Tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus: Perspective on the past decade

Clinical Infectious Diseases

Volumn 22, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 683-704

  Shafer, Robert W ^b   Edlin, Brian R ^a  

^a CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION   (United States)

^b STANFORD UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BCG VACCINE; ETHAMBUTOL; ISONIAZID; PYRAZINAMIDE; RIFAMPICIN; STREPTOMYCIN; TUBERCULOSTATIC AGENT;

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; BCG VACCINATION; CLINICAL EXAMINATION; DEVELOPING COUNTRY; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; DRUG INDUCED DISEASE; HISTOPATHOLOGY; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; INFECTION CONTROL; MULTIDRUG RESISTANCE; MYCOBACTERIUM TUBERCULOSIS; OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION; PATHOGENESIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; TUBERCULIN TEST; TUBERCULOSIS; UNITED STATES;

EID: 0029795061     PISSN: 10584838     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/clinids/22.4.683     Document Type: Review

References (324)

1. Murray CJ, Styblo K, Rouillon A. Tuberculosis in developing countries: burden, intervention and cost. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1990;65:6-24.
2. Kochi A. The global tuberculosis situation and the new control strategy of the World Health Organization [editorial]. Tubercle 1991;72:1-6.
3. Haas DW, Des Prez RM. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In: Mandell G, Douglas R, Bennett JE, Dolin R, eds. Mandell, Douglas and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases. 4th ed. Vol 2. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995:2213-43.
4. Centers for Disease Control. A strategic plan for the elimination of tuberculosis in the United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989;38(suppl S-3):1-25.
5. Rieder HL, Cauthen GM, Comstock GW, Snider DE Jr. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States. Epidemiol Rev 1989;11:79-98.
6. Bames PF, Bloch AB, Davidson PT, Snider DE Jr. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1644-50.
7. Hopewell PC. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on the epidemiology, clinical features, management, and control of tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:540-7.
8. Centers for Disease Control. Tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989;38:236-8,243-50.
9. American Thoracic Society. Control of tuberculosis in the United States. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1623-33.
10. Sudre P, ten Dam G, Kochi A. Tuberculosis: a global overview of the situation today. Bull World Health Organ 1992;70:149-59.
11. Narain JP, Raviglione MC, Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: epidemiology and strategies for prevention. Tuber Lung Dis 1992;73:311-21.
12. Dolin PJ, Raviglione MC, Kochi A. Global tuberculosis incidence and mortality during 1990-2000. Bull World Health Organ 1994;72: 213-20.
13. Raviglione MC, Snider DE Jr, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of tuberculosis: morbidity and mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA 1995;273:220-6.
14. Raviglione MC, Narain JP, Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment. Bull WHO 1992;70:515-26.
15. Stead WW. Genetics and resistance to tuberculosis. Could resistance be enhanced by genetic engineering? Ann Intern Med 1992;116:937-41.
16. Meltzer MS, Skillman DR, Gomatos PJ, Kalter DC, Gendelman HE. Role of mononuclear phagocytes in the pathogenesis of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Annu Rev Immunol 1990;8:169-94.
17. Rose RM. Immunology of the lung in HIV infection: the pathophysiologic basis for the development of tuberculosis in the AIDS setting. Bull Int Union Tuberc Lung Dis 1991;66:15-20.
18. Downing JF, Pasula R, Wright JR, Twigg HL III, Martin WJ II. Surfactant protein A promotes attachment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to alveolar macrophages during infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995;92:4848-52.
19. Orme IM, Andersen P, Boom WH. T cell response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1993;167:1481-97.
20. Forte M, Maartens G, Rahelu M, et al. Cytolytic T-cell activity against mycobacterial antigens in HIV. AIDS 1992;6:407-11.
21. Shen J-Y, Barnes PF, Rea TH, Meyer PR. Immunohistology of tuberculous adenitis in symptomatic HIV infection. Clin Exp Immunol 1988;72:186-9.
22. Saltini C, Amicosante M, Girardi E, et al. Early abnormalities of the antibody response against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1409-14.
23. Zhang M, Gong J, Iyer DV, Jones BE, Modlin RL, Barnes PF. T cell cytokine responses in persons with tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Clin Invest 1994;94:2435-42.
24. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989;320:545-50.
25. Braun MM, Badi N, Ryder RW, et al. A retrospective cohort study of the risk of tuberculosis among women of childbearing age with HIV infection in Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:501-4.
26. Allen S, Batungwanayo J, Kerlikowske K, et al. Two-year incidence of tuberculosis in cohorts of HIV-infected and uninfected urban Rwandan women. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:1439-44.
27. Pape JW, Jean SS, Ho JL, Hafner A, Johnson WD Jr. Effect of isoniazid prophylaxis on incidence of active tuberculosis and progression of HIV infection. Lancet 1993;342:268-72.
28. Guelar A, Gatell JM, Verdejo J, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1993;7:1345-9.
29. Moreno S, Baraia-Etxaburu J, Bouza E, et al. Risk for developing tuberculosis among anergic patients infected with HIV. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:194-8.
30. Antonucci G, Girardi E, Raviglione MC, Ippolito G, for the Gruppo Italiano di Studio Tubercolosi e AIDS (GISTA). Risk factors for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: a prospective cohort study. JAMA 1995;274:143-8.
31. Di Perri G, Cruciani M, Danzi MC, et al. Nosocomial epidemic of active tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients. Lancet 1989;2:1502-4.
32. Centers for Disease Control. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission in a health clinic - Florida, 1988. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989;38:256-8, 263-4.
33. Daley CL, Small PM, Schecter GF, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis with accelerated progression among persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis using restriction-fragment-length polymorphisms. N Engl J Med 1992;326:231-5.
34. Edlin BR, Tokars JI, Grieco MH, et al. An outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis among hospitalized patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N Engl J Med 1992;326:1514-21.
35. Pearson ML, Jereb JA, Frieden TR, et al. Nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a risk to patients and health care workers. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:191-6.
36. Dooley SW, Jarvis WR, Martone WJ, Snider DE Jr. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis [editorial]. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:257-9.
37. Iseman MD. A leap of faith: what can we do to curtail intrainstitutional transmission of tuberculosis? Ann Intern Med 1992;117:251-3.
38. Dooley SW, Villarino ME, Lawrence M, et al. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis in a hospital unit for HIV-infected patients. JAMA 1992;267:2632-5.
39. Beck-Sagué C, Dooley SW, Hutton MD, et al. Hospital outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections: factors in transmission to staff and HIV-infected patients. JAMA 1992; 268:1280-6.
40. Coronado VG, Beck-Sague CM, Hutton MD, et al. Transmission of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection in an urban hospital: epidemiologic and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1052-5.
41. Small PM, Shafer RW, Hopewell PC, et al. Exogenous reinfection with multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with advanced HIV infection. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1137-44.
42. Rieder UL, Cauthen GM, Bloch AB, et al. Tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - Florida. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149:1268-73.
43. Centers for Disease Control. Tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - New York City. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987;36:785-90, 795.
44. Stoneburner R, Laroche E, Prevots R, et al. Survival in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected tuberculosis patients in New York City: implications for the expansion of the AIDS case definition. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:2033-7.
45. Shafer RW, Chirgwin KD, Glatt AE, Dahdouh MA, Landesman SH, Suster B. HIV prevalence, immunosuppression, and drug resistance in patients with tuberculosis in an area endemic for AIDS. AIDS 1991;5:399-405.
46. Theuer CP, Hopewell PC, Elias D, Schecter GF, Rutherford GW, Chaisson RE. Human immunodeficiency virus infection in tuberculosis patients. J Infect Dis 1990;162:8-12.
47. Korzeniewska-Kosela M, FitzGerald JM, Vedal S, et al. Spectrum of tuberculosis in patients with HIV infection in British Columbia: report of 40 cases. Can Med Assoc J 1992;146:1927-34.
48. Dupon M, Ragnaud JM. Tuberculosis in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus 1: a retrospective multicentre study of 123 cases in France. Q J Med 1992;85:719-30.
49. Perronne C, Ghoubontni A, Leport C, Salmon-Ceron D, Bricaire F, Vilde JL. Should pulmonary tuberculosis be an AIDS-defining diagnosis? Tuber Lung Dis 1992;73:39-44.
50. Llibre JM, Tor J, Manterola JM, Carbonell C, Roset J. Risk stratification for dissemination of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. Q J Med 1992;82:149-57.
51. Mukadi Y, Perriëns JH, St. Louis ME, et al. Spectrum of immunodeficiency in HIV-1-infected patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Zaire. Lancet 1993;342:143-6.
52. Jones BE, Young SMM, Antoniskis D, Davidson PT, Kramer F, Barnes PF. Relationship of the manifestations of tuberculosis to CD4 cell counts in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;148:1292-7.
53. Pitchenik AE, Rubinson HA. The radiographic appearance of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pre-AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131:393-6.
54. Klein NC, Duncanson FP, Lenox TH III, Pitta A, Cohen SC, Wormser GP. Use of mycobacterial smears in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in AIDS/ARC patients. Chest 1989;95:1190-2.
55. Shafer RW, Kim DS, Weiss JP, Quale JM. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Medicine (Baltimore) 1991;70:384-97.
56. Long R, Scalcini M, Manfreda J, Jean-Baptiste M, Hershfield E. The impact of HIV on the usefulness of sputum smears for the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Am J Public Health 1991;81:1326-8.
57. Long R, Maycher B, Scalcini M, Manfreda J. The chest roentgenogram in pulmonary tuberculosis patients seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Chest 1991;99:123-7.
58. Brindle RJ, Nunn PP, Githui W, Allen BW, Gathua S, Waiyaki P. Quantitative bacillary response to treatment in HIV-associated pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:958-61.
59. Elliott AM, Namaambo K, Allen BW, et al. Negative sputum smear results in HIV-positive patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lusaka, Zambia. Tuber Lung Dis 1993;74:191-4.
60. Manoff SB, Cauthen GM, Stoneburner RL, Bloch AB, Schultz S, Snider DE. TB patients with AIDS: Are they more likely to spread TB? (abstract 4621). In: Program and abstracts of the 4th International Conference on AIDS (Stockholm). Swedish Ministry of Health and Social Affairs, 1988.
61. Cauthen GM, Dooley SW, Onorato IM, et al. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from tuberculosis patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection or AIDS. Am J Epidemiol 1996 (in press).
62. Klausner JD, Ryder RW, Baende E, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in household contacts of human immunodeficiency virus type 1-seropositive patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis in Kinshasa, Zaire. J Infect Dis 1993;168:106-11.
63. Elliott AM, Hayes RJ, Halwiindi B, et al. The impact of HIV on infectiousness of pulmonary tuberculosis: a community study in Zambia. AIDS 1993;7:981-7.
64. Nunn P, Mungai M, Nyamwaya J, et al. The effect of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 on the infectiousness of tuberculosis. Tuber Lung Dis 1994;75:25-32.
65. Shiratsuchi H, Tsuyuguchi I. Analysis of T cell subsets by monoclonal antibodies in patients with tuberculosis after in vitro stimulation with purified protein derivative of tuberculin. Clin Exp Immunol 1984;57:271-8.
66. Onwubalili JK, Edwards AJ, Palmer L. T4 lymphopenia in human tuberculosis. Tubercle 1987;68:195-200.
67. Schauf V, Rom WN, Smith KA, et al. Cytokine gene activation and modified responsiveness to interleukin-2 in the blood of tuberculosis patients. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1056-9.
68. 2-microglobulin in HIV-1-associated tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1993;167:43-8.
69. Toossi Z, Sierra-Madero JG, Blinkhorn RA, Mettler MA, Rich EA. Enhanced susceptibility of blood monocytes from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis to productive infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Exp Med 1993;177:1511-6.
70. Lederman MM, Georges DL, Kusner DJ, Mudido P, Giam C-Z, Toossi Z. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its purified protein derivative activate expression of the human immunodeficiency virus. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7:727-33.
71. Whalen C, Horsburgh CR, Horn D, Lahart C, Simberkoff M, Ellner J. Accelerated course of human immunodeficiency virus infection after tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:129-35.
72. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis morbidity - United States, 1992. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42:696-7, 703-4.
73. Ellner JJ, Hinman AR, Dooley SW, et al. Tuberculosis symposium: emerging problems and promise. J Infect Dis 1993;168:537-51.
74. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Expanded tuberculosis surveillance and tuberculosis morbidity - United States, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43:361-6.
75. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis morbidity - United States, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44: 387-95.
76. Cantwell MF, Snider DE Jr, Cauthen GM, Onorato IM. Epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States, 1985 through 1992. JAMA 1994;272:535-9.
77. Centers for Disease Control. Tuberculosis morbidity in the United States: final data, 1990. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1990;40(suppl SS-3):23-7.
78. Tuberculosis in New York City, 1992: information summary. New York: Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, 1993.
79. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in U.S. communities with at-risk minority populations: recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992;41(RR-5):1-11.
80. Burwen DR, Bloch AB, Griffin LD, Ciesielski CA, Stem HA, Onorato IM. National trends in the concurrence of tuberculosis and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:1281-6.
81. Onorato IM, McCray E, the Field Services Branch. Prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among patients attending tuberculosis clinics in the United States. J Infect Dis 1992;165:87-92.
82. Brudney K, Dobkin J. Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City. Human immunodeficiency virus, homelessness, and the decline of tuberculosis control programs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:745-9.
83. Pitchenik AE, Burr J, Suarez M, Fertel D, Gonzalez G, Moas C. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus-III (HTLV-III) seropositivity and related disease among 71 consecutive patients in whom tuberculosis was diagnosed. A prospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;135:875-9.
84. Bloom BR, Murray CJL. Tuberculosis: commentary on a reemergent killer. Science 1992;257:1055-64.
85. Small PM, Hopewell PC, Singh SP, et al. The epidemiology of tuberculosis in San Francisco: a population-based study using conventional and molecular methods. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1703-9.
86. Alland D, Kalkut GE, Moss AR, et al. Transmission of tuberculosis in New York City: an analysis by DNA fingerprinting and conventional epidemiologic methods. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1710-6.
87. Pierce JR Jr, Sims SL, Holman GH. Transmission of tuberculosis to hospital workers by a patient with AIDS. Chest 1992;101:581-2.
88. Fischl MA, Uttamchandani RB, Daikos GL, et al. An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant tubercle bacilli among patients with HIV infection. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:177-83.
89. Centers for Disease Control. Transmission of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis from an HIV-positive client in a residential substance-abuse treatment facility - Michigan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991;40:129-31.
90. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis at a hospital - New York City, 1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42:427, 433-4.
91. Valway SE, Greifinger RB, Papania M, et al. Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in the New York State prison system, 1990-1991. J Infect Dis 1994;170:151-6.
92. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Meeting the challenge of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: summary of a conference. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992;41(RR-11):51-7.
93. Edlin BR, Valway SE, Onorato IM. Clusters of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis [letter]. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:77.
94. Sepkowitz KA. AIDS, tuberculosis, and the health care worker. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:232-42.
95. Menzies D, Fanning A, Yuan L, FitzGerald M. Tuberculosis among health care workers. N Engl J Med 1995;332:92-8.
96. Torres RA, Mani S, Altholz J, Brickner PW. Human immunodeficiency virus infection among homeless men in a New York City shelter. Association with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:2030-6.
97. Zolopa AR, Hahn JA, Gorter R, et al. HIV and tuberculosis infection in San Francisco's homeless adults: prevalence and risk factors in a representative sample. JAMA 1994;272:455-61.
98. Glaser JB, Greifinger RB. Correctional health care: a public health opportunity. Ann Intern Med 1993;118:139-45.
99. Braun MM, Truman BI, Maguire B, et al. Increasing incidence of tuberculosis in a prison inmate population: association with HIV infection. JAMA 1989;261:393-7.
100. Centers for Disease Control. Prevention and control of tuberculosis in correctional institutions: recommendations of the Advisory Committee for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989;38:313-20, 325.
101. Bellin EY, Fletcher DD, Safyer SM. Association of tuberculosis infection with increased time in or admission to the New York City jail system. JAMA 1993;269:2228-31.
102. Ikeda RM, Birkhead GS, DiFerdinando GT Jr, et al. Nosocomial tuberculosis: an outbreak of a strain resistant to seven drugs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1995;16:152-9.
103. Tuberculosis in New York City, 1990: information summary. New York: Bureau of Tuberculosis Control, 1991.
104. Jones DS, Malecki JM, Bigler WJ, Witte JJ, Oxtoby MJ. Pediatric tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in Palm Beach County, Florida. Am J Dis Child 1992;146:1166-70.
105. Bakshi SS, Alvarez D, Hilfer CL, Sordillo EM, Grover R, Kairam R. Tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children: a family infection. Am J Dis Child 1993;147:320-4.
106. Khouri YF, Mastrucci MT, Hutto C, Mitchell CD, Scott GB. Mycobacterium tuberculosis in children with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:950-5.
107. Moss WJ, Dedyo T, Suarez M, Nicholas SW, Abrams E. Tuberculosis in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus: a report of five cases. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:114-6.
108. Gutman LT, Moye J, Zimmer B, Tian C. Tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus-exposed or -infected United States children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1994;13:963-8.
109. Zhang Y, Heym B, Allen B, Young D, Cole S. The catalase-peroxidase gene and isoniazid resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Nature 1992;358:591-3.
110. Telenti A, Imboden P, Marchesi F, et al. Detection of rifampicin-resistance mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Lancet 1993; 341:647-50.
111. Banerjee A, Dubnau E, Quemard A, et al. inhA, a gene encoding a target for isoniazid and ethionamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1994;263:227-30.
112. Honoré N, Cole ST. Streptomycin resistance in mycobacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1994;38:238-42.
113. Sullivan EA, Kreiswirth BN, Palumbo L, et al. Emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. Lancet 1995;345:1148-50.
114. Altamirano M, Marostenmaki J, Wong A, FitzGerald M, Black WA, Smith JA. Mutations in the catalase-peroxidase gene from isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1162-5.
115. Iseman MD. Evolution of drug-resistant tuberculosis: a tale of two species. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:2428-9.
116. Mahmoudi A, Iseman MD. Pitfalls in the care of patients with tuberculosis: common errors and their association with the acquisition of drug resistance. JAMA 1993;270:65-8.
117. Goble M, Iseman MD, Madsen LA, Waite D, Ackerson L, Horsburgh CR Jr. Treatment of 171 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis resistant to isoniazid and rifampin. N Engl J Med 1993;328:527-32.
118. Iseman MD. Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1993;329:784-91.
119. Bloch AB, Cauthen GM, Onorato IM, et al. Nationwide survey of drug-resistant tuberculosis in the United States. JAMA 1994;271:665-71.
120. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National action plan to combat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992;41(suppl RR-11):1-48.
121. Frieden TR, Sterling T, Pablos-Mendez A, Kilburn JO, Cauthen GM, Dooley SW. The emergence of drug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City. N Engl J Med 1993;328:521-6.
122. Shafer RW, Small PM, Larkin C, et al. Temporal trends and transmission patterns during the emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in New York City: a molecular epidemiologic assessment. J Infect Dis 1995;171:170-6.
123. Perriens JH, Mukadi Y, Nunn P. Tuberculosis and HIV infection: implications for Africa. AIDS 1991;5(suppl 1):S127-33.
124. Goodgame RW. AIDS in Uganda - clinical and social features. N Engl J Med 1990;323:383-9.
125. De Cock KM, Soro B, Coulibaly IM, Lucas SB. Tuberculosis and HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa. JAMA 1992;268:1581-7.
126. Snider DE Jr, La Montagne JR. The neglected global tuberculosis problem: a report of the 1992 World Congress on Tuberculosis. J Infect Dis 1994;169:1189-96.
127. Okot-Nwang M, Wabwire-Mangen F, Kagezi VB. Increasing prevalence of tuberculosis among Mulago Hospital admissions, Kampala, Uganda (1985-1989). Tuber Lung Dis 1993;74:121-5.
128. Batungwanayo J, Taelman H, Dhote R, Bogaerts J, Allen S, Van de Perre P. Pulmonary tuberculosis in Kigali, Rwanda: impact of human immunodeficiency virus infection on clinical and radiographic presentation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:53-6.
129. Nunn P, Gathua S, Kibuga D, et al. The impact of HIV on resource utilization by patients with tuberculosis in a tertiary referral hospital, Nairobi, Kenya. Tuber Lung Dis 1993;74:273-9.
130. Abouya YL, Beaumel A, Lucas S, et al. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: an uncommon cause of death in African patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:617-20.
131. Bermejo A, Veeken H, Berra A. Tuberculosis incidence in developing countries with high prevalence of HIV infection. AIDS 1992;6: 1203-6.
132. Reeve PA. HIV infection in patients admitted to a general hospital in Malawi. BMJ 1989;298:1567-8.
133. Lucas SB, Hounnou A, Peacock C, et al. The mortality and pathology of HIV infection in a West African city. AIDS 1993;7:1569-79.
134. Jain MK, John TJ, Keusch GT. A review of human immunodeficiency virus infection in India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994;7: 1185-94.
135. Kaur A, Babu PG, Jacob M, et al. Clinical and laboratory profile of AIDS in India. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1992;5:883-9.
136. Solomon S, Anuradha S, Rajasekaran S. Trend of HIV infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in South India. Tuber Lung Dis 1995;76:17-9.
137. Vieira J, Frank E, Spira TJ, Landesman SH. Acquired immune deficiency in Haitians: opportunistic infections in previously healthy Haitian immigrants. N Engl J Med 1983;308:125-9.
138. Pape JW, Liautaud B, Thomas F, et al. Characteristics of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Haiti. N Engl J Med 1983;309:945-50.
139. Pitchenik AE, Cole C, Russell BW, Fischl MA, Spira TJ, Snider DE Jr. Tuberculosis, atypical mycobacteriosis, and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among Haitian and non-Haitian patients in south Florida. Ann Intern Med 1984;101:641-5.
140. Jessurun J, Angeles-Angeles A, Gasman N. Comparative demographic and autopsy findings in acquired immune deficiency syndrome in two Mexican populations. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1990;3:579-83.
141. Raviglione MC, Sudre P, Rieder HL, Spinaci S, Kochi A. Secular trends of tuberculosis in western Europe. Bull WHO 1993;71:297-306.
142. Bouza E, Martín-Scapa C, Bernaldo de Quirós JC, et al. High prevalence of tuberculosis in AIDS patients in Spain. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1988;7:785-8.
143. Laguna F, Adrados M, Díaz F, et al. AIDS and tuberculosis in Spain: a report of 140 cases. J Infect 1991;23:139-44.
144. Antonucci G, Girardi E, Armignacco O, Salmaso S, Ippolito G. Tuberculosis in HIV-infected subjects in Italy: a multicentre study. The Gruppo Italiano di Studio Tubercolosi e AIDS. AIDS 1992;6:1007-13.
145. Yates MD, Pozniak A, Grange JM. Isolation of mycobacteria from patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in southeast England: 1984-1992. Thorax 1993;48:990-5.
146. Gachot B, Wolff M, Clair B, Régnier B. Severe tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Intensive Care Med 1990;16:491-3.
147. Ahuja SS, Ahuja SK, Phelps KR, Thelmo W, Hill AR. Hemodynamic confirmation of septic shock in disseminated tuberculosis. Crit Care Med 1992;20:901-3.
148. Vadillo M, Corbella X, Carratala J. AIDS presenting as septic shock caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Scand J Infect Dis 1994;26:105-6.
149. Sunderam G, McDonald RJ, Maniatis T, Oleske J, Kapila R, Reichman LB. Tuberculosis as a manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). JAMA 1986;256:362-6.
150. Chaisson RE, Scheeter GF, Theuer CP, Rutherford GW, Echenberg DF, Hopewell PC. Tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: clinical features, response to therapy, and survival. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987;136:570-4.
151. Soriano E, Mallolas J, Gatell JM, et al. Characteristics of tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: a case-control study. AIDS 1988;2:429-32.
152. Shafer RW, Goldberg R, Sierra M, Glatt AE. Frequency of Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia in patients with tuberculosis in an area endemic for AIDS. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;140:1611-3.
153. Barber TW, Craven DE, McCabe WR. Bacteremia due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a report of 9 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine (Baltimore) 1990;69:375-83.
154. Clark RA, Blakley SL, Greer D, Smith MHD, Brandon W, Wisniewski TL. Hematogenous dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:1089-92.
155. Bouza E, Díaz-López MD, Moreno S, Bernaldo de Quirós JCL, Vicente T, Berenguer J. Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteremia in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1993;153:496-500.
156. Nambuya A, Sewankambo N, Mugerwa J, Goodgame R, Lucas S. Tuberculous lymphadenitis associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in Uganda. J Clin Pathol 1988;41:93-6.
157. Hewlett D Jr, Duncanson FP, Jagadha V, Lieberman J, Lenox TH, Wormser GP. Lymphadenopathy in an inner-city population consisting principally of intravenous drug abusers with suspected acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;137:1275-9.
158. Shriner KA, Mathisen GE, Goetz MB. Comparison of mycobacterial lymphadenitis among persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus and seronegative controls. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:601-5.
159. Pithie AD, Chicksen B. Fine-needle extrathoracic lymph-node aspiration in HIV-associated sputum-negative tuberculosis. Lancet 1992; 340:1504-5.
160. Bern C, Patil PS, Elliott AM, Namaambo KM, Bharucha H, Porter JDH. The value of wide-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Africa. AIDS 1993;7:1221-5.
161. Fee MJ, Oo MM, Gabayan AE, Radin DR, Barnes PF. Abdominal tuberculosis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:938-44.
162. Lupatkin H, Bräu N, Flomenberg P, Simberkoff MS. Tuberculous abscesses in patients with AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992;14:1040-4.
163. Radin DR. Intraabdominal Mycobacterium tuberculosis vs Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infections in patients with AIDS: distinction based on CT findings. AJR: Am J Roentgenol 1991;156:487-91.
164. Brody JM, Miller DK, Zeman RK, et al. Gastric tuberculosis: a manifestation of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Radiology 1986; 159:347-8.
165. Wasser LS, Shaw GW, Talavera W. Endobronchial tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Chest 1988;94:1240-4.
166. de Silva R, Stoopack PM, Raufman J-P. Esophageal fistulas associated with mycobacterial infection in patients at risk for AIDS. Radiology 1990;175:449-53.
167. Allen CM, Craze J, Grundy A. Case report: tuberculous broncho-oesophageal fistula in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Clin Radiol 1991;43:60-2.
168. Jaber B, Gleckman R. Tuberculous pancreatic abscess as an initial AIDS-defining disorder in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:890-4.
169. Small PM, Schecter GF, Goodman PC, Sande MA, Chaisson RE, Hopewell PC. Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1991;324:289-94.
170. Berenguer J, Moreno S, Laguna F, et al. Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1992;326:668-72.
171. Bishburg E, Sunderam G, Reichman LB, Kapila R. Central nervous system tuberculosis with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and its related complex. Ann Intern Med 1986;105:210-3.
172. Dubé MP, Holtom PD, Larsen RA. Tuberculous meningitis in patients with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 1992;93:520-4.
173. Whiteman M, Espinoza L, Post JD, Bell MD, Falcone S. Central nervous system tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: clinical and radiographic findings. Am J Neuroradiol 1995;16:1319-27.
174. Elliott AM, Luo N, Tembo G, et al. Impact of HIV on tuberculosis in Zambia: a cross sectional study. BMJ 1990;301:412-5.
175. Cegielski JP, Ramaiya K, Lallinger GJ, Mtulia IA, Mbaga IM. Pericardial disease and human immunodeficiency virus in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Lancet 1990;335:209-12.
176. Batungwanayo J, Taelman H, Allen S, Bogaerts J, Kagame A, Van de Perre P. Pleural effusion, tuberculosis and HIV-1 infection in Kigali, Rwanda. AIDS 1993;7:73-9.
177. Pozniak AL, Weinberg J, Mahari M, Neill P, Houston S, Latif A. Tuberculous pericardial effusion associated with HIV infection: a sign of disseminated disease. Tuber Lung Dis 1994;75:297-300.
178. Lin RY, Schwartz RA, Lambert WC. Cutaneous-pericardial tuberculous fistula in an immunocompromised host. Int J Dermatol 1986;25: 456-8.
179. Stack RJ, Bickley LK, Coppel IG. Miliary tuberculosis presenting as skin lesions in a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1990;23:1031-5.
180. Rohatgi PK, Palazzolo JV, Saini NB. Acute miliary tuberculosis of the skin in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatol 1992;26:356-9.
181. Saks AM, Posner R. Tuberculosis in HIV positive patients in South Africa: a comparative radiological study with HIV negative patients. Clin Radiol 1992;46:387-90.
182. Greenberg SD, Frager D, Suster B, Walker S, Stavropoulos C, Rothpearl A. Active pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with AIDS: spectrum of radiographic findings (including a normal appearance). Radiology 1994;193:115-9.
183. Shafer RW. Tuberculosis. In: Broder S, Merigan TC Jr, Bolognesi D, eds. Textbook of AIDS medicine. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1993:259-82.
184. Pedro-Botet J, Gutiérrez J, Miralles R, Coll J, Rubiés-Prat J. Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients with normal chest radiographs. AIDS 1992;6:91-3.
185. Pastores SM, Naidich DP, Aranda CP, McGuinnes G, Rom WN. Intrathoracic adenopathy associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 1993;103: 1433-7.
186. Hulnick DH, Megibow AJ, Naidich DP, Hilton S, Cho KC, Balthazar EJ. Abdominal tuberculosis: CT evaluation. Radiology 1985;157: 199-204.
187. Pedro-Botet J, Maristany MT, Miralles R, López-Colomés JL, Rubies-Prat J. Splenic tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:1069-71.
188. Wolff MJ, Bitran J, Northland RG, Levy IL. Splenic abscesses due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. Rev Infect Dis 1991;13:373-5.
189. Long R, Scalcini M, Manfreda J, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on tuberculosis in rural Haiti. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;143:69-73.
190. Huebner RE, Schein MF, Bass JB Jr. The tuberculin skin test. Clin Infect Dis 1993;17:968-75.
191. Jagadha V, Andavolu RH, Huang CT. Granulomatous inflammation in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Clin Pathol 1985;84:598-602.
192. Nichols L, Florentine B, Lewis W, Sattler F, Rarick MU, Brynes RK. Bone marrow examination for the diagnosis of mycobacterial and fungal infections in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1991;115:1125-32.
193. Hill AR, Premkumar S, Brustein S, et al. Disseminated tuberculosis in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome era. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1164-70.
194. Fischl MA, Daikos GL, Uttamchandani RB, et al. Clinical presentation and outcome of patients with HIV infection and tuberculosis caused by multiple-drug-resistant bacilli. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:184-90.
195. Young LS. Mycobacterium avium complex infection. J Infect Dis 1988;157:863-7.
196. Kramer F, Modilevsky T, Waliany AR, Leedom JM, Bames PF. Delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Med 1990;89:451-6.
197. Alwood K, Keruly J, Moore-Rice K, Stanton DL, Chaulk CP, Chaisson RE. Effectiveness of supervised, intermittent therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1994;8:1103-8.
198. Miralles P, Moreno S, Pérez-Tascón M, Cosín J, Díaz MD, Bouza E. Fever of uncertain origin in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995;20:872-5.
199. Colebunders RL, Lebughe I, Nzila N, et al. Cutaneous delayed-type hypersensitivity in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Zaire. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989;2:576-8.
200. Espinal MA, Reingold AL, Koenig E, Lavandera M, Sanchez S. Screening for active tuberculosis in HIV testing centre. Lancet 1995;345:890-3.
201. Barnes PF, Steele MA, Young SMM, Vachon LA. Tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: How often does it mimic Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia? Chest 1992;102:428-32.
202. Parry CM, Kamoto O, Harries AD, et al. The use of sputum induction for establishing a diagnosis in patients with suspected pulmonary tuberculosis in Malawi. Tuber Lung Dis 1995;76:72-6.
203. Salzman SH, Schindel ML, Aranda CP, Smith RL, Lewis ML. The role of bronchoscopy in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients at risk for HIV infection. Chest 1992;102:143-6.
204. Kennedy DJ, Lewis WP, Barnes PF. Yield of bronchoscopy for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 1992;102:1040-4.
205. Miro AM, Gibilara E, Powell S, Kamholz SL. The role of fiberoptic bronchoscopy for diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in patients at risk for AIDS. Chest 1992;101:1211-4.
206. Calpe JL, Chiner E, Larramendi CH. Endobronchial tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients. AIDS 1995;9:1159-64.
207. Modilevsky T, Sattler FR, Barnes PF. Mycobacterial disease in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2201-5.
208. Llatjos M, Romeu J, Clotet B, et al. A distinctive cytologic pattern for diagnosing tuberculous lymphadenitis in AIDS. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1993;6:1335-8.
209. Bassiri A, Chan NB, McLeod A, Rossi S, Phillips P. Disseminated cutaneous infection due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a person with AIDS. Can Med Assoc J 1993;148:577-8.
210. Eng RHK, Bishburg E, Smith SM, Mangia A. Diagnosis of Mycobacterium bacteremia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome by direct examination of blood films. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27: 768-9.
211. Biron F, Reveil J-C, Penalba C, Boibieux A, Bertrand JL, Peyramond D. Direct visualization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a blood sample from an AIDS patient [letter]. AIDS 1990;4:259.
212. Fournier AM, Dickinson GM, Erdfrocht IR, Cleary T, Fischl MA. Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacteriosis in patients with AIDS. Chest 1988;93:772-5.
213. Comer GM, Mukherjee S, Scholes JV, Holness LG, Clain DJ. Liver biopsies in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: influence of endemic disease and drug abuse. Am J Gastroenterol 1989;84: 1525-31.
214. Prego V, Glatt AE, Roy V, Thelmo W, Dincsoy H, Raufman J-P. Comparative yield of blood culture for fungi and mycobacteria, liver biopsy, and bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis of fever of undetermined origin in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:333-6.
215. Tenover FC, Crawford JT, Huebner RE, Geiter LJ, Horsburgh CR Jr, Good RC. The resurgence of tuberculosis: is your laboratory ready? J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:767-70.
216. Roberts GD, Koneman EW, Kim YK. Mycobacterium. In: Balows A, Hausler WJ Jr, Herrman KL, Isenberg HD, Shadomy H, eds. Manual of clinical microbiology. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Society for Microbiology, 1991:304-39.
217. Shinnick TM, Good RC. Diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory practices. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:291-9.
218. Lombardo PC, Weitzman I. Isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M. avium complex from the same skin lesions in AIDS [letter]. N Engl J Med 1990;323:916-7.
219. Weltman AC, Rose DN. The safety of Bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination in HIV infection and AIDS. AIDS 1993;7:149-57.
220. Dankner WM, Waecker NJ, Essey MA, Moser K, Thompson M, Davis CE. Mycobacterium bovis infections in San Diego: a clinicoepidemiologic study of 73 patients and a historical review of a forgotten pathogen. Medicine (Baltimore) 1993;72:11-37.
221. Bouvet E, Casalino E, Mendoza-Sassi G, et al. A nosocomial outbreak of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium bovis among HIV-infected patients. A case-control study. AIDS 1993;7:1453-60.
222. Horsburgh CR Jr, Selik RM. The epidemiology of disseminated nontuberculous mycobacterial infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:4-7.
223. Levine B, Chaisson RE. Mycobacterium kansasii: a cause of treatable pulmonary disease associated with advanced human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Ann Intern Med 1991;114:861-8.
224. Shafer RW, Sierra MF. Mycobacterium xenopi, Mycobacterium fortuitum, Mycobacterium kansasii, and other nontuberculous mycobacteria in an area of endemicity for AIDS. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:161-2.
225. Böttger EC, Teske A, Kirschner P, et al. Disseminated "Mycobacterium genavense" infection in patients with AIDS. Lancet 1992;340:76-80.
226. Brisson-Noël A, Gicquel B, Lecossier D, Lévy-Frébault V, Nassif X, Hance AJ. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis by amplification of mycobacterial DNA in clinical samples. Lancet 1989;2:1069-71.
227. Eisenach KD, Sifford MD, Cave MD, Bates JH, Crawford JT. Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum samples using a polymerase chain reaction. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:1160-3.
228. Schluger NW, Condos R, Lewis S, Rom WN. Amplification of DNA of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from peripheral blood of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Lancet 1994;344:232-3.
229. Noordhoek GT, Kolk AHJ, Bjune G, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of PCR for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a blind comparison study among seven laboratories. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:277-84.
230. Bodmer T, Gurtner A, Schopfer K, Matter L. Screening of respiratory tract specimens for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by using the Gen-Probe amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:1483-7.
231. Pfyffer GE, Kissling P, Wirth R, Weber R. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens by a target-amplified test system. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:918-23.
232. D'Amato RF, Wallman AA, Hochstein LH, et al. Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis using Roche AMPLICOR Mycobacterium tuberculosis PCR test. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1832-4.
233. Clarridge JE III, Shawar RM, Shinnick TM, Plikaytis BB. Large-scale use of polymerase chain reaction for detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a routine mycobacteriology laboratory. J Clin Microbiol 1993;31:2049-56.
234. Miller N, Hernandez SG, Cleary TJ. Evaluation of Gen-Probe amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test and PCR for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol 1994;32:393-7.
235. Vuorinen P, Miettinen A, Vuento R, Hällström O. Direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in respiratory specimens by Gen-Probe amplified Mycobacterium tuberculosis direct test and Roche Amplicor Mycobacterium tuberculosis test. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:1856-9.
236. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Initial therapy for tuberculosis in the era of multidrug resistance. Recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42(suppl RR-7):1-8.
237. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;149:1359-74.
238. Cohn DL. Treatment and prevention of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. Infect Dis Clin North Am 1994;8:399-412.
239. Grosset JH. Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV infection. Tuber Lung Dis 1992;73:378-83.
240. Jones BE, Otaya M, Antoniskis D, et al. A prospective evaluation of antituberculosis therapy in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994;150:1499-502.
241. Kassim S, Sassan-Morokro M, Ackah A, et al. Two-year follow-up of persons with HIV-1- and HIV-2-associated pulmonary tuberculosis treated with short-course chemotherapy in West Africa. AIDS 1995;9:1185-91.
242. Ackah AN, Coulibaly D, Digbeu H, et al. Response to treatment, mortality, and CD4 lymphocyte counts in HIV-infected persons with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. Lancet 1995;345:607-10.
243. Perriëns JH, St. Louis ME, Mukadi YB, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Zaire: a controlled trial of treatment for either 6 or 12 months. N Engl J Med 1995;332:779-84.
244. Flora GS, Modilevsky T, Antoniskis D, Barnes PF. Undiagnosed tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 1990;98:1056-9.
245. Nunn P, Brindle R, Carpenter L, et al. Cohort study of human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients with tuberculosis in Nairobi, Kenya: analysis of early (6-month) mortality. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;146:849-54.
246. Duncanson FP, Hewlett D Jr, Maayan S, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: a review of 14 patients. Tubercle 1986;67:295-302.
247. Johnson SC, Stamm CP, Hicks CB. Tuberculous psoas muscle abscess following chemoprophylaxis with isoniazid in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Rev Infect Dis 1990;12:754-6.
248. Shafer RW, Jones WD. Relapse of tuberculosis in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome despite 12 months of antituberculous therapy and continuation of isoniazid. Tubercle 1991;72: 149-51.
249. Berning SE, Huitt GA, Iseman MD, Peloquin CA. Malabsorption of antituberculosis medications by a patient with AIDS [letter]. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1817-8.
250. Peloquin CA, MacPhee AA, Berning SE. Malabsorption of antimycobacterial medications [letter]. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1122-3.
251. Gordon SM, Horsburgh CR Jr, Peloquin CA, et al. Low serum levels of oral antimycobacterial agents in patients with disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex disease. J Infect Dis 1993;168:1559-62.
252. Patel KB, Belmonte R, Crowe H. Drug malabsorption and resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients [letter]. N Engl J Med 1995;332: 336-7.
253. Nolan CM, Williams DL, Cave MD, et al. Evolution of rifampin resistance in human immunodeficiency virus-associated tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;152:1067-71.
254. Schürmann D, Bergmann F, Jautzke G, Fehrenbach FJ, Mauch H, Ruf B. Acute and long-term efficacy of antituberculous treatment in HIV-seropositive patients with tuberculosis: a study of 36 cases. J infect 1993;26:45-54.
255. Shafer RW, Bloch AB, Larkin C, et al. Predictors of survival in HIV-seropositive tuberculosis patients. AIDS 1996 (in press).
256. Pitchenik AE, Fertel D. Tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial disease. Med Clin North Am 1992;76:121-71.
257. Iseman MD, Sbarbaro JA. The increasing prevalence of resistance to antituberculosis chemotherapeutic agents: implications for global tuberculosis control. Curr Clin Top Infect Dis 1992;12:188-207.
258. Turett GS, Telzak EE, Torian LV, et al. Improved outcomes for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21: 1238-44.
259. Salomon N, Perlman DC, Friedmann P, Buchstein S, Kreiswirth BN, Mildvan D. Predictors and outcome of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:1245-52.
260. Lockhart B, Sharp V, Squires K, Sepkowitz K, Chopra A. Improved outcome of MDR TB in patients receiving a five or more drug initial therapy [abstract PO-BO7-1163]. In: Program and abstracts of the 9th International Conference on AIDS (Berlin). Berlin: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Virology of the Free University of Berlin, 1993:329.
261. Edlin BR, Attoe LS, Grieco MH, Williams J, Schneider N, Gilligan ME. Recognition and treatment of primary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons [abstract WS-BO9-6]. In: Program and abstracts of the 9th International Conference on AIDS (Berlin). Berlin: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Virology of the Free University of Berlin, 1993:52.
262. Iseman MD, Madsen L, Goble M, Pomerantz M. Surgical intervention in the treatment of pulmonary disease caused by drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1990;141:623-5.
263. Bloch AB, Brown ED, Hayden CH, Seggerson JJ, Castro KG. Completion of tuberculosis therapy in the United States [abstract]. Am J Crit Care Respir Med 1995;151:A555.
264. Sumartojo E. When tuberculosis treatment fails: a social behavioral account of patient adherence. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993;147:1311-20.
265. The promise and reality of fixed-dose combinations with rifampicin. A joint statement of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease and the Tuberculosis Programme of the World Health Organization. Tuber Lung Dis 1994;75:180-1.
266. Moulding T, Dutt AK, Reichman LB. Fixed-dose combinations of antituberculous medications to prevent drug resistance. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:951-4.
267. Iseman MD, Cohn DL, Sbarbaro JA. Directly observed treatment of tuberculosis: we can't afford not to try it. N Engl J Med 1993;328: 576-8.
268. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Biais FX, et al. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drug resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1179-84.
269. Frieden TR, Fujiwara PI, Washko RM, Hamburg MA. Tuberculosis in New York City - turning the tide. N Engl J Med 1995;333:229-33.
270. Chaulk CP, Moore-Rice K, Rizzo R, Chaisson RE. Eleven years of community-based directly observed therapy for tuberculosis. JAMA 1995;274:945-51.
271. Borcherding SM, Baciewicz AM, Self TH. Update on rifampin drug interactions II. Arch Intern Med 1992;152:711-6.
272. Cheeseman SH, Hattox SE, McLaughlin MM, et al. Pharmacokinetics of nevirapine: initial single-rising-dose study in humans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:178-82.
273. Kavesh NG, Holzman RS, Seidlin M. The combined toxicity of azidothymidine and antimycobacterial agents: a retrospective study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989;139:1094-7.
274. Antoniskis D, Easley AC, Espina BM, Davidson PT, Barnes PF. Combined toxicity of zidovudine and antituberculosis chemotherapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992;145:430-4.
275. Burger DM, Meenhorst PL, Koks CHW, Beijnen JH. Pharmacokinetic interaction between rifampin and zidovudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1426-31.
276. Sahai J, Gallicano K, Oliveras L, Khaliq S, Hawley-Foss N, Garber G. Cations in the didanosine tablet reduce ciprofloxacin bioavailability. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1993;53:292-7.
277. Engelhard D, Stutman HR, Marks MI. Interaction of ketoconazole with rifampin and isoniazid. N Engl J Med 1984;311:1681-3.
278. Perriëns JH, Colebunders RL, Karahunga C, et al. Increased mortality and tuberculosis treatment failure rate among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive compared with HIV seronegative patients with pulmonary tuberculosis treated with "standard" chemotherapy in Kinshasa, Zaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991;144:750-5.
279. Hawken M, Nunn P, Gathua S, et al. Increased recurrence of tuberculosis in HIV-1-infected patients in Kenya. Lancet 1993;342:332-7.
280. Okwera A, Whalen C, Byekwaso F, et al. Randomised trial of thiacetazone and rifampicin-containing regimens for pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected Ugandans. Lancet 1994;344:1323-8.
281. Nunn P, Kibuga D, Gathua S, et al. Cutaneous hyperscnsitivity reactions due to thiacetazone in HIV-1 seropositive patients treated for tuberculosis. Lancet 1991;337:627-30.
282. Pozniak AL, MacLeod GA, Mahari M, Legg W, Weinberg J. The influence of HIV status on single and multiple drug reactions to antituberculous therapy in Africa. AIDS 1992;6:809-14.
283. Chintu C, Luo C, Bhat G, Raviglione M, DuPont H, Zumla A. Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions due to thiacetazone in the treatment of tuberculosis in Zambian children infected with HIV-I. Arch Dis Child 1993;68:665-8.
284. Wadhawan D, Hira S, Mwansa N, Sunkutu R, Adera T, Perine P. Preventive tuberculosis chemotherapy with isoniazid among patients infected with HIV-1 [abstract PO-BO7-1114]. In: Program and abstracts of the 9th International Conference on AIDS (Berlin). Berlin: Institute for Clinical and Experimental Virology of the Free University of Berlin, 1993:321.
285. Selwyn PA, Sckell BM, Alcabes P, Friedland GH, Klein RS, Schoenbaum EE. High risk of active tuberculosis in HIV-infected drug users with cutaneous anergy. JAMA 1992;268:504-9.
286. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in high-risk populations: recommendations of the Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44 (suppl RR-11):19-34.
287. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis prevention in drug-treatment centers and correctional facilities - selected U.S. sites, 1990-1991. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42:210-3.
288. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Management of persons exposed to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1992;41 (suppl RR-11):61-71.
289. Centers for Disease Control. Tuberculin reactions in apparently healthy HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative women - Uganda. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1990;39:638-9, 645-6.
290. Johnson MP, Coberly JS, Clermont HC, et al. Tuberculin skin test reactivity among adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis 1992;166:194-8.
291. Graham NMH, Nelson KE, Solomon L, et al. Prevalence of tuberculin positivity and skin test anergy in HIV-1-seropositive and -seronegative intravenous drug users. JAMA 1992;267:369-73.
292. Markowitz N, Hansen NI, Wilcosky TC, et al. Tuberculin and anergy testing in HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative persons. Ann Intern Med 1993;119:185-93.
293. MacGregor RR, Dunbar D, Graziani AL. Tuberculin reactions among attendees at a methadone clinic: relation to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1994;19:1100-4.
294. Centers for Disease Control. Screening for tuberculosis and tuberculous infection in high-risk populations: recommendations of the Advisory committee for Elimination of Tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1990;39 (suppl RR-8):1-7.
295. Webster CT, Gordin FM, Matts JP, et al. Two-stage tuberculin skin testing in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995;151:805-8.
296. Centers for Disease Control. Purified protein derivative (PPD)-tuberculin anergy and HIV infection: guidelines for anergy testing and management of anergic persons at risk of tuberculosis. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991;40 (suppl RR-5):27-32.
297. Jordan TJ, Lewit EM, Montgomery RL, Reichman LB. Isoniazid as preventive therapy in HIV-infected intravenous drug abusers: a decision analysis. JAMA 1991;265:2987-91.
298. Castro KG. Tuberculosis as an opportunistic disease in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21 (suppl 1):S66-71.
299. Walley J, Porter J. Chemoprophylaxis in tuberculosis and HIV infection: is it feasible in developing countries? [editorial]. BMJ 1995;310: 1621-2.
300. Pan American Health Organization. Association between HIV and tuberculosis: technical guide. Bull Pan Am Health Organ 1993;27: 297-310.
301. Heymann SJ. Modelling the efficacy of prophylactic and curative therapies for preventing the spread of tuberculosis in Africa. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1993;87:406-11.
302. Aisu T, Raviglione MC, van Praag E, et al. Preventive chemotherapy for HIV-associated tuberculosis in Uganda: an operational assessment at a voluntary counselling and testing centre. AIDS 1995;9:267-73.
303. De Cock KM, Grant A, Porter JDH. Preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons: international recommendations, research, and practice. Lancet 1995;345:833-6.
304. O'Brien RJ, Perriëns JH. Preventive therapy for tuberculosis in HIV infection: the promise and the reality. AIDS 1995;9:665-73.
305. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: meta-analysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994;271:698-702.
306. Blanche S, Le Deist F, Fischer A, et al. Longitudinal study of 18 children with perinatal LAV/HTLV III infection: attempt at prognostic evaluation. J Pediatr 1986;109:965-70.
307. Ninane J, Grymonprez A, Burtonboy G, Francois A, Cornu G. Disseminated BCG in HIV infection. Arch Dis Child 1988;63:1268-9.
308. Armbruster C, Junker W, Vetter N, Jaksch G. Disseminated bacille Calmette-Guerin infection in an AIDS patient 30 years after BCG vaccination [letter]. J Infect Dis 1990;162:1216.
309. Centers for Disease Control. Disseminated Mycobacterium bovis infection from BCG vaccination of a patient with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34:227-8.
310. Besnard M, Sauvion S, Offredo C, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infection after vaccination of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993;12:993-7.
311. Lallemant-Le Coeur S, Lallemant M, Cheynier D, Nzingoula S, Drucker J, Larouze B. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunization in infants born to HIV-1-seropositive mothers. AIDS 1991;5:195-9.
312. Centers for Disease Control. BCG vaccination and pediatric HIV infection - Rwanda, 1988-1990. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1991;40:833-6.
313. Ryder RW, Oxtoby MJ, Mvula M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of bacille Calmette-Guérin, diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis, and oral polio vaccines in newborn children in Zaire infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr 1993;122:697-702.
314. O'Brien KL, Ruff AJ, Louis MA, et al. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin complications in children bom to HIV-1-infected women with a review of the literature. Pediatrics 1995;95:414-8.
315. World Health Organization. BCG immunization and paediatric HIV infection. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 1992;67:129-32.
316. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. USPHS/IDSA guidelines for the prevention of opportunistic infections in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: a summary. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44 (suppl RR-8):1-34.
317. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43 (suppl RR-13):1-132.
318. Blumberg HM, Watkins DL, Berschling JD, et al. Preventing the nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:658-63.
319. McGowan JE Jr. Nosocomial tuberculosis: new progress in control and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 1995;21:489-505.
320. Hermans PWM, van Soolingen D, Dale JW, et al. Insertion element IS986 from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a useful tool for diagnosis and epidemiology of tuberculosis. J Clin Microbiol 1990;28: 2051-8.
321. Jacobs WR Jr, Barletta RG, Udani R, et al. Rapid assessment of drug susceptibilities of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by means of luciferase reporter phages. Science 1993;260:819-22.
322. Cooksey RC, Crawford JT, Jacobs WR Jr, Shinnick TM. A rapid method for screening antimicrobial agents for activities against a strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis expressing firefly luciferase. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1993;37:1348-52.
323. Dessen A, Quémard A, Blanchard JS, Jacobs WR Jr, Sacchettini JC. Crystal structure and function of the isoniazid target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Science 1995;267:1638-41.
324. Musser JM. Antimicrobial agent resistance in mycobacteria: molecular genetic insights. Clin Microbiol Rev 1995;8:496-514.