Effects of bystander programs on the prevention of sexual assault among adolescents and college students: A systematic review

Campbell Systematic Reviews

Volumn 15, Issue 1-2, 2019, Pages

  Kettrey, Heather Hensman ^a   Marx, Robert A ^b   Tanner Smith, Emily E ^c  

^a CLEMSON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b SAN JOSE STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF OREGON   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85067889551     PISSN: 18911803     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.4073/csr.2019.1     Document Type: Review

References (245)

1. Addison, W. B. (2015). Embedding sexual assault bystander awareness education in a criminal justice course (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (3741449)
2. Amar, A. F., Tuccinardi, N., Heislein, J., & Simpson, S. (2015). Friends Helping Friends: A nonrandomized control trial of a peer-based response to dating violence. Nurse Outlook, 63(4), 496–503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.outlook.2015.01.004
3. Baker, C. K., Naai, R., Mitchell, J., & Trecker, C. (2014). Utilizing a train-the-trainer model for sexual violence prevention: Findings from a pilot study with high school students of Asian and Pacific Islander descent in Hawai'i. Asian American Journal of Psychology, 5(2), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034670
4. Brokenshire, S. J. (2015). Evaluating bystander intervention training: Creating awareness on college campuses (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (1593998).
5. Chiriboga, X. (2016). A text nessage intervention to increase awareness of sexual assault on campus (Masters thesis). Retrieved from DigitalCommons. (Paper 901)
6. Cook-Craig, P. G., Coker, A. L., Clear, E. R., Garcia, L. S., Bush, H. M., Brancato, C. J., … Fisher, B. S. (2014). Challenge and opportunity in evaluating a diffusion-based active bystanding prevention program: Green Dot in high schools. Violence Against Women, 20(10), 1179–1202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214551288
7. Cook-Craig, P. G., Millspaugh, P. H., Recktenwald, E. A., Kelly, N. C., Hegge, L. M., Coker, A. L., & Pletcher, T. S. (2014). From empower to Green Dot: Successful strategies and lessons learned in developing comprehensive sexual violence primary prevention programming. Violence Against Women, 20(10), 1162–1178. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214551286
8. Darlington, E. M. (2014). Decreasing misperceptions of sexual violence to increase bystander intervention: A social norms intervention (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from University of Oregon Libraries. (18489).
9. Foubert, J. D. (2000). The longitudinal effects of a rape-prevention program on fraternity men's attitudes, behavioral intent, and behavior. Journal of American College Health, 48, 158–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480009595691
10. Edwards, K. M., Rodenhizer-Stämpfli, R. A., & Eckstein, R. P. (2015). Bystander action in situations of dating and sexual aggression: A mixed methodological study of high school youth. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(12), 2321–2336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-015-0307-z
11. Foubert, J. D., & Marriott, K. A. (1997). Effects of a sexual assault peer education program on men's belief in rape myths. Sex Roles, 36, 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02766271
12. Foubert, J. D., & McEwen, M. K. (1998). An all-male rape-prevention peer education program: Decreasing fraternity men's behavioral intent to rape. Journal of College Student Development, 39, 548–556.
13. Foubert, J. D., Newberry, J. T., & Tatum, J. L. (2007). Behavior differences seven months later: Effects of a rape prevention program. NACPA Journal, 44, 728–749.
14. Gidycz, C. A., Orchowski, L. M., & Berkowitz, A. D. (2011). Preventing sexual aggression among college men: An evaluation of a social norms and bystander intervention program. Violence Against Women, 17(6), 720–742. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211409727
15. Jouriles, E., et al. (n.d.). TakeCARE, a video to promote bystander behavior on college campuses: Replication and extension. Unpublished manuscript.
16. Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., Rosenfield, D., Levy, N., Sargent, K., Caiozzo, C., & Grych, J. H. (2016a). TakeCARE, a video bystander program to help prevent sexual violence on college campuses: Results of two randomized, controlled trials. Psychology of Violence, 6(3), 410–420. https://doi.org/10.1037/vio0000016.
17. Kleinsasser, A., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Rosenfield, D. (2015). An online bystander intervention program for the prevention of sexual violence. Psychology of Violence, 5(3), 227–235. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037393
18. Mabry, A., & Turner, M. M. (2016). Do sexual assault bystander interventions change men's intentions? Applying the theory of normative social behavior to predicting bystander outcomes. Journal of Health Communication, 21(3), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730.2015.1058437
19. McCauley, H. L., Tancredi, D. J., Silverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Austin, S. B., McCormick, M. C., … Miller E., M. C. (2013). Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1882–1887. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301443
20. Miller, E., Das, M., Tancredi, D. J., McCauley, H. L., Virata, M. C. D., Nettiksimmons, J., … Verma, R. (2014). Evaluation of a gender-based violence prevention program for student athletes in Mumbai, India. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(4), 758–778. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505205
21. Miller, E., Tancredi, D. J., McCauley, H. L., Decker, M. R., Virata, M. C. D., Anderson, H. A., … Silverman, J. G. (2013). One-year follow-up of a coach-delivered dating violence prevention program: A cluster randomized controlled trial. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 45(1), 108–112.
22. Moynihan, M. M., Banyard, V. L., Arnold, J. S., Eckstein, R. P., & Stapleton, J. G. (2011). Sisterhood may be powerful for reducing sexual and intimate partner violence: An evaluation of the Bringing in the Bystander in-person program with sorority members. Violence Against Women, 17(6), 703–719. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211409726
23. Moynihan, M. M., Banyard, V. L., Arnold, J. S., Eckstein, R. P., & Stapleton, J. G. (2010). Engaging intercollegiate athletes in preventing and intervening in sexual and intimate partner violence. Journal of American College Health, 59(3), 197–204.
24. Peterson, K., Sharps, P., Banyard, V., Powers, R. A., Kaukinen, C., Gross, D., … Campbell, J. (2016). An evaluation of two dating violence prevention programs on a college campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516636069
25. Potter, S. J., Stapleton, J. G., & Moynihan, M. M. (2008). Designing, implementing, and evaluating a media campaign illustrating the bystander role. Journal of Prevention & Intervention in the Community, 36(1-2), 39–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10852350802022308
26. Salazar, L. F., Vivolo-Kantor, A., Hardin, J., & Berkowitz, A. (2014). A web-based sexual violence bystander intervention for male college students: Randomized controlled trial. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 16(9), 3–24.
27. Sargent, K. S., Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D., & McDonald, R. (2017). A high school-based evaluation of TakeCARE, a video bystander program to prevent adolescent relationship violence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(3), 633–643. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0622-z
28. Senn, C. Y., & Forrest, A. (2016). “And then one night when I went to class.”: The impact of sexual assault bystander intervention workshops incorporated in academic courses. Psychology of Violence, 6(4), 607–618. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0039660
29. Ahrens, C. E., Rich, M. D., & Ullman, J. B. (2011). Rehearsing for real life: The impact of the InterACT Sexual Assault Prevention Program on self-reported likelihood of engaging in bystander interventions. Violence Against Women, 17(6), 760–776. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211410212
30. Alegría-Flores, K., Raker, K., Pleasants, R. K., Weaver, M. A., & Weinberger, M. (2017). Preventing interpersonal violence on college campuses: The effect of one act training on bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(7), 1103–1126.
31. Amar, A. F., Sutherland, M., & Kesler, E. (2012). Evaluation of a bystander education program. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(12), 851–857. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2012.709915
32. Baiocchi, M. (2016). A cluster-randomized trial to assess a sexual assault prevention intervention in adolescents in Nairobi, Kenya. Retrived from ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02771132.
33. Baldwin-White, A., Thompson, M. S., & Gray, A. (2016). Pre- and postintervention factor analysis of the Illinois rape myth acceptance scale. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25(6), 636–651. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1107173
34. Bannon, R. S. (2014). The bystander approach to sexual assault risk reduction: Effects on risk recognition, perceived self-efficacy, and protective behavior (Doctoral dissertation). Retrived from Oklahoma State University.
35. Bannon, R. S. P., & Foubert, J. D. P. (2017). The bystander approach to sexual assault risk reduction: Effects on risk recognition, perceived self-efficacy, and protective behavior. Violence and Victims, 32(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-15-00057
36. Banyard, V. L. (2015). Toward the next generation of bystander prevention of sexual and relationship violence: Action coils to engage communities, New York, NY: Springer Science + Business Media.
37. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., & Crossman, M. T. (2009). Reducing sexual violence on campus: The role of student leaders as empowered bystanders. Journal of College Student Development, 50(4), 446–457.
38. Barnes, C. (2015). The effect of a class-wide training on prosocial bystander behaviors (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3688030).
39. Barone, R. P., Wolgemuth, J. R., & Linder, C. (2007). Preventing sexual assault through engaging college men. Journal of College Student Development, 48(5), 585–594. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0045
40. Beardall, N. G. (2008). A program evaluation research study on the implementation of the mentors in violence prevention program in a public high school (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3305287)
41. Bluth, S. J. (2014). Breaking the culture of silence in the sisterhood: Using bystander intervention (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3581896)
42. Borsky, A. E. (2014). Promoting prosocial behaviors to prevent dating violence among college students: Evaluation of a bystander intervention (Doctoral dissertation). Retrived from ERIC. (ED567503)
43. Borsky, A. E., McDonnell, K. P., Rimal, R. N. P., & Turner, M. P. (2016). Assessing bystander behavior intentions toward friends to prevent dating violence: Development of the bystander behavior intentions-friends scale through concept mapping and exploratory factor analysis. Violence and Victims, 31(2), 215–234. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00196
44. Borsky, A. E., McDonnell, K., Turner, M. M., & Rimal, R. (2016). Raising a red flag on dating violence: Evaluation of a low-resource, College-Based Bystander Behavior Intervention Program. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516635322
45. Bush, H. (2016). ConnectEd: A randomized controlled trial connecting through educational training (ConnectEd). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02786472.
46. Bush, H. (2015). A pilot of bystander training programming in sexual violence and substance Abuse (P_ConnectED). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02591212.
47. Cambron, A. P. (2014). Pilot study of safe sisters: A sexual assault prevention program for sorority women (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (1660186740).
48. Cares, A. C., Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., Williams, L. M., Potter, S. J., & Stapleton, J. G. (2015). Changing attitudes about being a bystander to violence: Translating an in-person sexual violence prevention program to a new campus. Violence Against Women, 21(2), 165–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214564681
49. Caver, K. A. (2012). Masculine ideology and college men's reactions to a sexual assault prevention program (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3532120)
50. Childers, E. M. (2011). An evaluation of a peer led bystander intervention program to reduce sexual assault violence among college students (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ScholarWorks@UARK. (253)
51. Cissner, A. B. (2009). Evaluating the mentors in violence prevention program: Preventing gender violence on a college campus. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Court Innovation, New York, NY.
52. Coker, A. (2016). Multi-college bystander efficacy evaluation. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02659423.
53. Clinton-Sherrod, A. M., Morgan-Lopez, A. A., Gibbs, D., Hawkins, S. R., Hart, L., Ball, B., … Littler, N. (2009). Factors contributing to the effectiveness of four school-based sexual violence interventions. Health Promotion Practice, 10(1), 19S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908319593
54. Coker, A. L., & Clear, E. R. (2015). New approaches to violence prevention through bystander intervention. Critical issues on violence against women: International perspectives and promising strategies 221–232. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
55. Coker, A. L., Bush, H. M., Fisher, B. S., Swan, S. C., Williams, C. M., Clear, E. R., & DeGue, S. (2016). Multi-college bystander intervention evaluation for violence prevention. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 50(3), 295–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.08.034
56. Coker, A. L., Cook-Craig, P. G., Williams, C. M., Fisher, B. S., Clear, E. R., Garcia, L. S., & Hegge, L. M. (2011). Evaluation of Green Dot: An active bystander intervention to reduce sexual violence on college campuses. Violence Against Women, 17(6), 777–796. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211410264
57. Coker, A. L., Fisher, B. S., Bush, H. M., Swan, S. C., Williams, C. M., Clear, E. R., & DeGue, S. (2015). Evaluation of the Green Dot bystander intervention to reduce interpersonal violence among college students across three campuses. Violence Against Women, 21(12), 1507–1527. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801214545284
58. Corboz, J., Flood, M., & Dyson, S. (2016). Challenges of bystander intervention in male-dominated professional sport: Lessons from the Australian Football League. Violence Against Women, 22(3), 324–324.
59. Dempsey, A. G. (2009). Aggression and victimization in middle school: A mixed methods analysis of the process and effectiveness of implementing a prevention program (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3467697)
60. Dick, A. S. (2009). Transforming witnesses to actors: 100+ men against domestic violence (Masters thesis). Retrieved from Rutgers University-New Brunswick.
61. El-Khoury, J. R., & Shafer, A. (2016). Narrative exemplars and the celebrity spokesperson in lebanese anti-domestic violence public service announcements. Journal of Health Communication, 21(8), 935–943.
62. Elias-Lambert, N. (2013). Bystander sexual violence prevention program: Implementation and evaluation with high-risk university males (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3568843)
63. Elias-Lambert, N., & Black, B. M. (2016). Bystander sexual violence prevention program: Outcomes for high- and low-risk university men. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(19), 3211–3235. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515584346
64. Espelage, D. (2013). Multi-Site Evaluation of Second Step (SSTP). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01792167.
65. Foubert, J. D., & Masin, R. C. (2012). Effects of the Men's Program on U.S. Army Soldiers' intentions to commit and willingness to intervene to prevent rape: A Pretest Posttest Study. Violence and Victims, 27(6), 911–921. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.27.6.911
66. Foubert, J. D., & Newberry, J. T. (2006). Effects of two versions of an Empathy-Based Rape Prevention Program on fraternity men's survivor empathy, attitudes, and behavioral intent to commit rape or sexual assault. Journal of College Student Development, 133–148. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2006.0016
67. Foubert, J. D., & Perry, B. C. (2007). Creating lasting attitude and behavior change in fraternity members and male student athletes: The qualitative impact of an Empathy-Based Rape Prevention Program. Violence Against Women, 13, 70–86. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801206295125
68. Foubert, J. D., Godin, E. E., & Tatum, J. L. (2009). In their own words: Sophomore college men describe attitude and behavior changes resulting from a rape prevention program 2 years after their participation. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 25, 2237–2257. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354881
69. Foubert, J. D., Langhinrichsen-Rohling, J., Brasfield, H., & Hill, B. (2010). Effects of a rape awareness program on college women: Increasing bystander efficacy and willingness to intervene. Journal of Community Psychology, 38(7), 813–827.
70. Foubert, J. D., Tatum, J., & Donahue, G. A. (2006). Reactions of first-year men to Rape Prevention Program: Attitude and predicted behavior changes. NASPA Journal, 43(3), 578–598.
71. Garman, A. M. (2013). Increasing the effectiveness of sexual harassment prevention through learner engagement (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (1523174).
72. Gedney, C. R. (2016). Sexual assault prevention: A randomized controlled trial of a military intervention (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (10158652).
73. Glass, N. (2014). Effectiveness of a safety app to respond to dating violence for college women and their friends. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02236663.
74. Guerra, N. G., & Williams, K. R. (2010). Implementing bullying prevention in diverse settings: Geographic, economic, and cultural influences, Preventing and treating bullying and victimization (pp. 319–336). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
75. Hahn, C. K., Morris, J. M., & Jacobs, G. A. (2017). Predictors of bystander behaviors and sexual assertiveness among college women attending a sexual assault prevention program. Journal of Community Psychology, 45(5), 672–677.
76. Hawkins, S. R. (2005). Evaluation findings: Men can stop rape, men of strength club 2004-2005. Retrieved from http://www.mencanstoprape.org/images/stories/Images__Logos/
77. Henriksen, C. B., Mattick, K. L., & Fisher, B. S. (2016). Mandatory bystander intervention training: Is the SaVE Act requirement the “right” program to reduce violence among college students? The crisis of campus sexual violence: Critical perspectives on prevention and response 169–183. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
78. Hines, D. A., & Palm Reed, K. M. (2015). Predicting improvement after a bystander program for the prevention of sexual and dating violence. Health promotion practice, 16(4), 550–559. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839914557031
79. Hines, D. A., & Reed, K. M. P. (2015). An experimental evaluation of peer versus professional educators of a bystander program for the prevention of sexual and dating violence among college students. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 24(3), 279–298. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1009601
80. Hollingsworth, C., Ramey, K. J., & Hadley, J. A. (2011). Bystander intervention pilot: Final report. Retrieved from http://www.ncdsv.org/images/USNavy_BystanderInterventionPilot_4-2011.pdf
81. Jaime, M. C. D., McCauley, H. L., Tancredi, D. J., Nettiksimmons, J., Decker, M. R., Silverman, J. G., … Miller, E. (2015). Athletic coaches as violence prevention advocates. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(7), 1090–1111. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514539847
82. Johnson-Quay, N. L. (2015). Measuring rape culture with college students and its role in bystander intervention (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from OhioLINK. (1406555995)
83. Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D., Yule, K., Sargent, K. S., & McDonald, R. (2016b). Predicting high-school students' bystander behavior in simulated dating violence situations. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58(3), 345–351.
84. Katz, J. (1995). Reconstructing masculinity in the locker room: The Mentors in Violence Prevention Project. Harvard Educational Review, 65(2), 163–174.
85. Katz, J., Heisterkamp, H. A., & Fleming, W. M. (2011). The social justice roots of the mentors in violence prevention model and its application in a high school setting. Violence Against Women, 17, 684–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211409725
86. Katz, J., Olin, R., Herman, C., & DuBois, M. (2013). Spotting the signs: First-year college students' responses to bystander-themed rape prevention posters. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(4), 523–529. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21552
87. Keller, J., Mboya, B. O., Sinclair, J., Githua, O. W., Mulinge, M., Bergholz, L., … Kapphahn, C. (2017). A 6-week school curriculum improves boys' attitudes and behaviors related to gender-based violence in Kenya. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(4), 535–557.
88. Kervin, D., & Obinna, J. (2010). Youth action strategies in the primary prevention of teen Dating violence. Journal of Family Social Work, 13(4), 362–374.
89. Kostouros, P., Warthe, G. D., Carter-Snell, C., & Burnett, C. (2016). "Stepping up": A focus on facilitator development. Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice, 53(2), 218–229.
90. Lamb, S., & Randazzo, R. (2016). An examination of the effectiveness of a sexual ethics curriculum. Journal of Moral Education, 45(1), 16–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2016.1156520
91. Lawson, S. L., Munoz-Rojas, D., Gutman, L. S., & Siman, M. N. (2012). Changing attitudes and perceptions of Hispanic men ages 18 to 25 about rape and rape prevention. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 33(12), 864–870. https://doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2012.728279
92. Leacock, J. (2017). Sexual violence: Helping men become allies. A sexual violence bystander intervention program for collegiate males (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (10263666)
93. Liu, E. H. (2010). A study of a university-based men-only prevention program (men care): Effect on attitudes and behaviors related to sexual violence (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3418108).
94. Lynch, A., & Fleming, M. W. (2005). Bystander approaches: Empowering students to model ethical sexual behavior. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences, 97(3), 27–33.
95. McMahon, S. (2014). Experimentally testing the effectiveness of a campus-based bystander intervention. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02083302.
96. McMahon, S. (2009). Hearing from student-athlete peer educators: A qualitative study of the impact of participation in an interpersonal violence peer education group. Academic Athletic Journal, 20, 1–28.
97. Mcmahon, S., & Dick, A. (2011). "Being in a room with like-minded men": An exploratory study of men's participation in a bystander intervention program to prevent intimate partner violence. The Journal of Men's Studies, 19(1), 3–18. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.1901.3
98. McMahon, S., Hoffman, M. L., McMahon, S. M., Zucker, S., & Koenick, R. A. (2013). What would you do? Strategies for bystander intervention to prevent sexual violence by college students. Journal of College and Character, 14(2), 141–151.
99. McMahon, S., Postmus, J. L., Warrener, C., & Koenick, R. A. (2014). Utilizing peer education theater for the primary prevention of sexual violence on college campuses. Journal of College Student Development, 55(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2014.0001.
100. McMahon, S., Winter, S. C., Palmer, J. E., Postmus, J. L., Peterson, A. N., Zucker, S., & Koenick, R. (2015). A randomized controlled trial of a multi-dose bystander intervention program using peer education theater. Health Education Research, 30(4), 554–568.
101. Miller, E. (2015). Engendering healthy masculinities to prevent sexual violence. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02427061.
102. Mitchell, K. S., & Freitag, J. L. (2011). Forum theatre for bystanders: A new model for gender violence prevention. Violence Against Women, 17(8), 990–1013. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211417152
103. Moynihan, M., & Banyard, V. (2008). Community responsibility for preventing sexual violence: A pilot study with campus Greeks and intercollegiate athletes. Journal of Prevention and Intervention in the Community, 36(1/2), 23–38.
104. Moynihan, M. M., Banyard, V. L., Cares, A. C., Potter, S. J., Williams, L. M., & Stapleton, J. G. (2015). Encouraging responses in sexual and relationship violence prevention: What program effects remain 1 year later? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(1), 110–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514532719
105. Nabity, J. (2010). The bystander approach to sexual harassment training: Considering a new perspective (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global. (860136402).
106. Nitzel, C. L. (2016). The process of engagement with the green dot bystander intervention program among higher education staff/faculty (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (10102750).
107. O'Donohue, W., Yeater, E. A., & Fanetti, M. (2003). Rape prevention with college males: The roles of rape myth acceptance, victim empathy, and outcome expectancies. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18(5), 513–531. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503251070
108. Palm Reed, K. M., Hines, D. A., Armstrong, J. L., & Cameron, A. Y. (2015). Experimental evaluation of a bystander prevention program for sexual assault and dating violence. Psychology of Violence, 5(1), 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037557
109. Pfetsch, J., Steffgen, G., Gollwitzer, M., & Ittel, A. (2011). Prevention of aggression in schools through a bystander intervention training. International Journal of Developmental Science, 5(1-2), 139–149.
110. Potter, S. J. (2012). Using a multimedia social marketing campaign to increase active bystanders on the college campus. Journal of American College Health, 60(4), 282–295.
111. Potter, S. J., & Moynihan, M. M. (2011). Bringing in the bystander in-person prevention program to a U.S. military installation: Results from a pilot study. Military Medicine, 176(8), 870–875. https://doi.org/10.7205/MILMED-D-10-00483
112. Potter, S. J., & Stapelton, J. G. (2013). Assessing the efficacy of a bystander social marketing campaign four weeks following the campaign administration. Sexual Assault Report, 16, 65–80.
113. Potter, S. J., & Stapleton, J. G. (2012). Translating sexual assault prevention from a college campus to a United States military installation: Piloting the Know-Your-Power Bystander Social Marketing Campaign. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27(8), 1593–1621.
114. Potter, S. J., Moynihan, M. M., & Stapleton, J. G. (2011). Using social self-identification in social marketing materials aimed at reducing violence against women on campus. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(5), 971–990.
115. Potter, S. J., Moynihan, M. M., Stapleton, J. G., & Banyard, V. L. (2009). Empowering bystanders to prevent campus violence against women: A preliminary evaluation of a poster campaign. Violence Against Women, 15(1), 106–121. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208327482
116. Rich, M. (2010). The interACT model: Considering rape prevention from a performance activism and social justice perspective. Feminism and Psychology, 20(4), 511–528. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353510371366
117. Schumitsch-Jewell, T. (2016). Stand up and speak up: Effectiveness of web-based bystander intervention on a college campus. Oshkosh Scholar, 11, 8–20.
118. Schweer, J. L., Heather, K., Kay, K., Stewart, L. K., & Kovach, L. (2012). R.U. Ready?: Peer education and bystander intervention sexual assault programming. NASPA Journal About Women in Higher Education, 5(1), 96–98.
119. Shiflet, J. H. (2013). Action research evaluation of bystander intervention training created by Munche, Stern, and O'Brien (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3598482).
120. Slaby, R., Wilson-Brewer, R., & DeVos, H. (1994). Final report for aggressors, victims, and bystanders project - final report of grant No. R490CCR 103559. Unpublished manuscript, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA.
121. Sparks, K. B. (2015). Initiating a bystander awareness program at a state university (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from eRepository@Seton Hall. (6).
122. Stephens, M. R. (2013). Helping survivors of sexual assault: The role of general and event-specific empathy (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (1527418).
123. Stewart, A. L. (2014). The Men's Project: A sexual assault prevention program targeting college men. Psychology of Men & Masculinity, 15(4), 481–485. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033947.
124. Taylor, B. G., Stein, N. D., & Burden, F. F. (2010). Exploring gender differences in dating violence/harassment prevention programming in middle schools: Results from a randomized experiment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4(6), 419–445. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-010-9103-7
125. Taylor, B., & Stein, N. (n.d.). Evaluation of gender violence and harassment prevention programs in Middle Schools in Cleveland, Ohio, 2006-2007 [United States]: Codebook. Unpublished manuscript, ICPSR 22660, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
126. Taylor, B., et al. (2011). Shifting boundaries: Final report on an experimental evaluation of a youth dating violence prevention program in New York City middle schools, Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
127. Taylor, B. G., Mumford, E. A., Liu, W., & Stein, N. D. (2016). Assessing different levels and dosages of the shifting boundaries intervention to prevent youth dating violence in New York City Middle Schools: A randomized control trial. Unpublished manuscript.
128. Taylor, B., Stain, N., Woods, D., & Mumford, E. (n.d.). Experimental evaluation of a youth dating violence prevention program in New York City Middle Schools, 2009-2010: Codebook. Unpublished manuscript, ICPSR 32901.
129. Taylor, B., Stein, N., & Burden, F. (2010). The effects of gender violence/harassment prevention programming in middle schools: A randomized experimental evaluation. Violence and Victims, 25, 202–223. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.2.202
130. Taylor, B. G., Mumford, E. A., Liu, W., & Stein, N. D. (2017). The effects of different saturation levels of the Shifting Boundaries intervention on preventing adolescent relationship abuse and sexual harassment. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 13(1), 79–100. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0293-2
131. Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., & Sacco, F. C. (2004). The Role of the Bystander in the Social Architecture of Bullying and Violence in Schools and Communities, Scientific Approaches to Youth Violence Prevention (pp. 215–232). New York, NY: New York Academy of Sciences.
132. Vadovic, R. J. (2013). Implementing a bystander awareness program on a university campus (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations. (3590174).
133. Wang, C., Couch, L., Rodriguez, G. R., & Lee, C. (2015). The bullying literature project: Using children's literature to promote prosocial behavior and social-emotional outcomes among elementary school students. Contemporary School Psychology, 19(4), 320–329.
134. Ward, K. J. (2001). Mentors in Violence Prevention Program Evaluation 1999-2000. http://www.mvpnational.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/MVP-HS-Eval-Report-1999-2000.pdf
135. Warthe, D. G., & Kostouros, P. (2015). Stepping up: Reducing dating violence on post-secondary campuses. Annual Conference - End Violence Against Women International.
136. Weitzman, A., Cowan, S., & Walsh, K. (2017). Bystander interventions on behalf of sexual assault and intimate partner violence victims. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260517696873
137. Williams, D. J., & Neville, F. G. (2017). Qualitative evaluation of the mentors in violence prevention pilot in Scottish high schools. Psychology of Violence, 7(2), 213.
138. Winegust, A. K. (2015). Pass it on: An evaluation of a sexualized violence prevention program for middle school and high school students (Masters thesis). Retrived from ProQuest Dissertations Publishing. (1605889).
139. Woglom, L., & Pennington, K. (2010). The bystander's dilemma: How can we turn our students into upstanders? Social Education, 74(5), 254–258.
140. Wuthrich, C. K. (2009). Reflections on personal responsibility: Sorority members at risk for interpersonal violence. NASPA Journal, 46(2), 228–257.
141. Yoshihama, M., & Tolman, R. M. (2015). Using interactive theater to create socioculturally relevant community-based intimate partner violence prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 55(1-2), 136–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-014-9700-0
142. Banyard, V. L., Potter, S. J., Cares, A. C., Williams, L. M., Moynihan, M. M., & Stapelton, J. S. (n. d.). Bystander interventions to prevent sexual violence on diverse campuses: A test of multiple prevention tools. Unpublished Manuscript.
143. Orchowski, L. M., Barnett, N., Borsari, B., Wood, M., Zlotnick, C., & Oesterle, D. (2015). Integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention for heavy drinking collegemen: Short term findings from a randomized pilot trial. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 39, 279A.
144. Plante, E. G., Banyard, V. L., & Moynihan, M. M. (2002). Rape prevention through bystander education: Bringing a broader community perspective to prevention. Paper presented at Victimization of Children and Youth: An International Research Conference.
145. Gilliam, M. In-school evaluation of bystander: A game-based intervention for sexual violence prevention. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02919098.
146. Griffin, K. W. Primary prevention of sexual violence among college students. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03037866.
147. Jouries, E. Evaluating a Video Bystander Program for first-year college students. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03056560.
148. Miller, E. College health center-based alcohol and sexual violence intervention (GIFTSS). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02355470.
149. Miller, E. Trial of a middle school coach gender violence prevention program. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02331238.
150. Orchowski, L. Preventing sexual aggression among high school boys. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02506088
151. Shorey, R. Interventions for Sanctioned Ohio University Students. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02603978.
152. Shorey, R. Group alcohol interventions for college men. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02983864.
153. Adelman, M., & Kil, S. H. (2007). Dating conflicts: Rethinking dating violence and youth conflict. Violence Against Women, 13, 1296–1318. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801207310800.
154. Anderson, L. A., & Whiston, S. C. (2005). Sexual assault education programs: A meta-analytic examination of their effectiveness. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29, 374–388.
155. Arriaga, X. B., & Foshee, V. A. (2004). Adolescent dating violence: Do adolescents follow in their friends', or their parents', footsteps? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19, 162–184. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260503260247
156. Ashley, O. S., & Foshee, V. A. (2005). Adolescent help-seeking for dating violence: Prevalence, sociodemographic correlates, and sources of help. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2003.12.014
157. Australian Human Rights Commission (2017). Change the course: National report on sexual assault and sexual harassment at Australian Universities. Australian Human Rights Commission.
158. Banyard, V. L. (2008). Measurement and correlates of prosocial bystander behavior: The case of interpersonal violence. Violence and Victims, 23, 83–97. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.1.83
159. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., & Plante, E. G. (2007). Sexual violence prevention through bystander education: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Community Psychology, 35(4), 463–481.
160. Banyard, V. L. (2011). Who will help prevent sexual violence? Creating an ecological model of bystander intervention. Psychology of Violence, 1, 216–229. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0023739
161. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., Cares, A. C., & Warner, R. (2014). How do we know if It works? Measuring outcomes in bystander-focused abuse prevention on campuses. Psychology of Violence, 4, 101–115. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033470
162. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., & Crossman, M. T. (2009). Reducing sexual violence on campus: The role of student leaders as empowered bystanders. Journal of College Student Development, 50, 446–457. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0083
163. Banyard, V. L., Moynihan, M. M., & Plante, E. G. (2007). Sexual violence prevention through bystander education: An experimental evaluation. Journal of Community Psychology, 35, 463–481. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.20159.
164. Banyard, V. L., Plante, E. G., & Moynihan, M. M. (2004). Bystander education: Bringing a broader community perspective to sexual violence prevention. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.10078
165. Barreto, M., & Ellemers., N. (2005). The perils of political correctness: Men's and women's responses to old-fashioned and modern sexist views. Social Psychology Quarterly, 68, 75–88. https://doi.org/10.1177/019027250506800106
166. Bennett, S., Banyard, V. L., & Garnhart, L. (2014). To act or not to act, that is the question? Barriers and facilitators of bystander intervention. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29, 476–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513505210
167. Bjorklund, K., Hakkanen-Nyholm, H., Huttunen, T., & Kunttu, K. (2010). Violence victimization among Finnish university students: Relevance, symptoms and healthcare usage. Social Science in Medicine, 70(9), 1416–22.
168. Black, B. M., Tolman, R. M., Callahan, M., Saunders, D. G., & Weisz, A. N. (2008). When will adolescents tell someone about dating violence victimization? Violence Against Women, 14, 741–758. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208320248
169. Bogle, K. (2007). The shift from dating to hooking up in college: What scholars have missed. Sociology Compass, 1/2, 775–788. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9020.2007.00031.x
170. Bogle, K. (2008). Hooking up: Sex, dating, and relationships on campus. New York: New York University Press.
171. Burgess, G. H. (2007). Assessment of rape-supportive attitudes and beliefs in college men: Development, reliability, and validity of the Rape Attitudes and Beliefs Scale. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 22, 973–993. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260507302993
172. Burn, S. M. (2009). A situational model of sexual assault prevention through bystander intervention. Sex Roles, 60, 779–792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-008-9581-5
173. Casey, E. A., & Ohler, K. (2012). Being a positive bystander: Male antiviolence allies' experiences of ‘Stepping Up’. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 27, 62–83. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260511416479
174. Cornelius, T. L., & Resseguie, N. (2007). Primary and secondary prevention programs for dating violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12, 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2006.09.006
175. Cui, M., Ueno, K., Gordon, M., & Fincham, F. D. (2013). The continuation of intimate partner violence from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Marriage and Family, 75, 300–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12016
176. Darley, J. M., & Latane, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: Diffusion of responsibility. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 4, 377–383http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0025589
177. DeGue, S., Valle, L. A., Holt, M. K., Massetti, G. M., Matjasko, J. L., & Tharp, A. T. (2014). A systematic review of primary prevention strategies for sexual violence perpetration. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 346–362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2014.05.004
178. Deitz, S. R., Blackwell, K. T., Daley, P. C., & Bentley, B. J. (1982). Measurement of empathy toward rape victims and rapists. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43, 372–384.
179. De Koker, P., Mathews, C., Zuch, M., Bastien, S., & Mason-Jones, A. J. (2014). A systematic review of interventions for preventing adolescent intimate partner violence. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54, 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.08.008
180. De La Rue, L., Polanin, J. R., Espelage, D. L., & Pigott, T. D. (2014). School-based interventions to reduce dating and sexual violence: A systematic review. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 10(7).
181. Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: a simple funnel-plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
182. Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. British Medical Journal, 315, 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
183. England, P., & Ronen, S. (2015). Hooking up and casual sex, International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences: Second Edition, 192–196. Elsevier Inc. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.35010-3
184. Exner, D., & Cummings, N. (2011). Implications for sexual assault prevention: College students as prosocial bystanders. Journal of American College Health, 59, 655–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.515633
185. Exner-Cortens, D., Eckenrode, J., & Rothman, E. (2013). Longitudinal associations between teen dating violence victimization and adverse health outcomes. Pediatrics, 131(1), 71–78. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2012-1029
186. Fellmeth, G. L. T., Heffernan, C., Nurse, J., Habibula, S., & Sethi, D. (2013). Educational and skills-based interventions for preventing relationahip and dating violence in adolescents and young adults (Review). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Issue 6, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004534.pub3. Art. No.: CD004534.
187. Foshee, V. A. (1996). Gender differences in adolescent dating abuse prevalence, types, and injuries. Health Education Research, 11, 275–286. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/11.3.275
188. Foshee, V. A., Benefield, T. S., Ennett, S. T., Bauman, K. E., & Suchindran, C. (2004). Longitudinal predictors of serious physical and sexual dating violence victimization during adolescence. Preventive Medicine, 39, 1007–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.04.014
189. Foshee, V. A., Linder, F., MacDougall, J. E., & Bangdiwala, S. (2001). Gender differences in the longitudinal predictors of adolescent dating violence. Preventive Medicine, 32, 128–141. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2000.0793
190. Foshee, V. A., Reyes, H. L. M., & Ennett, S. T. (2010). Examination of sex and race differences in longitudinal predictors of the initiation of adolescent dating violence perpetration. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, and Trauma, 19, 492–516. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2010.495032
191. Giordano, P. C. (2003). Relationships in adolescence. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 257–281. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100047
192. Gressard, L. A., Swahn, M. H., & Tharp, A. T. (2015). A first look at gender inequality as a societal risk factor for dating violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 49, 448–457. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2015.05.017
193. Halpern, C. T., Spriggs, A. L., Martin, S. L., & Kupper, L. L. (2009). Patterns of intimate partner violence victimization from adolescence to young adulthood in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 508–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.03.011
194. Harned, M. S. (2001). Abused women or abused men? An examination of the context and outcomes of dating violence. Violence and Victims, 16, 269–285.
195. Hedges, L. V., & Hedberg, E. C. (2007). Intraclass correlation values for planning group-randomized trials in education. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 29, 60–87.
196. Hedges, L. V., Tipton, E., & Johnson, M. C. (2010). Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with dependent effect size estimates. Research Synthesis Methods, 1, 39–65. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.5
197. Higgins, J. P. T., & Green, S. (Eds) (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Available from www.cochrane-handbook.org
198. Howard, D. E., Wang, M. Q., & Yan, F. (2007). Prevalence and psychosocial correlates of forced sexual intercourse among U.S. high school adolescents. Adolescence, 42, 629–643.
199. Katz, J. [Jackson] (1995). Reconstructing masculinity in the locker room: The Mentors in Violence Prevention project. Harvard Educational Review, 65, 163–174. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.65.2.55533188520136u1
200. Katz, J. [Jackson], Heisterkamp, H. A., & Fleming, W. M. (2011). The social justice roots of the Mentors in Violence prevention model and its application in a high school setting. Violence Against Women, 17, 684–702. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801211409725
201. Katz, J. [Jennifer] (2015). Effects of group status and victim sex on male bystanders' responses to a potential party rape. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 24, 588–602. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2015.1029184
202. Katz, J. [Jennifer], Colbert, S., & Colangelo, L. (2015). Effects of group status and victim sex on female bystanders' responses to a potential party rape. Violence and Victims, 30, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00099
203. Katz, J. [Jennifer], & Moore, J. (2013). Bystander education training for campus sexual assault prevention: An initial meta-analysis. Violence and Victims, 28, 1054–1067. https://doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-12-00113
204. Kettrey, H. H. (2016). What's gender got to do with it? Sexual double standards and power in heterosexual college hookups. The Journal of Sex Research, 53, 754–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1145181
205. Koss, M., & Gidycz, C. A. (1985). Sexual Experiences Survey: Reliability and validity. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53(3), 422–423.
206. Krebs, C. P., Lindquist, C. H., Warner, T. D., Fisher, B. S., & Martin, S. L. (2009). College women's experiences with physically forced, alcohol- or other drug-enabled, and drug-facilitated sexual assault before and since entering college. Journal of American College Health, 57, 639–649. https://doi.org/10.3200/JACH.57.6.639-649
207. Lanier, C. A., & Elliot, M. N. (1997). A new instrument for the evaluation of a date rape prevention program. Journal of College Student Development, 38, 673–676.
208. Lanier, C. A., & Green, B. A. (2006). Principal Component Analysis of the College Date Rape Attitude Survey (CDRAS). Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment, & Trauma, 13, 79–93.
209. Latane, B., & Darley, J. N. (1969). Bystander ‘apathy’. American Scientist, 57, 244–268. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27828530
210. Lehrer, J. A., Lehrer, E. L., & Koss, M. P. (2013). Sexual and dating violence among adolescents and young adults in Chile: a review of findings from a survey of university students. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 15(1), 1–14.
211. Lipsey, M. W., & Wilson, D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analyses. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
212. McCauley, H. L., Tancredi, D. J., Silverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Austin, S. B., McCormick, M. C., … Miller, E. (2013). Gender-equitable attitudes, bystander behavior, and recent abuse perpetration against heterosexual dating partners of male high school athletes. American Journal of Public Health, 103(10), 1882–1887. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2013.301443
213. McMahon, S. (2010). Rape myth beliefs and bystander attitudes among incoming college students. Journal of American College Health, 59, 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2010.483715
214. McMahon, S., & Banyard, V. L. (2012). When can I help? A conceptual framework for the prevention of sexual violence through bystander intervention. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 13, 3–14. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838011426015
215. Messner, M. A. (2015). Bad men, good men, bystanders: Who is the rapist? Gender & Society, https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243215608781. Advance online publication.
216. Moher, D., Shamseer, L., Clarke, M., Ghersi, D., Liberati, A., & Petticrew, M., PRISMA-P Group. (2015). Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Systematic Reviews, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
217. Molidor, C., & Tolman, R. M. (1998). Gender and contextual factors in adolescent dating violence. Violence Against Women, 4, 180–194. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801298004002004
218. Noonan, R. K., & Charles, D. (2009). Developing teen dating violence prevention strategies: Formative research with middle school youth. Violence Against Women, 15, 1087–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801209340761
219. Palmer, T., Peters, J., Sutton, A. J., & Moreno, S. (2008). Contour enhanced funnel plots for meta-analysis. The Stata Journal, 8, 242–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclinepi.2007.11.010.
220. Payne, D. L., Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1999). Rape myth acceptance: Exploration of its structure and its measurement using the Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 27–68.
221. Pengpid, S., & Peltzer, K. (2016). Intimate partner violence victimization and associated factors among male and female university students in 22 countries in Africa, Asia and the Americas. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 20(1), 29–39.
222. Sterne, J. A. C, Higgins, J. P. T., & Reeves, B. C. On behalf of the development group for ROBINS-I. (2016, March). A tool for assessing Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions, Version 7. Available from http://www.riskofbias.info (Accessed July 29) 2016.
223. Storer, H. L., Casey, E., & Herrenkohl, T. (2015). Efficacy of bystander programs to prevent dating abuse among youth and young adults: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838015584361. Advance online publication.
224. Straus, M. A., Hamby, S. L., Boney-McCoy, S., & Sugarman, D. B. (1996). The Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2): Development and preliminary psychometric data. Journal of Family Issues, 17, 283–316.
225. Su, P. Y., Hao, J. H., Huang, Z. H., Xiao, L. M., & Tao, F. B. (2011). An investigation on the epidemic situation of intimate partner violence in 2,575 college students. Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi, 32(4), 346–351.
226. Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 199–214. http://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.68.2.199
227. Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Polanin, J. R. (2015). A retrospective analysis of dissemination biases in the brief alcohol intervention literature. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 29(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1037/adb0000014
228. Tanner-Smith, E. E., & Tipton, E. (2014). Robust variance estimation with dependent effect sizes: Practical considerations including a software tutorial in Stata and SPSS. Research Synthesis Methods, 5, 13–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1091
229. Tipton, E. (2013). Robust variance estimation in meta-regression with binary dependent effects. Research Synthesis Methods, 4, 169–187. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1070.
230. Tomaszewska, P., & Krahé, B. (2018). Sexual aggression victimization and perpetration among female and male university students in Poland. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 33(4), 571–594.
231. Van Decraen, E., Michielsen, K., Herbots, S., Van Rossem, R., & Temmerman, M. (2012). Sexual coercion among in-school adolescents in Rwanda: Prevalence and correlates of victimization and normative acceptance. African Journal of Reproductive Health, 16(3), 139–154.
232. Vázquez, F. L., Torres, A., & Otero, P. (2012). Gender-based violence and mental disorders in female college students. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 47(10), 1657–1667.
233. Wade, L. (2017). American hookup: The new culture of sex on campus. New York, NY, US: W W Norton & Co.
234. Weisz, A. N., Tolman, R. M., Callahan, M. R., Saunders, D. G., & Black, B. M. (2007). Informal helpers' responses when adolescents tell them about dating violence or romantic relationship problems. Journal of Adolescence, 30, 853–868. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.09.004
235. Wilson, D. B. (2013). Practical meta-analysis effect size calculator. Retrieved from. http://gemini.gmu.edu/cebcp/EffectSizeCalculator/index.html
236. Banyard, V. L., Plante, E. G., & Moynihan, M. M. (2005). Rape prevention through bystander education: Final report to NIJ for grant 2002-WG-BX-009. Retrieved from https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/208701.pdf
237. Coker, A. (2013). Evaluation of Green Dot a primary prevention intervention. Retrieved from ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01878097.
238. Coker, A. L., Bush, H. M., Cook-Craig, P. G., DeGue, S., Clear, E. R., Brancato, C. J., … Davenport, M. (2017). Randomized controlled trial testing bystander effectiveness to reduce violence. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 52(5), 566–578.
239. Das, M., Ghosh, S., Miller, E., O'Connor, B., & Verma, R (2012). Engaging coaches and athletes in fostering gender equity: Findings from the Parivartan program in Mumbai, India (Unpublished manuscript). International Center for Research on women (ICRW) & Futures Without Violence, New Delhi, India.
240. Gidycz, C. A., Orchowski, L. M., Probst, D. R., Edwards, K. M., Murphy, M., & Tansill, E. (2015). Concurrent administration of sexual assault prevention and risk reduction programming: Outcomes for women. Violence Against Women, 21(6), 780–800. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215576579
241. Miller, E. (2011). A randomized controlled trial of an Adolescent Relationship Abuse Prevention Program entitled “coaching boys into men”. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01367704.
242. Miller, E., Tancredi, D. J., McCauley, H. J., Decker, M. R., Virata, M. C. D., Anderson, H. A., … Silverman, J. G. (2012). “Coaching boys into men”: A cluster randomized controlled trial of a dating violence prevention program. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51(5), 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.01.018
243. Moynihan, M. M., & Banyard, V. (2011). Educating bystanders helps prevent sexual violence and reduce backlash. Family & Intimate Partner Violence Quarterly, 3, 293–304.
244. Salazar, & L. A (2013). Web-based Bystander Education program (RealConsent). ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01903876.
245. Shaw, J., & Janulis, P. (2016). Re-evaluating sexual violence prevention through bystander education: A latent growth curve approach. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 31(16), 2729–2750. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515580365