Kinase cascades regulating entry into apoptosis

Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews

Volumn 61, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 33-46

  Anderson, Paul ^a  

^a DANA FARBER CANCER INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYCLIC AMP DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE; CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE; FAS ANTIGEN; LIPID; NUCLEIC ACID; PHOSPHOPROTEIN PHOSPHATASE; PROTEIN SERINE THREONINE KINASE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR;

APOPTOSIS; CELL DEATH; CELL PROLIFERATION; CELL SURVIVAL; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRESS;

EID: 0030759279     PISSN: 10922172     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1128/.61.1.33-46.1997     Document Type: Review

References (189)

1. Ameisen, J. 1996. The origin of programmed cell death. Science 272:1278-1279.
2. Arends, M., and A. Wyllie. 1991. Apoptosis: mechanisms and roles in pathology. Int. Rev. Exp. Pathol. 32:223-254.
3. Ashkenas, J., and Z. Werb. 1996. Proteolysis and the biochemistry of life-or-death decisions. J. Exp. Med. 183:1947-1951.
4. Atkinson, E., H. Ostergaard, K. Kane, M. Pinkoski, A. Caputo, M. Olszowy, and R. Bleackley. 1996. A physical interaction between the cell death protein Fas and the tyrosine kinase p59FYN. J. Biol. Chem. 271:5968-5971.
5. Bakhshi, A., J. Jensen, P. Goldman, J. Wright, O. McBride, A. Epstein, and S. Korsmeyer. 1985. Cloning the chromosomal breakpoint of t(14;18) human lymphomas: clustering around JH on chromosome 14 and near a transcriptional unit on 18. Cell 41:899-906.
6. Barres, B., I. Hart, H. Coles, J. Burne, J. Voyvodic, W. Richardson, and M. Raff. 1992. Cell death in the oligodendrocyte lineage. J. Neurobiol. 23: 1221-1230.
7. Barres, B., and M. Raff. 1994. Control of oligodendrocyte number in the developing rat optic nerve. Neuron 12:935-942.
8. Batistatou, A., and L. Greene. 1991. Aurintricarboxylic acid rescues PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons from cell death caused by nerve growth factor deprivation: correlation with suppression of endonuclease activity. J. Cell Biol. 115:461-471.
9. Batistatou, A., and L. Greene. 1993. Internucleosomal DNA cleavage and neuronal cell survival/death. J. Cell Biol. 122:523-532.
10. Bertrand, R., E. Solary, P. O'Connor, K. Kohn, and Y. Pommier. 1994. Induction of a common pathway of apoptosis by staurosporine. Exp. Cell Res. 211:314-321.
11. Beyaert, R., B. Vanhaesebroeck, W. Declercq, J. Van Lint, P. Vandenabele, P. Agostinis, J. Vandenheede, and W. Fiers. 1995. Casein kinase-1 phosphorylates the p75 tumor necrosis factor receptor and negatively regulates tumor necrosis factor signaling for apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 270:23293-23299.
12. Blunt, T., N. J. Finnie, G. E. Taccioli, G. C. Smith, J. Demengeot, T. M. Gottlieb, R. Mizuta, A. J. Varghese, F. W. Alt, P. A. Jeggo, et al. 1995. Defective DNA-dependent protein kinase activity is linked to V(D)J recombination and DNA repair defects associated with the murine seid mutation. Cell 80:813-823.
13. Boldin, M., T. Goncharov, Y. Goltsev, and D. Wallach. 1996. Involvement of MACH, a novel MORT/FADD-interacting protease, in Fas/APO-1- and TNF receptor-induced cell death. Cell 85:803-815.
14. Bonnefoy-Beraard, N., L. Genestier, M. Flacher, and J. Revillard. 1994. The phosphoprotein phosphatase calcineurin controls calcium-dependent apoptosis in B cell lines. Eur. J. Immunol. 24:325-329.
15. Brown, E., and S. Schreiber. 1996. A signaling pathway to translational control. Cell 86:517-520.
16. Brunner, T., F. Mogil, D. LaFace, M. Yoo, A. Mahboubi, F. Echeverri, S. Martin, W. Force, D. Lynch, C. Ware, et al. 1995. Cell-autonomous Fas (CD95)/FAS-ligand interaction mediates activation-induced apoptosis in T-cell hybridomas. Nature 373:441-444.
17. Cano, E., and L. Mahadevan. 1995. Parallel signal processing amoung mammalian MAPKs. Trends Biochem. Sci. 20:117-122.
18. Carson, W., S. Haldar, R. Baiocchi, C. Croce, and M. Caligiuri. 1994. The c-kit ligand suppresses apoptosis of human natural killer cells through the upregulation of BCL-2. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:7553-7557.
19. Casciola-Rosen, L., G. Anhalt, and A. Rosen. 1995. DNA-dependent protein kinase is one of a subset of autoantigens specifically cleaved early during apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 182:1625-1634.
20. Casciola-Rosen, L., D. Nicholson, T. Chong, K. Rowan, N. Thornberry, D. Miller, and A. Rosen. 1996. Apopain/CPP32 cleaves proteins that are essential for cellular repair: a fundamental principle of apoptotic death. J. Exp. Med. 183:1957-1964.
21. Chen, G., L. Shi, D. Litchfield, and A. Greenberg. 1995. Rescue from granzyme B-induced apoptosis by Wee1 kinase. J. Exp. Med. 181:2295-2300.
22. Clarke, P. 1990. Developmental cell death: morphological diversity and multiple mechanisms. Anat. Embryol. 181:195-213.
23. Cleary, M., and J. Sklar. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of a t(14;18) chromosomal breakpoint in follicular lymphoma and demonstration of a breakpoint cluster region near a transcriptionally active locus on chromosome 18. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82:7439-7443.
24. Cohen, J., and R. Duke. 1984. Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium-dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J. Immunol. 132:38-42.
25. Coles, H., J. Burne, and M. Raff. 1993. Large-scale normal cell death in the developing rat kidney and its reduction by epidermal growth factor. Development 118:777-784.
26. Cornillon, S., C. Foa, J. Davoust, N. Buonavista, J. Gross, and P. Golstein. 1994. Programmed cell death in Dictyostelium. J. Cell Sci. 107:2691-2704.
27. Cosentino, G., S. Venkatesan, F. Serluca, S. Green, M. Mathews, and N. Sonenberg. 1995. Double-stranded-RNA-dependent protein kinase and TAR RNA-binding protein form homo- and heterodimers in vivo. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:9445-9449.
28. Cox, A., T. Brtva, D. Lowe, and C. Der. 1994. R-ras induces malignant, but not morphologic, transformation of NIH-3T3 cells. Oncogene 9:3281-3288.
29. Crews, C., and R. Erikson. 1993. Extracellular signals and reversible protein phosphorylation: what to MEK of it all. Cell 74:215-217.
30. Darmon, A., D. Nicholson, and R. Bleackley. 1995. Activation of the apoptotic protease CPP32 by cytotoxic T-cell-derived granzyme B. Nature 377:446-448.
31. Davis, M., M. Smith, S. Chang, and B. Trump. 1994. Characterization of a renal epithelial cell model of apoptosis using okadaic acid and the NRK-52E cell line. Toxicol. Pathol. 22:595-605.
32. Davis, R. 1993. The mitogen-activated protein kinase signal transduction pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 268:14553-14556.
33. Deiss, L., E. Feinstein, H. Berissi, O. Cohen, and A. Kimchi. 1995. Identification of a novel serine/threonine kinase and a novel 15-kD protein as potential mediators of the gamma interferon-induced cell death. Genes Dev. 9:15-30.
34. Dekker, L., R. Palmer, and P. Parker. 1995. The protein kinase C and protein kinase C related gene families. Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 5:396-402.
35. Dember, L., N. Kim, K. Liu, and P. Anderson. 1996. Individual RNA recognition motifs of TIA-1 and TIAR have different RNA binding specificities. J. Biol. Chem. 271:2783-2788.
36. Dhein, J., H. Walczak, C. Baumler, K. Debatin, and P. Drammer. 1995. Autocrine T-cell suicide mediated by APO-1/(Fas/CD95). Nature 373:438-441.
37. Dobrowsky, R., and Y. Hannun. 1992. Ceramide stimulates a cytosolic protein phosphatase. J. Biol. Chem. 267:5048-5051.
38. Duprez, E., B. Gjertsen, O. Bernard, M. Lanotte, and S. Soskeland. 1993. Antiapoptotic effect of heterozygously expressed mutant RI (Ala336→Asp) subunit of cAMP kinase I in a rat leukemia cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 8332-8340.
39. Eischen, C., C. Dick, and P. Leibson. 1994. Tyrosine kinase activation provides an early and requisite signal for FAS-induced apoptosis. J. Immunol. 153:1947-1954.
40. Emoto, Y., Y. Manome, G. Meinhardt, H. Kisaki, S. Kharbanda, M. Robertson, T. Ghayur, W. Wong, R. Kamen, R. Weichselbaum, et al. 1995. Proteolytic activation of protein kinase C delta by an ICE-like protease in apoptotic cells. EMBO J. 14:6148-6156.
41. Erpel, T., and S. Courtneidge. 1995. Src family tyrosine kinases and cellular signal transduction pathways. Curr. Opin. Cell Biol. 7:176-182.
42. Evans, C., J. Owen-Lynch, P. Campbell, J. Cohen, D. Brantton, and P. Henson. 1993. Activation of the Abelson tyrosine kinase-activity is associated with suppression of apoptosis in hemopoietic cells. Cancer Res. 53: 1735-1738.
43. Fernandez-Sarabia, M., and J. Bischoff. 1993. Bcl-2 associates with the ras-related protein R-ras p23. Nature 366:274-275.
44. Field, S., F. Tsai, F. Kuo, A. Zubiaga, W. Kaelin, D. Livingston, S. Orkin, and M. Greenberg. 1996. E2F-1 functions in mice to promote apoptosis and suppress proliferation. Cell 85:549-561.
45. Fotedar, R., J. Flatt, S. Gupta, R. L. Margolis, P. Fitzgerald, H. Messier, and A. Fotedar. 1994. Activation-induced T-cell death is cell cycle dependent and regulated by cyclin B. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:932-942.
46. Fraser, A., and G. Evan. 1996. A license to kill. Cell 85:781-784.
47. Freeman, R., S. Estus, and E. M. Johnson. 1994. Analysis of cell cycle-related gene expression in postmitotic neurons: selective induction of cyclin D1 during programmed cell death. Neuron 12:343-355.
48. Friedrich, U., and P. Coffino. 1977. Mutagenesis in S49 mouse lymphoma cells: induction of resistance to ouabain, 6-thioguanine, and dibutyryl cyclic AMP. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 74:674-683.
49. Frisch, S., and H. Francis. 1994. Disruption of epithelial cell-matrix interaction induces apoptosis. J. Cell Biol. 124:619-626.
50. Furuya, Y., X. Lin, J. Walsh, W. Nelson, and J. Isaacs. 1995. Androgen ablation-induced programmed death of prostatic glandular cells does not involve recruitment into a defective cell cycle or p53 induction. Endocrinology 136:1898-1906.
51. Galaktinov, K., X. Chan, and D. Beach. 1996. Cdc25 cell-cycle phosphatase as a target of c-myc. Nature 382:511-517.
52. Gao, C., and P. Zelenka. 1995. Induction of cyclin B and H1 kinase activity in apoptotic PC12 cells. Exp. Cell Res. 219:612-618.
53. Gjertsen, B., and S. Doskeland. 1995. Protein phosphorylation in apoptosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1269:187-189.
54. Graves, J., J. Campbell, and E. Krebs. 1995. Protein serine/threonine kinases of the MAPK cascade. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 766:320-343.
55. Gulbins, E., R. Bissonnette, A. Mahboubi, S. Martin, W. Nishioka, T. Brunner, G. Baier, G. Baier-Bitterlich, C. Byrd, F. Lang, R. Kolesnick, A. Altman, and D. Green. 1995. FAS-induced apoptosis is mediated via a ceramide-initiated RAS signaling pathway. Immunity 2:341-351.
56. Guo, K., J. Wang, V. Andrés, R. C. Smith, and K. Walsh. 1995. MyoD-induced expression of p21 inhibits cyclin-dependent kinase activity upon myocyte terminal differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:3823-3829.
57. Haimovitz, A., N. Balaban, M. McLoughlin, D. Ehleiter, J. Michaeli, I. Vlodavaky, and Z. Fuks. 1994. Protein kinase C mediates basic fibroblast growth factor protection of endothelial cells against radiation-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res. 54:2591-2597.
58. Haldar, S., N. Jena, and C. Croce. 1995. Inactivation of Bcl-2 by phosphorvlation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:4507-4511.
59. Hale, A., C. Smith, L. Sutherland, V. Stoneman, V. Langthorne, A. Culhane, and G. Williams. 1996. Apoptosis: molecular regulation of cell death. Eur. J. Biochem. 236:1-26.
60. Hanaoka, K., N. Fujita, S. Lee, H. Seimiya, M. Naito, and T. Tsurus. 1995. Involvement of CD45 in adhesion and suppression of apoptosis of mouse malignant T-lymphoma cells. Cancer Res. 55:2186-2190.
61. Harrison, D., S. Howie, and A. Wyllie. 1995. Lymphocyte death, p53, and the problem of the "undead." Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 200:123-135.
62. Heald, R., M. McLoughlin, and F. McKeon. 1993. Human wee1 maintains mitotic timing by protecting the nucleus from cytoplasmically activated cdc2 kinase. Cell 74:463-469.
63. Hengartner, M. 1994. Programmed cell death: a rich harvest. Curr. Biol. 4:950-952.
64. Hengartner, M., R. Ellis, and H. Horvitz. 1992. C. elegans gene ced-9 protects cells from programmed cell death. Nature 356:494-499.
65. Hengartner, M., and H. Horvitz. 1994. Programmed cell death in C. elegans. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 4:581-586.
66. Henkart, P. 1995. ICE family proteases: mediators of all apoptotic cell death? Immunity 4:195-201.
67. Hiebert, S., M. Lipp, and J. Nevins. 1989. E1A-dependent trans-activation of the human myc promoter is mediated by the E2F factor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:3594-3598.
68. Hogquist, K., M. Nett, E. Unanue, and D. Chaplin. 1991. Interleukin 1 is processed and released during apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 8485-8489.
69. Hunter, J., C. Smith, D. Bose, M. Kulka, R. Broderick, and L. Aurelian. 1995. Intracellular internalization and signaling pathways triggered by the large subunit of HSV-2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10). Virology 210: 345-360.
70. Inomata, M., N. Saijo, K. Kawashima, A. Kaneko, Y. Fujiwara, H. Kunikane, and Y. Tanaka. 1995. Induction of apoptosis in cultured retinoblastoma cells by the protein phosphatase inhibitor, okadaic acid. J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol. 121:729-738.
71. Ishizaki, Y., L. Cheng, A. Mudge, and M. Raff. 1995. Programmed cell death by default in embryonic cells, fibroblasts, and cancer cells. Mol. Biol. Cell 6:1443-1458.
72. Jacobson, M., J. Burne, and M. Raff. 1994. Mechanisms of programmed cell death and Bcl-2 protection. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22:600-605.
73. Jaramillo, M., N. Abraham, and J. Bell. 1995. The interferon system: a review with emphasis on the role of PKR in growth control. Cancer Invest. 13:327-338.
74. Jarvis, W., R. Kolesnick, F. Fornari, R. Traylor, D. Gewirtz, and S. Grant. 1994. Induction of apoptotic DNA damage and cell death by activation of the sphingomyelin pathway. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:73-77.
75. Jayadev, S., B. Liu, A. Bielawaka, J. Lee, F. Nazaire, M. Pushkareva, L. Obeid, and Y. Hannun. 1995. Role for ceramide in cell cycle arrest. J. Biol. Chem. 270:2047-2052.
76. Jefferies, H., C. Reinhard, S. Kozma, and G. Thomas. 1994. Rapamycin selectively represses translation of the "polypyrimidine tract" mRNA family. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:4441-4445.
77. Ju, S., D. Panka, J. Cui, R. Ettinger, M. el-Khatib, D. Sherr, B. Stanger, and A. Marshak-Rothstein. 1995. Fas (CD95)/FasL interactions required for programmed cell death after T-cell activation. Nature 373:444-448.
78. Kamada, S., A. Shinto, Y. Tsujimura, T. Takahashi, T. Noda, Y. Kitamura, H. Kondoh, and Y. Tsujimoto. 1995. Bcl-2 deficiency in mice leads to pleiotropic abnormalities: accelerated lymphoid cell death in the thymus and spleen, polycystic kidney, hair hypopigmentation and distorted small intestine. Cancer Res. 55:354-359.
79. Kastan, M., C. Canman, and C. Leonard. 1995. P53, cell cycle control and apoptosis: implications for cancer. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 14:3-15.
80. Kawamura, K., D. Grabowski, K. Weizer, R. Bukowski, and R. Ganapathi. 1996. Modulation of vinblastine cytotoxicity by diantin or the protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid involves the potentiation of anti-mitotic effects and induction of apoptosis in human tumor cells. Br. J. Cancer 73:183-188.
81. Kedersha, N., and P. Anderson. Unpublished data.
82. Keith, C., and S. Schreiber. 1995. PIK-related kinases: DNA repair, recombination, and cell cycle checkpoints. Science 270:50-51.
83. Kerr, J., A. Wyllie, and A. Currie. 1972. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br. J. Cancer 26:239-257.
84. Kiguchi, K., D. Glesne, C. Chebb, H. Fujiki, and E. Huberman. 1994. Differential induction of apoptosis in human breast tumor cells by okadaic acid and related inhibitors of protein phosphatases 1 and 2A. Cell Growth Differ. 5:995-1004.
85. King, R., P. Jackson, and M. Kirschner. 1994. Mitosis in transition. Cell 79:563-571.
86. Kizaki, H., K. Suzuki, T. Tadakuma, and Y. Ishimura. 1990. Adenosine receptor-mediated accumulation of cyclic AMP-induced T-lymphocyte death through internucleosomal DNA cleavage. J. Biol. Chem. 265:5280-5284.
87. Kizaki, H., T. Tadakuma, C. Odaka, J. Muramatsu, and Y. Ishimura. 1989. Activation of a suicide process of thymocytes through DNA fragmentation by calcium ionophores and phorbol esters. J. Immunol. 143:1790-1793.
88. Knox, K., G. Johnson, and J. Gordon. 1993. A study of protein kinase C isozyme distribution in relation to Bcl-2 expression during apoptosis of epithelial cells in vivo. Exp. Cell Res. 207:68-73.
89. Kolesnick, R., and D. Golde. 1994. The sphingomyelin pathway in tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 signaling. Cell 77:325-328.
90. Koromilas, A., S. Roy, G. Barber, M. Katze, and N. Sonenberg. 1992. Malignant transformation by a mutant of the IFN-inducible dsRNA-dependent protein kinase. Science 257:1685-1689.
91. Korsmeyer, S., J. Shutter, D. Veis, D. Merry, and Z. Oltvai. 1993. Bcl-2/Bax: a rheostat that regulates an anti-oxidant pathway and cell death. Cancer Biol. 4:327-332.
92. Kuida, K., J. Lippke, G. Ku, M. Harding, D. Livingston, M. Su, and R. Flavell. 1995. Altered cytokine export and apoptosis in mice deficient in interleukin-1 beta converting enzyme. Science 267:2000-2003.
93. Kyriakis, J., and J. Avruch. 1996. Protein kinase cascades activated by stress and inflammatory cytokines. Bioessays 18:567-577.
94. Lahti, J. M., J. Xiang, L. S. Heath, D. Campana, and V. J. Kidd. 1995. PITSLRE protein kinase activity is associated with apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:1-11.
95. Lahti, J., J. Xiang, and V. Kidd. 1995. Cell cycle-related protein kinases and T cell death. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 376:247-258.
96. Lee, S., and M. Esteban. 1994. The interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase induces apoptosis. Virology 199:491-496.
97. Levy, S., D. Avni, N. Hariharan, R. Perry, and O. Meyuhas. 1991. Oligopyrimidine tract at the 5′ end of mammalian ribosomal protein mRNAs is required for their translational control. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88: 3319-3323.
98. Li, P., H. Allen, S. Banerjee, S. Franklin, L. Herzog, C. Johnston, J. McDowell, M. Paskind, L. Rodman, J. Salfeld, et al. 1995. Mice deficient in IL-1β-converting enzyme are defective in production of mature IL-1β and resistant to endotoxic shock. Cell 80:401-411.
99. Lin, T., X. Kong, T. Haystead, A. Pause, G. Belsham, N. Sonenberg, and J. Lawrence. 1994. PHAS-I as a link between mitogen-activated protein kinase and translation initiation. Science 266:653-656.
100. Lozano, J., E. Berra, M. Municio, M. Diaz-Meco, I. Dominguez, L. Sanz, and J. Moscat. 1994. Protein kinase C zeta isoform is critical for kappa B-dependent promoter activation by sphingomyelinase. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 19200-19202.
101. MacFarlane, D., and L. Manzel. 1994. Activation of beta-isozyme of protein kinase C (PKC beta) is necessary and sufficient for phorbol ester-induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytes. Studies with PKC beta-defective PET mutant. J. Biol. Chem. 269:4327-4331.
102. Mailhos, C., M. Howard, and D. Latchman. 1994. A common pathway mediates retinoic acid and PMA-dependent programmed cell death (apoptosis) of neuronal cells. Brain Res. 644:7-12.
103. Marshall, M. 1995. Interactions between Ras and Raf: key regulatory proteins in cellular transformation. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 42:493-499.
104. Marshall, M. 1995. Ras target proteins in eukaryotic cells. FASEB J. 9: 1311-1318.
105. Martin, S. G. J. Amarante-Mendes, L. Shi, T. P. Chuang, C. H. Casiano, G. A. O'Brien, P. Fitzgerald, E. A. Tan, G. M. Bokoch, A. H. Greenberg, and D. R. Green. 1996. The cytotoxic cell protease granzyme B initiates apoptosis in a cell-free system by proteolytic processing and activation of the ICE/CED-3 family protease, CPP32, via a novel two-step mechanism. EMBO J. 15:2407-2416.
106. Mathias, S., K. Dressler, and R. Kolesnick. 1991. Characterization of a ceramide-activated protein kinase: stimulation by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88:10009-10013.
107. May, W., P. Tyler, T. Ito, D. Armstrong, K. Qatsha, and N. Davidson. 1994. Interleukin-3 and bryostatin-1 mediate hyperphosphorylation of BCL2 alpha in association with suppression of apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 269:26865-26870.
108. McConkey, D., P. Hartzell, J. Amador-Perez, S. Orrenius, and M. Jondal. 1989. Calcium-dependent killing of immature thymocytes by stimulation via the CD3/T cell receptor complex. J. Immunol. 143:1801-1806.
109. McConkey, D., P. Hartzell, P. Nicotera, and S. Orrenius. 1989. Calcium-activated DNA fragmentation kills immature thymocytes. FASEB J. 3: 1843-1849.
110. McConkey, D., and S. Orrenius. 1995. Calcium and cyclosporin A in the regulation of apoptosis. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 200:95-105.
111. Meikrantz, W., S. Gisselbrecht, S. Tam, and R. Schlegel. 1994. Activation of cyclin A-dependent protein kinases during apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3754-3758.
112. Meikrantz, W., and R. Schlegel. 1995. Apoptosis and the cell cycle. J. Cell. Biochem. 58:160-174.
113. Meredith, J., B. Fazeli, and M. Schwartz. 1993. The extracellular matrix as a survival factor. Mol. Biol. Cell 4:953-961.
114. Meurs, E., J. Galabru, G. Barber, M. Katze, and A. Hovanessian. 1993. Tumor suppressor function of the interferon-induced double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:232-236.
115. Muzio, M., A. M. Chinnaiyan, F. C. Kischkel, K. O'Rourke, A. Shevchenko, J. Ni, C. Scaffidi, J. D. Bretz, M. Zhang, R. Gentz, M. Mann, P. H. Krammer, M. E. Peter, and V. M. Dixit. 1996. FLICE, a novel FADD-homologous ICE/CED-3-like protease, is recruited to the CD95 (Fas/ Apo-1) death-inducing signaling complex. Cell 85:817-827.
116. Nakayama, K., K. Nakayama, I. Negishi, K. Kuida, H. Sawa, and D. Loh. 1994. Targeted disruption of BCL-2 alpha beta in mice - occurrence of grey hair, polycystic kidney disease and lymphocytopenia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3700-3704.
117. Nakayama, K., K. Nakayama, I. Negishi, K. Kuida, Y. Shinkai, M. Louie, L. Fields, P. Lucas, V. Stewart, F. Alt, et al. 1993. Disappearance of the lymphoid system in BCL-2 homozygous mutant chimeric mice. Science 261:1584-1588.
118. Newton, A. 1995. Protein kinase C: structure, function, and regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:28495-28498.
119. Norbury, C., M. MacFarlane, H. Fearnhead, and G. M. Cohen. 1994. cdc2 activation is not required for thymocyte apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 202:1400-1406.
120. Nurse, P. 1994. Ordering S phase and M phase in the cell cycle. Cell 79:547-550.
121. Obeid, L., and Y. Hannun. 1995. Ceramide: a stress signal and mediator of growth suppression and apoptosis. J. Cell. Biochem. 58:191-198.
122. Obeid, L., C. Linardic, L. Karolak, and Y. Hannun. 1993. Programmed cell death induced by ceramide. Science 259:1769-1771.
123. Ohoka, Y., Y. Nakai, M. Mukai, and M. Iwata. 1993. Okadaic acid inhibits glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in T cell hybridomas at its late stage. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 197:916-921.
124. Ojeda, F., M. Guarda, D. Maldonado, H. Folch, and H. Diehl. 1992. Role of protein kinase-C in thymocyte apoptosis induced by irradiation. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 61:663-667.
125. Ong, C., D. Chui, H. Teh, and J. Marth. 1994. Thymic CD45 tyrosine phosphatase regulates apoptosis and MHC-restricted negative selection. J. Immunol. 152:3793-3805.
126. Owen-Lynch, P., A. Wong, and A. Whetton. 1995. v-Abl-mediated apoptotic suppression is associated with SHC phosphorylation without concomitant mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270:5956-5962.
127. Pause, A., G. Belsham, A. Gingras, O. Donze, T. Lin, J. Lawrence, and N. Sonenberg. 1994. Insulin-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of a regulator of 5′-cap function. Nature 371:762-767.
128. Pause, A., G. Belsham, A. Gingras, O. Donzé, T. Lin, J. Lawrence, Jr., and N. Sonenberg. 1994. Insulin-dependent stimulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation of a regulator of 5′-cap function. Nature 371:762-767.
129. WAF1 is required for survival of differentiating neuroblastoma cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:1335-1341.
130. Pongracz, J., G. Johnson, J. Crocker, D. Burnett, and J. Lord. 1994. The role of protein kinase C in myeloid cell apoptosis. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 22:593-597.
131. Pushkareva, M., L. Obeid, and Y. Hannun. 1995. Ceramide: an endogenous regulator of apoptosis and growth suppression. Immunol. Today 16:294-297.
132. Quan, L. T., M. Tewari, K. O'Rourke, V. Dixit, S. J. Snipas, G. G. Poirier, C. Ray, D. J. Pickup, and G. S. Salvesen. 1996. Proteolytic activation of the cell death protease Yama/CPP32 by granzyme B. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:1972-1976.
133. Kadford, I. 1994. p53 status, DNA double-strand break repair proficiency, and radiation response of mouse lymphoid and myeloid cell lines. Int. J. Radiat. Biol. 65:345-355.
134. Raff, M. 1992. Social controls on cell survival and cell death. Nature 356: 397-400.
135. Raff, M., B. Barres, J. Burne, H. Coles, Y. Ishizaki, and M. Jacobson. 1994. Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Ser. B 345:265-268.
136. Raff, M., B. Barres, J. Burne, H. Coles, Y. Ishizaki, and M. Jacobson. 1993. Programmed cell death and the control of cell survival: lessons from the nervous system. Science 262:695-700.
137. Ruoslahti, E., and J. Reed. 1994. Anchorage dependent integrins and apoptosis. Cell 77:477-478.
138. Ryan, J., E. Prochownik, C. Gottlieb, I. Apel, R. Merino, G. Nunez, and M. Clarke. 1994. c-myc and blc-2 modulate p53 function by altering p53 subcellular trafficking during the cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5878-5882.
139. Sato, T., S. Irie, S. Kitada, and J. Reed. 1995. FAP-1: a protein tyrosine phosphatase that associates with Fas. Science 268:411-415.
140. Savill, J., I. Dransfield, N. Hogg, and C. Haslett. 1990. Vitronectin receptor-mediated phagocytosis of cells undergoing apoptosis. Nature 343:170-173.
141. Savill, J., V. Fadok, P. Henson, and C. Haslett. 1993. Phagocyte recognition of cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunol. Today 14:131-136.
142. Sedlak, T., Z. Oltvai, E. Yang, K. Wang, L. Boise, C. Thompson, and S. Korsmeyer. 1995. Multiple Bcl-2 family members demonstrate selective dimerizations with Bax. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:7834-7838.
143. Seger, R., and E. Krebs. 1995. The MAPK signaling cascade. FASEB J. 9:726-735.
144. Sellins, K., and J. Cohen. 1987. Gene induction by γ-irradiation leads to DNA fragmentation in lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 139:3199-3206.
145. Shaham, S., and H. Horvitz. 1996. An alternatively spliced C. elegans ced-4 RNA encodes a novel cell death inhibitor. Cell 86:201-208.
146. Sherr, C., and J. Roberts. 1995. Inhibitors of mammalian G1 cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 9:1149-1163.
147. cdc2 activation required for apoptosis. Science 263:1143-1145.
148. Shibasaki, F., and F. McKeon. 1995. Calcineurin functions in calcium-activated cell death in mammalian cells. J. Cell Biol. 131:735-743.
149. Shortman, K., M. Egerton, G. Spangrude, and R. Scollay. 1990. The generation and fate of thymocytes. Semin. Immunol. 2:3-12.
150. Smith, C., M. Kulka, J. Wymer, T. Chung, and L. Aurelian. 1992. Expression of the large subunit of herpes simplex virus type 2 ribonucleotide reductase (ICP10) is required for virus growth and neoplastic transformation. J. Gen. Virol. 73:1417-1428.
151. Song, Q., and M. Lavin. 1993. Calyculin A, a potent inhibitor of phosphatases-1 and -2A, prevents apoptosis. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 190:47-55.
152. Su, X., T. Zhou, Z. Wang, P. Yang, R. Jope, and J. Mountz. 1995. Defective expression of hematopoietic cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (HCP) in lymphoid cells blocks FAS-mediated apoptosis. Immunity 2:353-362.
153. Suwa, A., M. Hirakata, Y. Takeda, Y. Okano, T. Mimori, S. Inada, F. Watanabe, H. Teraoka, W. Dynan, and J. Hardin. 1996. Autoantibodies to DNA-dependent protein kinase. Probes for the catalytic subunit. J. Clin. Invest. 97:1417-1421.
154. Takayama, S., T. Sato, S. Krajewski, K. Kochel, S. Irie, J. Millan, and J. Reed. 1995. Cloning and functional analysis of BAG-1: a novel BCL-2-binding protein with anti-cell death activity. Cell 80:279-284.
155. Taupin, J., Q. Tian, N. Kedersha, M. Robertson, and P. Anderson. 1995. The RNA-binding protein TIAR is translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm during FAS-mediated apoptotic cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:1629-1633.
156. Tepper, C., S. Jayadev. B. Liu, A. Bielawska, R. Wolff, S. Yonehara, Y. Hannun, and M. Seldin. 1995. Role for ceramide as an endogenous mediator of FAS-induced cytotoxicity. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:8443-8447.
157. Tian, Q., J. Taupin, S. Elledge, M. Robertson, and P. Anderson. 1995. FAS-activated serine/threonine kinase (FAST) phosphorylates TIA-1 during FAS-mediated apoptosis. J. Exp. Med. 182:865-874.
158. Tilly, J., H. Billig, K. Kowalski, and A. Hsueh. 1992. Epidermal growth factor and basic FGF suppress the spontaneous onset of apoptosis in cultured rat ovarian granulosa cells by a tyrosine kinase-dependent mechanism. Mol. Endocrinol. 6:1942-1950.
159. Ukun, R., L. Tuel-Ahlgren, C. Song, K. Waddick, D. Myers, J. Kirihara, J. Ledbetter, and G. Schieven. 1992. Isonizing radiation stimulates unidentified tyrosine-specific protein kinases in human B-lymphocyte precursors. triggering apoptosis and clonogenic cell death. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:9005-9009.
160. Vaux, D., S. Cory, and J. Adams. 1988. Bcl-2 gene promotes haemopoietic cell survival and cooperates with c-myc to immortilize pre-B cells. Nature 335:440-442.
161. Vaux, D., and A. Strasser. 1996. The molecular biology of apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:2239-2244.
162. Veis, D., C. Sorenson. J. Shutter, and S. Korsmeyer. 1993. Bcl-2 deficient mice demonstrate fulminant lymphoid apoptosis, polycystic kidneys and hypopigmented hair. Cell 75:229-240.
163. Verheij, M., R. Bose, X. Lin, B. Yao, W. Jarvis, S. Grant, M. Birrer, E. Szabo, L. Zon, J. Kyriakis, et al. 1996. Requirement for ceramide-initiated SAPK/JNK signalling in stress-induced apoptosis. Nature 380:75-79.
164. Vintermyr, I., B. Gjertsen, M. Lanotte, and S. Soskeland. 1993. Microinjected catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase induces apoplosis in myeloid leukemia (IPC-81) cells. Exp. Cell Res. 206:157-161.
165. Wang, H., J. Millan, A. Cox, C. Der, U. Rapp, T. Beck, H. Zha, and J. Reed. 1995. R-ras promotes apoptosis caused by growth factor deprivation via a BCL-2 suppressible mechanism. J. Cell Biol. 129:1103-1114.
166. Wang, H., T. Miyashita, S. Takayama, T. Sato, T. Torigoe, S. Krajewski, S. Tanaka, L. Hovey, J. Troppmair, U. Rapp, et al. 1994. Apoptosis regulation by interaction of BCL-2 protein and raf-1 kinase. Oncogene 9:2751-2756.
167. Wang, H., S. Takayama, U. Raff, and J. Reed. 1996. Bcl-2 interacting protein, BAG-1, binds to and activates the kinase raf-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:7063-7068.
168. Wang, J., and K. Walsh. 1996. Resistance to apoptosis conferred by cdk inhibitors during myocyte differentiation. Science 273:359-361.
169. Wang, L., M. Miura, L. Bergeron, H. Zhu, and J. Yuan. 1994. Ich-1, an ICE/ced-3-related gene, encodes both positive and negative regulators of programmed cell death. Cell 78:739-750.
170. Weinberg, R. 1995. The retinoblastoma protein and cell cycle control. Cell 81:323-330.
171. Weller, M., U. Malipiero, P. Groscurth, and A. Fontana. 1995. T cell apoptosis induced by IL-2 deprivation of TGF-beta2. Exp. Cell Res 221: 395-403.
172. White, E. 1996. Life, death, and the pursuit of apoptosis. Genes Dev. 10:1-15.
173. White, K., M. Grether, L. Abrams, L. Young, K. Farrell, and H. Steller. 1994. Genetic control of programmed cell death in Drosophila. Science 264: 677-683.
174. Wilhelm, D., H. van Dam, I. Herr, B. Baumann, P. Herrlich, and P. Angel. 1995. Both ATF-2 and c-Jun are phosphorylated by stress-activated protein kinases in response to UV irradiation. Immunobiology 193:143-148.
175. Woodgett, J., J. Avruch, and J. Kyriakis. 1995. Regulation of nuclear transcription factors by stress signals. Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 22:281-283.
176. Wyllie, A. 1985. The biology of cell death in tumors. Anticancer Res 5:131-136.
177. Xia, Z., M. Dickens, J. Raingeaud, R. Davis, and M. Greenberg. 1995. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis Sxcience 270:1326-1331.
178. Vamasake, L., T. Jacks, R. Bronson, E. Goillot, E. Harlow, and N. Dyson. 1996. Tumor induction and tissue atrophy in mice lacking E2F-1. Cell 85:537-548.
179. L and Bcl-2, displaces Bax and promotes cell death. Cell 80:285-291.
180. Yao, X., H. Flaswinkel, M. Reth, and D. Scott. 1995. Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif is required to signal pathways of receptor-mediated growth arrest and apoptosis in murine B lymphoma cells. J. Immunol. 155:652-661.
181. Yousefi, S., D. Green, K. Blaser, and H. Simon. 1994. Protein-tyrosine phosphorylation regulates apoptosis in human eosinophils and neutrophils. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:10868-10872.
182. Yuan, J. 1995. Molecular control of life and death. Curr. Opin Cell Biol. 7:211-214.
183. Yuan, J., and H. Horvitz. 1992. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-4 encodes a novel protein and is expressed during the period of extensive programmed cell death. Development 116:309-320.
184. Yuan, J., S. Shaham, S. Ledoux, H. Ellis, and H. Horvitz. 1993. The C. elegans cell death gene ced-3 encodes a protein similar to mammalian interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme. Cell 75:641-652.
185. Yuan, Z.-M., Y. Huang, Y. Whang, C. Sawyers, R. Weichselbaum, S. Kharbanda, and D. Kufe. 1996. Role for c-abl tyrosine kinase in growth arrest response to DNA damage. Nature 382:272-274.
186. Zacharchuk, C., M. Mercep, P. Chakraborti, S. Simons, and J. Ashwell. 1990. Programmed T lymphocyte death: cell activation- and steroid-induced pathways are mutually antagonistic. J. Immunol. 145:4037-4035.
187. Zhao, Y., Y. Tozawa, R. Iseki, M. Mukai, and M. Iwata. 1995. Calcineurin activation protects T cells from glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. J. Immunol. 154:6346-6354.
188. Zheng, L., G. Fisher, R. Miller, J. Peschon, D. Lynch, and M. Lenardo. 1995. Induction of apoptosis in mature T cells by tumor necrosis factor Nature 377:348-351.
189. Zheng, L., A. Zychlinsky, C. Liu, D. Ojcius, and J. Young. 1991. Extracellular ATP as a trigger for apoptosis or programmed cell death. J. Cell Biol. 112:279-288.