The self-assembly of fullerene-containing [2]pseudorotaxanes: Formation of a supramolecular C60 dimer

Journal of the Chemical Society. Perkin Transactions 2

Volumn , Issue 8, 1999, Pages 1577-1586

  Diederich, François ^a   Echegoyen, Luis ^b   Gómez López, Marcos ^a   Kessinger, Roland ^a   Stoddart, J Fraser ^c  

^a ETH ZURICH   (Switzerland)

^b Department of Biology   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 0000520082     PISSN: 03009580     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1039/a903687c     Document Type: Article

References (115)

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39. Pseudorotaxanes have been defined as inclusion complexes in which one or more thread-like molecules are encircled by one or more ring- like molecules in such a way that the two ends of the thread are projected away from the centre of the ring. In a rotaxane (Latin rota, wheel: axis, axle), the two ends of the thread are terminated by bulky groups which do not allow the unthreading of the rings - thus, the components are mutually interlocked forming what has been termed as a mechanical bond. The prefix pseudo denotes that in a pseudorotaxane the two or more components are not interlocked, but are instead free to dissociate since the terminal groups are small enough to allow passage of the ring. (a) P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, N. Spencer, A. M. Z. Slawin, J. F. Stoddart and D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1991, 30, 1036; (b) D. B. Amabilino, P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, G. R. Brown, E. Córdova, L. A. Godínez, W. Hayes, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. S. Tolley and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 11142; J.-C. Chambron, C.-O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten and J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 801; G. S. Hanan, C. R. Arana, J.-M. Lehn and D. Fenske, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 1122.
40. Pseudorotaxanes have been defined as inclusion complexes in which one or more thread-like molecules are encircled by one or more ring- like molecules in such a way that the two ends of the thread are projected away from the centre of the ring. In a rotaxane (Latin rota, wheel: axis, axle), the two ends of the thread are terminated by bulky groups which do not allow the unthreading of the rings - thus, the components are mutually interlocked forming what has been termed as a mechanical bond. The prefix pseudo denotes that in a pseudorotaxane the two or more components are not interlocked, but are instead free to dissociate since the terminal groups are small enough to allow passage of the ring. (a) P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, N. Spencer, A. M. Z. Slawin, J. F. Stoddart and D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1991, 30, 1036; (b) D. B. Amabilino, P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, G. R. Brown, E. Córdova, L. A. Godínez, W. Hayes, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. S. Tolley and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 11142; J.-C. Chambron, C.-O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten and J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 801; G. S. Hanan, C. R. Arana, J.-M. Lehn and D. Fenske, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 1122.
41. Pseudorotaxanes have been defined as inclusion complexes in which one or more thread-like molecules are encircled by one or more ring- like molecules in such a way that the two ends of the thread are projected away from the centre of the ring. In a rotaxane (Latin rota, wheel: axis, axle), the two ends of the thread are terminated by bulky groups which do not allow the unthreading of the rings - thus, the components are mutually interlocked forming what has been termed as a mechanical bond. The prefix pseudo denotes that in a pseudorotaxane the two or more components are not interlocked, but are instead free to dissociate since the terminal groups are small enough to allow passage of the ring. (a) P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, N. Spencer, A. M. Z. Slawin, J. F. Stoddart and D. J. Williams, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1991, 30, 1036; (b) D. B. Amabilino, P.-L. Anelli, P. R. Ashton, G. R. Brown, E. Córdova, L. A. Godínez, W. Hayes, A. E. Kaifer, D. Philp, A. M. Z. Slawin, N. Spencer, J. F. Stoddart, M. S. Tolley and D. J. Williams, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 11142; J.-C. Chambron, C.-O. Dietrich-Buchecker, J.-F. Nierengarten and J.-P. Sauvage, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 801; G. S. Hanan, C. R. Arana, J.-M. Lehn and D. Fenske, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1995, 34, 1122.
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54. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
55. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
56. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
57. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
58. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
59. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
60. For fullerene crown ether conjugates, see: (a) F. Diederich, U. Jonas, V. Gramlich, A. Herrmann, H. Ringsdorf and C. Thilgen, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1993, 76, 2445; (b) S. R. Wilson and Y. Wu, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1993, 784; J. Osterodt, M. Nieger, P.-M. Windscheif and F. Vögtle, Chem. Ber., 1993, 2331; F. Arias, Q. Xie, Y. Wu, Q. Lu, S. R. Wilson and L. Echegoyen, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1994, 116, 6388; (e) J. Osterodt, A. Zett and F. Vögtle, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4949; (f) A. Gügel, A. Kraus, J. Spickermann, P. Belik and K. Müllen, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 559; (g) S. N. Davey, D. A. Leigh, A. E. Moody, L. W. Tetler and F. A. Wade, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1994, 397.
61. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
62. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
63. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
64. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
65. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
66. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
67. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
68. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
69. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
70. For early examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) T. Suzuki, Q. Li, K. C. Khemani, F. Wudl and Ö. Almarsson, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 7300; (b) P. J. Fagan, P. J. Krusic, D. H. Evans, S. A. Lerke and E. Johnston, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1992, 114, 9697; (c) M. Yoshida, A. Morishima, Y. Morinaga and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1994, 35, 9045; H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, Y. Rubin and F. Diederich, Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl., 1994, 33, 1366; (e) A. Kraus, A. Gügel, P. Belik, M. Walter and K. Müllen, Tetrahedron, 1995, 51, 9927; (f) A. B. Smith III, H. Tokuyama, R. M. Strongin, G. T. Furst, W. J. Romanow, B. T. Chait, U. A. Mirza and I. Haller, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1995, 117, 9359; (g) S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, J. Gross, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Tetrahedron Lett., 1995, 36, 4971; (h) J. C. Hummelen, B. Knight, J. Pavlovich, R. Gonzalez and F. Wudl, Science (Washington), 1995, 269, 1554; G. Schick, K.-D. Kampe and A. Hirsch, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 2023; (j) L. A. Paquette and R. J. Graham, J. Org. Chem., 1995, 60, 2958.
71. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
72. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
73. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
74. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
75. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
76. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
77. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
78. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
79. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
80. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
81. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
82. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
83. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
84. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
85. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C.
86. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
87. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
88. For more recent examples of covalent fullerene dimers, see: (a) P. Timmerman, H. L. Anderson, R. Faust, J.-F. Nierengarten, T. Habicher, P. Seiler and F. Diederich, Tetrahedron, 1996, 52, 4925; (b) P. Timmerman, L. E. Witschel and F. Diederich, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1996, 79, 6; J. Osterodt and F. Vögtle, Chem. Commun., 1996, 547; J. M. Lawson, A. M. Oliver, D. F. Rothenfluh, Y.-Z. An, G. A. Ellis, M. G. Ranasinghe, S. I. Khan, A. G. Franz, P. S. Ganapathi, M. J. Shepard, M. N. Paddon-Row and Y. Rubin, J. Org. Chem., 1996, 61, 5032; (e) L. A. Paquette and W. E. Trego, Chem. Commun., 1996, 419; (f) H. Irngartinger and A. Weber, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 4137; (g) K. Komatsu, N. Takimoto, Y. Murata, T. S. M. Wan and T. Wong, Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37, 6153; (h) G.-W. Wang, K. Komatsu, Y. Murata and M. Shiro, Nature (London), 1997, 387, 583; J.-F. Nierengarten, A. Herrmann, R. R. Tykwinski, M. Rüttimann, F. Diederich, C. Boudon, J.-P. Gisselbrecht and M. Gross, Helv. Chim. Acta, 1997, 80, 293; (j) T. S. Fahre, W. D. Trelaven, T. D. McCarley, C. L. Newton, R. M. Landry, M. C. Saravia and R. M. Strongin, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 3522; (k) A. Gromov, S. Lebedkin, S. Ballenweg, A. G. Avent, R. Taylor and W. Krätschmer, Chem. Commun., 1997, 209; J.-F. Nierengarten, L. Oswald and J.-F. Nicoud, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1545; R. Taylor, M. P. Barrow and T. Drewello, Chem. Commun., 1998, 2497; (n) Y. Iwasa, K. Tanoue, T. Mitani, A. Izuoka, T. Sugawara and T. Yagi, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1411; (o) S. Higashida, H. Imahori, T. Kaneda and Y. Sakata, Chem. Lett., 1998, 605; (p) K. Komatsu, G.-W. Wang, Y. Murata, T. Tanaka, K. Fujiwara, K. Yamamoto and M. Saunders, J. Org. Chem., 1998, 63, 9358; (q) M. Yoshida, F. Sultana, N. Uchiyama, T. Yamada and M. Iyoda, Tetrahedron Lett., 1999, 40, 735; (r) N. Dragoe, S. Tanibayashi, K. Nakahara, S. Nakao, H. Shimotani, L. Xiao, K. Kitazawa, Y. Achiba, K. Kikuchi and K. Nojima, Chem. Commun., 1999, 85.
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