Acylation of Escherichia coil hemolysin: A unique protein lipidation mechanism underlying toxin function

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 62, Issue 2, 1998, Pages 309-333

  Stanley, Peter ^a   Koronakis, Vassilis ^a   Hughes, Colin ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACYLTRANSFERASE; ADENYLATE CYCLASE; BACTERIAL TOXIN HLYA; HEMOLYSIN; LEUKOTOXIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN; BACTERIAL PROTEIN; BACTERIAL TOXIN; ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTEIN; FATTY ACID; HLYA PROTEIN, E COLI; MEMBRANE LIPID;

ACYLATION; BACTERIAL VIRULENCE; BINDING AFFINITY; CHANNEL GATING; CYTOKINE PRODUCTION; ESCHERICHIA COLI; HEMOLYSIS; NONHUMAN; PRENYLATION; PROTEIN ANALYSIS; PROTEIN DOMAIN; PROTEIN LIPID INTERACTION; PROTEIN LOCALIZATION; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; TOXIN ANALYSIS; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; CHEMISTRY; GENETICS; HUMAN; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PATHOGENICITY; PHYSIOLOGY; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT;

BACTERIA (MICROORGANISMS); ESCHERICHIA; ESCHERICHIA COLI; EUKARYOTA; NEGIBACTERIA;

ACYL CARRIER PROTEIN; ACYLATION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; BACTERIAL PROTEINS; BACTERIAL TOXINS; ESCHERICHIA COLI; ESCHERICHIA COLI PROTEINS; FATTY ACIDS; HEMOLYSIN PROTEINS; HUMANS; MEMBRANE LIPIDS; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; SEQUENCE ALIGNMENT; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 0031596205     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.62.2.309-333.1998     Document Type: Review

References (334)

1. Adusu, T. E., P. D. Conlon, P. E. Shewen, and W. D. Black. 1994. Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin induces histamine release from bovine pulmonary mast cells. Can. J. Vet. Res. 58:1-5.
2. Ames, J. B., R. Ishima, T. Tanaka, J. I. Gordon, L. Stryer, and M. Ikura. 1997. Molecular mechanics of calcium-myristoyl switches. Nature 389:198-202.
3. Anderson, M. S., and C. R. H. Raetz. 1987. Biosynthesis of lipid A precursors in Escherichia coli - a cytoplasmic acyltransferase that converts UDP-N-acetylglucosamine to UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-N-acetylglucosamine. J. Biol. Chem. 262:5159-5169.
4. Anderson, P. 1997. Kinase cascades regulating entry into apoptosis. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61:33-46.
5. Antonny, B., S. Beraud-Dufour, P. Chardin, and M. Chabre. 1997. N-terminal hydrophobic residues of the G-protein ADP-ribosylation factor-1 insert into membrane phospholipids upon GDP to GTP exchange. Biochemistry 36:4675-4684.
6. Attardi, G., and G. Schatz. 1988. Biogenesis of mitochondria. Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 4:289-333.
7. Bailey, M. J. A., V. Koronakis, T. Schmoll, and C. Hughes. 1992. Escherichia coli HlyT protein, a transcriptional activator of hemolysin synthesis and secretion, is encoded by the rfaH (sfrB) locus required for expression of sex factor and lipopolysaccharide genes. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1003-1012.
8. Bailey, M. J. A., C. Hughes, and V. Koronakis. 1996. Increased distal gene-transcription by the elongation-factor RfaH, a specialized homolog of NusG. Mol. Microbiol. 22:729-737.
9. Bailey, M. J. A., C. Hughes, and V. Koronakis. 1997. RfaH and the ops element, components of a novel system controlling bacterial transcription elongation. Mol. Microbiol. 26:845-851.
10. Bakas, L., H. Ostolaza, W. L. C. Vaz, and F. M. Goni. 1996. Reversible adsorption and nonreversible insertion of Escherichia coli α-hemolysin into lipid bilayers. Biophys. J. 71:1869-1876.
11. Bakas, L., M. P. Veiga, A. Soloaga, H. Ostolaza, and F. M. Goni. 1998. Calcium-dependent conformation of E. coli α-haemolysin. Implications for the mechanism of membrane insertion and lysis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Biomembr. 1368:225-234.
12. Baldwin, J. E., J. W. Bird, R. A. Field, N. M. O'Callaghan, C. J. Schofield, and A. C. Willis. 1991. Isolation and partial characterization of ACV synthetase from Cephalosporium acremonium and Streptomyces clavuligerus -evidence for the presence of phosphopantothenate in ACV synthetase. J. Antibiot. 44:241-248.
13. Ballard, J., Y. Sokolov, W. L. Yuan, B. L. Kagan, and R. K. Tweten. 1993. Activation and mechanism of Clostridium septicum α-toxin. Mol. Microbiol. 10:627-634.
14. Barnes, P. F., D. Chatterjee, J. S. Abrams, S. H. Lu, E. Wang, M. Yamamura, P. J. Brennan, and R. L. Modlin. 1992. Cytokine production induced by Mycobacterium tuberculosis lipoarabinomannan - relationship to chemical structure. J. Immunol. 149:541-547.
15. Bauer, M. E., and R. A. Welch. 1996. Association of RTX toxins with erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 64:4665-4672.
16. Bauer, M. E., and R. A. Welch. 1996. Characterization of an RTX toxin from enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7. Infect. Immun. 64:167-175.
17. Bauer, M. E., and R. A. Welch. 1997. Pleiotropic effects of a mutation in rfaC on Escherichia coli hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 65:2218-2224.
18. Baumann, U., S. Wu, K. M. Flaherty, and D. B. McKay. 1993. Three-dimensional structure of the alkaline protease of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: a two-domain protein with a calcium binding parallel beta roll motif. EMBO J. 12:3357-3364.
19. z. Neuroreport 8:937-940.
20. Bellalou, J., H. Sakamoto, D. Ladant, C. Geoffroy, and A. Ullmann. 1990. Deletions affecting hemolytic and toxin activities of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase. Infect. Immun. 58:3242-3247.
21. Benz, R., A. Schmid, W. Wagner, and W. Goebel. 1989. Pore formation by the Escherichia coli hemolysin: evidence for an association-dissociation equilibrium of the pore-forming aggregates. Infect. Immun. 57:887-895.
22. Benz, R., K. R. Hardie, and C. Hughes. 1994. Pore formation in artificial membranes by the secreted hemolysins of Proteus vulgaris and Morganella morganii. Eur. J. Biochem. 220:339-347.
23. Berthiaume, L., and M. D. Resh. 1995. Biochemical characterization of a palmitoyl acyltransferase activity that palmitoylates myristoylated proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270:22399-22405.
24. Betsou, F. P. Sebo, and N. Guiso. 1993. CyaC mediated activation is important not only for toxic but also for protective activities of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase-hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 61:3583-3589.
25. Beuscher, H. U., R. J. Fallon, and H. R. Colten. 1987. Macrophage membrane interleukin 1 regulates the expression of acute phase proteins in human hepatoma Hep 3B cells. J. Immunol. 139:1896-1901.
26. Bhakdi, S., J. Tranum-Jensen, and A. Sziegoleit. 1985. Mechanism of membrane damage by streptolysin O. Infect. Immun. 47:52-60.
27. Bhakdi, S., N. Mackman, J. M. Nicaud, and I. B. Holland. 1986. Escherichia coli hemolysin may damage target cell membranes by generating transmembrane pores. Infect. Immun. 52:63-69.
28. Bhakdi, S., S. Greulich, M. Muhly, B. Eberspacher, H. Becker, A. Thiele, and F. Hugo. 1989. Potent leukocidal action of Escherichia coli hemolysin mediated by permeabilization of target cell membranes. J. Exp. Med. 169: 737-754.
29. Bhakdi, S., M. Muhly, S. Korom, and G. Schmidt. 1990. Effects of Escherichia coli hemolysin on human monocytes: cytocidal action and stimulation of interleukin 1 release. J. Clin. Invest. 85:1746-1753.
30. Bhakdi, S., and E. Martin. 1991. Superoxide generation by human neutrophils induced by low doses of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 59:2955-2962.
31. Bhakdi, S. Unpublished data.
32. Bigay, J., E. Faurobert, M. Franco, and M. Chabre. 1994. Roles of lipid modifications of transducin subunits in their GDP-dependent association and membrane binding. Biochemistry 33:14081-14090.
33. lck to the plasma membrane independently of CD4. J. Cell Biol. 137:1029-1040.
34. Binet, R., S. Letoffe, J. M. Ghigo, P. Delepelaire, and C. Wandersman. 1997. Protein secretion by Gram-negative bacterial ABC exporters - a review. Gene 192:7-11.
35. Bloemberg, G. V., R. M. Lagas, S. Van Leeuwen, G. A. Van der Marel, J. H. Van Boom, B. J. J. Lugtenberg, and H. P. Spaink. 1995. Substrate specificity and kinetic studies of nodulation protein NodL of Rhizobium leguminosarum. Biochemistry 34:12712-12720.
36. Boehm, D. F., R. A. Welch, and I. S. Snyder. 1990. Calcium is required for binding of Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) to erythrocyte membranes. Infect. Immun. 58:1951-1958.
37. Boehm, D. F., R. A. Welch, and I. S. Snyder. 1990. Domains of Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) involved in binding of calcium and erythrocyte membranes. Infect. Immun. 58:1959-1964.
38. Boman, A. L., and R. A. Kahn. 1995. Arf proteins - the membrane traffic police. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:147-150.
39. Bouvier, M., P. Chidiac, T. E. Hebert, T. P. Loisel, S. Moffett, and B. Mouillac. 1995. Dynamic palmitoylation of G-protein coupled receptors in eukaryotic cells. Methods Enzymol. 250:300-314.
40. Brand, S. H., E. J. Holtzman, D. A. Scher, D. A. Ausiello, and J. L. Stow. 1996. Role of myristoylation in membrane attachment and function of Gαi-3 on Golgi membranes. Am. J. Physiol. 39:C1362-C1369.
41. Brown, D. A., and E. London. 1997. Structure of detergent-resistant membrane domains: does phase separation occur in biological membranes? Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 240:1-7.
42. Brown, J. F., F. Leite, and C. J. Czuprynski. 1997. Binding of Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin to bovine leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 65:3719-3724.
43. Brozek, K. A., and C. R. H. Raetz. 1990. Biosynthesis of lipid A in Escherichia coli: acyl carrier protein-dependent incorporation of laurate and myristate. J. Biol. Chem. 265:15410-15417.
44. Brozek, K. A., R. W. Carlson, and C. R. H. Raetz. 1996. A special acyl carrier protein for transferring long hydroxylated fatty acids to lipid A in Rhizobium. J. Biol. Chem. 271:32126-32136.
45. Brumlik, M. J., and J. T. Buckley. 1996. Identification of the catalytic triad of the lipase/acyltransferase from Aeromonas hydrophila. J. Bacteriol. 178: 2060-2064.
46. Burrows, L. L., and R. Y. C. Lo. 1992. Molecular characterization of an RTX toxin determinant from Actinobacillus suis. Infect. Immun. 60:2166-2173.
47. Byers, D. M., and E. A. Meighen. 1985. Acyl-acyl carrier protein as a source of fatty acids for bacterial bioluminescence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:6085-6089.
48. Caldwell, G. A., F. Naider, and J. M. Becker. 1995. Fungal lipopeptide mating pheromones: a model system for the study of protein prenylation. Microbiol. Rev. 59:406-422.
49. Camargo, M. M., I. C. Almeida, M. E. S. Pereira, M. A. J. Ferguson, L. R. Travassos, and R. T. Gazzinelli. 1997. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored mucin-like glycoproteins isolated from Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes initiate the synthesis of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. J. Immunol. 158:5890-5901.
50. Camp, L. A., L. A. Verkruyse, S. J. Afendis, C. A. Slaughter, and S. L. Hofmann. 1994. Molecular cloning and expression of palmitoyl-protein thioesterase. J. Biol. Chem. 269:23212-23219.
51. Carratelli, C. R., I. Nuzzo, C. Bentivoglio, and M. Galdiero. 1996. CD11a/ CD18 and CD11b/CD18 modulation by lipoteichoic acid, N-acetyl-muramyl-alpha-alanyl-D-isoglutamine, muramic acid and protein A from Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 16:309-315.
52. Chang, Y. F., R. Y. Young, and D. K. Struck. 1989. Cloning and characterization of a hemolysin gene from Actinobacillus (Hemophilus) pleuropneumoniae. DNA J. Mol. Cell. Biol. 8:635-647.
53. Chen, P., S. K. Sapperstein, J. D. Choi, and S. Michaelis. 1997. Biogenesis of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mating pheromone a-factor. J. Cell Biol. 136:251-269.
54. Clementz, T., Z. M. Zhou, and C. R. H. Raetz. 1997. Function of the Escherichia coli msbB gene, a multicopy suppressor of htrB knockouts, in the acylation of lipid A: acylation by MsbB follows laurate incorporate by HtrB. J. Biol. Chem. 272:10353-10360.
55. Clinkenbeard, K. D., and A. E. Thiessen. 1991. Mechanism of action of Moraxella bovis hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 59:1148-1152.
56. Coleman, J., and C. R. H. Raetz. 1988. First committed step of lipid A biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: sequence of the lpxA gene. J. Bacteriol. 170:1268-1274.
57. Conti-Tronconi, B. M., and M. A. Raftery. 1982. The nicotinic cholinergic receptor: correlation of molecular structure with functional properties. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 51:491-530.
58. Cooper, C. L., L. Hsu, S. Jackowski, and C. O. Rock. 1989. 2-acylglycerol-phosphoethanolamine acyltransferase acyl-acyl carrier protein-binding protein. J. Biol. Chem. 264:7384-7389.
59. Coote, J. G. 1992. Structural and functional relationships among the RTX toxin determinants of gram-negative bacteria. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 88: 137-162.
60. Cross, M. A., V. Koronakis, P. L. D. Stanley, and C. Hughes. 1990. HlyB dependent secretion of hemolysin by uropathogenic Escherichia coli requires conserved sequences flanking the chromosomal hly determinant. J. Bacteriol. 172:1217-1224.
61. Cruz, W. T., R. Young, Y. F. Chang, and D. K. Struck. 1990. Deletion analysis resolves cell binding and lytic domains of the Pasteurella leukotoxin. Mol. Microbiol. 4:1933-1939.
62. Czech, M. P. 1985. The nature and regulation of the insulin receptor: structure and function. Annu. Rev. Physiol. 47:357-381.
63. Czuprynski, C. J., E. J. Noel, O. Ortizcarranza, and S. Srikumaran. 1991. Activation of bovine neutrophils by partially purified Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin. Infect. Immun. 59:3126-3133.
64. Daaka, Y., J. A. Pitcher, M. Richardson, R. H. Stoffel, J. D. Robishaw, and R. J. Lefkowitz. 1997. Receptor and Gβγ isoform-specific interactions with G protein-coupled receptor kinases. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94:2180-2185.
65. Daefler, S., I. Guilvout, K. R. Hardie, A. P. Pugsley, and M. Russel. 1997. The C-terminal domain of the secretin PulD contains the binding site for its cognate chaperone, PulS, and confers PulS dependence on plV(f1) function. Mol. Microbiol. 24:465-475.
66. Damblon, C., X. Raquet, L. Y. Lian, J. Lamotte-Brasseur, E. Fonze, P. Charlier, G. C. K. Roberts, and J. M. Frere. 1996. The catalytic mechanism of β-lactamases - NMR titration of an active site lysine residue of the TEM-1 enzyme. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1747-1752.
67. Das, A. K., B. Dasgupta, R. Bhattacharya, and J. Basu. 1997. Purification and biochemical characterization of a protein-palmitoyl acyltransferase from human erythrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 272:11021-11025.
68. Dawe, A. L., J. M. Becker, Y. Jiang, F. Naider, J. T. Eummer, Y. Q. Mu, and R. A. Gibbs. 1997. Novel modifications to the farnesyl moiety of the a-factor lipopeptide pheromone from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a role for isoprene modifications in ligand presentation. Biochemistry 36:12036-12044.
69. Debelle, F., C. Plazanet, P. Roche, C. Pujol, A. Savagnac, C. Rosenberg, J. C. Prome, and J. Denarie. 1996. The NodA proteins of Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium tropici specify the N-acylation of Nod factors by different fatty acids. Mol. Microbiol. 22:303-314.
70. Decker, T., M. L. Lohmann-Matthes, and G. E. Gifford. 1987. Cell associated tumor necrosis factor (TNF) as a killing mechanism of activated cytotoxic macrophages. J. Immunol. 138:957-962.
71. Desnoyers, L., J. S. Anant, and M. C. Seabra. 1996. Geranylgeranylation of Rab proteins. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 24:699-703.
72. i subunits. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:15203-15208.
73. Diep, D. B., K. L. Nelson, S. M. Raja, E. N. Pleshak, and J. T. Buckley. 1998. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchors of membrane glycoproteins are binding determinants for the channel-forming toxin aerolysin. J. Biol. Chem. 273:2355-2360.
74. Dobereiner, A., A. Schmid, A. Ludwig, W. Goebel, and R. Benz. 1996. The effects of calcium and other polyvalent cations on channel formation by Escherichia coli α-hemolysin in red blood cells and lipid bilayer membranes. Eur. J. Biochem. 240:454-460.
75. Dotson, G. D., I. A. Kaltashov, R. J. Cotter, and C. R. H. Raetz. 1998. Expression and cloning of a Pseudomonas gene encoding a hydroxydecanoyl-acyl carrier protein-dependent UDP-GlcNAc acyltransferase. J. Bacteriol. 180:330-337.
76. Eberspacher, B., F. Hugo, and S. Bhakdi. 1989. Quantitative study of the binding and hemolytic efficiency of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 57:983-988.
77. Englund, P. T. 1993. The structure and biosynthesis of glycosyl phosphatidylinositol protein anchors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 62:121-138.
78. Epand, R. M. 1997. Biophysical studies of lipopeptide-membrane interactions. Biopolymers 43:15-24.
79. Fankhauser, C., S. W. Homans, J. E. Thomasoates, M. J. McConville, C. Desponds, A. Conzelmann, and M. A. J. Ferguson. 1993. Structures of glycosylphosphatidylinositol membrane anchors from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J. Biol. Chem. 268:26365-26374.
80. Farooqui, J. Z., R. C. Wohl, F. J. Kezdy, and A. M. Scanu. 1988. Identification of the active site serine in human lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 261:330-335.
81. Felmlee, T., S. Pellett, and R. A. Welch. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of an Escherichia coli chromosomal hemolysin. J. Bacteriol. 163:94-105.
82. Felmlee, T., S. Pellett, E. Y. Lee, and R. A. Welch. 1985. Escherichia coli hemolysin is released extracellularly without cleavage of a signal peptide. J. Bacteriol. 163:88-93.
83. Felmlee, T., and R. A. Welch. 1988. Alterations of amino acid repeats in the Escherichia coli hemolysin affect cytolytic activity and secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5269-5273.
84. Finlay, B. B., and S. Falkow. 1997. Common themes in microbial pathogenicity revisited. Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 61:136-169.
85. Finlay, B. B., and P. Cossart. 1997. Exploitation of mammalian host cell functions by bacterial pathogens. Science 276:718-725.
86. Finnie, C., N. M. Hartley, K. C. Findlay, and J. A. Downie. 1997. The Rhizobium leguminosarum prsDE genes are required for secretion of several proteins some of which influence nodulation, symbiotic nitrogen fixation and exopolysaccharide modification. Mol. Microbiol. 25:135-146.
87. Forestier, C., and R. A. Welch. 1990. Nonreciprocal complementation of the hlyC and lktC genes of the Escherichia coli hemolysin and Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin determinants. Infect. Immun. 58:828-832.
88. Forestier, C., and R. A. Welch. 1991. Identification of RTX toxin target cell specificity domains by use of hybrid genes. Infect. Immun. 59:4212-4220.
89. Frey, J., J. T. Bosse, Y. F. Chang, J. M. Cullen, B. Fenwick, G. F. Gerlach, D. Gygi, F. Haesebrouck, T. J. Inzana, R. Jansen, E. M. Kamp, J. MacDonald, J. I. MacInnes, K. R. Mittal, J. Nicolet, A. N. Rycroft, R. P. A. M. Segers, M. A. Smits, E. Stenbaek, D. K. Struck, J. F. Van den Bosch, P. J. Willson, and R. Young. 1993. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae RTX toxins - uniform designation of hemolysins, cytolysins, pleurotoxin and their genes. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139:1723-1728.
90. Fussle, R., S. Bhakdi, A. Sziegoleit, J. Tranum-Jensen, T. Kranz, and H.-J. Wellensiek. 1981. On the mechanism of membrane damage by Staphylococcus aureus α-toxin. J. Cell Biol. 91:83-94.
91. Gadeberg, O. V., and I. Orskov. 1984. In vitro cytotoxic effect of α-hemolytic Escherichia coli on human blood granulocytes. Infect. Immun. 45:255-260.
92. Gangola, P., and B. P. Rosen. 1987. Maintenance of intracellular calcium in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 262:12570-12574.
93. Gazit, E., I. R. Miller, P. C. Biggin, M. S. P. Sansom, and Y. Shai. 1996. Structure and orientation of the mammalian antibacterial peptide cecropin P1 within phospholipid membranes. J. Mol. Biol. 258:860-870.
94. Gehring, A. M., K. A. Bradley, and C. T. Walsh. 1997. Enterobactin biosynthesis in Escherichia coli: isochorismate lyase (EntB) is a bifunctional enzyme that is phosphopantetheinylated by EntD and then acylated by EntE using ATP and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate. Biochemistry 36:8495-8503.
95. Geiger, O., H. P. Spaink, and E. P. Kennedy. 1991. Isolation of the Rhizobium leguminosarum NodF nodulation protein - NodF carries a 4′-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group. J. Bacteriol. 173:2872-2878.
96. Gelman, M. S., and J. M. Prives. 1996. Arrest of subunit folding and assembly of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in cultured muscle cells by dithiothreitol. J. Biol. Chem. 271:10709-10714.
97. Gentschev, I., and W. Goebel. 1992. Topological and functional studies on HlvB of Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 232:40-48.
98. Gerold, P., V. Eckert, and R. T. Schwarz. 1996. GPI anchors: an overview. Trends Glycosci. Glycotechnol. 8:265-277.
99. Giannakouros, T., C. M. H. Newman, M. W. Craighead, J. Armstrong, and A. I. Magee. 1993. Post-translational processing of Schizosaccharomyces pombe YPT5 protein: in vitro and in vivo analysis of processing mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 268:24467-24474.
100. Glaser, P., H. Sakamoto, J. Bellalou, A. Ullmann, and A. Danchin. 1988. Secretion of cyclolysin, the calmodulin sensitive adenylate cyclase-hemolysin bifunctional protein of Bordetella pertussis. EMBO J. 7:3997-4004.
101. Gray, J. T., P. J. Fedorkacray, and D. G. Rogers. 1995. Partial characterization of a Moraxella bovis cytolysin. Vet. Microbiol. 43:183-196.
102. Grimminger, F., D. Walmrath, R. G. Birkemeyer, S. Bhakdi, and W. Seeger. 1990. Leukotriene and hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid generation elicited by low doses of Escherichia coli hemolysin in rabbit lungs. Infect. Immun. 58:2659-2663.
103. Grimminger, F., F. Rose, U. Sibelius, M. Meinhardt, B. Potzsch, R. Spriestersbach, S. Bhakdi, N. Suttorp, and W. Seeger. 1997. Human endothelial cell activation and mediator release in response to the bacterial exotoxins Escherichia coli hemolysin and staphylococcal α-toxin. J. Immunol. 159: 1909-1916.
104. Gupta, S. D., W. Dowhan, and H. C. Wu. 1991. Phosphatidylethanolamine is not essential for the N-acylation of apolipoprotein in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 266:9983-9986.
105. ε-palmitoyl-lysine. Biochem. J. 326:799-806.
106. Gygi, D., J. Nicolet, J. Frey, M. Cross, V. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. 1990. Isolation of the Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae hemolysin gene and the activation and secretion of the prohaemolysin by the HlyC, HlyB and HlyD proteins of Escherichia coli. Mol. Microbiol. 4:123-128.
107. Hacker, J., C. Hughes, H. Hof, and W. Goebel. 1983. Cloned hemolysin genes from Escherichia coli that cause urinary tract infection determine different levels of toxicity in mice. Infect. Immun. 42:57-63.
108. Hackett, M., L. Guo, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, and E. L. Hewlett. 1994. Internal lysine palmitoylation in adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis. Science 266:433-435.
109. Hackett, M., C. B. Walker, L. Guo, M. C. Gray, S. van Cuyk, A. Ullmann, J. Shabanowitz, D. F. Hunt, E. L. Hewlett, and P. Sebo. 1995. Hemolytic, but not cell-invasive activity, of adenylate-cyclase toxin is selectively affected by differential fatty acylation in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 270:20250-20253.
110. Z is correlated with an inhibition of palmitoylation and membrane attachment, but has no affect on phosphorylation by protein-kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 269:4571-4576.
111. Hanakam, F., G. Gerisch, S. Lotz, T. Alt, and A. Seelig. 1996. Binding of hisactophilin I and hisactophilin II to lipid membranes is controlled by a pH dependent myristoyl-histidine switch. Biochemistry 35:11036-11044.
112. Hardie, K. R., J. P. Issartel, E. Koronakis, C. Hughes, and V. Koronakis. 1991. In vitro activation of Escherichia coli prohaemolysin to the mature membrane-targeted toxin requires HlyC and a low molecular weight cytosolic polypeptide. Mol. Microbiol. 5:1669-1679.
113. Harrison, J. L., I. M. Taylor, K. Platt, and C. D. O'Connor. 1992. Surface exclusion specificity of the TraT lipoprotein is determined by single alterations in a five amino acid region of the protein. Mol. Microbiol. 6:2825-2832.
114. Hauschildt, S., P. Hoffmann, H. U. Beuscher, G. Dufhues, P. Heinrich, K. H. Wiesmuller, G. Jung, and W. G. Bessler. 1990. Activation of bone marrow derived mouse macrophages by bacterial lipopeptide - cytokine production, phagocytosis and IgA expression. Eur. J. Immunol. 20:63-68.
115. Hayashi, M. K., and T. Haga. 1997. Palmitoylation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor m2 subtypes: reduction in their ability to activate G proteins by mutation of a putative palmitoylation site, cysteine 457, in the carboxyl-terminal tail. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 340:376-382.
116. Hayashi, S., and H. C. Wu. 1990. Lipoproteins in bacteria. J. Bioenerg. Biomemb. 22:451-471.
117. Hazuda, D. J., J. Strickler, P. Simon, and P. R. Young. 1991. Structure-function mapping of interleukin-1 precursors: cleavage leads to a conformational change in the mature protein. J. Biol. Chem. 266:7081-7086.
118. Heaton, M. P., and F. C. Neuhaus. 1994. Role of the D-alanyl carrier protein in the biosynthesis of D-alanyl-lipoteichoic acid. J. Bacteriol. 176:681-690.
119. Hedo, J. A., E. Collier, and A. Watkinson. 1987. Myristyl and palmityl acylation of the insulin receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 262:954-957.
120. Henderson, B., S. Poole, and M. Wilson. 1996. Bacterial modulins - a novel class of virulence factors which cause host tissue pathology by inducing cytokine synthesis. Microbiol. Rev. 60:316-341.
121. Henricks, P. A. J., G. J. Binkhorst, A. A. Drijver, and F. P. Nijkamp. 1992. Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin enhances production of leukotriene-B4 and 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid by bovine polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 60:3238-3243.
122. Herrmann, A., A. Schlosser, R. Schmid, and E. Schneider. 1996. Biochemical identification of a lipoprotein with maltose binding activity in the thermoacidophilic Gram-positive bacterium Alicyclobacillus acidocaldarius. Res. Microbiol. 147:733-737.
123. Hertle, R., S. Brutsche, W. Groeger, S. Hobbie, W. Koch, U. Konninger, and V. Braun. 1997. Specific phosphatidylethanolamine dependence of Serratia marcescens cytotoxin activity. Mol. Microbiol. 26:853-865.
124. Hess, J., W. Wels, M. Vogel, and W. Goebel. 1986. Nucleotide sequence of a plasmid encoded hemolysin determinant and its comparison with a corresponding chromosomal hemolysin sequence. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 34: 1-11.
125. Highlander, S. K., M. J. Engler, and G. M. Weinstock. 1990. Secretion and expression of the Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin. J. Bacteriol. 172:2343-2350.
126. Hofer, M. F., K. Newell, R. C. Duke, P. M. Schlievert, J. H. Freed, and D. Y. M. Leung. 1996. Differential effects of staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome toxin I on B cell apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5425-5430.
127. Holak, T. A., M. Nilges, J. H. Prestegard, A. M. Gronenborn, and G. M. Clore. 1988. Three dimensional structure of acyl carrier protein in solution determined by nuclear magnetic resonance and the combined use of dynamical simulated annealing and distance geometry. Eur. J. Biochem. 175: 9-15.
128. Hughes, C., J. P. Issartel, K. Hardie, P. Stanley, E. Koronakis, and V. Koronakis. 1992. Activation of Escherichia coli prohemolysin to the membrane targeted toxin by HlyC-directed ACP-dependent fatty acylation. FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 105:37-44.
129. Hughes, C., P. Stanley, and V. Koronakis. 1992. Escherichia coli hemolysin interactions with prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes. Bioessays 14:519-525.
130. 1-chain integrins are receptors for invasin, a protein that promotes bacterial penetration into mammalian cells. Cell 60:861-871.
131. Ishibashi, Y., S. Claus, and D. A. Relman. 1994. Bordetella pertussis filamentous hemagglutinin interacts with a leukocyte signal transduction complex and stimulates bacterial adherence to monocyte CR3 (CD11B/CD18). J. Exp. Med. 180:1225-1233.
132. Issartel, J. P., V. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. 1991. Activation of Escherichia coli prohaemolysin to the mature toxin by acyl carrier protein-dependent fatty acylation. Nature 351:759-761.
133. Iwaki, M., A. Ullmann, and P. Sebo. 1995. Identification by in vitro complementation of regions required for cell-invasive activity of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin. Mol. Microbiol. 17:1015-1024.
134. Jackowski, S., and C. O. Rock. 1983. Ratio of active to inactive forms of acyl carrier protein in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 258:5186-5191.
135. Jackowski, S., and C. O. Rock. 1986. Transfer of fatty acids from the 1-position of phosphatidylethanolamine to the major outer membrane lipoprotein of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 261:1328-1333.
136. Jackowski, S., P. D. Jackson, and C. O. Rock. 1994. Sequence and function of the aas gene in Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 269:2921-2928.
137. Jarchau, T., T. Chakraborty, F. Garcia, and W. Goebel. 1994. Selection for transport competence of C-terminal polypeptides derived from Escherichia coli hemolysin - the shortest peptide capable of autonomous HlyB/HlyD-dependent secretion comprises the C-terminal 62 amino acids of HlyA. Mol. Gen. Genet. 245:53-60.
138. Jauhiainen, M., K. J. Stevenson, and P. J. Dolphin. 1988. Human plasma lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase-the vicinal nature of cysteine 31 and cysteine 184 in the catalytic site. J. Biol. Chem. 263:6525-6533.
139. 1 receptor does not affect receptor-G protein interaction. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 324:109-116.
140. Johnson, D. R., R. S. Bhatnagar, L. J. Knoll, and J. I. Gordon. 1994. Genetic and biochemical studies of protein N-myristoylation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 63:869-914.
141. Johnson, R. S., H. Ohguro, K. Palczewski, J. B. Hurley, K. A. Walsh, and T. A. Neubert. 1994. Heterogeneous N-acylation is a tissue specific and species specific posttranslational modification. J. Biol. Chem. 269:21067-21071.
142. Jonas, D., B. Schultheis, C. Klas, P. H. Krammer, and S. Bhakdi. 1993. Cytocidal effects of Escherichia coli hemolysin on human T lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 61:1715-1721.
143. Jones, A. L., P. Kille, J. E. Dancer, and J. L. Harwood. 1993. The cloning and overexpression of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein. Grasas Aceites 44:116-117.
144. 1H heteronuclear Overhauser effect studies of the acyl chain-binding site of acyl carrier protein. J. Biol. Chem. 262:8963-8965.
145. S palmitoylation in its basal and activated states. Biochemistry 36:7185-7191.
146. Jordan, S. W., and J. E. Cronan. 1997. A new metabolic link: The acyl carrier protein of lipid synthesis donates lipoic acid to the pyruvate denydrogenase complex in Escherichia coli and mitochondria. J. Biol. Chem. 272:17903-17906.
147. Jorgensen, S. E., R. F. Hammer, and G. K. Wu. 1980. Effects of a single hit from the α-hemolysin produced by Escherichia coli on the morphology of sheep erythrocytes. Infect. Immun. 27:988-994.
148. Joseph, M., and R. Nagaraj. 1995. Interaction of peptides corresponding to fatty acylation sites in proteins with model membranes. J. Biol. Chem. 270:16749-16755.
149. Kabouridis, P. S., A. I. Magee, and S. C. Ley. 1997. S-acylation of LCK protein tyrosine kinase is essential for its signalling function in T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 16:4983-4998.
150. Kahn, R. A., J. K. Yucel, and V. Malhotra. 1993. ARF signaling: a potential role for phospholipase D in membrane traffic. Cell 75:1045-1048.
151. Kaniga, K., D. Trollinger, and J. E. Galan. 1995. Identification of two targets of the type III protein secretion system encoded by the inv and spa loci of Salmonella typhimurium that have homology to the Shigella IpaD and IpaA proteins. J. Bacteriol. 177:7078-7085.
152. Katahira, J., H. Sugiyama, N. Inoue, Y. Horiguchi, M. Matsuda, and N. Sugimoto. 1997. Clostridium perfringens enterotoxin utilizes two structurally related membrane proteins as functional receptors in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 272:26652-26658.
153. Kawate, N., H. Peegel, and K. M. J. Menon. 1997. Role of palmitoylation of conserved cysteine residues of luteinizing hormone human choriogonadotropin receptors in receptor down-regulation. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. 127: 211-219.
154. Kaye, S. A., C. B. Louise, B. Boyd, C. A. Lingwood, and T. G. Obrig. 1993. Shiga toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome: interleukin-1β enhancement of Shiga toxin cytotoxicity toward human vascular endothelial cells in vitro. Infect. Immun. 61:3886-3891.
155. Keane, W. F., R. Welch, G. Gekker, and P. K. Peterson. 1987. Mechanism of Escherichia coli α-hemolysin induced injury to isolated renal tubular cells Am. J. Pathol. 126:350-357.
156. Keating, D. H., Y. Zhang, and J. E. Cronan. 1996. The apparent coupling between synthesis and post-translational modification of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein is due to inhibition of amino acid biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 178:2662-2667.
157. Keep, N. H., M. Barnes, I. Barsukov, R. Badii, L. Y. Lian, A. W. Segal, P. C. E. Moody, and G. C. K. Roberts. 1997. A modulator of rho family G proteins, rhoGDI, binds these G proteins via an immunoglobulin-like domain and a flexible N-terminal arm. Structure 5:623-633.
158. Kelly, T. M., S. A. Stachula, C. R. H. Raetz, and M. S. Anderson. 1993. The firA gene of Escherichia coli encodes UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-glucosamine N-acyltransferase: the third step of endotoxin biosynthesis. J. Biol. Chem. 268:19866-19874.
159. Kenny, B., S. Taylor, and I. B. Holland. 1992. Identification of individual amino acids required for secretion within the hemolysin (HlyA) C-terminal targeting region. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1477-1489.
160. Kenny, B., R. DeVinney, M. Stein, D. J. Reinscheid, E. A. Frey, and B. B. Finlay. 1997. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) transfers its receptor for intimate adherence into mammalian cells. Cell 91:511-520.
161. Kim, J. Y., T. Shishido, X. L. Jiang, A. Aderem, and S. McLaughlin. 1994. Phosphorylation, high ionic strength, and calmodulin reverse the binding of MARCKS to phospholipid vesicles. J. Biol. Chem. 269:28214-28219.
162. Klebba, P. E., M. Hofnung, and A. Charbit. 1994. A model of maltodextrin transport through the sugar specific porin, LamB, based on deletion analysis. EMBO J. 13:4670-4675.
163. Kokame, K., Y. Fukada, T. Yoshizawa, T. Takao, and Y. Shimomshi. 1992. Lipid modification at the N-terminus of photoreceptor G-protein α-subunit. Nature 359:749-752.
164. Konig, B., A. Ludwig, W. Goebel, and W. Konig. 1994. Pore formation by the Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin: role for mediator release from human inflammatory cells. Infect. Immun. 62:4611-4617.
165. Konig, B., and W. Konig. 1994. Effect of growth factors on Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin induced mediator release from inflammatory cells: involvement of the signal transduction pathway. Infect. Immun. 62:2085-2093.
166. Koronakis, E., C. Hughes, I. Milisav, and V. Koronakis. 1995. Protein exporter function and in vitro ATPase activity are correlated in ABC-domain mutants of HlyB. Mol. Microbiol. 16:87-96.
167. Koronakis, V., M. Cross, B. Senior, E. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. 1987.
168. Koronakis, V., E. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. 1989. Isolation and analysis of the C-terminal signal directing export of Escherichia coli hemolysin protein across both bacterial membranes. EMBO J. 8:595-605.
169. Koronakis, V., C. Hughes, and E. Koronakis. 1991. Energetically distinct early and late stages of HlyB/HlyD-dependent secretion across both Escherichia coli membranes. EMBO J. 10:3263-3272.
170. Koronakis, V., C. Hughes, and E. Koronakis. 1993. ATPase activity and ATP/ADP-induced conformational change in the soluble domain of the bacterial protein translocator HlyB. Mol. Microbiol. 8:1163-1175.
171. Koronakis, V., and C. Hughes. 1996. Synthesis, maturation and export of the Escherichia coli hemolysin. Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 185:65-71.
172. Koronakis, V., J. Li, E. Koronakis, and K. Stauffer. 1997. Structure of TolC, the outer membrane component of the bacterial type I efflux system, derived from two-dimensional crystals. Mol. Microbiol. 23:617-626.
173. Kraig, E., T. Dailey, and D. Kolodrubetz. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of the leukotoxin gene from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans - homology to the alpha-hemolysin leukotoxin gene family. Infect. Immun. 58:920-929.
174. Kuipers, O. P., M. M. Beerthuyzen, R. J. Siezen, and W. M. deVos. 1993. Characterization of the nisin gene cluster nisABTCIPR of Lactococcus lactis: requirement of expression of the nisA and nisI genes for development of immunity. Eur. J. Biochem. 216:281-291.
175. Lally, E. T., E. E. Golub, and I. R. Kieba. 1994. Identification and immunological characterization of the domain of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin that determines its specificity for human target cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269:31289-31295.
176. Lally, E. T., I. R. Kieba, A. Sato, C. L. Green, J. Rosenbloom, J. Korostoff, J. F. Wang, B. J. Shenker, S. Ortlepp, M. K. Robinson, and P. C. Billings. 1997. RTX toxins recognize a β2 integrin on the surface of human target cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272:30463-30469.
177. Lambalot, R. H., A. M. Gehring, R. S. Flugel, P. Zuber, M. Lacelle, M. A. Marahiel, R. Reid, C. Khosla, and C. T. Walsh. 1996. A new enzyme superfamily: the phosphopantetheinyl transferases. Chem. Biol. 3:923-936.
178. Lambalot, R. H., and C. T. Walsh. 1997. Holo-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase of Escherichia coli. Methods Enzymol. 279:254-262.
179. Lee, C. Y., and E. A. Meighen. 1997. Cysteine-286 as the site of acylation of the Lux-specific fatty acyl-CoA reductase. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1338: 215-222.
180. Leesong, M., B. S. Henderson, J. R. Gillig, J. M. Schwab, and J. L. Smith. 1996. Structure of a dehydratase-isomerase from the bacterial pathway for biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids: two catalytic activities in one active site. Structure 4:253-264.
181. Li, J., R. Szittner, Z. S. Derewenda, and E. A. Meighen. 1996. Conversion of serine-114 to cysteine-114 and the role of the active site nucleophile in acyl transfer by myristoyl-ACP thioesterase from Vibrio harveyi. Biochemistry 35:9967-9973.
182. Lightner, V. A., R. M. Bell, and P. Modrich. 1983. The DNA sequences encoding plsB and dgk loci of Escherichia coli. J. Biol. Chem. 258:856-861.
183. Linder, M. E., I. H. Pang, R. J. Duronio, J. I. Gordon, P. C. Sternweis, and A. G. Gilman. 1991. Lipid modifications of G-protein subunits: myristoylation of Gα increases its affinity for βγ. J. Biol. Chem. 266:4654-4659.
184. Liu, L., T. Dudler, and M. H. Gelb. 1996. Purification of a protein palmitoyltransferase that acts on H-ras protein and on a C-terminal N-ras peptide. J. Biol. Chem. 271:23269-23276.
185. Loing, E., A. Delanoye, C. Sergheraert, A. Tartar, and H. Gras-Masse. 1996. Assessing delivery of lipopeptides into the cytoplasm of intact cells by a functional assay based on PKC inhibition. 1. The Jurkat model. Peptide Res. 9:229-232.
186. Ludwig, A., M. Vogel, and W. Goebel. 1987. Mutations affecting activity and transport of hemolysin in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 206:238-245.
187. 2+-dependent binding to erythrocytes. Mol. Gen. Genet. 214:553-561.
188. Ludwig, A., A. Schmid, R. Benz, and W. Goebel. 1991. Mutations affecting pore formation by hemolysin from Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 226: 198-208.
189. Ludwig, A., R. Benz, and W. Goebel. 1993. Oligomerization of Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) is involved in pore formation. Mol. Gen. Genet. 241:89-96.
190. Ludwig, A., F. Garcia, S. Bauer, T. Jarchau, R. Benz, J. Hoppe, and W. Goebel. 1996. Analysis of the in vivo activation of hemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 178:5422-5430.
191. Maekawa, T., K. Yanagihara, and E. Ohtsubo. 1996. Specific nicking at the 3′ ends of the terminal inverted repeat sequences in transposon Tn3 by transposase and an E. coli protein ACP. Genes Cells 1:1017-1030.
192. Magnuson, K., S. Jackowski, C. O. Rock, and J. E. Cronan. 1993. Regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. Microbiol. Rev. 57:522-542.
193. Magnuson, K., M. R. Carey, and J. E. Cronan. 1995. The putative fabJ gene of Escherichia coli fatty acid synthesis is the fabF gene. J. Bacteriol. 177: 3593-3595.
194. Maier, E., N. Reinhard, R. Benz, and J. Frey. 1996. Channel forming activity and channel size of the RTX toxins ApxI, ApxII, and ApxIII of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 64:4415-4423.
195. Majury, A. L., and P. E. Shewen. 1991. Preliminary investigation of the mechanism of inhibition of bovine lymphocyte proliferation by Pasteurella haemolytica A1 leukotoxin. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 29:57-68.
196. Manenti, S., O. Sorokine, A. vanDorsselaer, and H. Taniguchi. 1994. Demyristoylation of the major substrate of protein kinase C (MARCKS) by the cytoplasmic fraction of brain synaptosomes. J. Biol. Chem. 269:8309-8313.
197. Mangan, D. F., N. S. Taichman, E. T. Lally, and S. M. Wahl. 1991. Lethal effects of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin on human lymphocytes. Infect. Immun. 59:3267-3272.
198. Marshall, C. J. 1993. Protein prenylation: a mediator of protein-protein interactions. Science 259:1865-1866.
199. Marshall, M. 1995. Ras target proteins in eukaryotic cells. FASEB J. 9:1311-1318.
200. May, A. K., R. G. Sawyer, T. Gleason, A. Whitworth, and T. L. Pruett. 1996. In vivo cytokine response to Escherichia coli alpha-hemolysin determined with genetically engineered hemolytic and nonhemolytic Escherichia coli variants. Infect. Immun. 64:2167-2171.
201. Mayo, K. H., and J. H. Prestegard. 1985. Acyl carrier protein from Eschrichia coli: structural characterization of short chain acylated acyl carrier proteins by NMR. Biochemistry 24:7834-7838.
202. McWhinney, D. R., Y. F. Chang, R. Young, and D. K. Struck. 1992. Separable domains define target cell specificities of an RTX hemolysin from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. J. Bacteriol. 174:291-297.
203. Menestrina, G., C. Moser, S. Pellett, and R. Welch. 1994. Pore formation by Escherichia coli hemolysin (HlyA) and other members of the RTX toxins family. Toxicology 87:249-267.
204. Menestrina, G., M. DallaSerra, C. Pederzolli, M. Bregante, and F. Gambale. 1995. Bacterial hemolysins and leukotoxins affect target cells by forming large exogenous pores into their plasma membrane: Escherichia coli hemolysin A as a case example. Biosci. Rep. 15:543-551.
205. Menestrina, G., M. Ropele, M. Dalla Serra, C. Pederzolli, F. Hugo, S. Pellett, and R. A. Welch. 1995. Binding of antibodies to functional epitopes on the pore formed by Escherichia coli hemolysin in cells and model membranes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1238:72-80.
206. Menzl, K., E. Maier, T. Chakraborty, and R. Benz. 1996. HlyA hemolysin of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype E1 Tor: identification of the hemolytic complex and evidence for the formation of anion selective ion-permeable channels. Eur. J. Biochem. 240:646-654.
207. Merlie, J. P., and J. Lindstrom. 1983. Assembly in vivo of mouse muscle acetylcholine receptor - identification of an α-subunit species that may be an assembly intermediate. Cell 34:747-757.
208. Milligan, G., M. Parenti, and A. I. Magee. 1995. The dynamic role of palmitoylation in signal transduction. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20-181-186.
209. Milligan, G., M. A. Grassie, A. Wise, D. J. Macewan, A. I. Magee, and M. Parenti. 1995. G-protein palmitoylation: regulation and functional significance. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 23:583-587.
210. Moayeri, M., and R. A. Welch. 1994. Effects of temperature, time, and toxin concentration on lesion formation by the Escherichia coli hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 62:4124-4134.
211. Moayeri, M., and R. A. Welch. 1997. Prelytic and lytic conformations of erythrocyte-associated Escherichia coli hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 65:2233-2239.
212. Mobley, H. L. T., D. M. Green, A. L. Trifillis, D. E. Johnson, G. R. Chippendale, C. V. Lockatell, B. D. Jones, and J. W. Warren. 1990. Pyelonephritogenic Escherichia coli and killing of cultured human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells: role of hemolysin in some strains. Infect. Immun. 58:1281-1289.
213. 2-adrenergic receptor lacking the palmitoylated Cys341. EMBO J. 12:349-356.
214. Morgan, P. J., S. C. Hyman, A. J. Rowe, T. J. Mitchell, P. W. Andrew, and H. R. Saibil. 1995. Subunit organization and symmetry of pore-forming, oligomeric pneumolysin. FEBS Lett. 371:77-80.
215. Mumby, S. M., R. O. Heukeroth, J. I. Gordon, and A. G. Gilman. 1990. G-protein α-subunit expression, myristoylation, and membrane association in Cos cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:728-732.
216. Mumby, S. M. 1997. Reversible palmitoylation of signaling proteins. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 9:148-154.
217. Muntz, K. H., P. C. Sternweis, A. G. Gilman, and S. M. Mumby. 1992. Influence of γ-subunit prenylation on association of guanine nucleotide binding regulatory proteins with membranes. Mol. Biol. Cell 3:49-61.
218. Murray, D., N. Ben Tal, B. Honig, and S. McLaughlin. 1997. Electrostatic interaction of myristoylated proteins with membranes: simple physics, complicated biology. Structure 5:985-989.
219. Nagamune, K., K. Yamamoto, A. Naka, J. Matsuyama, T. Miwatani, and T. Honda. 1996. In vitro proteolytic processing and activation of the recombinant precursor of E1 Tor cytolysin/hemolysin (proHlyA) of Vibrio cholerae by soluble hemagglutinin/protease of Vibrio cholerae, trypsin, and other proteases. Infect. Immun. 64:4655-4658.
220. Naglich, J. G., J. E. Metherall, D. W. Russell, and L. Eidels. 1992. Expression cloning of a diphtheria toxin receptor: identity with a heparin binding EGF-like growth factor precursor. Cell 69:1051-1061.
221. Nakahama, K., K. Yoshimura, R. Marumoto, M. Kikuchi, I. S. Lee, T. Hase, and H. Matsubara. 1986. Cloning and sequencing of Serratia protease gene Nucleic Acid. Res. 14:5843-5855.
222. Newman, C. M. H., and A. I. Magee. 1993. Posttranslational processing of the Ras superfamily of small GTP-binding proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1155:79-96.
223. Nicaud, J. M., N. Mackman, L. Gray, and I. B. Holland. 1986. The C-terminal, 23kDa peptide of Escherichia coli hemolysin 2001 contains all the information necessary for its secretion by the hemolysin (Hly) export machinery. FEBS Lett. 204:331-335.
224. Nichols, W. A., C. R. H. Raetz, T. Clementz, A. L. Smith, J. A. Hanson, M. R. Ketterer, M. Sunshine, and M. A. Apicella. 1997. htrB of Haemophilus influenzae - determination of biochemical activity and effects on virulence and lipooligosaccharide toxicity. J. Endotoxin Res. 4:163-172.
225. Nieto, J. M., M. J. A. Bailey, C. Hughes, and V. Koronakis. 1996. Suppression of transcription polarity in the Escherichia coli hemolysin operon by a short upstream element shared by polysaccharide and DNA transfer determinants. Mol. Microbiol. 19:705-713.
226. Niki, H., R. Imamura, M. Kitaoka, K. Yamanaka, T. Ogura, and S. Hiraga. 1992. Escherichia coli MukB protein involved in chromosome partition forms a homodimer with a rod-and-hinge structure having DNA binding and ATP/GTP binding activities. EMBO J. 11:5101-5109.
227. Odegaard, T. J., I. A. Kaltashov, R. J. Cotter, L. Steeghs, P. van der Ley, S. Khan, D. J. Maskell, and C. R. H. Raetz. 1997. Shortened hydroxyacyl chains on lipid A of Escherichia coli cells expressing a foreign UDP-N-acetylglucosamine O-acyltransferase. J. Biol. Chem. 272:19688-19696.
228. Ohnishi, M., T. Hayashi, and Y. Terawaki. 1998. Purification and characterization of procytotoxin of Pseudomonas aeruginosa - dimer to monomer conversion of protoxin by proteolytic activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273:453-458.
229. Olson, E. N., L. Glaser, and J. P. Merlie. 1984. α and β subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor contain covalently bound lipid. J. Biol. Chem. 259:5364-5367.
230. Onishi, H. R., B. A. Pelak, L. S. Gerckens, L. L. Silver, F. M. Kahan, M. H. Chen, A. A. Patchett, S. M. Galloway, S. A. Hyland, M. S. Anderson, and C. R. H. Raetz. 1996. Antibacterial agents that inhibit lipid A biosynthesis. Science 274:980-982.
231. Ostolaza, H., B. Bartolome, I. Ortiz de Zarate, F. de la Cruz, and F. M. Goni. 1993. Release of lipid vesicle contents by the bacterial protein toxin α-hemolysin. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1147:81-88.
232. Ostolaza, H., A. Soloaga, and F. M. Goni. 1995. The binding of divalent cations to Escherichia coli α-hemolysin. Eur. J. Biochem. 228:39-44.
233. Ostolaza, H., L. Bakas, and F. M. Goni. 1997. Balance of electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions in the lysis of model membranes by E. coli α-haemolysin. J. Membr. Biol. 158:137-145.
234. Palczewski, K. 1997. GTP-binding-protein-coupled receptor kinases: two mechanistic models. Eur. J. Biochem. 248:261-269.
235. Palmer, M., P. Saweljew, I. Vulicevic, A. Valeva, M. Kehoe, and S. Bhakdi. 1996. Membrane penetrating domain of streptolysin O identified by cysteine scanning mutagenesis. J. Biol. Chem. 271:26664-26667.
236. Parker, M. W., F. G. VanderGoot, and J. T. Buckley. 1996. Aerolysin: the ins and outs of a model channel forming toxin. Mol. Microbiol. 19:205-212.
237. Peitzsch, R. M., and S. McLaughlin. 1993. Binding of acylated peptides and fatty acids to phospholipid vesicles: pertinence to myristoylated proteins. Biochemistry 32:10436-10443.
238. Pellett, S., D. F. Boehm, I. S. Snyder, G. Rowe, and R. A. Welch. 1990. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against the Escherichia coli hemolysin. Infect. Immun. 58:822-827.
239. Pellett, S., and R. A. Welch. 1996. Escherichia coli hemolysin mutants with altered target cell specificity. Infect. Immun. 64:3081-3087.
240. Src can direct myristylation and plasma membrane localization when fused to heterologous proteins. Nature 314:374-377.
241. Pieper, R., A. Haese, W. Schroder, and R. Zocher. 1995. Arrangement of catalytic sites in the multifunctional enzyme enniatin synthetase. Eur. J. Biochem. 230:119-126.
242. Pillai, S., and D. Baltimore. 1987. Myristoylation and the post-translational acquisition of hydrophobicity by the membrane immunoglobulin heavy chain polypeptide in B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:7654-7658.
243. Platt, M. W., K. J. Miller, W. S. Lane, and E. P. Kennedy. 1990. Isolation and characterization of the constitutive acyl carrier protein from Rhizobium meliloti. J. Bacteriol. 172:5440-5444.
244. Porat, R., B. D. Clark, S. M. Wolff, and C. A. Dinarello. 1991. Enhancement of the growth of virulent strains of E. coli by interleukin 1. Science 254: 430-432.
245. Pothoulakis, C., R. J. Gilbert, C. Cladaras, I. Castagliuolo, G. Semenza, Y. Hitti, J. S. Montcrief, J. Linevsky, C. P. Kelly, S. Nikulasson, H. P. Desai, T. D. Wilkins, and J. T. Lamont. 1996. Rabbit sucrase-isomaltase contains a functional intestinal receptor for Clostridium difficile toxin A. J. Clin. Invest. 98:641-649.
246. Raetz, C. R. H., and S. L. Roderick. 1995. A left-handed parallel β helix in the structure of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine acyltransferase. Science 270: 997-1000.
247. Resh, M. D. 1996. Regulation of cellular signaling by fatty acid acylation and prenylation of signal transduction proteins. Cell. Signalling 8:403-412.
248. Revill, W. P., M. J. Bibb, and D. A. Hopwood. 1996. Relationships between fatty acid and polyketide synthases from Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2): characterization of the fatty acid synthase acyl carrier protein. J. Bacteriol. 178:5660-5667.
249. Rock, C. O., and S. Jackowski. 1982. Regulation of phospholipid synthesis in Escherichia coli: composition of the acyl-acyl carrier protein pool in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 257:759-765.
250. Rose, T., P. Sebo, J. Bellalou, and D. Ladant. 1995. Interaction of calcium with Bordetella pertussis adenylate-cyclase toxin. J. Biol. Chem. 270:26370-26376.
251. Rosenshine, I., S. Ruschkowski, M. Stein, D. J. Reinscheid, S. D. Mills, and B. B. Finlay. 1996. A pathogenic bacterium triggers epithelial signals to form a functional bacterial receptor that mediates actin pseudopod formation. EMBO J. 15:2613-2624.
252. Rudnick, D. A., W. J. Rocque, C. A. McWherter, M. V. Toth, E. Jackson-Machelski, and J. I. Gordon. 1993. Use of photoactivatable peptide substrates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-CoA protein N-myristoyltransferase (Nmt1p) to characterize a myristoylCoA-Nmt1p-peptide ternary complex and to provide evidence for an ordered reaction mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:1087-1091.
253. Rusnak, F., M. Sakaitani, D. Drueckhammer, J. Reichert, and C. Y. Walsh. 1991. Biosynthesis of the Escherichia coli siderophore enterobactin - sequence of the entF gene, expression and purification of EntF, and analysis of covalent phosphopantetheine. Biochemistry 30:2916-2927.
254. Sankaran, K., and H. C. Wu. 1994. Lipid modification of bacteria prolipoprotein: transfer of diacylglyceryl moiety from phosphatidylglycerol. J. Biol. Chem. 269:19701-19706.
255. Saouaf, S. J., A. Wolven, M. D. Resh, and J. B. Bolen. 1997. Palmitylation of Src family tyrosine kinases regulates functional interaction with a B cell substrate. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 234:325-329.
256. Scheu, A. K., A. Economou, G. F. Hong, S. Ghelani, A. W. B. Johnston, and J. A. Downie. 1992. Secretion of the Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation protein NodO by hemolysin-type systems. Mol. Microbiol. 6:231-238.
257. Schmidt, H., C. Kernbach, and H. Karch. 1996. Analysis of the EHEC hly operon and its location in the physical map of the large plasmid of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157-H7. Microbiology 142:907-914.
258. Schmidt, H., E. Maier, H. Karch, and R. Benz. 1996. Pore-forming properties of the plasmid encoded hemolysin of enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157-H7. Eur. J. Biochem. 241:594-601.
259. Schoenhals, G. J., and R. M. MacNab. 1996. Physiological and biochemical analyses of FlgH, a lipoprotein forming the outer membrane L-ring of the flagellar basal body of Salmonella typhimurium. J. Bacteriol. 178:4200-4207.
260. Schulein, R., I. Gentschev, H. J. Mollenkopf, and W. Goebel. 1992. A topological model for the hemolysin translocator protein HlyD. Mol. Gen. Genet. 234:155-163.
261. Schutte, H., S. Rosseau, R. Czymek, L. Ermert, D. Walmrath, H. J. Kramer, W. Seeger, and F. Grimminger. 1997. Synergism between endotoxin priming and exotoxin. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 156:819-824.
262. Sebo, P., and D. Ladant. 1993. Repeat sequences in the Bordetella pertussis adenylate-cyclase toxin can be recognized as alternative carbon-proximal secretion signals by the Escherichia coli α-hemolysin translocator. Mol. Microbiol. 9:999-1009.
263. Sebti, S. M., and A. D. Hamilton. 1998. New approaches to anticancer drug design based on the inhibition of farnesyltransferase. Drug Discov. Today 3:26-33.
264. Seger, R., and E. Krebs. 1995. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9:726-735.
265. Seykora, J. T., M. M. Myat, L. A. H. Allen, J. V. Ravetch, and A. Aderem. 1996. Molecular determinants of the myristoyl-electrostatic switch of MARCKS. J. Biol. Chem. 271:18797-18802.
266. Shahinian, S., and J. R. Silvius. 1995. Doubly-lipid-modified protein sequence motifs exhibit long-lived anchorage to lipid bilayer membranes. Biochemistry 34:3813-3822.
267. Shearman, C. A., L. Rossen, A. W. B. Johnston, and J. A. Downie. 1986. The Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation gene nodF encodes a polypeptide similar to acyl carrier protein and is regulated by NodD plus a factor in pea root exudate. EMBO J. 5:647-652.
268. Shen, B., R. G. Summers, H. Gramajo, M. J. Bibb, and C. R. Hutchinson. 1992. Purification and characterization of the acyl carrier protein of the Streptomyces glaucescens tetracenomycin C polyketide synthase. J. Bacteriol. 174:3818-3821.
269. Shen, F., and M. C. Seabra. 1996. Mechanism of digeranylgeranylation of Rab proteins: formation of a complex between monogeranylgeranyl-Rab and Rab escort protein. J. Biol. Chem. 271:3692-3698
270. 2 on its interfacial binding and catalysis. Biochemistry 33:11598-11607.
271. fyn mediates interaction with glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:6385-6392.
272. Shenoy-Scaria, A. M., D. J. Dietzen, J. Kwong, D. C. Link, and D. M. Lublin. 1994. Cysteine(3) of Src family protein tyrosine kinases determines palmitoylation and localization in caveolae. J. Cell Biol. 126:353-363.
273. Sheps, J. A., I. Cheung, and V. Ling. 1995. Hemolysin transport in Escherichia coli - point mutants in HlyB compensate for a deletion in the predicted amphiphilic helix region of the HlyA signal. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14829-14834.
274. Shewen, P. E., and B. N. Wilkie. 1982. Cytotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica acting on bovine leukocytes. Infect. Immun. 35:91-94.
275. Soloaga, A., H. Ostolaza, F. M. Goni, and F. DelaCruz. 1996. Purification of Escherichia coli prohemolysin, and a comparison with the properties of mature α-hemolysin. Eur. J. Biochem. 238:418-422.
276. Solomon, K. R., C. E. Rudd, and R. W. Finberg. 1996. The association between glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins and heterotrimeric G-protein α-subunits in lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:6053-6058.
277. Song, K. S., M. Sargiacomo, F. Galbiati, M. Parenti, and M. P. Lisanti. 1997. Targeting of a Gα subunit (Gαi-1) and c-Src tyrosine kinase to caveolae membranes: clarifying the role of N-myristoylation. Cell. Mol. Biol. 43:293-303.
278. Song, L. Z., M. R. Hobaugh, C. Shustak, S. Cheley, H. Bayley, and J. E. Gouaux. 1996. Structure of staphylococcal α-hemolysin, a heptameric transmembrane pore. Science 274:1859-1866.
279. Spangler, B. D. 1992. Structure and function of cholera toxin and the related Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin. Microbiol. Rev. 56:622-647.
280. Staali, L., H. Monteil, and D. A. Colin. 1996. Is the membrane target of the pore-forming leucotoxins from S. aureus a calcium channel? Med. Microbiol. Immunol. 185:119.
281. Stanley, P., V. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. 1991. Mutational analysis supports a role for multiple structural features in the C-terminal secretion signal of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Mol. Microbiol. 5:2391-2403.
282. Stanley, P., L. C. Packman, V. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. 1994. Fatty acylation of two internal lysine residues required for the toxic activity of Escherichia coli hemolysin. Science 266:1992-1996.
283. Stanley, P., V. Koronakis, K. Hardie, and C. Hughes. 1996. Independent interaction of the acyltransferase HlyC with two maturation domains of the Escherichia coli toxin HlyA. Mol. Microbiol. 20:813-822.
284. Stanley, P., V. Koronakis, and C. Hughes. Binding of fatty acid and phosphopantetheine by the acyltransferase HlyC required for the maturation of the E. coli toxin HlyA. Unpublished data.
285. Stanley, P. Unpublished data.
286. Stanley, P. L. D., P. Diaz, M. J. A. Bailey, D. Gygi, A. Juarez, and C. Hughes. 1993. Loss of activity in the secreted form of Escherichia coli hemolysin caused by an rfaP lesion in core lipopolysaccharide assembly. Mol. Microbiol. 10:781-787.
287. Stevens, P., and C. Czuprynski. 1995. Dissociation of cytolysis and monokine release by bovine mononuclear phagocytes incubated with Pasteurella haemolytica partially purified leukotoxin and lipopolysaccharide. Can. J. Vet. Res. 59:110-117.
288. Stevenson, F. T., S. L. Bursten, R. M. Locksley, and D. H. Lovett. 1992. Myristyl acylation of the tumor necrosis factor α precursor on specific lysine residues. J. Exp. Med. 176:1053-1062.
289. Stevenson, F. T., S. L. Bursten, C. Fanton, R. M. Locksley, and D. H. Lovett. 1993. The 31kDa precursor of interleukin-1α is myristoylated on specific lysines within the 16kDa N-terminal propiece. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7245-7249.
290. Stoffel, R. H., R. R. Randall, R. T. Premont, R. J. Lefkowitz, and J. Inglese. 1994. Palmitoylation of G-protein coupled receptor kinase, Grk6-lipid modification diversity in the Grk family. J. Biol. Chem. 269:27791-27794.
291. Strathdee, C. A., and R. Y. C. Lo. 1987. Extensive homology between the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica A1 and the alpha-hemolysin of Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 55:3233-3236.
292. Sutcliffe, I. C., and R. R. B. Russell. 1995. Lipoproteins of gram-positive bacteria. J. Bacteriol. 177:1123-1128.
293. Sutton, J. M., J. Peart, G. Dean, and J. A. Downie. 1996. Analysis of the C-terminal secretion signal of the Rhizobium leguminosarum nodulation protein NodO: a potential system for the secretion of heterologous proteins during nodule invasion. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 9:671-680.
294. Suttorp, N., B. Floer, H. Schnittler, W. Seeger, and S. Bhakdi. 1990. Effects of Escherichia coli hemolysin on endothelial cell function. Infect. Immun. 58:3796-3801.
295. Suttorp, N., M. Fuhrmann, S. Tannertotto, F. Grimminger, and S. Bhakdi. 1993. Pore-forming bacterial toxins potently induce release of nitric oxide in porcine endothelial cells. J. Exp. Med. 178:337-341.
296. Swierczynski, S. L., and P. J. Blackshear. 1996. Myristoylation-dependent and electrostatic interactions exert independent effects on the membrane association of the myristoylated alanine rich protein kinase C substrate protein in intact cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271:23424-23430.
297. Szabo, G., M. C. Gray, and E. L. Hewlett. 1994. Adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis produces ion conductance across artificial lipid bilayers in a calcium dependent and polarity dependent manner. J. Biol. Chem. 269:22496-22499.
298. Taichman, N. S., M. Iwase, E. T. Lally, S. J. Shattil, M. E. Cunningham, and H. M. Korchak. 1991. Early changes in cytosolic calcium and membrane potential induced by Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin in susceptible and resistant target cells. J. Immunol. 147:3587-3594.
299. Tang, L. J., A. C. Weissborn, and E. P. Kennedy. 1997. Domains of Escherichia coli acyl carrier protein important for membrane-derived-oligosaccharide biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 179:3697-3705.
300. Thanabalu, T., E. Koronakis, C. Hughes, and V. Koronakis. Dynamic interaction between inner and outer membrane components of Escherichia coli hemolysin secretion machinery. Unpublished data.
301. + Escherichia coli. Infect. Immun. 61:2906-2911.
302. Towler, D. A., J. I. Gordon, S. P. Adams, and L. Glaser. 1988. The biology and enzymology of eukaryotic protein acylation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 57: 69-99.
303. Towler, D. A., S. P. Adams, S. R. Eubanks, D. S. Towery, E. Jackson-Machelski, L. Glaser, and J. I. Gordon. 1988. Myristoyl CoA-protein N-myristoyltransferase activities from rat liver and yeast possess overlapping yet distinct peptide substrate specificities. J. Biol. Chem. 263:1784-1790.
304. Tsutsui, O., S. Kokeguchi, T. Matsumura, and K. Kato. 1991. Relationship of the chemical structure and immunobiological activities of lipoteichoic acid from Streptococcus faecilis (Enterococcus hirae) ATCC 9790. FEMS Microbiol. Immunol. 76:211-218.
305. Tu, A. H. T., C. Hausler, R. Young, and D. K. Struck. 1994. Differential expression of the cytotoxic and hemolytic activities of the ApxIIA toxin from Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Infect. Immun. 62:2119-2121.
306. Udeze, F. A., and S. Kadis. 1992. Effects of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae hemolysin on porcine neutrophil function. Infect. Immun. 60:1558-1567.
307. vandenAkker, F., S. Sarfaty, E. M. Twiddy, T. D. Connell, R. K. Holmes, and W. G. Hol. 1996. Crystal structure of a new heat labile enterotoxin, LT-IIB. Structure 4:665-678.
308. 2-terminal myristoylation and palmitoylation at cysteine-3. J. Cell Biol. 136:1023-1035.
309. Vassilev, A. O., N. Plesofsky-Vig, and R. Brambl. 1995. Cytochrome c oxidase in Neurospora crassa contains myristic acid covalently linked to subunit 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8680-8684.
310. Vater, J., T. Stein, D. Vollenbroich, V. Kruft, B. Wittmann-Liebold, P. Franke, L. Liu, and P. Zuber. 1997. The modular organization of multifunctional peptide synthetases. J. Protein Chem. 16:557-564.
311. Vogel, M., J. Hess, I. Then, A. Juarez, and W. Goebel. 1988. Characterization of a sequence (hlyR) which enhances synthesis and secretion of hemolysin in Escherichia coli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 212:76-84.
312. Walev, I., P. Vollmer, M. Palmer, S. Bhakdi, and S. Rosejohn. 1996. Pore-forming toxins trigger shedding of receptors for interleukin-6 and lipopolysaccharide. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7882-7887.
313. Wandersman, C., and P. Delepelaire. 1990. TolC, an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein required for hemolysin secretion. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:4776-4780.
314. Wandersman, C., and S. Letoffe. 1993. Involvement of lipopolysaccharide in the secretion of Escherichia coli α-hemolysin and Erwinia chrysanthemi proteases. Mol. Microbiol. 7:141-150.
315. Wang, R. C., S. J. Seror, M. Blight, J. M. Pratt, J. K. Broomesmith, and I. B. Holland. 1991. Analysis of the membrane organization of an Escherichia coli protein translocator, HlyB, a member of a large family of prokaryote and eukaryote surface transport proteins. J. Mol. Biol. 217:441-454.
316. Wang, Z. Z., S. F. Hardy, and Z. W. Hall. 1996. Membrane tethering enables an extracellular domain of the acetylcholine receptor A subunit to form a heterodimeric ligand binding site. J. Cell Biol. 135:809-817.
317. Wedegaertner, P. B., P. T. Wilson, and H. R. Bourne. 1995. Lipid modifications of trimeric G-proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 270:503-506.
318. Welch, R. A., E. P. Dellinger, B. Minshew, and S. Falkow. 1981. Hemolysin contributes to virulence of extraintestinal Escherichia coli infections. Nature 294:665-667.
319. Welch, R. A. 1987. Identification of two different hemolysin determinants in uropathogenic Proteus isolates. Infect. Immun. 55:2183-2190.
320. Welch, R. A. 1991. Pore-forming cytolysins of gram-negative bacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 5:521-528.
321. Wess, J. 1997. G-protein-coupled receptors: molecular mechanisms involved in receptor activation and selectivity of G-protein recognition. FASEB J. 11:346-354.
322. Westrop, G., K. Hormozi, N. da Costa, R. Parton, and J. Coote. 1997. Structure-function studies of the adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis and the leukotoxin of Pasteurella haemolytica by heterologous C protein activation and construction of hybrid proteins. J. Bacteriol. 179: 871-879.
323. Willumsen, B. M., A. D. Cox, P. A. Solski, C. J. Der, and J. E. Buss. 1996. Novel determinants of H-ras plasma membrane localization and transformation. Oncogene 13:1901-1909.
324. Wu, S. K., K. Zeng, I. A. Wilson, and W. E. Balch. 1996. Structural insights into the function of the Rab-GDI superfamily. Trends Biochem. Sci. 21: 472-476.
325. Yasuda, H., M. A. Lindorfer, K. A. Woodfork, J. E. Fletcher, and J. C. Garrison. 1996. Role of the prenyl group on the G-protein γ-subunit in coupling trimeric G-proteins to A1 adenosine receptors. J. Biol. Chem. 271:18588-18595.
326. Yoo, H. S., B. S. Rajagopal, S. K. Maheswaran, and T. R. Ames. 1995. Purified Pasteurella haemolytica leukotoxin induces expression of inflammatory cytokines from bovine alveolar macrophages. Microb. Pathog. 18: 237-252.
327. Zalman, L. S., and H. J. Muller-Eberhard. 1990. Comparison of channels formed by poly C9, C5b-8 and the membrane attack complex of complement. Mol. Immunol. 27:533-537.
328. Zambon, J. J., C. Deluca, J. Slots, and R. J. Genco. 1983. Studies of leukotoxin from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans by using the promyelocytic HL-60 cell line. Infect. Immun. 40:205-212.
329. Zhang, F., D. I. Greig, and V. Ling. 1993. Functional replacement of the hemolysin A transport signal by a different primary sequence. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:4211-4215.
330. Zhang, F., Y. Yin, C. H. Arrowsmith, and V. Ling. 1995. Secretion and circular dichroism analysis of the C-terminal signal peptides of HlyA and LktA. Biochemistry 34:4193-4201.
331. Zhang, F. L., and P. J. Casey. 1996. Protein prenylation: molecular mechanisms and functional consequences. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65:241-269.
332. Zhang, L. T., E. Jackson Machelski, and J. I. Gordon. 1996. Biochemical studies of Saccharomyces cerevisiae myristoyl-coenzyme A: protein N-myristoyltransferase mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 271:33131-33140.
333. Zhou, W. J., L. J. Parent, J. W. Wills, and M. D. Resh. 1994. Identification of a membrane binding domain within the amino-terminal region of
334. Zlatkine, P., B. Mehul, and A. I. Magee. 1997. Retargeting of cytosolic proteins to the plasma membrane by the Lck protein tyrosine kinase dual acylation motif. J. Cell Sci. 110:673-679.