Common Questions and Tentative Answers on How to Assess Oxidative Stress after Antioxidant Supplementation and Exercise

Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition

Volumn , Issue , 2014, Pages 221-246

  Nikolaidis, Michalis G ^a   Margaritelis, Nikos V ^a   Paschalis, Vassilis ^b,c   Theodorou, Anastasios A ^a,c   Kyparos, Antonios ^a   Vrabas, Ioannis S ^a  

^a ARISTOTLE UNIVERSITY OF THESSALONIKI   (Greece)

^b UNIVERSITY OF THESSALY   (Greece)

^c EUROPEAN UNIVERSITY CYPRUS   (Cyprus)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85124115219     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: None     Document Type: Chapter

References (127)

1. Azzi, A., KJ. Davies, F. Kelly. 2004. Free radical biology-Terminology and critical thinking. FEBS Lett. 558(1-3):3-6.
2. Basu, S. 1998. Metabolism of 8-iso-prostaglandin F2alpha. FEBS Lett. 428(1-2):32-6.
3. Basu, S. 2003. Carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation: Eicosanoid formation and their regulation by antioxidant nutrients. Toxicology. 189(1-2):113-27.
4. Bell, P.G., M.P. McHugh, E. Stevenson, G. Howatson. 2013. The role of cherries in exercise and health. Scand J Med Sci Sports. doi: 10.1111/sms.12085. [Epub ahead of print]
5. Benov, L., A.F. Beema. 2003. Superoxide-dependence of the short chain sugars-induced mutagenesis. Free Radic Biol Med. 34(4):429-33.
6. Berliner, L.J., V. Khramtsov, H. Fujii, T.L. Clanton. 2001. Unique in vivo applications of spin traps. Free Radic Biol Med. 30(5):489-99.
7. Bird, R.P., H.H. Draper. 1984. Comparative studies on different methods of malonaldehyde determination. Methods Enzymol. 105:299-305.
8. Bloomer, R.J. 2008. Effect of exercise on oxidative stress biomarkers. Adv Clin Chem. 46:1-50.
9. Braakhuis, A.J. 2012. Effect of vitamin C supplements on physical performance. Curr Sports Med Rep. 11(4):180-4.
10. Bradshaw, M.P., V. Cheynier, G.R. Scollary, P.D. Prenzler. 2003. Defining the ascorbic acid crossover from anti-oxidant to pro-oxidant in a model wine matrix containing (+)-catechin. J Agric Food Chem. 51(14):4126-32.
11. Breusing, N., T. Grune, L. Andrisic et al. 2010. An inter-laboratory validation of methods of lipid peroxidation measurement in UVA-treated human plasma samples. Free Radic Res. 44(10):1203-15.
12. Buettner, G.R. 1987. Spin trapping: ESR parameters of spin adducts. Free Radic Biol Med. 3(4):259-303.
13. Buettner, G.R. 1993. The pecking order of free radicals and antioxidants: Lipid peroxidation, alpha-tocopherol, and ascorbate. Arch Biochem Biophys. 300(2):535-43.
14. Buico, A., C. Cassino, M. Ravera, P.G. Betta, D, Osella. 2009. Oxidative stress and total antioxidant capacity in human plasma. Redox Rep. 14(3):125-31.
15. Buss, H., T.P. Chan, K.B. Sluis, N.M. Domigan, C.C. Winterbourn. 1997. Protein carbonyl measurement by a sensitive ELISA method. Free Radic Biol Med. 23(3):361-6.
16. Buss, I.H., R. Senthilmohan, B.A. Darlow, N. Mogridge, A.J. Kettle, C.C. Winterbourn. 2003. 3-Chlorotyrosine as a marker of protein damage by myeloperoxidase in tracheal aspirates from preterm infants: Association with adverse respiratory outcome. Pediatr Res. 53(3):455-62.
17. Camiletti-Moirón, D., V.A. Aparicio, P. Aranda, Z. Radak. 2013. Does exercise reduce brain oxidative stress? A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 23(4):e202-12.
18. Cannon, J.G., S.F. Orencole, R.A. Fielding et al. 1990. Acute phase response in exercise: Interaction of age and vitamin E on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release. Am J Physiol. 259(6 Pt 2):R1214-9.
19. Cimen, M.Y. 2008. Free radical metabolism in human erythrocytes. Clin Chim Acta 390(1-2):1-11.
20. Clermont, G., C. Vergely, S. Jazayeri et al. 2002. Systemic free radical activation is a major event involved in myocardial oxidative stress related to cardiopulmonary bypass. Anesthesiology. 96(1):80-7.
21. Close, G.L., T. Ashton, T. Cable, D. Doran, D.P. MacLaren. 2004. Eccentric exercise, isokinetic muscle torque and delayed onset muscle soreness: The role of reactive oxygen species. Eur J Appl Physiol. 91(5-6):615-21.
22. Collins, A.R. 2013. Measuring oxidative damage to DNA and its repair with the comet assay. Biochim Biophys Acta. [Epub ahead of print]
23. Collins, A.R., J. Cadet, L. Möller, H.E. Poulsen, J. Viña. 2004. Are we sure we know how to measure 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in DNA from human cells? Arch Biochem Biophys. 423(1):57-65.
24. Conti, V., G. Corbi, G. Russomanno et al. 2012. Oxidative stress effects on endothelial cells treated with different athletes' sera. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 44(1):39-49.
25. Davies, K.J. 2001. Degradation of oxidized proteins by the 20S proteasome. Biochimie. 83(3-4):301-10.
26. Davies, M.J., S. Fu, H. Wang, R.T. Dean. 1999. Stable markers of oxidant damage to proteins and their application in the study of human disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 27(11-12):1151-63.
27. Davies, M.J., C.L. Hawkins. 2004. EPR spin trapping of protein radicals. Free Radic Biol Med. 36(9):1072-86.
28. Delaunay, J., N. Alloisio, L. Morlé, B. Pothier. 1990. The red cell skeleton and its genetic disorders. Mol Aspects Med. 11(3):161-241.
29. Dikalov, S.I., D.G. Harrison. 2014. Methods for detection of mitochondrial and cellular reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal. 20(2):372-82.
30. Dimauro, I., T. Pearson, D. Caporossi, M.J. Jackson. 2012. in vitro susceptibility of thioredoxins and glutathione to redox modification and aging-related changes in skeletal muscle. Free Radic Biol Med. 53(11):2017-27.
31. Dizdaroglu, M., P. Jaruga, M. Birincioglu, H. Rodriguez. 2002. Free radical-induced damage to DNA: Mechanisms and measurement. Free Radic Biol Med. 32(11):1102-15.
32. Dorjgochoo, T., Y.T. Gao, W.H. Chow et al. 2012. Major metabolite of F2-isoprostane in urine may be a more sensitive biomarker of oxidative stress than isoprostane itself. Am J Clin Nutr. 96(2):405-14.
33. Duthie, S.J., A. Ma, M.A. Ross, A.R. Collins. 1996. Antioxidant supplementation decreases oxidative DNA damage in human lymphocytes. Cancer Res. 56(6):1291-5.
34. Fairbairn, D.W., P.L. Olive, K.L. O'Neill. 1995. The comet assay: A comprehensive review. Mutat Res. 339(1):37-59.
35. Finkler, M., D. Lichtenberg, I. Pinchuk. 2013. The relationship between oxidative stress and exercise. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 17:1-11.
36. Flohé, L. The fairytale of the GSSG/GSH redox potential. 2013. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1830(5):3139-42.
37. Fogarty, M.C., C.M. Hughes, G. Burke, J.C. Brown, G.W. Davison. 2013. Acute and chronic watercress supplementation attenuates exercise-induced peripheral mononuclear cell DNA damage and lipid peroxidation. Br J Nutr. 109(2):293-301.
38. Forman, H.J., M. Maiorino, F. Ursini. 2010. Signaling functions of reactive oxygen species. Biochemistry. 49(5):835-42.
39. Fraga, C.G. 2007. Plant polyphenols: How to translate their in vitro antioxidant actions to in vivo conditions. IUBMB Life. 59(4-5):308-15.
40. Galassetti, P.R., D. Nemet, A. Pescatello et al. 2006. Exercise, caloric restriction, and systemic oxidative stress. J Investig Med. 54(2):67-75.
41. Gedik, C.M., A. Collins; ESCODD (European Standards Committee on Oxidative DNA Damage). 2005. Establishing the background level of base oxidation in human lymphocyte DNA: Results of an interlaboratory validation study. FASEB J. 19(1):82-4. Epub 2004 Nov 8.
42. Giulivi, C., K.J. Davies. 2001. Mechanism of the formation and proteolytic release of H2O2-induced dityrosine and tyrosine oxidation products in hemoglobin and red blood cells. J Biol Chem. 276(26):24129-36.
43. Go, Y.M., D.P. Jones. 2011. Cysteine/cystine redox signaling in cardiovascular disease. Free Radic Biol Med. 50(4):495-509.
44. Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., E. Domenech, M. Romagnoli et al. 2008b. Oral administration of vitamin C decreases muscle mitochondrial biogenesis and hampers training-induced adaptations in endurance performance. Am J Clin Nutr. 87(1):142-9.
45. Gomez-Cabrera, M.C., E. Domenech, J. Viña. 2008a. Moderate exercise is an antioxidant: Upregulation of antioxidant genes by training. Free Radic Biol Med. 44(2):126-31.
46. Gopaul, N.K., B. Halliwell, E.E. Anggård. 2000. Measurement of plasma F2-isoprostanes as an index of lipid peroxidation does not appear to be confounded by diet. Free Radic Res. 33(2):115-27.
47. Greenberg, M.E., X.M. Li, B.G. Gugiu et al. 2008. The lipid whisker model of the structure of oxidized cell membranes. J Biol Chem. 283(4):2385-96.
48. Gutteridge, J.M. and B. Halliwell. 2010. Antioxidants: Molecules, medicines, and myths. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 393(4):561-4
49. Halliwell, B. 2000. Why and how should we measure oxidative DNA damage in nutritional studies? How far have we come? Am J Clin Nutr. 72(5):1082-7.
50. Halliwell, B. 2006. Oxidative stress and neurodegeneration: Where are we now? J Neurochem. 97(6):1634-58.
51. Halliwell, B. 2007a. Dietary polyphenols: Good, bad, or indifferent for your health? Cardiovasc Res. 73(2):341-7.
52. Halliwell, B. 2007b. Oxidative stress and cancer: Have we moved forward? Biochem J. 401(1):1-11.
53. Halliwell, B. 2009. The wanderings of a free radical. Free Radic Biol Med. 46(5):531-42.
54. Halliwell, B. and J. Gutteridge. 2007. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.
55. Halliwell, B., C.Y. Lee. 2010. Using isoprostanes as biomarkers of oxidative stress: Some rarely considered issues. Antioxid Redox Signal. 13(2):145-56.
56. Halliwell, B., M. Whiteman. 2004. Measuring reactive species and oxidative damage in vivo and in cell culture: How should you do it and what do the results mean? Br J Pharmacol. 142(2):231-55.
57. Hawkins, C.L., P.E. Morgan, M.J. Davies. 2009. Quantification of protein modification by oxidants. Free Radic Biol Med. 46(8):965-88.
58. Jones, D.P. 2008. Radical-free biology of oxidative stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol. 295(4):C849-68.
59. Jorgensen, A., K. Broedbaek, A. Fink-Jensen et al. 2013. Increased systemic oxidatively generated DNA and RNA damage in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res. 209(3):417-23.
60. Julianto, T., K.H. Yuen, A.M. Noor. 2000. Improved bioavailability of vitamin E with a self emulsifying formulation. Int J Pharm. 200(1):53-7.
61. Karamouzis, I., K. Christoulas, D. Grekas et al. 2004. The response of muscle interstitial F2-isoprostane (8-ISO-PGF2alpha) during dynamic muscle contractions in humans. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 71(2):87-90.
62. Kaur, H., L. Lyras, P. Jenner, B. Halliwell. 1998. Artefacts in HPLC detection of 3-nitrotyro-sine in human brain tissue. J Neurochem. 70(5):2220-3.
63. Kemp, M., Y.M. Go, D.P. Jones. 2008. Nonequilibrium thermodynamics of thiol/disulfide redox systems: A perspective on redox systems biology. Free Radic Biol Med. 44(6):921-37.
64. Kerksick, C.M., D. Willoughby, D. Kouretas, A. Tsatsakis. 2013. Intramuscular responses with muscle damaging exercise and the interplay between multiple intracellular networks: A human perspective. Food Chem Toxicol. 61:136-43.
65. Kohen, R., A. Nyska. 2002. Oxidation of biological systems: Oxidative stress phenomena, antioxidants, redox reactions, and methods for their quantification. Toxicol Pathol. 30(6):620-50.
66. Lamprecht, M., P. Hofmann, J.F. Greilberger, G. Schwaberger. 2009. Increased lipid peroxidation in trained men after 2 weeks of antioxidant supplementation. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 19(4):385-99.
67. Leeuwenburgh, C., P. Hansen, A. Shaish, J.O. Holloszy, J.W. Heinecke. 1998. Markers of protein oxidation by hydroxyl radical and reactive nitrogen species in tissues of aging rats. Am J Physiol. 274(2 Pt 2):R453-61.
68. Lemaitre, R.N., D.S. Siscovick, E.M. Berry, J.D. Kark, Y. Friedlander. 2008. Familial aggregation of red blood cell membrane fatty acid composition: The Kibbutzim Family Study. Metabolism. 57(5):662-8.
69. Lesniak, W., V.L. Pecoraro, J. Schacht. 2005. Ternary complexes of gentamicin with iron and lipid catalyze formation of reactive oxygen species. Chem Res Toxicol. 18(2):357-64.
70. Levine, M., C. Conry-Cantilena, Y. Wang et al. 1996. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: Evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 93(8):3704-9.
71. Levine, M., Y. Wang, S.J. Padayatty, J. Morrow. 2001. A new recommended dietary allowance of vitamin C for healthy young women. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 98(17):9842-6.
72. Levine, R.L., N. Wehr, J.A. Williams, E.R. Stadtman, E. Shacter. 2000. Determination of carbonyl groups in oxidized proteins. Methods Mol Biol. 99:15-24.
73. Lin, H.S., A.M. Jenner, C.N. Ong, S.H. Huang, M. Whiteman, B. Halliwell. 2004. A high-throughput and sensitive methodology for the quantification of urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine: Measurement with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry after single solid-phase extraction. Biochem J. 380(Pt 2):541-8.
74. López-Alarcón, C., A. Denicola. 2013. Evaluating the antioxidant capacity of natural products: A review on chemical and cellular-based assays. Anal Chim Acta. 763:1-10.
75. Magalhães, L.M., M.A. Segundo, S. Reis, J.L. Lima. 2008. Methodological aspects about in vitro evaluation of antioxidant properties. Anal Chim Acta. 613(1):1-19.
76. Manach, C., A. Scalbert, C. Morand, C. Rémésy, L. Jiménez. 2004. Polyphenols: Food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr. 79(5):727-47.
77. Mastaloudis, A., T.W. Yu, R.P. O'Donnell et al. 2004. Endurance exercise results in DNA damage as detected by the comet assay. Free Radic Biol Med. 36(8):966-75.
78. Mateos, R., E. Lecumberri, S. Ramos, L. Goya, L. Bravo. 2005. Determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) by high-performance liquid chromatography in serum and liver as a biomarker for oxidative stress. Application to a rat model for hypercholesterolemia and evaluation of the effect of diets rich in phenolic antioxidants from fruits. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 827(1):76-82.
79. Michailidis, Y., A.Z. Jamurtas, M.G. Nikolaidis et al. 2007. Sampling time is crucial for measurement of aerobic exercise-induced oxidative stress. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39(7):1107-13.
80. Michailidis, Y., L.G. Karagounis, G. Terzis et al. 2013. Thiol-based antioxidant supplementation alters human skeletal muscle signaling and attenuates its inflammatory response and recovery after intense eccentric exercise. Am J Clin Nutr. 98(1):233-45.
81. Montuschi, P., P. Barnes, L.J. Roberts 2nd. 2007. Insights into oxidative stress: the isoprostanes. Curr Med Chem. 14(6):703-17.
82. Negre-Salvayre, A., C. Coatrieux, C. Ingueneau, R. Salvayre. 2008. Advanced lipid peroxidation end products in oxidative damage to proteins. Potential role in diseases and therapeutic prospects for the inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol. 153(1):6-20.
83. Neubauer, O., S. Reichhold, A. Nersesyan, D. König, K.H. Wagner. 2008. Exercise-induced DNA damage: is there a relationship with inflammatory responses? Exerc Immunol Rev. 14:51-72.
84. Nieman, D.C., C.I. Dumke, D.A. Henson et al. 2003. Immune and oxidative changes during and following the Western States Endurance Run. Int J Sports Med. 24(7):541-7.
85. Nieman, D.C., D.A. Henson, S.R. McAnulty et al. 2004. Vitamin E and immunity after the Kona Triathlon World Championship. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 36(8):1328-35.
86. Nikolaidis, M.G., A.Z. Jamurtas. 2009. Blood as a reactive species generator and redox status regulator during exercise. Arch Biochem Biophys. 490(2):77-84.
87. Nikolaidis, M.G., A.Z. Jamurtas, V. Paschalis et al. 2008. The effect of muscle-damaging exercise on blood and skeletal muscle oxidative stress: Magnitude and time-course considerations. Sports Med. 38(7):579-606.
88. Nikolaidis, M.G., C.M. Kerksick, M. Lamprecht, S.R. McAnulty. 2012c. Does vitamin C and E supplementation impair the favorable adaptations of regular exercise? Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012:707941.
89. Nikolaidis, M.G., A. Kyparos, K. Dipla et al. 2012a. Exercise as a model to study redox homeostasis in blood: The effect of protocol and sampling point. Biomarkers. 17(1):28-35.
90. Nikolaidis, M.G., A. Kyparos, C. Spanou et al. 2012b. Redox biology of exercise: An integrative and comparative consideration of some overlooked issues. J Exp Biol. 215(Pt 10):1615-25.
91. Nikolaidis, M.G., A. Kyparos, C. Spanou et al. 2013. Aging is not a barrier to muscle and redox adaptations: Applying the repeated eccentric exercise model. Exp Gerontol. 48(8):734-43.
92. 2-isoprostane formation, measurement and interpretation: the role of exercise. Prog Lipid Res. 50(1):89-103.
93. Nikolaidis, M.G., V. Paschalis, G. Giakas et al. 2007. Decreased blood oxidative stress after repeated muscle-damaging exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 39(7):1080-9.
94. Njus, D. and P.M. Kelley. 1991. Vitamins C and E donate single hydrogen atoms in vivo. FEBS Lett. 284(2):147-51.
95. Nourooz-Zadeh, J. 2008. Key issues in F2-isoprostane analysis. Biochem Soc Trans. 36(Pt 5):1060-5.
96. Nourooz-Zadeh, J., M.B. Cooper, D. Ziegler, D.J. Betteridge. 2005. Urinary 8-epi-PGF2alpha and its endogenous beta-oxidation products (2,3-dinor and 2,3-dinor-5,6-dihydro) as biomarkers of total body oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 330(3):731-6.
97. Ookawara, T., S. Haga, S. Ha et al. 2003. Effects of endurance training on three superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in human plasma. Free Radic Res. 37(7):713-9.
98. Padayatty, S.J., H. Sun, Y. Wang et al. 2004. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: Implications for oral and intravenous use. Ann Intern Med. 140(7):533-7.
99. Pamplona, R., D. Costantini. 2011. Molecular and structural antioxidant defenses against oxidative stress in animals. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 301(4):R843-63.
100. Pantopoulos, K., S.K. Porwal, A. Tartakoff, L. Devireddy. 2012. Mechanisms of mammalian iron homeostasis. Biochemistry. 51(29):5705-24.
101. Peternelj, T.T., J.S. Coombes. 2011. Antioxidant supplementation during exercise training: Beneficial or detrimental? Sports Med. 41(12):1043-69.
102. Pittaluga, M., A. Sgadari, B. Tavazzi et al. 2013. Exercise-induced oxidative stress in elderly subjects: The effect of red orange supplementation on the biochemical and cellular response to a single bout of intense physical activity. Free Radic Res. 47(3):202-11.
103. Powers, S.K., A.J. Smuder, A.N. Kavazis, M.B. Hudson. 2010. Experimental guidelines for studies designed to investigate the impact of antioxidant supplementation on exercise performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 20(1):2-14.
104. Prior, R.L., G. Cao. 1999. In vivo total antioxidant capacity: comparison of different analytical methods. Free Radic Biol Med. 27(11-12):1173-81.
105. Radak, Z., Z. Zhao, E. Koltai, H. Ohno, M. Atalay. 2013. Oxygen consumption and usage during physical exercise: The balance between oxidative stress and ROS-dependent adaptive signaling. Antioxid Redox Signal. 18(10):1208-46.
106. Ristow, M., K. Zarse, A. Oberbach et al. 2009. Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 106(21):8665-70.
107. Sautin, Y.Y., R.J. Johnson. 2008. Uric acid: The oxidant-antioxidant paradox. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids. 227(6):608-619.
108. Schafer, F.Q., G.R. Buettner. 2001. Redox environment of the cell as viewed through the redox state of the glutathione disulfide/glutathione couple. Free Radic Biol Med. 30(11):1191-212.
109. Sevanian, A., K.J. Davies, P. Hochstein. 1985. Conservation of vitamin C by uric acid in blood. J Free Radic Biol Med. 1(2):117-24.
110. Shacter, E., J.A. Williams, M. Lim, R.L. Levine. 1994. Differential susceptibility of plasma proteins to oxidative modification: Examination by western blot immunoassay. Free Radic Biol Med. 17(5):429-37.
111. Silva, L.A., P.C. Silveira, M.M. Ronsani et al. 2011. Taurine supplementation decreases oxidative stress in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. Cell Biochem Funct. 29(1):43-9.
112. Spencer, J.P., A. Jenner, O.I. Aruoma et al. 1996. Oxidative DNA damage in human respiratory tract epithelial cells. Time course in relation to DNA strand breakage. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 224(1):17-22.
113. Strobel, N.A., J.M. Peake, A. Matsumoto et al. 2011. Antioxidant supplementation reduces skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 43(6):1017-24.
114. Stubbe, J. and W.A. van Der Donk. 1998. Protein radicals in Enzyme catalysis. Chem Rev. 98(2):705-762.
115. Sureda, A., M.D. Ferrer, A. Mestre, J.A. Tur, A. Pons. 2013. Prevention of neutrophil protein oxidation with vitamins C and E diet supplementation without affecting the adaptive response to exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 23(1):31-9.
116. Tafazoli, S., J.S. Wright, P.J. O'Brien. 2005. Prooxidant and antioxidant activity of vitamin E analogues and troglitazone. Chem Res Toxicol. 18(10):1567-74.
117. Themann, C., P. Teismann, K. Kuschinsky, B. Ferger. 2001. Comparison of two independent aromatic hydroxylation assays in combination with intracerebral microdialysis to determine hydroxyl free radicals. J Neurosci Methods. 108(1):57-64.
118. Theodorou, A.A., M.G. Nikolaidis, V. Paschalis et al. 2011. No effect of antioxidant supplementation on muscle performance and blood redox status adaptations to eccentric training. Am J Clin Nutr. 93(6):1373-83.
119. Valgimigli, M., L. Valgimigli, D. Trerè et al. 2002. Oxidative stress EPR measurement in human liver by radical-probe technique. Correlation with etiology, histology and cell proliferation. Free Radic Res. 36(9):939-48.
120. Valko, M., D. Leibfritz, J. Moncol et al. 2007. Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 39(1):44-84.
121. Veskoukis, A.S., A. Kyparos, M.G. Nikolaidis et al. 2012. The antioxidant effects of a polyphenol-rich grape pomace extract in vitro do not correspond in vivo using exercise as an oxidant stimulus. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2012:185867.
122. Veskoukis, A.S., M.G. Nikolaidis, A. Kyparos, D. Kouretas. 2009. Blood reflects tissue oxidative stress depending on biomarker and tissue studied. Free Radic Biol Med. 47(10):1371-4.
123. Villanueva, C., R.D. Kross. 2012. Antioxidant-induced stress. Int J Mol Sci. 13(2):2091-109.
124. Watson, T.A., L.K. MacDonald-Wicks, M.L. Garg. 2005. Oxidative stress and antioxidants in athletes undertaking regular exercise training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 15(2):131-46.
125. Watters, J.L., J.A. Satia, K.A. da Costa et al. 2009. Comparison of three oxidative stress biomarkers in a sample of healthy adults. Biomarkers. 14(8):587-95.
126. Wu, G.H., C. Jarstrand, J. Nordenström. 1999. Phagocyte-induced lipid peroxidation of different intravenous fat emulsions and counteractive effect of vitamin E. Nutrition. 15(5):359-64.
127. Yan, W., G.D. Byrd, M.W. Ogden. 2007. Quantitation of isoprostane isomers in human urine from smokers and nonsmokers by LC-MS/MS. J Lipid Res. 48(7):1607-17.