Gene therapy for cancer

Drugs of the Future

Volumn 22, Issue 8, 1997, Pages 857-874

  Chong, Heung ^a   Vile, Richard ^b  

^a KING'S COLLEGE LONDON   (United Kingdom)

^b HAMMERSMITH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOKINE; GAMMA INTERFERON; GRANULOCYTE MACROPHAGE COLONY STIMULATING FACTOR; INTERLEUKIN 12; INTERLEUKIN 2;

CANCER; CANCER GENETICS; GENE EXPRESSION; GENE MUTATION; GENE THERAPY; GENE TRANSFER; HUMAN; IMMUNE RESPONSE; NONHUMAN; REVIEW; SUICIDE GENE;

EID: 0030682109     PISSN: 03778282     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review

References (219)

1. Anderson, W.F. Gene therapy. Sci Am 1995, 273: 96-8.
2. Wadman, M. Hyping results 'could damage' gene therapy. Nature 1995, 378: 655.
3. Marshall, E. Less hype, more biology needed for gene therapy. Science 1995, 270: 1751.
4. Vile, R.G. Gene therapy for cancer - In the dock, blown off course or full speed ahead? Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996, 15: 283-6.
5. Crystal, R.G. Transfer of genes to humans: Early lessons and obstacles to success. Science 1995, 270: 404-10.
6. Williams, R.S. Human gene therapy - Of tortoises and hares. Nat Med 1995, 1: 1137-8.
7. Friedmann, T. Human gene therapy - An immature genie, but certainly out of the bottle. Nat Med 1996, 2: 144-7.
8. Mulligan, R.C. The basic science of gene therapy. Science, 1993, 260: 926-932.
9. Alton, E.W.F.W., Geddes, D.M. Gene therapy for cystic fibrosis: A clinical perspective. Gene Ther 1995, 2: 88-95.
10. Vogelstein, B., Kinzler, K.W. The multistep nature of cancer. Trends Genet 1993, 9: 138-41.
11. Vile, R., Russell, S.J. Gene transfer technologies for the gene therapy of cancer. Gene Ther 1994, 1: 88-98.
12. Jolly, D. Viral vector systems for gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 1994, 1: 51-64.
13. Ledley, F.D. Nonviral gene therapy: The promise of genes as pharmaceutical products. Hum Gene Ther 1995, 6: 1129-44.
14. Ali, M., Lemoine, N.R., Ring, C.J.A. The use of DNA viruses as vectors for gene therapy. Gene Ther 1994, 1: 367-84.
15. Old, L.J. Tumor immunology: The first century. Curr Opin Immunol 1992, 4: 603-7.
16. Boon, T., Cerottini, J.-C., Van den Eynde, B., Van der Bruggen, P., Van Pel, A. Tumor antigens recognised by lymphocytes. Annu Rev Immunol 1994, 12: 337-65.
17. Vile, R.G., Chong, H., Dorudi, S. The immunosurveillance of cancer: Specific and non-specific mechanisms. In: Tumor Immunology. A.C. Dalgleish, M.J. Browning (Eds.). Cambridge University Press: New York 1996, 7-38.
18. Herin, M., Lemoine, C., Weynants, P. et al. Production of stable cytolytic T-cell clones directed against autologous human melanoma. Int J Cancer 1987, 39: 390-6.
19. Colombo, M.P., Modesti, A., Parmiani, G., Forni, G. Local cytokine availability elicits tumor rejection and systemic immunity through granulocyte-T-lymphocyte cross-talk. Cancer Res 1992, 52: 4853-7.
20. Musiani, P., Allione, A., Modica, A. et al. Role of neutrophils and lymphocytes in inhibition of mouse mammary adenocarcinoma engineered to release IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IFN-α, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Lab Invest 1996, 74: 146-57.
21. Germain, R.N. MHC-dependent antigen processing and peptide presentation: Providing ligands for T lymphocyte activation. Cell 1994, 76: 287-99.
22. Keene, J.A., Forman, J. Helper activity is required for the in vivo generation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1982, 155: 768-82.
23. Erard, F., Corthesy, P., Nabholz, M. et al. Interleukin 2 is both necessary and sufficient for the growth and differentiation of lectin-stimulated cytolytic T lymphocyte precursors. J Immunol 1985, 134: 1644-52.
24. Maraskovsky, E., Chen, W.-F., Shortman, K. IL-2 and IFN-γ are two necessary lymphokines in the development of cytolytic T cells. J Immunol 1989, 143: 1210-4.
25. Gao, X.M., Zheng, B., Liew, F.Y., Brett, S., Tite, J. Priming of influenza virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in vivo by short synthetic peptides. J Immunol 1991, 147: 3268-73.
26. Janeway, C.A., Bottomly, J. Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses. Cell 1994, 76: 275-85.
27. Sprent, J. Professionals and amateurs. Curr Biol 1995, 5: 1095-7.
28. Caux, C., Liu, Y.J., Banchereau, J. Recent advances in the study of dendritic cells and follicular dendritic cells. Immunol Today 1995, 16: 2-4.
29. + T cells. J Immunol 1995, 154: 5071-9.
30. Schwartz, R.H. A cell culture model for T lymphocyte clonal anergy. Science 1990, 248: 1349-56.
31. Boussiotis, V.A., Freeman, G.J., Gribben, J.G., Nadler, L.M. The role of B7-1/B7-2:CD28/CTLA-4 pathways in the prevention of anergy, induction of productive immunity and down-regulation of the immune response. Immunol Rev 1996, 153: 5-19.
32. Harding, C.V. Class I MHC presentation of exogenous antigens. J Clin Immunol 1996, 16: 90-6.
33. Rock, K.L. A new foreign policy: MHC class I molecules monitor the outside world. Immunol Today 1996, 17: 131-7.
34. Huang, A.Y.C., Golumbek, P., Ahmadzadeh, M., Jaffee, E., Pardoll, D., Levitsky, H. Role of bone marrow-derived cells in presenting MHC class I-restricted tumor antigens. Science 1994, 264: 961-5.
35. Huang, A.Y.C., Bruce, A.T., Pardoll, D.M., Levitsky, H.I. In vivo cross-priming of MHC class I-restricted antigens requires the TAP transporter. Immunity 1996, 4: 349-55.
36. Paul, W.E., Seder, R.A. Lymphocyte responses andcytokines. Cell 1994, 76: 241-51.
37. Mosmann, T.R., Sad, S. The expanding universe of T-cell subsets: Th1, Th2 and more. Immunol Today 1996, 17: 138-46.
38. Whiteside, T.L., Herberman, R.B. The role of natural killer cells in immune surveillance of cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 1995, 7: 704-10.
39. Riccardi, C., Santoni, A., Barlozzari, T., Puccetti, P., Herberman, R.B. In vivo natural reactivity of mice against tumor cells. Int J Cancer 1980, 25: 475-86.
40. Barlozzari, T., Reynolds, C.W., Herberman, R.B. In vivo role of natural killer cells: involvement of large granular lymphocytes in the clearance of tumorcells in anti-asialo GM1-treated rats. J Immunol 1983, 131: 1024-7.
41. Levitsky, H.I., Lazenby, A., Hayashi, R.J., Pardoll, D.M. In vivo priming of two distinct antitumor effector populations: The role of MHC class I expression. J Exp Med 1994, 179: 1215-24.
42. Mantovani, A., Bottazzi, B., Colotta, F., Sozzani, S., Ruco, L. The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages. Immunol Today 1992, 13: 265-70.
43. Klein, E., Mantovani, A. Action of natural killer cells and macrophages in cancer. Curr Opin Immunol 1993, 5: 714-8.
44. Trinchieri, G. Interleukin-12: A proinflammatory cytokine with immunoregulatory functions that bridge innate resistance and antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 1995, 13: 251-76.
45. Pekarek, L.A., Starr, B.A., Toledano, A.Y., Schreiber, H. Inhibition of tumor growth by elimination of granulocytes. J Exp Med 1995, 181: 435-40.
46. Seung, L.P., Seung, S.K., Schreiber, H. Antigenic cancer cells that escape immune destruction are stimulated by host cells. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 5094-100.
47. Prehn, R.T. Stimulatory effects of immune reactions upon the growths of untransplanted tumors. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 908-14.
48. Cordon-Cardo, C., Fuks, Z., Drobnjak, M., Moreno, C., Eisenbach, L., Feldman, M. Expression of HLA-A,B,C antigens on primary and metastatic tumor cell populations of human carcinomas. Cancer Res 1991, 51: 6372-80.
49. Garrido, F., Cabrera, T., Concha, A., Glew, S., Ruiz-Cabello, F., Stern, P. Natural history of HLA expression during tumour development. Immunol Today 1993, 14: 491-9.
50. Kaklamanis, L., Leek, R., Koukourakis, M., Gatter, K.C., Harris, A.L. Loss of transporter in antigen processing 1 transport protein and major histocompatibility complex class I molecules in metastatic versus primary breast cancer. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 5191-4.
51. Tanaka, K., Isselbacher, K.J., Khoury, G., Jay, G. Reversal of oncogenesis by the expression of a major histocompatibility complex class I gene. Science 1985, 228: 26-30.
52. Tanaka, K., Yoshioka, T., Bieberich, C., Jay, G. Role of the major histocompatibility complex class I antigens in tumor growth and metastasis. Annu Rev Immunol 1988, 6: 359-80.
53. Plaksin, D., Gelber, C., Feldman, M., Eisenbach, L. Reversal of the metastatic phenotype in Lewis lung carcinoma cells after transfection with syngeneic H-2Kb gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1988, 85: 4463-7.
54. Rivoltini, L., Barracchini, K.C., Viggiano, V. et al. Quantitative correlation between HLA class I allele expression and recognition of melanoma cells by antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 3149-57.
55. Restifo, N.P., Esquivel, F. Kawakami, Y. et al. Identification of human cancers deficient in antigen processing. J Exp Med 1993, 1993: 265-72.
56. Sanda, M.G., Restifo, N.P., Walsh, J.C. et al. Molecular characterisation of defective antigen processing in human prostate cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995, 87: 280-5.
57. Fenton, R.G., Longo, D.L. Genetic instability and tumor cell variation: implications for immunotherapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995, 87: 241-3.
58. Arteaga, C.L., Hurd, S.D., Winnier, A.R., Johnson, M.D., Fendly, B.M., Forbes, J.T. Anti-transforming growth factor (TGF)-β antibodies inhibit breast cancer cell tumorigenicity and increase mouse spleen natural killer cell activity. J Clin Invest 1993, 92: 2569-76.
59. Trojan, J., T.R. Johnson, T.T., Rudin, S.D., Ilan, J., Tykocinski, M.L., Ilan, J. Treatment and prevention of rat glioblastoma by immunogenic C6 cells expressing antisense insulin-like growth factor I RNA. Science 1993, 259: 94-7.
60. Hahne, M., Rimoldi, D., Schroter, M. et al. Melanoma expression of Fas (Apo-1/CD95) ligand: Implications for tumor immune response. Science 1996, 274: 1363-6.
61. Gimmi, C.D., Morrison, B.W., Mainprice, B.A. et al. Breast cancer-associated antigen. DF3/MUC1, induces apoptosis of activated human T cells. Nat Med 1996, 2: 1367-70.
62. Gabrilovich, D.I., Chen, H.L., Girgis, K.R. et al. Production of vascular endothelial growth factor by human tumors inhibits the functional maturation of dendritic cells. Nat Med 1996, 2: 1096-103.
63. Mizoguchi, H., O'Shea, J.J., Longo, D.L., Loeffler, C.M., McVicar, D.W., Ochoa, A.C. Alterations in signal transduction molecules in T lymphocytes from tumor-bearing mice. Science 1992, 258: 1795-8.
64. Salvadori, S., Zier, K. Molecular basis of T cell dysfunction in cancer is influenced by the paracrine secretion of tumor-derived IL-2. J Immunol 1996, 156: 2927-32.
65. Nakagomi, H., Petersson, M., Magnusson, I. et al. Decreased expression of the signal-transducing ζ chains in tumor-infiltrating T-cells and NK cells of patients with colorectal carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 5610-2.
66. lck in cells infiltrating human renal cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 5613-6.
67. Ghosh, P., Sica, A., Young, H.A. et al. Alterations in NFxκB/Rel family proteins in splenic T-cells from tumor-bearing mice and reversal following therapy. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 2969-72.
68. Rosenberg, S.A. The immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. J Clin Oncol 1992, 10(2): 180-99.
69. Foa, R., Guarini, A., Gansbacher, B. IL2 treatment for cancer: From biology to gene therapy. Br J Cancer 1992, 66: 992-8.
70. Rosenberg, S.A., Anderson, W.F., Blaese, M. et al. The development of gene therapy for the treatment of cancer. Ann Surg 1993, 218: 455-64.
71. Chang, A.E., Shu, S. Current status of adoptive immunotherapy of cancer. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol 1996, 22: 213-28.
72. Vile, R.G. Gene therapy for cancer, the course ahead. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996, 15: 403-10.
73. Friedmann, T. Overcoming the obstacles to gene therapy. Sci Am 1997, 276(6): 80-5.
74. + T lymphocytes in the primary and memory response to nonimmunogenic murine mammary adenocarcinoma made immunogenic by IL-2 gene. J Immunol 1992, 149: 3627-35.
75. Dranoff, G., Jaffee, E., Lazenby, A. et al. Vaccination with irradiated tumor cells engineered to secrete marine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates potent, specific, and long-lasting anti-tumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90: 3539-43.
76. Allione, A., Consalvo, M., Nanni, P. et al. Immunizing and curative potential of replicating and nonreplicating murine mammary adenocarcinoma cells engineered with interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and γ-interferon gene or admixed with conventional adjuvants. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 6022-6.
77. Fakhrai, H., Shawler, D.L., Gjerset, R. et al. Cytokine gene therapy with interleukin-2 transduced fibroblasts: Effects of IL-2 dose on anti-tumor immunity. Hum Gene Ther 1995, 6: 591-601.
78. Schmidt, W., Schweighoffer, T., Herbst, E. et al. Cancer vaccines: The interleukin 2 dosage effect. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92: 4711-4.
79. Abe, J., Wakimoto, H., Yoshida, Y., Aoyagi, M., Hirakawa, K., Hamada, H. Antitumor effect induced by granulocyte/macrophage-colony-stimulating facter gene-modified tumor vaccination: Comparison of adenovirus-and retrovirus-mediated genetic transduction. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1995, 121: 587-92.
80. Tepper, R.I., Mule, J.J. Experimental and clinical studies of cytokine gene-modified tumor cells. Hum Gene Ther 1994, 5: 153-64.
81. Porgador, A., Feldman, M., Eisenbach, L. Immunotherapy of tumor metastasis via gene therapy. Nat Immun 1994, 13: 113-30.
82. Dalgleish, A.G. The role of IL-2 in gene therapy. Gene Ther 1994, 1: 83-7.
83. Fearon, E.R., Pardoll, D.M., Itaya, T. et al. Interleukin-2 production by tumor cells bypasses T helper function in the generation of an antitumor response. Cell 1990, 60: 397-403.
84. Gansbacher, B., Zier, K., Daniels, B., Cronin, K., Bannerji, R., Gilboa, E. Interleukin 2 gene transfer into tumor cells abrogates tumorigenicity and induces protective immunity. J Exp Med 1990, 172: 1217-24.
85. Russell, S.J., Eccles, S., Flemming, C., Johnson, C.A., Collins, M.K.L. Decreased tumorigenicity of a transplantable rat sarcoma following transfer and expression of an IL-2 cDNA. Int J Cancer 1991, 47: 244-51.
86. Karp, S.E., Farber, A., Salo, J.C. et al. Cytokine secretion by genetically modified nonimmunogenic murine fibrosarcoma. J Immunol 1993, 150, 896-908.
87. Patel, P.M., Flemming, C.L., Russell, S.J. et al. Comparison of the potential therapeutic effects of interleukin 2 or interleukin 4 secretion by a single tumour. Br J Cancer 1993, 68: 295-302.
88. Cavallo, F., Di Pierro, F., Giovarelli, M. et al. Protective and curative potential of vaccination with interleukin-2-gene-transfected cells from a spontaneous mouse mammary adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 5067-70.
89. Zatloukal, K., Schneeberger, A., Berger, M. et al. Elicitation of a systemic and protective anti-melanoma immune respone by an IL-2-based vaccine. J Immunol 1995, 154: 3406-19.
90. Connor, J., Bannerji, R., Saito, S., Heston, W., Fair, W., Gilboa, E. Regression of bladder tumors in mice treated with interleukin 2 gene-modified tumor cells. J Exp Med 1993, 177: 1127-34.
91. Vieweg, J., Rosenthal, F., Bannerji, R. et al. Immunotherapy of prostate cancer in the Dunning rat model: Use of cytokine gene modified tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 1760-5.
92. Saito, S., Bannerji, R., Gansbacher, B. et al. Immunotherapy of bladder cancer with cytokine gene-modified tumor vaccines. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 3516-20.
93. Porgador, A., Gansbacher, B., Bannerji, R. et al. Anti-metastatic vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with IL-2-gene-inserted tumor cells. Int J Cancer 1993, 53: 471-7.
94. Cordier, L., Duffour, M.-T. Sabourin, J.-C. et al. Complete recovery of mice from a pre-established tumor by direct intratumoral delivery of an adenovirus vector harboring the murine IL-2 gene. Gene Ther 1995, 2: 16-21.
95. Addison, C.L., Braciak, T., Ralston, R., Muller, W.J., Gauldie, J., Graham, F.L. Intratumoral injection of an adenovirus expressing interleukin 2 induces regration and immunity in a murine breast cancer model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92: 8522-6.
96. Hurford, R.K., Dranoff, G., Mulligan, R.C., Tepper, R.I. Gene therapy of metastatic cancer by in vivo retroviral gene targeting. Nat Genet 1995, 10: 430-5. 2324-32.
97. Maass, G., Schmidt, W., Berger, et al. Priming of tumor-specific T cells in the draining lymph nodes after immunization with interleukin 2-secreting tumor cells: Three consecutive stages may be required for successful tumor vaccination. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92: 5540-4.
98. Zier, K.S., Salvadori, S., Cronin, K.C., Gansbacher, B. Vaccination with IL-2-secreting tumor cells stimulates the generation of IL-2-responsive T cells and prevents the development of unresponsiveness. Cancer Gene Ther 1994, 1: 43-50.
99. Weigent, D.A., Stanton, J., Johnson, H.M. Recombinant gamma interferon enhances natural killer cell activity similar to natural gamma interferon. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1983, 111: 525-9.
100. Pace, J., Russell, S.W., Torres, B.A., Johnson, H.M., Gray, P.W. Recombinant mouse γ interferon induces the priming step in macrophage activation for tumor cell killing. J Immunol 1983, 130: 2011-3.
101. Chen, L., Tourvieille, B., Burns, G.F. et al. Interferon: A cytotoxic T lymphocyte differentiation signal. Eur J Immunol 1986, 16: 767-70.
102. Robertson, M. Proteasomes in the pathway. Nature 1991, 353: 300-1.
103. + T cells against the wild-type tumor: Correlation with antigen presentation capability. J Exp Med 1992, 175: 1423-31.
104. Ogasawara, M., S. Rosenberg, S. Enhanced expression of HLA molecules and stimulation of autologous human tumor infiltrating lymphocytes following transduction of melanoma cells with γ-interferon genes. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 3561-8.
105. Wanatabe, Y., Sakata, T. Highly efficient action of autocrine mouse interferon-γ expressed via a retroviral vector. Eur J Immunol 1988, 18: 1627-30.
106. Wanatabe, Y., Kuribayashi, K., Miyatake, S. et al. Exogenous expression of mouse interferon γ cDNA in mouse neurobastoma C1300 cells results in reduced tumorigenicity by augmented antitumor immunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989, 86: 9456-60.
107. Gansbacher, B., Bannerji, R., Daniels, B. Zier, K., Cronin, K., Gilboa, E. Retroviral vector-mediated γ-interferon gene transfer into tumor cells generates potent and long lasting antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 1990, 50: 7820-5.
108. Esumi, N., Hunt, B., Itaya, T., Frost, P. Reduced tumorigenicity of murine tumor cells secreting γ-interferon is due to nonspecific host responses and is unrelated to class I major histocompatibility complex expression. Cancer Res 1991, 51: 1185-9.
109. Lollini, P.-L., Bosco, M.C., Cavallo, F. et al. Inhibition of tumor growth and enhancement of metastasis after transfection of the γ-interferon gene. Int J Cancer 1993, 55: 320-9.
110. Porgador, A., Bannerji, R., Wanatabe, Y., Feldman, M., Gilboa, E., Eisenbach, L. Antimetastatic vaccination of tumor-bearing mice with two types of IFN-γ gene-inserted tumor cells. J Immunol 1993, 150: 1458-70.
111. Taniguchi, K., Petersson, M., Hoglund, P., Kiessling, R., Klein, G., Karre, K. Interferonγ induces lung colonization by intravenously inoculated B16 melanoma cells in parallel with enhanced expression of class I major histocompatibility complex antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1987, 84: 3405-9.
112. McMillan, T., Rao, J., Everett, C., Hart, I. Interferon-induced alterations in metastatic capacity, class-I antigen expression and natural killer cell sensitivity of melanoma cells. Int J Cancer 1987, 40: 659-63.
113. Caux, C., Dezutter-Dambuyant, C., Schmitt, D., Banchereau, J. GM-CSF and TNF-α cooperate in the generation of dendritic Langerhans cells. Nature 1992, 360: 258-61.
114. Chang, C.-H., Furue, M., Tamaki, K. B7-1 expression of Langerhans cells is up-regulated by proinflammatory cytokines, and is down-regulated by interferon-γ or by interleukin-10. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25: 394-8.
115. Larsen, C.P., Ritchie, S.C., Hendrix, R. et al. Regulation of immunostimulatory function and costimulatory molecule (B7-1 and B7-2) expression on murine dendritic cells. J Immunol 1994, 152: 5208-19.
116. Armstrong, C.A., Botella, R., Galloway, T.H. et al. Antitumor effects of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor production by melanoma cells. Cancer Res 1996, 56: 2191-8.
117. Mahvi, D.M., Burkholder, J.K., Turner, J. et al. Particle-mediated gene transfer of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor cDNA to tumor cells: implications for a clinically relevant tumor vaccine. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 1535-43.
118. Castleden, S., Vile, R.G. Manuscript in preparation.
119. Levitsky, H.I., Montgomery, J., Ahmadzadeh, M. et al. Immunization with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-transduced, but not B7-1-transduced, lymphoma cells primes idiotype-specific T cells and generates potent systemic antitumor immunity. J Immunol 1996, 156: 3858-65.
120. Carducci, M.A., Ayyagari, S.R., Sanda, M.G., Simons, J.W. Gene therapy for human prostate cancer. Cancer 1995, 75: 2013-20.
121. Magram, J., Connaughton, S.E., Warrier, R.R. et al. IL-12-deficient mice are defective in IFNγ production and type 1 cytokine reponses. Immunity 1996, 4: 471-81.
122. Voest, E.E., Kenyon, B.M., O'Reilly, M.S., Truitt, G., D'Amato, R.J., Folkman, J. Inhibition of angiogenesis in vivo by interleukin J Natl Cancer Inst 1995, 87: 581-6.
123. Schoenhaut, D.S., Chua, A.O., Wolitzky, A.G. et al. Cloning and expression of murine IL-12. J Immunol 1992, 148: 3433-40.
124. Mattner, F., Fischer, S., Guckes, S. et al. The interleukin-12 subunit p40 specifically inhibits effects of the interleukin-12 heterodimer. Eur J Immunol 1993, 23: 2202-8.
125. Gillessen, S., Carvajal, D., Ling, P. et al. Mouse interleukin-12 (IL-12) p40 homodimer: A potent IL-12 antagonist. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25: 200-6.
126. Kato, K., Shimozato, O., Hoshi, K. et al. Local production of the p40 subunit of interleukin 12 suppresses T-helper 1-mediated immune reponses and prevents allogeneic myoblasts rejection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93: 9085-9.
127. Zitgovel, L., Tahara, H., Cai, Q. et al. Construction and characterisation of retroviral vectors expressing biologically active human interleukin-12. Hum Gene Ther 1994, 5: 9085-9.
128. Bramson, J., Hitt, M., Gallichan, W.S., Rosenthal, K.L., Gauldie, J., Graham, F.L. Construction of a double recombinant adenovirus vector expressing a heterodimeric cytokine: In vitro and in vivo production of biologically active interleukin-12. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 333-42.
129. Fallarino, F., Uyttenhove, C., Boon, T., Gajewski, T.F. Endogenous IL-12 is necessary for rejection of P815 tumor variants in vino. J Immunol 1996, 156: 1095-100.
130. Brunda, M., Luistro, L., Warrier, R. et al. Antitumor and antimetastatic activity of interleukin 12 against murine tumors. J Exp Med 1993, 178: 1223-30.
131. Brunda, M.J., Luistro, L., Rumennik, L. et al. Antitumoractivity of interleukin 12 in preclinical models. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 1996, 38(Suppl): S16-21.
132. Tahara, H., Zeh, H.I., Storkus, W. et al. Fibroblasts genetically engineered to secrete interleukin-12 can suppress tumor growth and induce antitumor immunity to a murine melanoma in vivo. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 182-9.
133. Tahara, H., Lotze, M.T. Antitumor effects of interleukin-12 (IL-12): Applications for the immunotherapy and gene therapy of cancer. Gene Ther 1995, 2: 96-106.
134. Brunda, M.J., Luistro, L., Hendrzak, J.A., Fountoulakis, M., Garotta, G., Gately, M.K. Role of Interferon-γ in mediating the antitumor efficacy of interleukin-12. J Immunother 1995, 17(2): 71-7.
135. Tahara, H., Zitgovel, L., Storkus, W.J. et al. Effective eradication of established murine tumors with IL-12 gene therapy using a polycistronic retroviral vector. J Immunol 1995, 154: 6466-74.
136. Martinotti, A., Stoppacciaro, A., Vagliani, M. et al. CD4 cells inhibit in vivo the CDS-mediated immune response against murine colon carcinoma cells transduced with interleukin-12 genes. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25: 137-46.
137. Rakhmilevich, A.L., Turner, J., Ford, M.J. et al. Gene gun-mediated skin transfection with interleukin 12 gene results in regression of established primary and metastatic murine tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93: 6291-6.
138. Caruso, M., Pham-Nguyen, K., Kwong, Y.L. et al. Adenovirus-mediated interleukin-12 gene therapy for metastatic colon carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996, 93: 11302-6.
139. Bramson, J.L., Hitt, M., Addison, C.L., Muller, W.J., Gauldie, J., Graham, F.L. Direct intratumoral injection of an adenovirus expressing interleukin-12 induces regression and long-lasting immunity that is associated with highly localized expression of interleukin-12. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 1995-2002.
140. Gerard, C.M., Bruyns, C., Delvaux, A. et al. Loss of tumorigenicity and increased immunogenicity induced by interleukin-10 gene transfer in B16 melanoma cells. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 23-31.
141. Stack, R., Lenschow, D., Gray, G., Bluestone, J., Fitch, F. IL-4 treatment of small splenic B cells induces costimulatory molecules B7-1 and B7-2. J Immunol 1994, 152: 5723-33.
142. Kawamura, T., Furue, M. Comparative analysis of B7-1 and B7-2 expression in Langerhans cells: Differential regulation by T helper 1 and T helper type 2 cytokines. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25: 1913-7.
143. Blankenstein, T. Increasing tumour immunogenicity by genetic modification. Eur J Cancer 1994, 30A: 1182-7.
144. Chen, L., Ashe, S., Brady, W.A. et al. Costimulation of antitumor immunity by the B7 counterreceptor for the T lymphocyte molecules CD28 and CTLA-4. Cell 1992, 71: 1093-102.
145. Baskar, S., Ostrand-Rosenberg, S., Nabavi, N., Nadler, L.M., Freeman, G.J., Glimcher, L.H. Constitutive expression of B7 restores immunogenicity of tumor cells expressing truncated major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90: 5687-90.
146. + T cells by B7-transfected melanoma cells. Science 1993, 259: 368-70.
147. Ramarathinam, L., Castle, M., Wu, Y., Liu, Y. T Cell costimulation by B7/BB1 induces CD8 T cell-dependent tumor rejection: An important role of B7/BB1 in the induction, recruitment, and effector function of antitumor T cells. J Exp Med 1994, 179: 1205-14.
148. Chong, H., Hutchinson, G., Hart, I.R., Vile, R.G. Expression of co-stimulatory molecules by tumor cells decreases tumorigenicity but may also reduce systemic antitumor immunity. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 1771-9.
149. Chen, L., McGowan, P., Ashe, S. et al. Tumor immunogenicity determines the effect of B7 costimulation on T cell-mediated tumor immunity. J Exp Med 1994, 179: 523-32.
150. Cavallo, F., Martin-Fontecha, A., Bellone, M. et al. Co-expression of B7-1 and ICAM-1 on tumors is required for rejection and the establishment of a memory response. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25: 1154-62.
151. Katsanis, E., Xu, Z., Bausero, M.A. et al. B7-1 expression decreases tumorigenicity and induces partial systemic immunity to murine neuroblastoma deficient in major histocompatibility complex and costimulatory molecules. Cancer Gene Ther 1995, 2(1): 39-46.
152. Wu, T.-Z., Huang, A.Y.C., Jaffee, E.M., Levitsky, H.I., Pardoll, D.M. A reassessment of the role of B7-1 expression in tumor rejection. J Exp Med 1995, 182: 1415-21.
153. Martin-Fontecha, A., Cavallo, F., Bellone, M. et al. Heterogenous effects of B7-1 and B7-2 in the induction of both protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immunity against different mouse tumors. Eur J Immunol 1996, 26: 1851-9.
154. Gajewski, T.F., Fallarino, F., Uyttenhove, C., Boon, T. Tumor rejection requires a CTLA4 ligand provided by the host or expressed on the tumor. J Immunol 1996, 156: 2909-17.
155. Dunussi-Joannopoulos, K., Weinstein, H.J., Nickerson, P.W. et al. Irradiated B7-1 transduced primary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) cells can be used as therapeutic vaccines in murine AML. Blood 1996, 87: 2938-46.
156. Fujii, H., Inobe, M., Kimura, F. et al. Vaccination of tumor cells transfected with the B7-1 (CD80) gene induces the anti-metastatic effect and tumor immunity in mice. Int J Cancer 1996, 66: 219-24.
157. Hodge, J., Abrams, S., Schlom, J., Kantor, J. Induction of antitumor immunity by recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing B7-1 or B7-2 costimulatory molecules. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 5552-5.
158. Yang, G., Hellstrom, K.E., Hellstrom, I., Chen, L. Antitumor immunity elicited by tumor cells transfected with B7-2, a second ligand for CD28/CTLA-4 costimulatory molecules. J Immunol 1995, 154: 2794-800.
159. La Motte, R.N., Rubin, M.A., Barr, E., Leiden, J.M., Bluestone, J.A., Mokyr, M.B. Therapeutic effectiveness of the immunity elicited by P815 tumor cells engineered to express the B7-2 costimulatory molecule. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1996, 42: 161-9.
160. Matulonis, U., Dosiou, C., Freeman, G. et al. B7-1 is superior to B7-2 costimulation in the induction and maintenance of T cell-mediated antileukemia immunity. J Immunol 1996, 156: 1126-31.
161. Townsend, S., Su, F., Atherton, J., Allison, J. Specificity and longevity of antitumor immune responses induced by B7-transfected tumors. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 6477-83.
162. +T lymphocytes by B7, a natural ligand for CD28, can be used to treat established mouse melanoma. J Immunol 1994, 153: 421-8.
163. Yeh, K.-Y., Pulaski, B.A., Woods, M.L. et al. B7-1 enhances natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibits tumor growth of a poorly immunogenic murine carcinoma. Cell Immunol 1995, 165: 217-24.
164. Geldhof, A.B., Raes, G., Bakkus, M., Devos, S., Thielemans, K., De Baetselier, P. Expression of B7-1 by highly metastatic mouse T lymphomas induces optimal natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 2730-3.
165. Huang, A., Bruce, A., Pardoll, D., Levitsky, H. Does 87-1 expression confer antigen-presenting cell capacity to tumors in vivo? J Exp Med 1996, 183: 769-76.
166. Cayeux, S., Richter, G., Noffz, G., Dorken, B., Blankenstein, T. Influence of gene-modified (IL-7, IL-4, and B7) tumor cell vaccines on tumor antigen presentation. J Immunol 1997, 158: 2834-41.
167. Chambers, C.A., Krummel, M.F., Boitel, B. et al. The role of CTLA-4 in the regulation and initiation of T-cell responses. Immunol Rev 1996, 153: 27-43.
168. Waterhouse, P., Marengere, L.E.M., Mittrucker, H.-W., Mak, T.W. CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T-lymphocyte activation. Immunol Rev 1996, 153: 183-202.
169. Leach, D.R., Krummel, M.F., Allison, J.P. Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. Science 1996, 271: 1734-6.
170. Salvadori, S., Gansbacher, B., Wernick, I., Tirelli, S., Zier, K. B7-1 amplifies the response to interleukin-2-secreting tumor vaccines in vivo but fails to induce a response by naive cells in vitro. Hum Gene Ther 1995, 6: 1299-306.
171. +-mediated rejection of established tumors. Hum Gene Ther 1997, 8: 477-88.
172. Cayeux, S., Beck, C., Dorken, B., Blankenstein, T. Coexpression of interleukin-4 and B7.1 in murine tumor cells leads to improved tumor rejection and vaccine effect compared to single gene transfectants and a classical adjuvant. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 525-9.
173. Cayeux, S., Beck, C., Aicher, A., Dorken, B., Blankenstein, T. Tumor cells cotransfected with interleukin-7 and B7.1 genes induce CD25 and CD28 on tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes and are strong vaccines. Eur J Immunol 1995, 25: 2325-31.
174. Coughlin, C.M., Wysocka, M., Kurzawa, H.L., Lee, W.M.F., Trinchieri, G., Eck, S.L. B7-1 and interleukin 12 synergistically induce effective antitumor immunity. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 4980-7.
175. Zitvogel, L., Bobbins, P.D., Storkus, W.J. et al. Interleukin-12 and B7.1 co-stimulation cooperate in the induction of effective antitumor immunity and therapy of established tumors. Eur J Immunol 1996, 26: 1335-41.
176. Flores, I., Sarkar, S., De Rosa, C. et al. IFN-γ and B7 as costimulators of antitumor immune responses. Int J Oncol 1995, 7: 501-9.
177. Katsanis, E., Bausero, M.A., Panoskaltsis-Mortari, A. et al. Irradiation of singly and doubly transduced murine neuroblastoma cells expressing B7-1 and producing interferon-gamma reduces their capacity to induce systemic immunity. Cancer Gene Ther 1996, 3: 75-82.
178. Hock, H., Dorsch, M., Kunzendorf, U. et al. Vaccination with tumor cells genetically engineered to produce different cytokines: Effectivity not superior to a classical adjuvant. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 714-6.
179. Chen, L., McGowan, P., Ashe, S., Johnston, J.V., Hellstrom, I., Hellstrom, K.E. B7-1/CD80-transduced tumor cells elicit better systemic immunity than wild-type tumor cells admixed with Corynebacterium parvum. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 5420-3.
180. Plautz, G.E., Yang, Z.-Y., Wu, B.-Y., Gao, X., Huang, L., Nabel, G.J. Immunotherapy of malignancy by in vivo gene transfer into tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1993, 90: 4645-9.
181. Nabel, G.J., Chang, A., Nabel, E.G. et al. Immunotherapy of malignancy by in vivo gene transfer into tumors. Hum Gene Ther 1992, 3: 399-410.
182. Nabel, G., Nabel, E., Yang, Z.-Y. et al. Direct gene transfer with DNA-liposome complexes in melanoma: Expression, biologic activity, and lack of toxicity in humans. PNAS 1993, 90: 11307-11.
183. Moolten, F.L. Drug sensitivity ("suicide") genes for selective cancer chemotherapy. Cancer Gene Ther 1994, 1: 279-87.
184. Moolten, F. Tumor chemosensitivity conferred by inserted herpes thymidine kinase genes: Paradigm for a prospective cancer control strategy. Cancer Res 1986, 46: 5276-81.
185. Mullen, C., Kilstrup, M., Blaese, R. Transfer of the bacterial gene for cytosine deaminase to mammalian cells confers lethal sensitivity to
186. Bi, W.L., Parysek, L.M., Warnick, R., Stambrook, P.J. In vitro evidence that metabolic cooperation is responsible for the bystander effect observed with HSVtk retroviral gene therapy. Hum Gene Ther 1993, 4: 725-31.
187. Freeman, S.M., Abboud, C.N., Whartenby, K.A. et al. The "bystander effect": Tumor regression when a fraction of the tumor mass is genetically modified. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 5274-83.
188. Vile, R.G., Hart, I.R. Use of tissue-specific expression of the Herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene to inhibit growth of established murine melanomas following direct intratumoral injection of DNA. Cancer Res 1993, 53: 3860-4.
189. Culver, K.W., Ram, Z., Wallbridge, S., Ishii, H., Oldfield, E.H., Blaese, R.M. In vivo gene transfer with retroviral vector-producer cells for treatment of experimental brain tumors. Science 1992, 256: 1550-2.
190. Barba, D., Hardin, J., Sadelain, M., Gage, F. Development of anti-tumor immunity following thymidine kinase-mediated killing of experimental brain tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994, 91: 4348-52.
191. Chen, S.-H., Chen, X.H.L., Wang, Y. et al. Combination gene therapy for liver metastasis of colon carcinoma in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995, 92: 2577-81.
192. Colak, A., Goodman, J.C., Chen, S.H., Woo, S.L.C., Grossman, R.G., Shine, H.D. Adenovirus-mediated gene therapy in an experimental model of breast cancer metastatic to the brain. Hum Gene Ther 1995, 6: 1317-22.
193. Vile, R.G., Nelson, J.A., Castleden, S., Chong, H., Hart, I.R. Systemic gene therapy of murine melanoma using tissue specific expression of the HSVtk gene involves an immune component. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 6228-34.
194. Consalvo, M., Mullen, C.A., Modesti, A. et al. 5-Fluorocytosine-induced eradication of murine adenocarcinomas engineered to express the cytosine deaminase suicide gene requires host immune competence and leaves an efficient memory. J Immunol 1995, 154: 5302-12.
195. Mullen, C.A., Coale, M.M., Lowe, R., Blaese, R.M. Tumors expressing the cytosine deaminase suicide gene can be eliminated in vivo with 5-fluorocytosine and induce protective immunity to wild type tumor. Cancer Res 1994, 54: 1503-6.
196. Vile, R.G., Castleden, S., Marshall, J., Camplejohn, R., Upton, C., Chong, H. Generation of an anti-tumour immune response in a non-immunogenic tumour: HSVtk killing in vivo stimulates a mononuclear cell infiltrate and a Th1-like profile of intratumoral cytokine expression. Int J Cancer 1997, 71: 267-74.
197. Chen, S.H., Kosai, K., Xu, B. et al. Combination suicide and cytokine gene therapy for hepatic metastases of colon carcinoma: Sustained antitumor immunity prolongs animal survival. Cancer Res 1996, 56: 3758-62.
198. 1 and herpes simplex thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir. Hum Gene Ther 1996, 7: 1-10.
199. Xu, L., Pirollo, K.F., Chang, E.H. Transferrin-liposome-mediated p53 sensitization of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck to radiation in vitro. Hum Gene Ther 1997, 8: 467-75.
200. Fujiwara, T., Cai, D.W., Georges, R.N., Mukhopadhyay, T., Grimm, E.A., Roth, J.A. Therapeutic effect of a retroviral wild-type P53 expression vector in an orthotopic lung cancer model. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994, 86: 1458-62.
201. Clayman, G.L., El-Naggar, A.K., Roth, J.A. et al. In vivo molecular therapy with p53 adenovirus for microscopic residual head and neck squamous carcinoma. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 1-6.
202. Leeson-Wood, L.A., Kim, W.H., Kleinman, H.K., Weintraub, B.D., Mixson, A.J. Systemic gene therapy with p53 reduces growth and metastases of a malignant human breast cancer in nude mice. Hum Gene Ther 1995, 6: 395-405.
203. Roth, J.A., Nguyen, D., Lawrence, D.D. et al. Retrovirus-mediated wild-type p53 gene transfer to tumors of patients with lung cancer. Nat Med 1996, 2: 985-91.
204. Yang, Z.-Y., Perkins, N.D., Ohno, T., Nabel, E.G., Nabel, G.J. The p21 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor suppresses tumorigenicity in vivo. Nat Med 1995, 1: 1052-6.
205. Eastham, J.A., Hall, S.J., Sehgal, I. et al. In vivo gene therapy with p53 or p21 adenovirus for prostate cancer. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 5151-5.
206. INK4 gene mediated by an adenovirus vector. Cancer Res 1995, 55: 3250-3.
207. Mercola, D., Cohen, J.S. Antisense approaches to cancer gene therapy. Cancer Gene Ther 1995, 2: 47-59.
208. Zhang, Y., Mukhopadhyay, T., Donehower, L.A., Georges, R.N., Roth, J.A. Retroviral vector-mediated transduction of K-ras antisense RNA into human lung cancer cells inhibits expression of the malignant phenotype. Hum Gene Ther 1993, 4: 451-60.
209. Monia, B.P., Johnston, J.F., Geiger, T., Muller, M., Fabbro, D. Antitumor activity of a phosphorothioate antisense oligodeoxynucleotide targeted against C-raf kinase. Nat Med 1996, 2: 668-74.
210. Baum, C., Hegewisch-Becker, S., Eckert, H.G., Stocking, C., Ostertag, W. Novel retroviral vectors for efficient expression of the multidrug resistance (mdr-1) gene in early hematopoietic cells. J Virol 1995, 69: 7541-7.
211. Baum, C., Margison, G.P., Eckert, H.-G., Fairbairn, L.J., Ostertag, W., Rafferty, J.A. Gene transfer to augment the therapeutic index of anticancer chemotherapy. Gene Ther 1996, 3: 1-3.
212. Rafferty, J.A., Hickson, I., Chinnasamy, N. et al. Chemoprotection of normal tissues by transfer of drug resistance genes. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1996, 15: 365-83.
213. Sorrentino, B.P., Brandt, S.J., Bodine, D. et al. Selection of drug-resistant bone marrow cells in vivo after retroviral transfer of human MDR1. Science 1992, 257: 99-103.
214. Chong, H., Vile, R. New therapeutic approaches based on gene transfer techniques. Semin Immunopathol 1996, 18: 149-70.
215. Ridge, J.P., Fuchs, E.J., Matzinger, P. Neonatal tolerance revisited: Turning on newborn T cells with dendritic cells. Science 1996, 271: 1723-6.
216. Sarzotti, M., Robbins, D.S., Hoffman, P.M. Induction of protective CTL responses in newborn mice by a murine retrovirus. Science 1996, 271: 1726-8.
217. Forsthuber, T., Yip, H.C., Lehmann, P.V. Induction of TH1 and TH2 immunity in neonatal mice. Science 1996, 271: 1728-30.
218. Pennisi, E. Teetering on the brink of danger. Science 1996, 271: 1665-7.
219. Srivastava, P.K., Udono, H. Heat shock protein-peptide complexes in cancer immunotherapy. Curr Opin Immunol 1994, 6: 728-32.