Interlocked Macromolecules

Chemical Reviews

Volumn 99, Issue 7, 1999, Pages 1643-1663

  Raymo, Françisco M ^a   Stoddart, J Fraser ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0001675749     PISSN: 00092665     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/cr970081q     Document Type: Article

References (322)

1. The term rotaxane derives from the Latin words rota and axis meaning wheel and axle, respectively, see: Schill, G.; Zollenkopf, H. Liebigs Ann. Chem. 1969, 721, 53-74.
2. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
3. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
4. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
5. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
6. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.-C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
7. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
8. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
9. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146-152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
10. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
11. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
12. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
13. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
14. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527-557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
15. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
16. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
17. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
18. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265-5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
19. For books and reviews on (poly)rotaxanes and (poly)catenanes, see: (a) Schill, G. Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Academic Press: New York, 1971. (b) Walba, D. M. Tetrahedron 1985, 41, 3161-3212. (c) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Chem. Rev. 1987, 87, 795-810. (d) Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Bioorg. Chem. Front. 1991, 2, 195-248. (e) Chambron, J.- C.; Dietrich-Buchecker, C. O.; Sauvage, J.-P. Top. Curr. Chem. 1993, 165, 131-162. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Marand, H. Adv. Mater. 1993, 5, 11-21. (g) Gibson, H. W.; Bheda, M. C.; Engen, P. T. Prog. Polym. Sci. 1994, 19, 843-945. (h) Amabilino, D. B.; Parsons, I. W.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1994, 2, 146- 152. (i) Amabilino, D. B.; Stoddart, J. F. Chem. Rev. 1995, 95, 2725-2828. (j) Gibson, H. W. Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996; pp 191-262. (k) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1996, 61, 1-43. (l) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Trends Polym. Sci. 1996, 4, 208-211. (m) Belohradsky, M.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Collect. Czech. Chem. Commun. 1997, 62, 527- 557. (n) Jäger, R.; Vögtle, F. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 930-944. (o) Clarkson, G. J.; Leigh, D. A.; Smith, D. A. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 579-584. (p) Leigh, D. A.; Murphy, A. Chem. Ind. (London) 1999, 178-183. (q) Breault, G. A.; Hunter, C. A.; Mayers, P. C. Tetrahedron 1999, 55, 5265- 5293. (r) Catenanes, Rotaxanes and Knots; Dietrich-Buckecher, C. O., Sauvage, J.-P., Eds.; VCH-Wiley: Weinheim, in press.
20. Pseudorotaxanes have been defined (Ashton, P. R.; Philp, D.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1991, 1677-1679) as the noninterlocked counterparts of rotaxanes, in which one or more linear "rods" or "threads" are encircled by one or more "wheels" or "beads" to form inclusion complexes. As distinct from rotaxanes, these supramolecular complexes are free to dissociate into their separate components since they do not possess bulky stopper groups.
21. The distinction between rotaxanes and pseudorotaxanes is far from being a straightforward one. For a more detailed discussion of the fuzziness that exists between rotaxanes and pseudorataxanes, see: Ashton, P. R.; Baxter, I.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Raymo, F. M.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 2297-2307.
22. (a) Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Belohradsky, M.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Philp, D.; Prodi, L.; Raymo, F. M.; Reddington, M. V.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M.; Williams, D. J. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 4931-4951.
23. (b) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Ballardini, R.; Balzani, V.; Belohradsky, M.; Gandolfi, M. T.; Kocian, O.; Prodi, L.; Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F.; Venturi, M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 302-310.
24. The term pseudopolyrotaxanes was introduced by us in 1994 (see ref 2h) to describe polyrotaxanes lacking at least one if not both stoppers, i.e., pseudopolyrotaxanes are to polyrotaxanes what pseudorotaxanes are to rotaxanes (see ref 3). The use of the term was subsequently extended to embrace supramolecular arrays, reminiscent of V (Figure 5) but lacking terminal stoppers, and incorporating a polymeric-like backbone held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see, for example: (a) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, G. R.; Hayes, W.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 37-41. (b) Newton, S. P.; Stoddart, J. F.; Hayes, W. Supramol. Sci. 1996, 3, 221-236. (c) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, C. L.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Menzer, S.; Pasini, D.; Scheuer, C.; Spencer, N.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1136-1150. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Hickingbottom, S. K.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 577-589.
25. The term pseudopolyrotaxanes was introduced by us in 1994 (see ref 2h) to describe polyrotaxanes lacking at least one if not both stoppers, i.e., pseudopolyrotaxanes are to polyrotaxanes what pseudorotaxanes are to rotaxanes (see ref 3). The use of the term was subsequently extended to embrace supramolecular arrays, reminiscent of V (Figure 5) but lacking terminal stoppers, and incorporating a polymeric-like backbone held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see, for example: (a) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, G. R.; Hayes, W.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 37-41. (b) Newton, S. P.; Stoddart, J. F.; Hayes, W. Supramol. Sci. 1996, 3, 221-236. (c) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, C. L.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Menzer, S.; Pasini, D.; Scheuer, C.; Spencer, N.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1136-1150. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Hickingbottom, S. K.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 577-589.
26. The term pseudopolyrotaxanes was introduced by us in 1994 (see ref 2h) to describe polyrotaxanes lacking at least one if not both stoppers, i.e., pseudopolyrotaxanes are to polyrotaxanes what pseudorotaxanes are to rotaxanes (see ref 3). The use of the term was subsequently extended to embrace supramolecular arrays, reminiscent of V (Figure 5) but lacking terminal stoppers, and incorporating a polymeric-like backbone held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see, for example: (a) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, G. R.; Hayes, W.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 37-41. (b) Newton, S. P.; Stoddart, J. F.; Hayes, W. Supramol. Sci. 1996, 3, 221-236. (c) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, C. L.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Menzer, S.; Pasini, D.; Scheuer, C.; Spencer, N.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1136-1150. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Hickingbottom, S. K.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 577-589.
27. The term pseudopolyrotaxanes was introduced by us in 1994 (see ref 2h) to describe polyrotaxanes lacking at least one if not both stoppers, i.e., pseudopolyrotaxanes are to polyrotaxanes what pseudorotaxanes are to rotaxanes (see ref 3). The use of the term was subsequently extended to embrace supramolecular arrays, reminiscent of V (Figure 5) but lacking terminal stoppers, and incorporating a polymeric-like backbone held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see, for example: (a) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, G. R.; Hayes, W.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Adv. Mater. 1996, 8, 37-41. (b) Newton, S. P.; Stoddart, J. F.; Hayes, W. Supramol. Sci. 1996, 3, 221-236. (c) Asakawa, M.; Ashton, P. R.; Brown, C. L.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Menzer, S.; Pasini, D.; Scheuer, C.; Spencer, N.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1997, 3, 1136-1150. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Fyfe, M. C. T.; Hickingbottom, S. K.; Menzer, S.; Stoddart, J. F.; White, A. J. P.; Williams, D. J. Chem. Eur. J. 1998, 4, 577-589.
28. The term catenane derives from the Latin word catena meaning chain. See refs 2a and 11a.
29. For reviews on interpenetrating networks held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see: (a) Zaworotko, M. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23, 283-288. (b) Batten, S. R.; Robson, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1460-1494. (c) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1998, 3, 150-159. (d) Champness, N. R.; Schröder, M. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 419-424.
30. For reviews on interpenetrating networks held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see: (a) Zaworotko, M. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23, 283-288. (b) Batten, S. R.; Robson, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1460-1494. (c) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1998, 3, 150-159. (d) Champness, N. R.; Schröder, M. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 419-424.
31. For reviews on interpenetrating networks held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see: (a) Zaworotko, M. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23, 283-288. (b) Batten, S. R.; Robson, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1460-1494. (c) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1998, 3, 150-159. (d) Champness, N. R.; Schröder, M. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 419-424.
32. For reviews on interpenetrating networks held together by a combination of covalent and noncovalent bonds, see: (a) Zaworotko, M. J. Chem. Soc. Rev. 1994, 23, 283-288. (b) Batten, S. R.; Robson, R. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 1998, 37, 1460-1494. (c) Raymo, F. M.; Stoddart, J. F. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 1998, 3, 150-159. (d) Champness, N. R.; Schröder, M. Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci. 1998, 3, 419-424.
33. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
34. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
35. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
36. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
37. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
38. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
39. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
40. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
41. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
42. For books and reviews on interpenetrating polymer networks, see: (a) Sperling, L. H. Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Plenum: New York, 1981. (b) Mark, J. E. Acc. Chem. Res. 1985, 18, 202-206. (c) Frisch, H. L. Br. Polym. J. 1985, 17, 149-153. (d) Fyvie, T. J.; Frisch, H. L.; Semlyen, J. A.; Clarson, S. J.; Mark, J. E. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1987, 25, 2503-2509. (e) Huang, W.; Frisch, H. L.; Hua, Y.; Semlyen, J. A. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 1990, 28, 1807-1812. (f) Mark, J. E. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 703-709. (g) Clarson, S. J. New J. Chem. 1993, 17, 711-714. (h) Wood, B. R.; Semlyen, J. A. Polymer 1994, 35, 1542-1548. (i) Interpenetrating Polymer Networks; Klempner, D., Sperling, L. H., Utracki, L. A., Eds.; American Chemical Society: Washington, D.C., 1994. (j) Large Ring Molecules; Semlyen, J. A., Ed.; Wiley: New York, 1996.
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224. For preliminary reports on polyester pseudopolyrotaxanes and polyrotaxanes, see: (a) Gibson, H. W.; Engen, P. T.; Lecavalier, P. R. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1988, 29 (1), 248-249. (b) Lecavalier, P. R.; Engen, P. T.; Shen, Y. X.; Joardar, S,; Ward, T.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30 (1), 189-190. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (1), 637-638. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 593-594. (e) Marand, H.; Prasad, A.; Wu, C.; Bheda, M.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 639- 640. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Keith, D. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (1), 235-236. (g) Sze, J. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (2), 331-332.
225. For preliminary reports on polyester pseudopolyrotaxanes and polyrotaxanes, see: (a) Gibson, H. W.; Engen, P. T.; Lecavalier, P. R. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1988, 29 (1), 248-249. (b) Lecavalier, P. R.; Engen, P. T.; Shen, Y. X.; Joardar, S,; Ward, T.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30 (1), 189-190. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (1), 637-638. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 593-594. (e) Marand, H.; Prasad, A.; Wu, C.; Bheda, M.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 639- 640. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Keith, D. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (1), 235-236. (g) Sze, J. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (2), 331-332.
226. For preliminary reports on polyester pseudopolyrotaxanes and polyrotaxanes, see: (a) Gibson, H. W.; Engen, P. T.; Lecavalier, P. R. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1988, 29 (1), 248-249. (b) Lecavalier, P. R.; Engen, P. T.; Shen, Y. X.; Joardar, S,; Ward, T.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30 (1), 189-190. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (1), 637-638. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 593-594. (e) Marand, H.; Prasad, A.; Wu, C.; Bheda, M.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 639- 640. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Keith, D. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (1), 235-236. (g) Sze, J. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (2), 331-332.
227. For preliminary reports on polyester pseudopolyrotaxanes and polyrotaxanes, see: (a) Gibson, H. W.; Engen, P. T.; Lecavalier, P. R. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1988, 29 (1), 248-249. (b) Lecavalier, P. R.; Engen, P. T.; Shen, Y. X.; Joardar, S,; Ward, T.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30 (1), 189-190. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (1), 637-638. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 593-594. (e) Marand, H.; Prasad, A.; Wu, C.; Bheda, M.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 639-640. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Keith, D. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (1), 235-236. (g) Sze, J. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (2), 331-332.
228. For preliminary reports on polyester pseudopolyrotaxanes and polyrotaxanes, see: (a) Gibson, H. W.; Engen, P. T.; Lecavalier, P. R. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1988, 29 (1), 248-249. (b) Lecavalier, P. R.; Engen, P. T.; Shen, Y. X.; Joardar, S,; Ward, T.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30 (1), 189-190. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (1), 637-638. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 593-594. (e) Marand, H.; Prasad, A.; Wu, C.; Bheda, M.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 639- 640. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Keith, D. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (1), 235-236. (g) Sze, J. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (2), 331-332.
229. For preliminary reports on polyester pseudopolyrotaxanes and polyrotaxanes, see: (a) Gibson, H. W.; Engen, P. T.; Lecavalier, P. R. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1988, 29 (1), 248-249. (b) Lecavalier, P. R.; Engen, P. T.; Shen, Y. X.; Joardar, S,; Ward, T.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1989, 30 (1), 189-190. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (1), 637-638. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Sze, J.; Engen, P. T.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 593-594. (e) Marand, H.; Prasad, A.; Wu, C.; Bheda, M.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1991, 32 (3), 639- 640. (f) Gibson, H. W.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Bheda, M.; Prasad, A.; Marand, H.; Keith, D. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (1), 235-236. (g) Sze, J. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1992, 33 (2), 331-332.
230. (a) Wu, C.; Bheda, M. C.; Lim, C.; Shen, Y. X.; Sze, J.; Gibson, H. W. Polym. Commun. 1991, 32, 204-207.
231. (b) Gibson, H. W.; Liu, S.; Lecavalier, P.; Wu, C.; Shen, Y. X. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 852-874.
232. (a) Gong, C.; Gibson, H. W. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 7029-7033.
233. (b) Gong, C.; Gibson, H. W. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 1997, 198, 2321-2332.
234. (c) Gibson, H. W.; Liu, S.; Gong, C.; Ji, Q.; Joseph, E. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 3711-3727.
235. (d) Gong, C.; Ji, Q.; Glass, T. E.; Gibson, H. W. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 4807-4813.
236. (e) Gong, C.; Gibson, H. W. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 8524-8525.
237. A similar design logic was employed to synthesize polyrotaxanes incorporating 30-crown-10 and dibenzo-24-crown-8 or bis-paraphenylene-34-crown-10 around the same acyclic component. Gong, C.; Gibson, H. W. Macromolecules 1997, 30, 8524-8525.
238. (a) Shen, Y. X.; Lim, C.; Gibson, H. W. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem. 1991, 32 (1), 166-167.
239. (b) Shen, X. Y.; Gibson, H. W. Macromolecules 1992, 25, 2058-2059.
240. (c) Shen, X. Y.; Xie, D.; Gibson, H. W. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 537-548.
241. Pseudopolyrotaxane 69 was also prepared by threading 42-crown-14 onto a preformed polyurethane. Gong, C.; Ji, Q.; Subramaniam, C.; Gibson, H. W. Macromolecules 1998, 31, 1814-1818.
242. Marand, E.; Hu, Q.; Gibson, H. W.; Veystman, B. Macromolecules 1996, 29, 2555-2562.
243. A combination of [C-H⋯O] hydrogen bonds and [π⋯π] stacking interactions was also exploited to prepare pseudopolyrotaxanes incorporating π-electron-rich macrocycles encircling π-electron-deficient units located along a polyurethane backbone. Loveday, D.; Wilkes, G. L.; Bheda, M. C.; Shen, Y. X.; Gibson, H. W. J. Macromol. Sci., Pure Appl. Chem. 1996, A32, 1-27.
244. (a) Gong, C.; Gibson, H. W. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1997, 36, 2331-2333.
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249. (d) Gibson, H. W.; Nagvekar, D. S.; Bryant, W. S.; Powell, J.; Bhattacharjee, S. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polm. Prepr. 1997, 38 (1), 115-116.
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309. For examples of bis[2]catenanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Reder, A. S.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5286-5287. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Synlett 1994, 789-792. (c) Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 587- 588. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Huff, J.; Parsons, I. W.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J.; White, A. J. P.; Tolley, M. S. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 123-136. (e) Huff, J.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 1-8. (f) Ashton, P. R.; Horn, T.; Menzer, S.; Preece, J. A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Synthesis 1997, 480-488.
310. For examples of bis[2]catenanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Reder, A. S.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5286-5287. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Synlett 1994, 789-792. (c) Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 587-588. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Huff, J.; Parsons, I. W.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J.; White, A. J. P.; Tolley, M. S. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 123-136. (e) Huff, J.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 1-8. (f) Ashton, P. R.; Horn, T.; Menzer, S.; Preece, J. A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Synthesis 1997, 480-488.
311. For examples of bis[2]catenanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Reder, A. S.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5286-5287. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Synlett 1994, 789-792. (c) Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 587- 588. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Huff, J.; Parsons, I. W.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J.; White, A. J. P.; Tolley, M. S. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 123-136. (e) Huff, J.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 1-8. (f) Ashton, P. R.; Horn, T.; Menzer, S.; Preece, J. A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Synthesis 1997, 480-488.
312. For examples of bis[2]catenanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Reder, A. S.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5286-5287. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Synlett 1994, 789-792. (c) Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 587- 588. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Huff, J.; Parsons, I. W.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J.; White, A. J. P.; Tolley, M. S. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 123-136. (e) Huff, J.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 1-8. (f) Ashton, P. R.; Horn, T.; Menzer, S.; Preece, J. A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Synthesis 1997, 480-488.
313. For examples of bis[2]catenanes, see: (a) Ashton, P. R.; Reder, A. S.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 5286-5287. (b) Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Synlett 1994, 789-792. (c) Amabilino, D. B.; Ashton, P. R.; Preece, J, A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Tolley, M. S. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Chem., Polym. Prepr. 1995, 36 (1), 587- 588. (d) Ashton, P. R.; Huff, J.; Parsons, I. W.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J.; White, A. J. P.; Tolley, M. S. Chem. Eur. J. 1996, 2, 123-136. (e) Huff, J.; Preece, J. A.; Stoddart, J. F. Macromol. Symp. 1996, 102, 1-8. (f) Ashton, P. R.; Horn, T.; Menzer, S.; Preece, J. A.; Spencer, N.; Stoddart, J. F.; Williams, D. J. Synthesis 1997, 480-488.
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319. For a discussion of DNA catenanes and knots, see ref 2i. For more recent literature on the topic, consult: (a) Seeman, N. C. Ace. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 357-363. (b) Seeman, N. C. Nature 1997, 386, 137-138. (c) Seeman, N. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 3220-3238. (d) Ryan, K.; Kool, T. E. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 59-67. (e) Mao, C.; Sun, W.; Shen, Z.; Seeman, N. C. Nature 1999, 397, 144-146.
320. For a discussion of DNA catenanes and knots, see ref 2i. For more recent literature on the topic, consult: (a) Seeman, N. C. Ace. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 357-363. (b) Seeman, N. C. Nature 1997, 386, 137-138. (c) Seeman, N. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 3220-3238. (d) Ryan, K.; Kool, T. E. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 59-67. (e) Mao, C.; Sun, W.; Shen, Z.; Seeman, N. C. Nature 1999, 397, 144-146.
321. For a discussion of DNA catenanes and knots, see ref 2i. For more recent literature on the topic, consult: (a) Seeman, N. C. Ace. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 357-363. (b) Seeman, N. C. Nature 1997, 386, 137-138. (c) Seeman, N. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 3220-3238. (d) Ryan, K.; Kool, T. E. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 59-67. (e) Mao, C.; Sun, W.; Shen, Z.; Seeman, N. C. Nature 1999, 397, 144-146.
322. For a discussion of DNA catenanes and knots, see ref 2i. For more recent literature on the topic, consult: (a) Seeman, N. C. Ace. Chem. Res. 1997, 30, 357-363. (b) Seeman, N. C. Nature 1997, 386, 137-138. (c) Seeman, N. C. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1998, 37, 3220-3238. (d) Ryan, K.; Kool, T. E. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol. 1998, 5, 59-67. (e) Mao, C.; Sun, W.; Shen, Z.; Seeman, N. C. Nature 1999, 397, 144-146.