CTLA-4, a negative regulator of T-Lymphocyte activation

Immunological Reviews

Volumn , Issue 153, 1996, Pages 183-207

  Waterhouse, Paul ^a   Marengère, Luc E M ^a   Mittrücker, Hans Willi ^a   Mak, Tak W ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE; RAS PROTEIN; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; ABATACEPT; ANTIBODY CONJUGATE; CYTOTOXIC T-LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN 4; DIFFERENTIATION ANTIGEN; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENT; LEUKOCYTE ANTIGEN; LIGAND;

APOPTOSIS; IMMUNE DEFICIENCY; IMMUNOREGULATION; LYMPHOCYTE PROLIFERATION; MODEL; MOUSE; NONHUMAN; PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PHOSPHORYLATION; REVIEW; T LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CYTOTOXIC T LYMPHOCYTE; GENETICS; HOMEOSTASIS; IMMUNOLOGY; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; METABOLISM; MOLECULAR GENETICS; PROTEIN BINDING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T LYMPHOCYTE;

AMINO ACID SEQUENCE; ANIMALS; ANTIGENS, CD; ANTIGENS, DIFFERENTIATION; HOMEOSTASIS; IMMUNOCONJUGATES; IMMUNOSUPPRESSIVE AGENTS; LIGANDS; LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; MICE; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; MOLECULAR SEQUENCE DATA; PROTEIN BINDING; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; T-LYMPHOCYTES; T-LYMPHOCYTES, CYTOTOXIC;

EID: 0030300146     PISSN: 01052896     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1996.tb00925.x     Document Type: Review

References (124)

1. Abraham, R. T., Karnitz, L. M., Secrist, J. P. & Leibson, P. J. (1992) Signal transduction through the T-cell antigen receptor. Trends Biol. Sci. 17, 434.
2. August, A., Gibson, S., Kawakami, Y., Kawakami, T., Mills, G. B. & Dupont, B. (1994) CD28 is associated with and induces the immediate tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of the Tec family kinase Itk/Emt in the human Jurkat leukemic T-cell line. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 9347.
3. Azuma, M., Ito, D., Yagita, H., Okumura, K., Phillips, J. H., Lanier, L. L. & Somoza, C. (1993a) B70 antigen is a second ligand for CTLA-4 and CD28. Nature 366, 76.
4. Azuma, M., Yssel, H., Phillips, J. H., Spits, H. & Lanier, L. L. (1993b) Functional expression of B7/BB 1 on activated T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 177, 845.
5. Bell, G. M., Fargnoli, J., Bolen, J. B., Kish, L. & Imboden, J. (1996) The SH3 domain of p56 (Lck) binds to proline-rich sequences in the cytoplasmic domain of CD2. J. Exp. Med. 183, 169.
6. Berridge, M. J. (1993) Inositol triphosphate and calcium signaling. Nature 361, 315.
7. Bolen, J. B. (1995) Protein tyrosine kinases in the initiation of antigen receptor signaling. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 7, 306.
8. Boussiotis, V. A., Freeman, G. J., Gribben, J. G., Daley, J., Gray, G. & Nadler, L. M. (1993) Activated human B lymphocytes express three CTLA-4 counterreceptors that costimulate T-cell activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 11059.
9. Brunet, J. F., Denizot, F., Luciani, M.-F., Roux-Dosseto, M., Suzan, M., Mattei, M.-G. & Golstein, P. (1987) A new member of the immunoglobulin superfamily-CTLA-4. Nature 438, 267.
10. Buday, L., Egan, S. E., Viciana, D. A., Cantrell, D. A. & Downward, J. (1994) A complex of Grb2 adaptor protein, Sos exchange factor, and a 36kDa membrane-bound tyrosine-phosphoprotein is implicated in ras activation in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269, 9019.
11. Burshtyn, D. N., Scharenberg, A. M., Wagtman, N., Rajagopalan, S., Berrada, K., Yi, T., Kinet, J.-P. & Long, E. O. (1996) Recruitment of tyrosine phosphatase HCP by the killer cell inhibitory receptor. Immunity 4, 77.
12. Bustelo, X. R., Ledbetter, J. A. & Barbacid, M. (1992). Product of vav proto-oncogene defines a new class of tyrosine protein kinase substrates. Nature 356, 68.
13. Cai, Y.-C., Cefai, D., Schneider, H., Raab, M., Nabavi, N. & Rudd, C. E. (1995) Selective CD28pYMNM mutations implicate phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in CD86-CD28-mediated costimulation. Immunity 3, 417.
14. Chan, A. C., Irving, B. A., Fraser, J. D. & Weiss, A. (1991) The ζ chain is associated with a tyrosine kinase and upon T-cell antigen receptor stimulation with ZAP-70, a 70kDa tyrosine phosphoprotein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 9166.
15. Chan, A. C., Iwashima, M., Turck, C. W. & Weiss, A. (1992) ZAP-70: a 70kD protein-tyrosine kinase that associates with the TCR ζ chain. Cell 71, 649.
16. Chan, A. C., Desai, D. M. & Weiss, A. (1994) The role of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases in T cell antigen receptor signal transduction. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 555.
17. Charbonneau, H. & Tonks, N. K. (1992) 1002 protein phosphatases? Annu. Rev. Cell Biol. 8, 463.
18. Chow, L. M. L., Fournel, M., Davidson, D. & Veillette, A. (1993) Negative regulation of T-cell receptor signaling by tyrosine protein kinase p50Csk. Nature 365, 156.
19. Cohen, G. B., Ren, R. & Baltimore, D. (1995) Modular binding domains in signal transduction proteins. Cell 80, 237.
20. Crabtree, G. R. (1989) Contingent genetic regulatory events in T lymphocyte activation. Science 243, 355.
21. Crews, C. M. & Erikson, R. L. (1993) Extracellular signals and reversible protein phosphorylation: what to Mek of it all. Cell 74, 215.
22. Cyster, J. G. & Goodnow, C. C. (1995) Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C negatively regulates antigen receptor signaling in B lymphocytes and determines thresholds for negative selection. Immunity 2, 13.
23. Damle, N. K., Klussman, K., Leytze, G., Myrdal, S., Aruffo, A., Ledbetter, J. A. & Linsley, P.S. (1994) Costimulation of T lymphocytes with integrin ligands intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 induces functional expression of CTLA-4, a second receptor for B7. J. Immunol. 152, 2686.
24. Dariavach, P., Mattei, M. G., Golstein, P. & LeFranc, M. P. (1988) Human Ig superfamily CTLA-4 gene: chromosomal localization and identity of protein sequence between murine and human CTLA-4 cytoplasmic domains. Eur. J. Immunol 18, 1901.
25. Desai, D. M., Sap, J., Schlessinger, J. & Weiss, A. (1993) Ligand-mediated negative regulation of a chimeric transmembrane receptor tyrosine phosphatase. Cell 73, 541.
26. Desai, D. M., Sap, J., Silvennoinen, O., Schlessinger, J. & Weiss, A. (1994) The catalytic activity of the CD45 membrane-proximal phosphatase domain is required for TCR signaling and regulation. EMBO J. 13, 4002.
27. Doody, G. M., Justement, L. B., Delibrias, C. C., Mathews, R. J., Lin, J., Thomas, M. L. & Fearon, D. T. (1995) A role in B cell activation for CD22 and the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP. Science 269, 242.
28. Fantl, W. J., Escobedo, J. A., Martin, G. A., Turck, C. W., del Rosario, M., McCormick, F. & Williams, L. T. (1992) Distinct phosphotyrosines on a growth factor receptor bind to specific molecules that mediate different signaling pathways. Cell 69, 413.
29. Feng, G. S., Hui, C. C. & Pawson, T. (1993). SH2-containing phosphotyrosine phosphatase as a target of protein-tyrosine kinase. Science 259, 1607.
30. Fernandez-Ruiz, E., Somoza, C., Sanchez Madrid, F. & Lanier, L.L. (1995) CD28/CTLA-4 ligands: the gene encoding CD86 (B70/B7.2) maps to the same region as CD80 (B7/ B7.1) gene in human chromosome 3q13-q23. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 1453.
31. Fischer, E. H., Charbonneau, H. & Tonks, N. K. (1991) Protein tyrosine phosphatases: a diverse family of intracellular and transmembrane enzymes. Science 253, 401.
32. Freeman, G. J., Freedman, A. S., Segil, J. M., Lee, G., Whitman, J. F. & Nadler, J. M. (1989) B7, a new member of the Ig superfamily with unique expression on activated and neoplastic B cells. J. Immunol. 143, 2714.
33. Freeman, G. J., Lombard, D. B., Gimmi, C. D., Brod, S. A., Lee, K., Laning, J. C., Hafler, D. A., Dorf, M. E., Gray, G. S., Reiser, H., June, C. H., Thompson, C. B. & Nadler, L. M. (1992) CTLA-4 and CD28 mRNA are coexpressed in most T cells after activation. Expression of CTLA-4 and CD28 mRNA does not correlate with the pattern of lymphokine production. J. Immunol. 149, 3795.
34. Freeman, G. J., Borriello, F., Hodes, R. J., Reiser, H., Hathcock, K. S., Laszlo, G., McKnight, A. J., Kim, J., Du, L., Lombard, D. B., Gray, G. S., Nadler, L. M. & Sharpe, A. H. (1993) Uncovering of functional alternative CTLA-4 counter-receptor in B7-deficient mice. Science 262, 907.
35. Gribbon, J. G., Freeman, G. J., Boussiotis, V. A., Rennert, P., Jellis, C. L., Greenfield, E., Barber, M., Restivo, V. A., Ke, X. Y., Gray, G. S. & Nadler, L. M. (1995) CTLA4 mediates antigen-specific apoptosis of human T-cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 811.
36. Harper, K., Balzano, C., Rouvier, E., Mattei, M. G., Luciani, M. F. & Golstein, P. (1991) CTLA-4 and CD28 activaled lymphocyte molecules are closely related in both mouse and human as to sequence, message expression, gene structure, and chromosomal location. J. Immunol. 147, 1037.
37. Hathcock, K. S., Laszlo, G., Dickler, H. B., Bradshaw, J., Linsley, P. & Hodes, R. J. (1993) Identificalion of an alternative CTLA-4 ligand costimulatory for T cell activation. Science 262, 905.
38. Howe, L. R. & Weiss, A. (1995) Multiple kinases mediate T-cell-receptor signaling. Trends Biol. Sci. 20, 59.
39. Huang, X., Li, Y., Tanaka, K., Moore, K. G. & Hayashi, J. I. (1995) Cloning and characterization of LNK, a signal-transduction protein that links T-cell receptor activation signal to phospholipase C-gamma 1, Grb2, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 11618.
40. Hunter, T. (1989) Protein-tyrosine phosphatases: the other side of the coin. Cell 58, 1013.
41. Hunter, T. (1995) Protein kinases and phosphatases: the yin and yang of protein phosphorylation and signaling. Cell 80, 225.
42. Hurley, T. R., Hyman, R. & Sefton, B. M. (1993) Differential effects of expression of the CD45 tyrosine protein phosphatase on the tyrosine phosphorylation of the lck, fyn, and c-src tyrosine protein kinases. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 1651.
43. Hutchcroft, J. E., Franklin, D. P., Tsai, B., Harrison-Findik, D., Varticovski, L. & Bierer, B. A. (1995) Phorbol ester treatment inhibits phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activation by, and association with, CD28, a T-lymphocyte surface receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8808.
44. June, C. H., Bluestone, J. A., Nadler, L. M. & Thompson, C. B. (1994) The B7 and CD28 receptor families. Immunol. Today 15, 321.
45. Karin, M. & Smeal, T. (1992) Control of transcription factors by signal transduction pathways. the beginning of the end. Trends Biol. Sci. 17, 418.
46. Kashishian, A., Kazlauskas, A. & Cooper, J. (1992) Phosphorylation sites in the PDGF receptor with different specificities for binding GAP and PI3 kinase in vivo. EMBO J. 11, 1373.
47. Kearney, E. R., Walunas, T. L., Karr, R. W., Morton, P. A., Loh, D. Y., Bluestone, J. A. & Jenkins, M. K. (1995) Antigen-dependent clonal expansion of a trace population of antigen-specific CD4(+) T-cells in vivo is dependent on cd28 costimulation and inhibited by CTLA-4. J. Immunol. 155, 1032.
48. Klingmuller, U., Lorenz, U., Cantley, L. C., Neel, B. G. & Lodish, H. F. (1995) Specific recruitment of SH-PTP1 to the erythropoietin receptor causes inactivation of JAK2 and termination of proliferative signals. Cell 80, 729.
49. Koch, C. A., Anderson, D., Moran, M. F., Ellis, C. & Pawson, T. (1991) SH2 and SH3 domains: elements that control interactions of cytoplasmic signaling proteins. Science 252, 668.
50. Koretzky, G. A., Picus, J., Thomas, M. L. & Weiss, A. (1990) Tyrosine phosphatase CD45 is essential for coupling T-cell antigen receptor to the phosphatidyl inositol pathway. Nature 346, 66.
51. Krummel, M. F. & Allison, J. P. (1995) CD28 and CLTA-4 have opposing effects on the response of T-cells to stimulation. J. Exp. Med. 182, 459.
52. Kuiper, H. M., Brouwer, M., Linsley, P. S. & Van-Lier, R. A. (1995) Activated T cells can induce high levels of CTLA-4 expression on B cells. J. Immunol. 155, 1776.
53. Kupfer, A. & Singer, S. J. (1989) The specific interaction of helper T cells and antigen-presenting B cells IV. Membrane and cytoskeletal reorganization in the bound T cell as a function of antigen dose. J. Exp. Med. 182, 459.
54. Law, C.-L., Sidorenko, S., Chandran, K. A., Zhao, Z., Shen, S.-H., Fischer, E. H. & Clark, E. A.(1996) CD22 associates with protein tyrosine phosphatase 1C, Syk, and phospholipase C-γ1 upon B cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 183, 547.
55. Leach, D. R., Krummel, M. F. & Allison, J. P. (1996) Enhancement of antitumor immunity by CTLA-4 blockade. Science 271, 1734.
56. Lindsten, T., Lee, K. P., Harris, E. S., Petryniak, B., Craighead, N., Reynolds, P. J., Lombard, D. B., Freeman, G. J., Nadler, L. M., Gray, G. S., Thompson, C. B. & June, C. H. (1993) Characterization of CTLA-4 structure and expression on human T cells. J. Immunol. 151, 3489.
57. Linsley, P. S. (1995) Distinct roles for CC28 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 receptors during T-cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 182, 289.
58. Linsley, P. S. & Ledbetter, J. A. (1993) The role of the CD28 receptor during T cell responses to antigen. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11, 191.
59. Linsley, P. S., Clark, E. A. & Ledbetter, J. A. (1990) T-cell antigen CD28 mediates adhesion with B cells by interacting with activation antigen B7/BB-1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87, 5031.
60. Linsley, P. S., Brady, W., Grosmaire, L., Aruffo, A., Damle, N. K. & Ledbetter, J. A. (1991a) Binding of the B cell activation antigen B7 to CD28 costimulates T cell proliferation and interleukin 2 mRNA accumulation. J. Exp. Med. 173, 721.
61. Linsley, P. S., Brady, W., Urnes, M., Grosmaire, L. S., Damle, N. K. & Ledbetter, J.A. (1991b) CTLA-4 is a second receptor for the B cell activation antigen B7. J. Exp. Med. 174, 561.
62. Linsley, P. S., Greene, J. L., Tan, P., Bradshaw, J., Ledbetter, J. A., Anasetti, C. & Damle, N. K. (1992) Coexpression and functional cooperation of CTLA-4 and CD28 on activated T lymphocytes. J. Exp. Med. 176, 1595.
63. Linsley, P. S., Bradshaw, J., Urnes, M., Grosmaire, L. & Ledbetter, J. A. (1993) CD28 engagement by B7/BB-1 induces transient down-regulation of CD28 synthesis and prolonged unresponsiveness to CD28 signaling. J. Immunol. 150, 3161.
64. Linsley, P. S., Greene, J. L., Brady, W., Bajorath, J., Ledbetter, J. A. & Peach, R. (1994) Human B7-1 (CD80) and B7-2 (CD86) bind with similar avidities but distinct kinetics to CD28 and CTLA-4 receptors. Immunity 1, 793.
65. Linsley, P. S., Nadler, S. G., Bajorath, J., Peach, R., Leung, H. T., Rogers, J., Bradshaw, J., Stebbins, M., Leytze, G., Brady, W., Malacko, A. R., Marquardt, H. & Shaw, S. Y. (1995) Binding stoichiometry of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4). A disulfide-linked homodimer binds two CD86 molecules. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 15417.
66. Liu, J., Farmer, J. D., Lane, W. S., Friedman, J., Weissman, I. & Schreiber, S. L. (1991) Calcineurin is a common target of cyclophilin-cyclosporin A and FK506 complexes. Cell 66, 807.
67. McFarland, E. D., Hurley, T. R., Pingel, J. T., Sefton, B. M., Shaw, A. & Thomas, M. L. (1993) Correlation between Src family member regulation by the protein-tyrosine-phosphatase CD45 and transmembrane signaling through the T-cell receptor. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90, 1402.
68. McKenney, D. W., Onodera, H., German, L., Mimura, T. & Rothstein, D. M. (1995) Distinct isoforms of the CD45 protein-tyrosine phosphatase differentially regulate interleukin 2 secretion and activation signal pathways involving Vav in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24949.
69. Marengere, L. E. M. & Pawson, T. (1994) Structure and function of SH2 domains. J. Cell Sci. 18, 97.
70. Marengere, L. E. M., Waterhouse, P., Duncan, G. S., Mittrucker, H.-W., Feng, G.-S. & Mak, T. W. (1996) Regulation of T cell receptor signaling by tyrosine-phosphatase Syp association with CTLA-4. Science (in press).
71. Marshall, C. J. (1995) Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling: transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80, 179.
72. Minami, Y., Kono, T., Miyazaki, T. & Taniguchi, T. (1993) The IL-2 receptor complex: its structure, function, and target genes. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 11, 245.
73. Mittrücker, H. W., Pfeffer, K., Schmits, R. & Mak, T. W. (1995) T-lymphocyte development and function in gene-targeted mutant mice. Immunol. Rev. 148, 115.
74. Morton, P. A., Fu, X. T., Stewart, J. A., Giacoletto, K. S., White, S. L., Leysath, C. E., Evans, R. J., Shich, J. J. & Karr, R. W. (1996) Differentional effects of CTLA-4 substitutions on the binding of human CD80 (B7-1) and CD86 (B7-2). J. Immunol. 156, 1047.
75. Mustelin, T. (1994) T cell antigen receptor signaling: three families of tyrosine kinases and a phosphatase. Immunity 1, 351.
76. Nel, A. E., Gupta, S., Lee, L., Ledbetter, J. A. & Kanner, S. B. (1995) Ligation of the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) induces association of hSos1, ZAP-70, phospholipase C-gamma 1, and other phosphoproteins with Grb2 and the zeta-chain of the TCR. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 18428.
77. Nicola, N. A. (1989) Hematopoietic cell growth factors and their receptors. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58, 45.
78. Oaks, M. K., Penwell, R. T. & Tector, A. J. (1996) Nucleotide sequence of the ACI rat CTLA-4 molecule. Immunogenetics 43, 173.
79. Osman, N., Lucas, S. C., Turner, H. & Cantrell, D. (1995) A comparison of the interaction of She and the tyrosine kinase Zap-70 with the T-cell antigen receptor zeta chain tyrosine-based activation motif. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 13981.
80. Pages, F., Ragueneau, M., Rottapel, R., Truneh, A., Nunes, J., Imbert, J. & Olive, D. (1994) Binding of phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase to CD28 is required for T-cell signalling. Nature 369, 327.
81. Park, D. & Rhee, S. G. (1992) Phosphorylation of Nck in response to a variety of receptors, phorbol myristate acetate, and cyclic AMP. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12, 5816.
82. Pawson, T. & Gish, G. D. (1992) SH2 and SH3 domains: from structure to function. Cell 71, 359.
83. Pawson, T. & Schlessinger, J. (1993) SH2 and SH3 domains. Curr. Biol. 3, 434.
84. Peach, R. J., Bajorath, J., Brady, W., Leytze, G., Greene, J., Naemura, J. & Linsley, P. S. (1994) Complementarity determining region 1 (CDR1)- and CDR3-analogous regions in CTLA-4 and CD28 determine the binding to B7-1. J. Exp. Med. 180, 2049.
85. Peach, R. J., Bajorath, J., Naemura, J., Leytze, G., Greene, J., Aruffo, A. & Linsley, P. S. (1995) Both extracellular immunoglobin-like domains of CD80 contain residues critical for binding T cell surface receptors CTLA-4 and CD28. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 21181.
86. Penninger, J., Wallace, V. A., Kishihara, K., Molina, T., Krause, H. & Mak, T. W. (1991) Molecular organization, ontogeny and expression of murine αβ and γδ T cell receptors. Exp. Clin. Immunogenet. 8, 57.
87. Pfeffer, K. & Mak, T.W. (1994) Lymphocyte ontogeny and activation in gene targeted mutant mice. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 367.
88. Pingel, J. T. & Thomas, M. L. (1989) Evidence that the leukocyte-common antigen is required for antigen-induced T lymphocyte proliferation. Cell 58, 1055.
89. Prasad, K. V. S., Cai, Y.-C., Raab, M., Duckworth, B., Cantley, L., Shoelson, S. E. & Rudd, C. E. (1994) T-cell antigen CD28 interacts with the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase by a cytoplasmic Tyr(p)-Met-Xaa-Met motif. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91, 2834.
90. Quilliam, L. A., Khosravi-Far, R., Huff, S. Y. & Der, C. J. (1995) Guanine nucleotide exchange factors activators of the Ras superfamily of proteins. Bioassays 9, 395.
91. Raab, M., Cai, Y.-C., Gunnel, S. C., Heyeck, S. D., Berg, L. J. & Rudd, C. E. (1995) p56Lck and p59Fyn regulate CD28 binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, growth factor receptor-bound Grb2, and T cell-specific protein-tyrosine kinase Itk: implications for T-cell costimulation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 8891.
92. Ramos-Morales, F., Drucker, B. J. & Fischer, S. (1994) Vav binds to several SH2/SH3 containing proteins in activated lymphocytes. Oncogene 9, 1891.
93. Ravichandran, K. S., Lorenz, U., Shoelson, S. E. & Burakoff, S. J. (1995) Interaction of She with Grb2 regulates association of Grb2 with mSos. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 593.
94. Reedijk, M., Liu, X., van der Geer, P., Letwin, K., Waterfeild, M. D., Hunter, T. & Pawson, T. (1992) Tyr721 regulates specific binding of the CSF-2 receptor kinase insert to PI 3′-kinase SH2 domains: a model for SH2-mediated receptor-target interactions. EMBO J. 11, 1365.
95. Rudd, C. E., Trevillyan, J. M., Dasgupta, J. D., Wong, L. L. & Schlossman, S. F. (1988) The CD4-receptor is complexed in detergent lysates to a protein-tyrosine kinase (pp58) from human T lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85, 5190.
96. Schneider, H., Cai, Y.-C., Prasad, K. V. S., Shoelson, S. E. & Rudd, C. E. (1995a) T cell antigen CD28 binds to the Grb-2/Sos complex, regulators of p21Ras. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 1044.
97. Schneider, H., Prasad, K. V S., Shoelson, S. E. & Rudd, C. E. (1995b) CTLA-4 binding to the lipid kinase phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in T cells. J. Exp. Med. 181, 351.
98. Schreiber, S. L. & Crabtree, G. R. (1992) The mechanism of action of cyclosporin A and FK506. Immunol. Today 13, 136.
99. Secrist, J. P., Burns, L. A., Karnitz, L., Koretzky, G. A. & Abraham, R. T. (1993) Stimulatory effects of the protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, on T-cell activation events. J. Biol. Chem. 268, 5886.
100. Shahinian, A., Pfeffer, K., Lee, K. P., Kundig, T. M., Kishihara, K., Wakeham, A., Kawai, K., Ohashi, P. S., Thompson, C. B. & Mak, T. W. (1993) Differential T cell costimulatory requirements in CD28-deficient mice. Science 261, 609.
101. Shiroo, M., Goff, L., Biffen, M., Shivnan, E. & Alexander, D. (1992) CD45 tyrosine phosphatase-activated p59fyn couples the T cell antigen receptor to pathways of diacylglycerol production, protein kinase C activation and calcium influx. EMBO J. 11, 4887.
102. Sieh, M., Bolen, J. B. & Weiss, A. (1993) CD45 specifically modulates binding of Lck to a phosphopeptide encompassing the negative regulatory tyrosine of Lck. EMBO J. 12, 315.
103. Sieh, M., Batzer, A., Schlessinger, J. & Weiss, A. (1994) Grb2 and phospholipase C-gamma 1 associate with a 36- to 38-kilodalton phosphotyrosine protein after T cell-receptor stimulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 4435.
104. Smith, K. A. (1988) Interleukin-2: inception, impact and implications. Science 240, 1169.
105. Songyang, Z., Shoelson, S. E., Chauduri, M., Gish, G., Pawson, T., Haser, W. G., King, F., Roberts, T., Ratnofsky, S., Lechleider, R. J., Neel, B. G., Birge, R. B., Fajardo, J. E., Chou, M. M., Hanafusa, H., Schaffhausen, B. & Cantley, L. C. (1993) SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 72, 767.
106. Stein, P. H., Fraser, J. D. & Weiss, A. (1994) The cytoplasmic domain of CD28 is both necessary and sufficient for costimulation of interleukin-2 secretion and association with phosphatidylinositol 3′-kinase. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 3392.
107. Sun, X. J., Rothenberg, P., Kahn, C. R., Backer, J. M., Araki, E., Wilden, P. A., Cahill, D. A., Goldstein, B. J. & White, M. F. (1991) Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein. Nature 352, 73.
108. Taga, T. & Kishimoto, T. (1993) Cytokine receptors and signal transduction. FASEB J. 7, 3387.
109. Thomas, M. L. (1995) Of ITAMs and ITIMs: turning on and off the B cell antigen receptor. J. Exp. Med. 181, 1953.
110. Tivol, E. A., Borriello, F., Schweitzer, A. N. & Lynch, W. P. (1995) Loss of CTLA-4 leads to massive lymphoproliferation and fatal multiorgan tissue destruction, revealing a critical negative regulatory role of CTLA-4. Immunity 3, 541.
111. Trowbridge, I. S. & Thomas, M. L. (1994) CD45: an emerging role as a protein tyrosine phosphatase required for lymphocyte activation and development. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 12, 85.
112. Ullman, K., Northrop, J. P., Verweij, C. L. & Crabtree, G. R. (1990) Transmission of signals from T lymphocyte antigen receptor to the genes responsible for cell proliferation and immune function. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 8, 421.
113. van Oers, N. S. C., Killeen, N. & Weiss, A. (1994) ZAP-70 is constitutively associated with tyrosine-phosphorylated TCR ζ in murine thymocytes and lymph node T cells. Immunity 1, 675.
114. van Oers, N. S. C., Tao, W., Watts, J. D., Johnson, P., Aebersold, R. & The, H. S. (1993) Constitutive tyrosine phosphorylation of the T cell receptor (TCR) ζ subunit: regulation of TCR-associated protein kinase activity by TCR ζ. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13, 5771.
115. Vyth-Dreese, F.A., Dellemijn, T.A.M., Majoor, D. & Dejong, D. (1995) Localization in situ of the costimulatory molecules B7.1, B7.2, CD40 and their ligands in normal human lymphoid tissue. Eur. J. Immunol. 25, 2023.
116. Walunas, T. L., Lenschow, D. J., Bakker, C. Y., Linsley, P. S., Freeman, G. J., Green, J. M., Thompson, C. B. & Bluestone, J. A. (1994) CTLA-4 can function as a negative regulator of T cell activation. Immunity 1, 405.
117. Wange, R. L., Kong, A.-N. T. & Samelson, L. E. (1992) A tyrosine-phosphorylated 70-kda protein bind a photoaffinity analogue of ATP and associates with both the ζ CD3 components of the activated T cell antigen receptor. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 11685.
118. Watanabe-Fukunaga, R., Brannan, C. I., Copeland, N. G., Jenkins, N. A. & Nagata, S. (1992) Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 356, 314.
119. Waterhouse, P., Penninger, J. M., Timms, E., Wakeham, A., Shahinian, A., Lee, K. P., Thompson, C. B., Griesser, H. & Mak, T. W. (1995) Lymphoproliferative disorders with early lethality in mice deficient in CTLA-4. Science 270, 985.
120. + T-cell clones deficient in the expression of the CD45 protein tyrosine phosphatase have impaired responses to T-cell receptor stimuli. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11, 4415.
121. Weiss, A. & Littman, D. R. (1994) Signal transduction by lymphocyte antigen receptor. Cell 76, 263.
122. Weiss, A., Koretzky, G., Schatzman, R. C. & Kadlecek, T. (1991) Functional activation of the T-cell antigen receptor induces tyrosine phosphorylation of phospholipase C-γ1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 88, 5484.
123. Wu, J., Katsav, A. & Weiss, A. (1995) A functional T-cell receptor signaling pathway is required for p95Vav activity. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 4337.
124. Yu, H., Chen, J. K., Feng, S., Dalgarno, D. C., Brauer, A. W. & Schreiber, S. L. (1994) Structural basis for the binding of proline-rich peptides to SH3 domains. Cell 76, 933.