armstrong D. Tuberculosis in the AIDS era. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995; 8: 180-199.
215. 215. Hopewell P C. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and control of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992; 15: 540-547.
216. 216. Pablos-Méndez A, Sterling T R, Frieden T R. The relationship between delayed or incomplete treatment and all-cause mortality in patients with tuberculosis. JAMA 1996; 276: 1223-1228.
217. 217. Turett G S, Telzak E E, Torian L V et al. Improved outcomes for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1238-1244.
218. 218. Weltman A C, Rose D N. Tuberculosis susceptibility patterns, predictors of multidrug resistance, and implications for initial therapeutic regimens at a New York City hospital. Arch Intern Med 1994; 154: 2161-2167.
219. 219. Pablos-Mendez A, Raviglione M C, Laszlo A et al. Global surveillance for antituberculosis-drug resistance, 1994-1997. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1641-1649.
220. 220. Fujiwara P I, Cook S V, Rutherford C M et al. A continuing survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis, New York City, April 1994. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 531-536.
221. 221. Park M M, Davis A L, Schluger N W, Cohen H, Rom W N. Outcome of MDR-TB patients, 1983-993. Prolonged survival with appropriate therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153: 317-324.
222. 222. Agerton T, Valway S, Gore B et al. Transmission of a highly drug-resistant strain (strain W1) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Community outbreak and nosocomial transmission via a contaminated bronchoscope. JAMA 1997, 278: 1073-1077.
223. 223. Weinbaum C, Ridzon R, Joglar O et al. Multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) among AIDS patients in an infectious disease hospital, Buenos Aires. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 47.
224. 224. Blázquez J, Espinosa DE Los Monteros L E E, Samper S et al. Genetic characterization of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis strains from a hospital outbreak involving human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1390-1393.
225. 225. Samper S, Martin C, Pinedo A et al. Transmission between HIV-infected patients of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis. AIDS 1997; 11: 1237-1242.
226. 226. Palenque E, Villena V, Jose Rebollo M, Soledad Jimenez M, Samper S. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis to an immunocompetent patient. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 995-996.
227. 227. Goble M, Iseman M D, Madsen L A, Waite D, Ackerson L, Horsburgh C R Jr. Treatment of 171 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 527-532.
228. 228. Weis S E, Slocum P C, Blais F X et al. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drug resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1179-1184.
229. 229. Chaulk C P, Moore-Rice K, Rizzo R, Chaisson R E. Eleven years of community-based directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. JAMA 1995; 274: 945-951.
230. 230. Frieden T R, Fujiwara P I, Washko R M, Hamburg M A. Tuberculosis in New York City-turning the tide. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 229-333.
231. 231. Chambers H F, Moreau D, Yajko D et al. Can penicillins and other β-lactam antibiotics be used to treat tuberculosis? Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2620-2624.
232. 232. Chambers H F, Kocagoz T, Sipit T, Turner J, Hopewell P C. Activity of amoxicillin/clavulanate in patients with tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 874-877.
233. 233. Yew W W, Wong C F, Lee J et al. Do β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations have a place in the treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis? Tuber Lung Dis 1995; 76: 90-91.
234. 234. Segura C, Salvado M, Collado I, Chaves J, Coira A. Contribution of β-lactam susceptibilities of susceptible and multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1524-1526.
235. 235. Hackbarth C J, Unsal I, Chambers H F. Cloning and sequence analysis of a class A beta-lactamase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 1182-1185.
236. 236. Voladri R K R, Lakey D L, Hennigan S H, Menzies B E, Edwards K M, Kernodle D S. Recombinant expression and characterization of the major β-lactamase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 1375-1381.
237. 237. Middlebrook G, Cohn M L. Some observations on the pathogenicity of isoniazid-resistant variants of tubercle bacilli. Science 1953; 118: 297-299.
238. 238. Subbaiah T V, Mitchison D A, Selkon J B. The susceptibility to hydrogen peroxide of Indian and British isoniazid-sensitive and isoniazid-resistant tubercle bacilli. Tubercle 1960; 41: 323-333.
239. 239. Ordway D J, Sonnenberg M G, Donahue S A, Belisle J T, Orme I M. Drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibit a range of virulence for mice. Infect Immun 1995; 63: 741-743.
240. 240. Wilson T M, de Lisle G W, Collins D M. Effect of inhA and katG on isoniazid resistance and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Mol Microbiol 1995; 15: 1009-1015.
241. 241. Heym B, Stavropoulos E, Honoré N et al. Effects of overexpression of the alkyl hydroperoxide reductase AhpC on the virulence and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Immun 1997; 65: 1395-1401.
242. 242. Li Z, Kelley C, Collins F, Rouse D, Morris S. Expression of katG in Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with its growth and persistence in mice and guinea pigs. J Infect Dis 1998; 177: 1030-1035.
243. 243. Pai S, Esen N, Pan X, Musser J M. Routine rapid Mycobacterium species assignment based on species-specific allelic variation in the 65-kilodalton heat shock protein gene (hsp65). Arch Pathol Lab Med 1997; 121: 859-864.
244. 244. Nachamkin I, Kang C, Weinstein M P. Detection of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and streptomycin in clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by molecular methods. Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 894-900.
245. 245. Nash K A, Gaytan A, Inderlied C B. Detection of rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by use of a rapid, simple, and specific RNA/RNA mismatch assay. J Infect Dis 1997; 176: 533-536.
246. 246. Goldrick M M, Kimball G R, Liu Q, Martin L A, Sommer S S, Tseng J Y-H. NIRCA™: A rapid robust method for screening for unknown point mutations. BioTechniques 1996; 21: 106-112.
247. 247. Nash K A, Inderlied C B. Rapid detection of mutations associated with macrolide resistance in Mycobacterium avium complex. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1748-1750.
248. 248. Scarpellini P, Braglia S, Brambilla A M et al. Detection of rifampin resistance by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of cerebrospinal fluid of patients with tuberculosis of the central nervous system. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2802-2806.
249. 249. De Beenhouwer H, Lhiang Z, Jannes G et al. Rapid detection of rifampin resistance in sputum and biopsy specimens from tuberculosis patients by PCR and line probe assay. Tuber Lung Dis 1995; 76: 425-430.
250. 250. Jacobs Jr W R, Barletta R G, Udani R et al. Rapid assessment of drug susceptibilities by means of luciferase reporter phages. Science 1993; 260: 819-822.
251. 251. Wilson S M, Al-Suwaidi Z, McNerney R, Porter J, Drobniewski F. Evaluation of a new rapid bacteriophage-based method for the drug susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature Med 1997; 3: 465-468.
252. 252. Riska P F, Jacobs Jr W R, Bloom B R, McKitrick J, Chan J. Specific identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the luciferase reporter mycobacteriophage: use of p-nitro-α-acetylamino-β-hydroxy propiophenone. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 3225-3231.
253. 253. Carrière C, Riska P F, Zimhony O et al. Conditionally replicating luciferase reporter phages: improved sensitivity for rapid detection and assessment of drug susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 3232-3239.
254. 254. Martin-Casabona N, Xairó Mimó D, González T, Rosselló J, Arcalis L. Rapid method for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using DNA probes. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2521-2525.
255. 255. Rossau R, Traore H, de Beenhouwer H et al. Evaluation of the INNO-LiPA Rif. TB Assay, a reverse hybridization assay for the simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and its resistance to rifampin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997; 41: 2093-2098.
256. 256. Cooksey R C, Morlock G P, Glickman S, Crawford J T. Evaluation of a line probe assay kit for characterization of rpoB mutations in rifampin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from New York City. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 1281-1283.
257. 257. Miyamoto J, Koga H, Kohno S, Tashiro T, Hara K. New drug susceptibility test for Mycobacterium tuberculosis using the hybridization protection assay. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1323-1326.
258. 258. Cangelosi G A, Brabant W H, Britschgl T B, Wallis C K. Detection of rifampin-and ciprofloxacin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using species-specific assays for precursor rRNA. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 1790-1795.
259. 259. Williams D L, Spring L, Gillis T P, Salfinger M, Persing D H. Evaluation of a polymerase chain reaction - based universal heteroduplex generator assay for direct detection of rifampin susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from sputum specimens. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 446-450.
260. 260. Pretorius G S, Sirgel F A, Schaaf H S, van Helden P D, Victor T C. Rifampin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis - rapid detection and implication in chemotherapy. South Afric Med J 1996; 86: 50-55.
261. 261. Goyal M, Shaw R J, Benerjee D K, Coker R J, Robertson B D, Young D B. Rapid detection of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Eur Resp J 1997; 10: 1120-1124.
262. 262. Kapur V, Whittam T S, Musser J M. Is Mycobacterium tuberculosis 15,000 years old? J Infect Dis 1994; 170: 1348-1349.
263. 263. Feizabadi M M, Robertson I D, Cousins D V, Hampson D J. Genomic analysis of Mycobacterium bovis and other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by isoenzyme analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34: 1136-1142.
264. 264. Go M F, Kapur V, Graham D Y, Musser J M. Population genetic analysis of Helicobacter pylori by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis: extensive allelic diversity and recombinational population structure. J Bacteriol 1996; 178: 3934-3938.
265. 265. Maiden M C J, Bygraves J A, Feil E et al. Multilocus sequence typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 3140-3145.
266. 266. Nelson K, Wang F-S, Boyd E F, Selander R K. Size and sequence polymorphism in the isocitrate dehydrogenase kinase/ phosphatase gene (aceK) and flanking regions in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Genetics 1997; 147: 1509-1520.
267. 267. Nelson K, Selander R K. Evolutionary genetics of the proline permease gene (putP) and the control region of the proline utilization operon in populations of Salmonella and Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol 1992; 174: 6886-6895.