메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 189, Issue , 2019, Pages 275-298

Multitasking behavior and its related constructs: Executive functions, working memory capacity, relational integration, and divided attention

Author keywords

Divided attention; Executive functions; Multitasking behavior; Relational integration; Working memory capacity

Indexed keywords

ADULT; ARTICLE; ATTENTION TEST; EXECUTIVE FUNCTION; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; HUMAN TISSUE; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; MULTIPLE REGRESSION; STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING; WORKING MEMORY; YOUNG ADULT; ADOLESCENT; ATTENTION; BEHAVIOR; PHYSIOLOGY; SHORT TERM MEMORY;

EID: 85065702227     PISSN: 00100277     EISSN: 18737838     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2019.04.010     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (40)

References (152)
  • 1
    • 38549110144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Further explorations of perceptual speed abilities in the context of assessment methods, cognitive abilities, and individual differences during skill acquisition
    • Ackerman, P.L., Beier, M.E., Further explorations of perceptual speed abilities in the context of assessment methods, cognitive abilities, and individual differences during skill acquisition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied 13 (2007), 249–272, 10.1037/1076-898X.13.4.249.
    • (2007) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.13 , pp. 249-272
    • Ackerman, P.L.1    Beier, M.E.2
  • 3
    • 0035704343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic structure of spatial and verbal working memory
    • Ando, J., Ono, Y., Wright, M.J., Genetic structure of spatial and verbal working memory. Behavior Genetics 31 (2001), 615–624, 10.1023/A:1013353613591.
    • (2001) Behavior Genetics , vol.31 , pp. 615-624
    • Ando, J.1    Ono, Y.2    Wright, M.J.3
  • 4
    • 0042161533 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tasks of a feather flock together: Similarity effects in task switching
    • Arrington, C.M., Altmann, E.M., Carr, T.H., Tasks of a feather flock together: Similarity effects in task switching. Memory & Cognition 31 (2003), 781–789 https://doi.org//10.3758/BF03196116.
    • (2003) Memory & Cognition , vol.31 , pp. 781-789
    • Arrington, C.M.1    Altmann, E.M.2    Carr, T.H.3
  • 5
    • 12844251904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simulation study on fit indexes in CFA based on data with slightly distorted simple structure
    • Beauducel, A., Wittmann, W.W., Simulation study on fit indexes in CFA based on data with slightly distorted simple structure. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 12 (2005), 41–75, 10.1207/s15328007sem1201_3.
    • (2005) Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal , vol.12 , pp. 41-75
    • Beauducel, A.1    Wittmann, W.W.2
  • 6
    • 0030612822 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The psychophysics toolbox
    • Brainard, D.H., The psychophysics toolbox. Spatial Vision 10 (1997), 433–436, 10.1163/156856897X00357.
    • (1997) Spatial Vision , vol.10 , pp. 433-436
    • Brainard, D.H.1
  • 8
    • 85065713732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual simultaneous capacity/multi-tasking (SIMKAP)
    • Schuhfried Gmbh Mödling, Austria
    • Bratfisch, O., Hagman, E., Manual simultaneous capacity/multi-tasking (SIMKAP). 2011, Schuhfried Gmbh, Mödling, Austria.
    • (2011)
    • Bratfisch, O.1    Hagman, E.2
  • 9
    • 33645337464 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instrumente zur Personalauswahl und Personalentwicklung im Call Center (CCall Report 13) [Instruments for personnel selection and development in call centers (CCall Report 13)]
    • Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft Hamburg, Germany
    • Braun, V., Hüttges, M., Timm, E., Wieland, R., Willamowski, A., Instrumente zur Personalauswahl und Personalentwicklung im Call Center (CCall Report 13) [Instruments for personnel selection and development in call centers (CCall Report 13)]. 2002, Verwaltungs-Berufsgenossenschaft, Hamburg, Germany.
    • (2002)
    • Braun, V.1    Hüttges, M.2    Timm, E.3    Wieland, R.4    Willamowski, A.5
  • 10
    • 84865183717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A unitary executive function predicts intelligence in children
    • Brydges, C.R., Reid, C.L., Fox, A.M., Anderson, M., A unitary executive function predicts intelligence in children. Intelligence 40 (2012), 458–469, 10.1016/j.intell.2012.05.006.
    • (2012) Intelligence , vol.40 , pp. 458-469
    • Brydges, C.R.1    Reid, C.L.2    Fox, A.M.3    Anderson, M.4
  • 11
    • 33748438225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory dimensions as differential predictors of the speed and error aspect of multitasking performance
    • Bühner, M., König, C.J., Pick, M., Krumm, S., Working memory dimensions as differential predictors of the speed and error aspect of multitasking performance. Human Performance 19 (2006), 253–275, 10.1207/s15327043hup1903_4.
    • (2006) Human Performance , vol.19 , pp. 253-275
    • Bühner, M.1    König, C.J.2    Pick, M.3    Krumm, S.4
  • 12
    • 18344393642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reasoning = working memory ≠ attention
    • Bühner, M., Krumm, S., Pick, M., Reasoning = working memory ≠ attention. Intelligence 33 (2005), 251–272, 10.1016/j.intell.2005.01.002.
    • (2005) Intelligence , vol.33 , pp. 251-272
    • Bühner, M.1    Krumm, S.2    Pick, M.3
  • 13
    • 34247119175 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive abilities and their interplay: Reasoning, crystallized intelligence, working memory components, and sustained attention
    • Bühner, M., Krumm, S., Ziegler, M., Pluecken, T., Cognitive abilities and their interplay: Reasoning, crystallized intelligence, working memory components, and sustained attention. Journal of Individual Differences 27 (2006), 57–72, 10.1027/1614-0001.27.2.57.
    • (2006) Journal of Individual Differences , vol.27 , pp. 57-72
    • Bühner, M.1    Krumm, S.2    Ziegler, M.3    Pluecken, T.4
  • 14
    • 0033951389 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of multitasking
    • Burgess, P.W., Veitch, E., de Lacy Costello, A., Shallice, T., The cognitive and neuroanatomical correlates of multitasking. Neuropsychologia 38 (2000), 848–863, 10.1016/S0028-3932(99)00134-7.
    • (2000) Neuropsychologia , vol.38 , pp. 848-863
    • Burgess, P.W.1    Veitch, E.2    de Lacy Costello, A.3    Shallice, T.4
  • 15
    • 85065697206 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ripley, B. boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) functions. R package version 1.3 18. [Computer software]. Retrieved from
    • Canty, A., & Ripley, B. (2016). boot: Bootstrap R (S-Plus) functions. R package version 1.3 18. [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/boot.
    • (2016)
    • Canty, A.1
  • 16
    • 59049106436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multitasking across generations: Multitasking choices and difficulty ratings in three generations of Americans
    • Carrier, L.M., Cheever, N.A., Rosen, L.D., Benitez, S., Chang, J., Multitasking across generations: Multitasking choices and difficulty ratings in three generations of Americans. Computers in Human Behavior 25 (2009), 483–489, 10.1016/j.chb.2008.10.012.
    • (2009) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.25 , pp. 483-489
    • Carrier, L.M.1    Cheever, N.A.2    Rosen, L.D.3    Benitez, S.4    Chang, J.5
  • 17
    • 0003670594 scopus 로고
    • Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies
    • Cambridge University Press New York, NY
    • Carroll, J.B., Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. 1993, Cambridge University Press, New York, NY.
    • (1993)
    • Carroll, J.B.1
  • 18
    • 0034922001 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Work interrupted: A comparison of workplace interruptions in emergency departments and primary care offices
    • Chisholm, C.D., Dornfeld, A.M., Nelson, D.R., Cordell, W.H., Work interrupted: A comparison of workplace interruptions in emergency departments and primary care offices. Annals of Emergency Medicine 38 (2001), 146–151, 10.1067/mem.2001.115440.
    • (2001) Annals of Emergency Medicine , vol.38 , pp. 146-151
    • Chisholm, C.D.1    Dornfeld, A.M.2    Nelson, D.R.3    Cordell, W.H.4
  • 19
    • 84897090370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relational integration task explains fluid reasoning above and beyond other working memory tasks
    • Chuderski, A., The relational integration task explains fluid reasoning above and beyond other working memory tasks. Memory & Cognition 42 (2014), 448–463, 10.3758/s13421-013-0366-x.
    • (2014) Memory & Cognition , vol.42 , pp. 448-463
    • Chuderski, A.1
  • 20
    • 0003519438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences
    • Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Mahwah, New Jersey
    • Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., Aiken, L.S., Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2003, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey.
    • (2003)
    • Cohen, J.1    Cohen, P.2    West, S.G.3    Aiken, L.S.4
  • 21
    • 33751350496 scopus 로고
    • PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers
    • Cohen, J.D., MacWhinney, B., Flatt, M., Provost, J., PsyScope: An interactive graphic system for designing and controlling experiments in the psychology laboratory using Macintosh computers. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers 25 (1993), 257–271, 10.3758/BF03204507.
    • (1993) Behavior Research Methods, Instruments & Computers , vol.25 , pp. 257-271
    • Cohen, J.D.1    MacWhinney, B.2    Flatt, M.3    Provost, J.4
  • 22
    • 35348854575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in working memory capacity and divided attention in dichotic listening
    • Colflesh, G.J.H., Conway, A.R.A., Individual differences in working memory capacity and divided attention in dichotic listening. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 14 (2007), 699–703, 10.3758/BF03196824.
    • (2007) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.14 , pp. 699-703
    • Colflesh, G.J.H.1    Conway, A.R.A.2
  • 23
    • 77958151434 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intelligence, working memory, and multitasking performance
    • Colom, R., Martínez-Molina, A., Shih, P.C., Santacreu, J., Intelligence, working memory, and multitasking performance. Intelligence 38 (2010), 543–551, 10.1016/j.intell.2010.08.002.
    • (2010) Intelligence , vol.38 , pp. 543-551
    • Colom, R.1    Martínez-Molina, A.2    Shih, P.C.3    Santacreu, J.4
  • 24
    • 0003989457 scopus 로고
    • The multi-attribute task battery for human operator workload and strategic behaviour research (Tech. Memorandum No. 104174)
    • NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA
    • Comstock, J.R., Arnegard, R.J., The multi-attribute task battery for human operator workload and strategic behaviour research (Tech. Memorandum No. 104174). 1992, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA.
    • (1992)
    • Comstock, J.R.1    Arnegard, R.J.2
  • 26
    • 84981263306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
    • Cowan, N., The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral & Brain Sciences 24 (2001), 87–185, 10.1017/S0140525X01003922.
    • (2001) Behavioral & Brain Sciences , vol.24 , pp. 87-185
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 27
    • 33846015482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Planning and task management in older adults: Cooking breakfast
    • Craik, F.I.M., Bialystok, E., Planning and task management in older adults: Cooking breakfast. Memory & Cognition 34 (2006), 1236–1249.
    • (2006) Memory & Cognition , vol.34 , pp. 1236-1249
    • Craik, F.I.M.1    Bialystok, E.2
  • 28
    • 84883495130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The functional neuroanatomy of multitasking: Combining dual tasking with a short term memory task
    • Deprez, S., Vandenbulcke, M., Peeters, R., Emsell, L., Amant, F., Sunaert, S., The functional neuroanatomy of multitasking: Combining dual tasking with a short term memory task. Neuropsychologia 51 (2013), 2251–2260, 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.07.024.
    • (2013) Neuropsychologia , vol.51 , pp. 2251-2260
    • Deprez, S.1    Vandenbulcke, M.2    Peeters, R.3    Emsell, L.4    Amant, F.5    Sunaert, S.6
  • 29
    • 84955615630 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combining reaction time and accuracy: The relationship between working memory capacity and task switching as a case example
    • Draheim, C., Hicks, K.L., Engle, R.W., Combining reaction time and accuracy: The relationship between working memory capacity and task switching as a case example. Perspectives on Psychological Science 11 (2016), 133–155, 10.1177/1745691615596990.
    • (2016) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.11 , pp. 133-155
    • Draheim, C.1    Hicks, K.L.2    Engle, R.W.3
  • 30
    • 0037379819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dissociating the roles of the rostral anterior cingulate and the lateral prefrontal cortices in performing two tasks simultaneously or successively
    • Dreher, J.C., Grafman, J., Dissociating the roles of the rostral anterior cingulate and the lateral prefrontal cortices in performing two tasks simultaneously or successively. Cerebral Cortex 13 (2003), 329–339, 10.1093/cercor/13.4.329.
    • (2003) Cerebral Cortex , vol.13 , pp. 329-339
    • Dreher, J.C.1    Grafman, J.2
  • 31
    • 52449105916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Damage to the fronto-polar cortex is associated with impaired multitasking
    • Dreher, J.C., Koechlin, E., Tierney, M., Grafman, J., Damage to the fronto-polar cortex is associated with impaired multitasking. PLOS ONE, 3, 2008, e3227, 10.1371/journal.pone.0003227.
    • (2008) PLOS ONE , vol.3 , pp. e3227
    • Dreher, J.C.1    Koechlin, E.2    Tierney, M.3    Grafman, J.4
  • 32
    • 84863463055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between executive functions and intelligence on 11- to 12-year-old children
    • Duan, X., Wei, S., Wang, G., Shi, J., The relationship between executive functions and intelligence on 11- to 12-year-old children. Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling 52 (2010), 419–431.
    • (2010) Psychological Test and Assessment Modeling , vol.52 , pp. 419-431
    • Duan, X.1    Wei, S.2    Wang, G.3    Shi, J.4
  • 33
    • 84899013035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Removal of information from working memory: A specific updating process
    • Ecker, U.K.H., Lewandowsky, S., Oberauer, K., Removal of information from working memory: A specific updating process. Journal of Memory and Language 74 (2014), 77–90, 10.1016/j.jml.2014.03.006.
    • (2014) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.74 , pp. 77-90
    • Ecker, U.K.H.1    Lewandowsky, S.2    Oberauer, K.3
  • 34
    • 0001246178 scopus 로고
    • SYNWORK1: A PC-based tool for assessment of performance in a simulated work environment
    • Elsmore, T.F., SYNWORK1: A PC-based tool for assessment of performance in a simulated work environment. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 26 (1994), 412–426, 10.3758/BF03204659.
    • (1994) Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers , vol.26 , pp. 412-426
    • Elsmore, T.F.1
  • 36
    • 82055170511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Continuously informing vibrotactile displays in support of attention management and multitasking in anesthesiology
    • Ferris, T.K., Sarter, N., Continuously informing vibrotactile displays in support of attention management and multitasking in anesthesiology. Human Factors 53 (2011), 600–611, 10.1177/0018720811425043.
    • (2011) Human Factors , vol.53 , pp. 600-611
    • Ferris, T.K.1    Sarter, N.2
  • 37
    • 9644281447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access
    • Fisk, J.E., Sharp, C.A., Age-related impairment in executive functioning: Updating, inhibition, shifting, and access. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 26 (2004), 874–890, 10.1080/13803390490510680.
    • (2004) Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology , vol.26 , pp. 874-890
    • Fisk, J.E.1    Sharp, C.A.2
  • 38
    • 84964922084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specifying associations between conscientiousness and executive functioning: Mental set shifting, not prepotent response inhibition or working memory updating
    • Fleming, K.A., Heintzelman, S.J., Bartholow, B.D., Specifying associations between conscientiousness and executive functioning: Mental set shifting, not prepotent response inhibition or working memory updating. Journal of Personality 84 (2016), 348–360, 10.1111/jopy.12163.
    • (2016) Journal of Personality , vol.84 , pp. 348-360
    • Fleming, K.A.1    Heintzelman, S.J.2    Bartholow, B.D.3
  • 39
    • 49349111680 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • More dissociations and interactions within central executive functioning: A comprehensive latent-variable analysis
    • Fournier-Vicente, S., Larigauderie, P., Gaonac'h, D., More dissociations and interactions within central executive functioning: A comprehensive latent-variable analysis. Acta Psychologica 129 (2008), 32–48, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.04.004.
    • (2008) Acta Psychologica , vol.129 , pp. 32-48
    • Fournier-Vicente, S.1    Larigauderie, P.2    Gaonac'h, D.3
  • 40
    • 1342332346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis
    • Friedman, N.P., Miyake, A., The relations among inhibition and interference control functions: A latent-variable analysis. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 (2004), 101–135, 10.1037/0096-3445.133.1.101.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.133 , pp. 101-135
    • Friedman, N.P.1    Miyake, A.2
  • 41
    • 84970016011 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure
    • Friedman, N.P., Miyake, A., Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure. Cortex 86 (2017), 186–204, 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.023.
    • (2017) Cortex , vol.86 , pp. 186-204
    • Friedman, N.P.1    Miyake, A.2
  • 42
    • 84956573890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stability and change in executive function abilities from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study
    • Friedman, N.P., Miyake, A., Altamirano, L.J., Corley, R.P., Young, S.E., Rhea, S.A., Hewitt, J.K., Stability and change in executive function abilities from late adolescence to early adulthood: A longitudinal twin study. Developmental Psychology 52 (2016), 326–340, 10.1037/dev0000075.
    • (2016) Developmental Psychology , vol.52 , pp. 326-340
    • Friedman, N.P.1    Miyake, A.2    Altamirano, L.J.3    Corley, R.P.4    Young, S.E.5    Rhea, S.A.6    Hewitt, J.K.7
  • 44
    • 84866358362 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhibitory processes for critical situations – the role of n – 2 task repetition costs in human multitasking situations
    • Gade, M., Koch, I., Inhibitory processes for critical situations – the role of n – 2 task repetition costs in human multitasking situations. Frontiers in Physiology, 3, 2012, 159, 10.3389/fphys.2012.00159.
    • (2012) Frontiers in Physiology , vol.3 , pp. 159
    • Gade, M.1    Koch, I.2
  • 45
    • 84942036266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Understanding the cognitive and genetic underpinnings of procrastination: Evidence for shared genetic influences with goal management and executive function abilities
    • Gustavson, D.E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J.K., Friedman, N.P., Understanding the cognitive and genetic underpinnings of procrastination: Evidence for shared genetic influences with goal management and executive function abilities. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 144 (2015), 1063–1079, 10.1037/xge0000110.
    • (2015) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.144 , pp. 1063-1079
    • Gustavson, D.E.1    Miyake, A.2    Hewitt, J.K.3    Friedman, N.P.4
  • 46
    • 84933677346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal self-regulation theory: A neurobiologically informed model for physical activity behavior
    • Hall, P.A., Fong, G.T., Temporal self-regulation theory: A neurobiologically informed model for physical activity behavior. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 2015, 117, 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00117.
    • (2015) Frontiers in Human Neuroscience , vol.9 , pp. 117
    • Hall, P.A.1    Fong, G.T.2
  • 49
    • 0010039213 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems
    • R. Cudeck S. duToit D. Sörbom Scientific Software International Inc. Lincolnwood, IL
    • Hancock, G.R., Mueller, R.O., Rethinking construct reliability within latent variable systems. Cudeck, R., duToit, S., Sörbom, D., (eds.) Structural equation modeling: Present and future – A festschrift in honor of Karl Jöreskog, 2001, Scientific Software International Inc., Lincolnwood, IL, 195–216.
    • (2001) Structural equation modeling: Present and future – A festschrift in honor of Karl Jöreskog , pp. 195-216
    • Hancock, G.R.1    Mueller, R.O.2
  • 50
    • 85065721506 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strayer, D. Multitasking in working memory. In P. Bello, M. Guarini, M. McShane and B. Scassellati (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 601–606). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
    • Heathcote, A., Eidels, A., Houpt, J. W., Coleman, J., Watson, J., & Strayer, D. (2014). Multitasking in working memory. In P. Bello, M. Guarini, M. McShane and B. Scassellati (Eds.), Proceedings of the 36th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (pp. 601–606). Austin, TX: Cognitive Science Society.
    • (2014)
    • Heathcote, A.1    Eidels, A.2    Houpt, J.W.3    Coleman, J.4    Watson, J.5
  • 51
    • 33748504985 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in executive processing predict susceptibility to interference in verbal working memory
    • Hedden, T., Yoon, C., Individual differences in executive processing predict susceptibility to interference in verbal working memory. Neuropsychology 20 (2006), 511–528, 10.1037/0894-4105.20.5.511.
    • (2006) Neuropsychology , vol.20 , pp. 511-528
    • Hedden, T.1    Yoon, C.2
  • 52
    • 84912034563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial Stroop effect: A comparison of color-word and position-word interference
    • Hilbert, S., Nakagawa, T.T., Bindl, M., Bühner, M., The spatial Stroop effect: A comparison of color-word and position-word interference. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 21 (2014), 1509–1515, 10.3758/s13423-014-0631-4.
    • (2014) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.21 , pp. 1509-1515
    • Hilbert, S.1    Nakagawa, T.T.2    Bindl, M.3    Bühner, M.4
  • 53
    • 67650706330 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives
    • Hu, L., Bentler, P.M., Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 6 (1999), 1–55, 10.1080/10705519909540118.
    • (1999) Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal , vol.6 , pp. 1-55
    • Hu, L.1    Bentler, P.M.2
  • 54
    • 47249089131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive function in older adults: A structural equation modeling approach
    • Hull, R., Martin, R.C., Beier, M.E., Lane, D., Hamilton, A.C., Executive function in older adults: A structural equation modeling approach. Neuropsychology 224 (2008), 508–522, 10.1037/0894-4105.22.4.508.
    • (2008) Neuropsychology , vol.224 , pp. 508-522
    • Hull, R.1    Martin, R.C.2    Beier, M.E.3    Lane, D.4    Hamilton, A.C.5
  • 55
    • 85050781779 scopus 로고
    • The organization of human abilities
    • Humphreys, L.G., The organization of human abilities. American Psychologist 17 (1962), 475–483, 10.1037/h0041550.
    • (1962) American Psychologist , vol.17 , pp. 475-483
    • Humphreys, L.G.1
  • 57
    • 77952629561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure
    • Jaeggi, S.M., Buschkuehl, M., Perrig, W.J., Meier, B., The concurrent validity of the N-back task as a working memory measure. Memory 18 (2010), 394–412, 10.1080/09658211003702171.
    • (2010) Memory , vol.18 , pp. 394-412
    • Jaeggi, S.M.1    Buschkuehl, M.2    Perrig, W.J.3    Meier, B.4
  • 58
    • 84956571981 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrating the switching, inhibition, and updating model of executive function with the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model
    • Jewsbury, P.A., Bowden, S.C., Strauss, M.E., Integrating the switching, inhibition, and updating model of executive function with the Cattell-Horn-Carroll model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 145 (2015), 220–245, 10.1037/xge0000119.
    • (2015) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.145 , pp. 220-245
    • Jewsbury, P.A.1    Bowden, S.C.2    Strauss, M.E.3
  • 59
    • 34848895178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding
    • Jurado, M.B., Rosselli, M., The elusive nature of executive functions: A review of our current understanding. Neuropsychology Review 17 (2007), 213–233, 10.1007/s11065-007-9040-z.
    • (2007) Neuropsychology Review , vol.17 , pp. 213-233
    • Jurado, M.B.1    Rosselli, M.2
  • 61
    • 34147156729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation in working-memory capacity as variation in executive attention and control
    • A.R.A. Conway C. Jarrold M.J. Kane A. Miyake J.N. Towse Oxford University Press New York, NY
    • Kane, M.J., Conway, A.R.A., Hambrick, D.Z., Engle, R.W., Variation in working-memory capacity as variation in executive attention and control. Conway, A.R.A., Jarrold, C., Kane, M.J., Miyake, A., Towse, J.N., (eds.) Variation in working memory, 2007, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 21–48.
    • (2007) Variation in working memory , pp. 21-48
    • Kane, M.J.1    Conway, A.R.A.2    Hambrick, D.Z.3    Engle, R.W.4
  • 62
    • 0034154437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval
    • Kane, M.J., Engle, R.W., Working-memory capacity, proactive interference, and divided attention: Limits on long-term memory retrieval. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 26 (2000), 336–358, 10.1037/10278-7393.26.2.336.
    • (2000) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.26 , pp. 336-358
    • Kane, M.J.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 63
    • 2542636564 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning
    • Kane, M.J., Hambrick, D.Z., Tuholski, S.W., Wilhelm, O., Payne, T.W., Engle, R.W., The generality of working memory capacity: A latent-variable approach to verbal and visuospatial memory span and reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 133 (2004), 189–217, 10.1037/0096-3445.133.2.189.
    • (2004) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.133 , pp. 189-217
    • Kane, M.J.1    Hambrick, D.Z.2    Tuholski, S.W.3    Wilhelm, O.4    Payne, T.W.5    Engle, R.W.6
  • 64
    • 85051181461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies
    • Karr, J.E., Areshenkoff, C.N., Rast, P., Hofer, S.M., Iverson, G.L., Garcia-Barrera, M.A., The unity and diversity of executive functions: A systematic review and re-analysis of latent variable studies. Psychological Bulletin 144 (2018), 1147–1185, 10.1037/bul0000160.
    • (2018) Psychological Bulletin , vol.144 , pp. 1147-1185
    • Karr, J.E.1    Areshenkoff, C.N.2    Rast, P.3    Hofer, S.M.4    Iverson, G.L.5    Garcia-Barrera, M.A.6
  • 65
    • 0004196243 scopus 로고
    • Correlation and causality
    • John Wiley & Sons Limited New York, NY
    • Kenny, D.A., Correlation and causality. 1979, John Wiley & Sons Limited, New York, NY.
    • (1979)
    • Kenny, D.A.1
  • 66
    • 52849135146 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern computational perspectives on executive mental processes and cognitive control: Where to from here?
    • S. Monsell J. Driver MIT Press Cambridge, MA
    • Kieras, D.E., Meyer, D.E., Ballas, J.A., Lauber, E.J., Modern computational perspectives on executive mental processes and cognitive control: Where to from here?. Monsell, S., Driver, J., (eds.) Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII, 2000, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 681–712.
    • (2000) Control of cognitive processes: Attention and performance XVIII , pp. 681-712
    • Kieras, D.E.1    Meyer, D.E.2    Ballas, J.A.3    Lauber, E.J.4
  • 67
    • 85065723069 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Kim, S. ppcor: Partial and semi-partial (part) correlation. R package version 1.1. [Computer software]. Retrieved from
    • Kim, S. (2015). ppcor: Partial and semi-partial (part) correlation. R package version 1.1. [Computer software]. Retrieved from https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ppcor.
    • (2015)
  • 70
    • 85043254264 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive structure, flexibility, and plasticity in human multitasking – An integrative review of dual-task and task-switching research
    • Koch, I., Poljac, E., Müller, H., Kiesel, A., Cognitive structure, flexibility, and plasticity in human multitasking – An integrative review of dual-task and task-switching research. Psychological Bulletin 144 (2018), 557–583, 10.1037/bul0000144.
    • (2018) Psychological Bulletin , vol.144 , pp. 557-583
    • Koch, I.1    Poljac, E.2    Müller, H.3    Kiesel, A.4
  • 71
    • 23844558994 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory, fluid intelligence, and attention are predictors of multitasking performance, but polychronicity and extraversion are not
    • König, C.J., Bühner, M., Mürling, G., Working memory, fluid intelligence, and attention are predictors of multitasking performance, but polychronicity and extraversion are not. Human Performance 18 (2005), 243–266, 10.1207/s15327043hup1803_3.
    • (2005) Human Performance , vol.18 , pp. 243-266
    • König, C.J.1    Bühner, M.2    Mürling, G.3
  • 72
    • 84863626440 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testing negative error variances: Is a Heywood case a symptom of misspecification?
    • Kolenikov, S., Bollen, K.A., Testing negative error variances: Is a Heywood case a symptom of misspecification?. Sociological Methods & Research 41 (2012), 124–167 https://doi.org/10.1177/0049124112442138.
    • (2012) Sociological Methods & Research , vol.41 , pp. 124-167
    • Kolenikov, S.1    Bollen, K.A.2
  • 73
    • 67349108335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Storage and non-storage components of working memory predicting reasoning: A simultaneous examination of a wide range of ability factors
    • Krumm, S., Schmidt-Atzert, L., Bühner, M., Ziegler, M., Michalczyk, K., Arrow, K., Storage and non-storage components of working memory predicting reasoning: A simultaneous examination of a wide range of ability factors. Intelligence 37 (2009), 347–364, 10.1016/j.intell.2009.02.003.
    • (2009) Intelligence , vol.37 , pp. 347-364
    • Krumm, S.1    Schmidt-Atzert, L.2    Bühner, M.3    Ziegler, M.4    Michalczyk, K.5    Arrow, K.6
  • 74
    • 3042791615 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resistance to the impact of interruptions during multitasking by healthy adults and dysexecutive patients
    • Law, A.S., Logie, R.H., Pearson, D.G., Cantagallo, A., Moretti, E., Dimarco, F., Resistance to the impact of interruptions during multitasking by healthy adults and dysexecutive patients. Acta Psychologica 116 (2004), 285–307, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.04.003.
    • (2004) Acta Psychologica , vol.116 , pp. 285-307
    • Law, A.S.1    Logie, R.H.2    Pearson, D.G.3    Cantagallo, A.4    Moretti, E.5    Dimarco, F.6
  • 75
    • 84864619695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic influences on four measures of executive functions and their covariation with general cognitive ability: The older australian twins study
    • Lee, T., Mosing, M.A., Henry, J.D., Trollor, J.N., Ames, D., Martin, N.G., Sachdev, P.S., Genetic influences on four measures of executive functions and their covariation with general cognitive ability: The older australian twins study. Behavior Genetics 42 (2012), 528–538, 10.1007/s10519-012-9526-1.
    • (2012) Behavior Genetics , vol.42 , pp. 528-538
    • Lee, T.1    Mosing, M.A.2    Henry, J.D.3    Trollor, J.N.4    Ames, D.5    Martin, N.G.6    Sachdev, P.S.7
  • 76
    • 0004310754 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuropsychological assessment
    • Oxford University Press New York, NY
    • Lezak, M.D., Howieson, D.B., Bigler, E.D., Tranel, D., Neuropsychological assessment. 2012, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
    • (2012)
    • Lezak, M.D.1    Howieson, D.B.2    Bigler, E.D.3    Tranel, D.4
  • 77
    • 0033409958 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On selecting indicators for multivariate measurement and modeling with latent variables: When “good” indicators are bad and when “bad” indicators are good
    • Little, T.D., Lindenberger, U., Nesselroade, J.R., On selecting indicators for multivariate measurement and modeling with latent variables: When “good” indicators are bad and when “bad” indicators are good. Psychological Methods 4 (1999), 192–211, 10.1037/1082-989X.4.2.192.
    • (1999) Psychological Methods , vol.4 , pp. 192-211
    • Little, T.D.1    Lindenberger, U.2    Nesselroade, J.R.3
  • 78
    • 85047686232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive control of visual attention in dual-task situations
    • Logan, D., Gordon, R.D., Executive control of visual attention in dual-task situations. Psychological Review 108 (2001), 393–434, 10.1037/0033-295X.108.2.393.
    • (2001) Psychological Review , vol.108 , pp. 393-434
    • Logan, D.1    Gordon, R.D.2
  • 79
    • 3242686834 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is there a specific executive capacity for dual task coordination? Evidence from Alzheimer's disease
    • Logie, R.H., Cocchini, G., Della Sala, S., Baddeley, A.D., Is there a specific executive capacity for dual task coordination? Evidence from Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology 18 (2004), 504–513, 10.1037/0894-4105.18.3.504.
    • (2004) Neuropsychology , vol.18 , pp. 504-513
    • Logie, R.H.1    Cocchini, G.2    Della Sala, S.3    Baddeley, A.D.4
  • 80
    • 80155197353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Multitasking: Multiple, domain-specific cognitive functions in a virtual environment
    • Logie, R.H., Trawley, S., Law, A., Multitasking: Multiple, domain-specific cognitive functions in a virtual environment. Memory & Cognition 39 (2011), 1561–1574, 10.3758/s13421-011-0120-1.
    • (2011) Memory & Cognition , vol.39 , pp. 1561-1574
    • Logie, R.H.1    Trawley, S.2    Law, A.3
  • 81
    • 84899197054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multitasking myth: Handling complexity in real-world operations
    • Ashgate Publishing Limited Farnham, England
    • Loukopoulos, L.D., Dismukes, R.K., Barshi, I., The multitasking myth: Handling complexity in real-world operations. 2009, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Farnham, England.
    • (2009)
    • Loukopoulos, L.D.1    Dismukes, R.K.2    Barshi, I.3
  • 82
    • 84864107472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does media multitasking always hurt? A positive correlation between multitasking and multisensory integration
    • Lui, K.F.H., Wong, A.C.N., Does media multitasking always hurt? A positive correlation between multitasking and multisensory integration. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 19 (2012), 647–653, 10.3758/s13423-012-0245-7.
    • (2012) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.19 , pp. 647-653
    • Lui, K.F.H.1    Wong, A.C.N.2
  • 83
    • 84876164587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in multitasking reflect spatial ability
    • Mäntylä, T., Gender differences in multitasking reflect spatial ability. Psychological Science 24 (2013), 514–520, 10.1177/0956797612459660.
    • (2013) Psychological Science , vol.24 , pp. 514-520
    • Mäntylä, T.1
  • 85
    • 84865741938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention
    • McVay, J.C., Kane, M.J., Why does working memory capacity predict variation in reading comprehension? On the influence of mind wandering and executive attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 141 (2012), 302–320, 10.1037/a0025250.
    • (2012) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.141 , pp. 302-320
    • McVay, J.C.1    Kane, M.J.2
  • 86
    • 0035055740 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive process interactive control: A unified computational theory for answering 20 questions (and more) about cognitive ageing
    • Meyer, D.E., Glass, J.M., Mueller, S.T., Seymour, T.L., Kieras, D.E., Executive process interactive control: A unified computational theory for answering 20 questions (and more) about cognitive ageing. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 13 (2001), 123–164, 10.1080/09541440126246.
    • (2001) European Journal of Cognitive Psychology , vol.13 , pp. 123-164
    • Meyer, D.E.1    Glass, J.M.2    Mueller, S.T.3    Seymour, T.L.4    Kieras, D.E.5
  • 87
    • 84930509920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • “Just do it when you get a chance”: The effects of a background task on primary task performance
    • Miller, J.O., Durst, M., “Just do it when you get a chance”: The effects of a background task on primary task performance. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 76 (2014), 2560–2574, 10.3758/s13414-014-0730-3.
    • (2014) Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics , vol.76 , pp. 2560-2574
    • Miller, J.O.1    Durst, M.2
  • 88
    • 84942549752 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of the psychological refractory period and prioritized processing paradigms: Can the response-selection bottleneck model explain them both?
    • Miller, J., Durst, M., A comparison of the psychological refractory period and prioritized processing paradigms: Can the response-selection bottleneck model explain them both?. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human, Perception and Performance 41 (2015), 1420–1441, 10.1037/xhp0000103.
    • (2015) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human, Perception and Performance , vol.41 , pp. 1420-1441
    • Miller, J.1    Durst, M.2
  • 89
    • 84856455781 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions
    • Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., The nature and organization of individual differences in executive functions: Four general conclusions. Current Directions in Psychological Science 21 (2012), 8–14, 10.1177/0963721411429458.
    • (2012) Current Directions in Psychological Science , vol.21 , pp. 8-14
    • Miyake, A.1    Friedman, N.P.2
  • 90
    • 0034242442 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis
    • Miyake, A., Friedman, N.P., Emerson, M.J., Witzki, A.H., Howerter, A., Wager, T.D., The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex “Frontal Lobe” tasks: A latent variable analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41 (2000), 49–100, 10.1006/cogp.1999.0734.
    • (2000) Cognitive Psychology , vol.41 , pp. 49-100
    • Miyake, A.1    Friedman, N.P.2    Emerson, M.J.3    Witzki, A.H.4    Howerter, A.5    Wager, T.D.6
  • 91
    • 0037334647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Task switching
    • Monsell, S., Task switching. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7 (2003), 134–140, 10.1016/S1364-6613(03)00028-7.
    • (2003) Trends in Cognitive Sciences , vol.7 , pp. 134-140
    • Monsell, S.1
  • 92
    • 84880275108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in multitasking ability and adaptability
    • Morgan, B., D'Mello, S., Abbott, R., Radvansky, G., Haass, M., Tamplin, A., Individual differences in multitasking ability and adaptability. Human Factors 55 (2013), 776–788, 10.1177/0018720812470842.
    • (2013) Human Factors , vol.55 , pp. 776-788
    • Morgan, B.1    D'Mello, S.2    Abbott, R.3    Radvansky, G.4    Haass, M.5    Tamplin, A.6
  • 93
    • 85004809829 scopus 로고
    • Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive
    • Morris, N., Jones, D.M., Memory updating in working memory: The role of the central executive. British Journal of Psychology 81 (1990), 111–121, 10.1111/j.2044-8295.1990.tb02349.x.
    • (1990) British Journal of Psychology , vol.81 , pp. 111-121
    • Morris, N.1    Jones, D.M.2
  • 94
    • 85065706695 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive processes (pp. 571–623). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Kerns, K. The development of executive function. In L. S. Liben, U. Müller & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science
    • Müller, U., & Kerns, K. (2015). The development of executive function. In L. S. Liben, U. Müller & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology and developmental science, Vol. 2: Cognitive processes (pp. 571–623). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
    • (2015) , vol.2
    • Müller, U.1
  • 95
    • 0036583139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Queuing or sharing? A critical evaluation of the single bottleneck notion
    • Navon, D., Miller, J., Queuing or sharing? A critical evaluation of the single bottleneck notion. Cognitive Psychology 44 (2002), 193–251, 10.1006/cogp.2001.0767.
    • (2002) Cognitive Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 193-251
    • Navon, D.1    Miller, J.2
  • 97
    • 41949121425 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Individual differences in working memory capacity and reasoning ability
    • A.R.A. Conway C. Jarrold M.J. Kane A. Miyake J.N. Towse Oxford University Press New York, NY
    • Oberauer, K., Süß, H., Wilhelm, O., Sander, N., Individual differences in working memory capacity and reasoning ability. Conway, A.R.A., Jarrold, C., Kane, M.J., Miyake, A., Towse, J.N., (eds.) Variation in working memory, 2007, Oxford University Press, New York, NY, 49–75.
    • (2007) Variation in working memory , pp. 49-75
    • Oberauer, K.1    Süß, H.2    Wilhelm, O.3    Sander, N.4
  • 98
  • 100
    • 84947032768 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The development of a short domain-general measure of working memory capacity
    • Oswald, F.L., McAbee, S.T., Redick, T.S., Hambrick, D.Z., The development of a short domain-general measure of working memory capacity. Behavior Research Methods 47 (2015), 1343–1355, 10.3758/s13428-014-0543-2.
    • (2015) Behavior Research Methods , vol.47 , pp. 1343-1355
    • Oswald, F.L.1    McAbee, S.T.2    Redick, T.S.3    Hambrick, D.Z.4
  • 101
    • 0028502653 scopus 로고
    • Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory
    • Pashler, H., Dual-task interference in simple tasks: Data and theory. Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994), 220–244, 10.1037/0033-2909.116.2.220.
    • (1994) Psychological Bulletin , vol.116 , pp. 220-244
    • Pashler, H.1
  • 102
    • 0001915141 scopus 로고
    • Measurement and control of response bias
    • J.P. Robinson P.R. Shaver L.S. Wrightman Academic Press San Diego, CA
    • Paulhus, D.L., Measurement and control of response bias. Robinson, J.P., Shaver, P.R., Wrightman, L.S., (eds.) Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes, 1991, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, 17–59.
    • (1991) Measures of personality and social psychological attitudes , pp. 17-59
    • Paulhus, D.L.1
  • 103
    • 0030612832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The video toolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies
    • Pelli, D.G., The video toolbox software for visual psychophysics: Transforming numbers into movies. Spatial Vision 10 (1997), 437–442, 10.1163/156856897X00366.
    • (1997) Spatial Vision , vol.10 , pp. 437-442
    • Pelli, D.G.1
  • 104
    • 43249116551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mixing costs and switch costs when switching stimulus dimensions in serial predictions
    • Philipp, A.M., Kalinich, C., Koch, I., Schubotz, R.I., Mixing costs and switch costs when switching stimulus dimensions in serial predictions. Psychological Research 72 (2008), 405–414, 10.1007/s00426-008-0150-x.
    • (2008) Psychological Research , vol.72 , pp. 405-414
    • Philipp, A.M.1    Kalinich, C.2    Koch, I.3    Schubotz, R.I.4
  • 105
    • 85026894284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory capacity predicts effective multitasking
    • Pollard, M.A., Courage, M.L., Working memory capacity predicts effective multitasking. Computers in Human Behavior 76 (2017), 450–462, 10.1016/j.chb.2017.08.008.
    • (2017) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.76 , pp. 450-462
    • Pollard, M.A.1    Courage, M.L.2
  • 106
    • 85065732982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from
    • R Development Core Team (2015). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from http://www.R-project.org/.
    • (2015)
  • 107
    • 0035716745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Working memory and situational model updating
    • Radvansky, G.A., Copeland, D.E., Working memory and situational model updating. Memory & Cognition 29 (2001), 1073–1080, 10.3758/BF03206375.
    • (2001) Memory & Cognition , vol.29 , pp. 1073-1080
    • Radvansky, G.A.1    Copeland, D.E.2
  • 108
    • 84992450936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relation of working memory and multitasking: Memory span and synthetic work performance
    • Redick, T.S., On the relation of working memory and multitasking: Memory span and synthetic work performance. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 5 (2016), 401–409, 10.1016/j.jarmac.2016.05.003.
    • (2016) Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition , vol.5 , pp. 401-409
    • Redick, T.S.1
  • 110
  • 111
    • 84889582158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex span and n-back measures of working memory: A meta-analysis
    • Redick, T.S., Lindsey, D.R.B., Complex span and n-back measures of working memory: A meta-analysis. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 20 (2013), 1102–1113, 10.3758/s13423-013-0453-9.
    • (2013) Psychonomic Bulletin & Review , vol.20 , pp. 1102-1113
    • Redick, T.S.1    Lindsey, D.R.B.2
  • 113
    • 85031741996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the relationship between executive functions of working memory and components derived from fluid intelligence measures
    • Ren, X., Schweizer, K., Wang, T., Chu, P., Gong, Q., On the relationship between executive functions of working memory and components derived from fluid intelligence measures. Acta Psychologica 40 (2017), 79–87, 10.1016/j.actpsy.2017.09.002.
    • (2017) Acta Psychologica , vol.40 , pp. 79-87
    • Ren, X.1    Schweizer, K.2    Wang, T.3    Chu, P.4    Gong, Q.5
  • 114
    • 85030032293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Should we stop thinking about inhibition? Searching for individual and age differences in inhibition ability
    • Rey-Mermet, A., Gade, M., Oberauer, K., Should we stop thinking about inhibition? Searching for individual and age differences in inhibition ability. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 44 (2018), 501–526, 10.1037/xlm0000450.
    • (2018) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition , vol.44 , pp. 501-526
    • Rey-Mermet, A.1    Gade, M.2    Oberauer, K.3
  • 116
    • 0344287524 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults
    • Salthouse, T.A., Atkinson, T.M., Berish, D.E., Executive functioning as a potential mediator of age-related cognitive decline in normal adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 132 (2003), 566–594, 10.1037/0096-3445.132.4.566.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.132 , pp. 566-594
    • Salthouse, T.A.1    Atkinson, T.M.2    Berish, D.E.3
  • 117
    • 39049146131 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking
    • Salvucci, D.D., Taatgen, N.A., Threaded cognition: An integrated theory of concurrent multitasking. Psychological Review 115 (2008), 101–130.
    • (2008) Psychological Review , vol.115 , pp. 101-130
    • Salvucci, D.D.1    Taatgen, N.A.2
  • 118
    • 77954017207 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The multitasking mind
    • Oxford University Press New York, NY
    • Salvucci, D.D., Taatgen, N.A., The multitasking mind. 2011, Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
    • (2011)
    • Salvucci, D.D.1    Taatgen, N.A.2
  • 119
    • 84872767270 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking
    • Sanbonmatsu, D.M., Strayer, D.L., Medeiros-Ward, N., Watson, J.M., Who multi-tasks and why? Multi-tasking ability, perceived multi-tasking ability, impulsivity, and sensation seeking. PLOS ONE, 8, 2013, e54402, 10.1371/journal.pone.0054402.
    • (2013) PLOS ONE , vol.8 , pp. e54402
    • Sanbonmatsu, D.M.1    Strayer, D.L.2    Medeiros-Ward, N.3    Watson, J.M.4
  • 121
    • 84870906811 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contribution of working memory to divided attention
    • Santangelo, V., Macaluso, E., The contribution of working memory to divided attention. Human Brain Mapping 34 (2013), 158–175, 10.1002/hbm.21430.
    • (2013) Human Brain Mapping , vol.34 , pp. 158-175
    • Santangelo, V.1    Macaluso, E.2
  • 122
    • 84901588271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual n-back non-verbal (NBN)
    • Schuhfried Gmbh Mödling, Austria
    • Schellig, D., Schuri, U., Arendasy, M., Manual n-back non-verbal (NBN). 2011, Schuhfried Gmbh, Mödling, Austria.
    • (2011)
    • Schellig, D.1    Schuri, U.2    Arendasy, M.3
  • 124
    • 85065715084 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual interference test (STROOP)
    • Schuhfried Gmbh Mödling, Austria
    • Schuhfried, G., Manual interference test (STROOP). 2011, Schuhfried Gmbh, Mödling, Austria.
    • (2011)
    • Schuhfried, G.1
  • 125
    • 85038124113 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functions in the context of complex learning: Malleable moderators?
    • Schwaighofer, M., Bühner, M., Fischer, F., Executive functions in the context of complex learning: Malleable moderators?. Frontline Learning Research 5 (2017), 58–75 https://doi.org/10.14786/flr.v5i1.268.
    • (2017) Frontline Learning Research , vol.5 , pp. 58-75
    • Schwaighofer, M.1    Bühner, M.2    Fischer, F.3
  • 126
    • 1642379613 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing multitasking in children with ADHD using a modified Six Elements Test
    • Siklos, S., Kerns, K., Assessing multitasking in children with ADHD using a modified Six Elements Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 19 (2004), 347–361, 10.1016/S0887-6177(03)00071-4.
    • (2004) Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology , vol.19 , pp. 347-361
    • Siklos, S.1    Kerns, K.2
  • 127
    • 84899842016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expectations for replications: Are yours realistic?
    • Stanley, D.J., Spence, J.R., Expectations for replications: Are yours realistic?. Perspectives on Psychological Science 9 (2014), 305–318, 10.1177/1745691614528518.
    • (2014) Perspectives on Psychological Science , vol.9 , pp. 305-318
    • Stanley, D.J.1    Spence, J.R.2
  • 128
    • 57049145197 scopus 로고
    • Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions
    • Stroop, J.R., Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 18 (1935), 643–662, 10.1037/h0054651.
    • (1935) Journal of Experimental Psychology: General , vol.18 , pp. 643-662
    • Stroop, J.R.1
  • 129
    • 85065713522 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Manual perception and attention functions: Divided attention (WAFG)
    • Schuhfried Gmbh Mödling, Austria
    • Sturm, W., Manual perception and attention functions: Divided attention (WAFG). 2008, Schuhfried Gmbh, Mödling, Austria.
    • (2008)
    • Sturm, W.1
  • 130
    • 0015278316 scopus 로고
    • Unity and diversity of frontal lobe functions
    • Teuber, H.-L., Unity and diversity of frontal lobe functions. Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 32 (1972), 615–656.
    • (1972) Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis , vol.32 , pp. 615-656
    • Teuber, H.-L.1
  • 131
    • 50549088358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Subcortical contributions to multitasking and response inhibition
    • Thoma, P., Koch, B., Heyder, K., Schwarz, M., Daum, I., Subcortical contributions to multitasking and response inhibition. Behavioural Brain Research 194 (2008), 214–222, 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.07.016.
    • (2008) Behavioural Brain Research , vol.194 , pp. 214-222
    • Thoma, P.1    Koch, B.2    Heyder, K.3    Schwarz, M.4    Daum, I.5
  • 132
    • 84922887013 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Age-related differences in multiple task monitoring
    • Todorov, I., Missier, D.F., Mäntylä, T., Age-related differences in multiple task monitoring. PLOS ONE, 9, 2014, e107619, 10.1371/journal.pone.0107619.
    • (2014) PLOS ONE , vol.9 , pp. e107619
    • Todorov, I.1    Missier, D.F.2    Mäntylä, T.3
  • 133
    • 78650788337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relative importance analyses: A useful supplement to multiple regression analyses
    • Tonidandel, S., LeBreton, J.M., Relative importance analyses: A useful supplement to multiple regression analyses. Journal of Business and Psychology 26 (2011), 1–9, 10.1007/s10869-010-9204-3.
    • (2011) Journal of Business and Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 1-9
    • Tonidandel, S.1    LeBreton, J.M.2
  • 134
    • 84895100721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • RWA-Web: A free, comprehensive, web-based, and user-friendly tool for relative weight analyses
    • Tonidandel, S., Lebreton, J.M., RWA-Web: A free, comprehensive, web-based, and user-friendly tool for relative weight analyses. Journal of Business and Psychology 30 (2015), 207–216, 10.1007/s10869-014-9351-z.
    • (2015) Journal of Business and Psychology , vol.30 , pp. 207-216
    • Tonidandel, S.1    Lebreton, J.M.2
  • 135
    • 33846313973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory
    • Unsworth, N., Engle, R.W., The nature of individual differences in working memory capacity: Active maintenance in primary memory and controlled search from secondary memory. Psychological Review 114 (2007), 104–132, 10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.104.
    • (2007) Psychological Review , vol.114 , pp. 104-132
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 136
    • 35648992459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities
    • Unsworth, N., Engle, R.W., On the division of short-term and working memory: An examination of simple and complex span and their relation to higher order abilities. Psychological Bulletin 133 (2007), 1038–1066, 10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.1038.
    • (2007) Psychological Bulletin , vol.133 , pp. 1038-1066
    • Unsworth, N.1    Engle, R.W.2
  • 137
    • 70849129462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage
    • Unsworth, N., Redick, T.S., Heitz, R.P., Broadway, J.M., Engle, R.W., Complex working memory span tasks and higher-order cognition: A latent-variable analysis of the relationship between processing and storage. Memory 17 (2009), 635–654, 10.1080/09658210902998047.
    • (2009) Memory , vol.17 , pp. 635-654
    • Unsworth, N.1    Redick, T.S.2    Heitz, R.P.3    Broadway, J.M.4    Engle, R.W.5
  • 139
    • 84869854658 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Doing it all at once: Multitasking as a predictor of call center agents’ performance and performance based dismissal
    • van der Horst, A.C., Klehe, U., van Leeuwen, L., Doing it all at once: Multitasking as a predictor of call center agents’ performance and performance based dismissal. International Journal of Selection and Assessment 20 (2012), 434–441, 10.1111/ijsa.12006.
    • (2012) International Journal of Selection and Assessment , vol.20 , pp. 434-441
    • van der Horst, A.C.1    Klehe, U.2    van Leeuwen, L.3
  • 141
    • 34547609870 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic
    • van der Sluis, S., de Jong, P.F., van der Leij, A., Executive functioning in children, and its relations with reasoning, reading, and arithmetic. Intelligence 35 (2007), 427–449, 10.1016/j.intell.2006.09.001.
    • (2007) Intelligence , vol.35 , pp. 427-449
    • van der Sluis, S.1    de Jong, P.F.2    van der Leij, A.3
  • 142
    • 0032378006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery
    • Velicer, W.F., Fava, J.L., Effects of variable and subject sampling on factor pattern recovery. Psychological Methods 3 (1998), 231–251, 10.1037/1082-989X.3.2.231.
    • (1998) Psychological Methods , vol.3 , pp. 231-251
    • Velicer, W.F.1    Fava, J.L.2
  • 143
    • 84876744231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity
    • von Bastian, C.C., Oberauer, K., Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity. Journal of Memory and Language 69 (2013), 36–58, 10.1016/j.jml.2013.02.002.
    • (2013) Journal of Memory and Language , vol.69 , pp. 36-58
    • von Bastian, C.C.1    Oberauer, K.2
  • 145
    • 0014188555 scopus 로고
    • Single-channel operation in the brain
    • Welford, A.T., Single-channel operation in the brain. Acta Psychologica 27 (1967), 5–22, 10.1016/0001-6918(67)90040-6.
    • (1967) Acta Psychologica , vol.27 , pp. 5-22
    • Welford, A.T.1
  • 146
    • 0011000263 scopus 로고
    • Interference in identifying attributes and attribute names
    • White, B.W., Interference in identifying attributes and attribute names. Perception & Psychophysics 6 (1969), 166–168, 10.3758/BF03210086.
    • (1969) Perception & Psychophysics , vol.6 , pp. 166-168
    • White, B.W.1
  • 147
    • 42049094398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. latent structure
    • Wiebe, S.A., Espy, K.A., Charak, D., Using confirmatory factor analysis to understand executive control in preschool children: I. latent structure. Developmental Psychology 44 (2008), 575–587, 10.1037/0012-1649.44.2.575.
    • (2008) Developmental Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 575-587
    • Wiebe, S.A.1    Espy, K.A.2    Charak, D.3
  • 148
    • 0142087861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modern robust data analysis methods: Measures of central tendency
    • Wilcox, R.R., Keselman, H.J., Modern robust data analysis methods: Measures of central tendency. Psychological Methods 8 (2003), 254–274, 10.1037/1082-989X.8.3.254.
    • (2003) Psychological Methods , vol.8 , pp. 254-274
    • Wilcox, R.R.1    Keselman, H.J.2
  • 149
    • 84882645585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is working memory capacity, and how can we measure it?
    • Wilhelm, O., Hildebrandt, A., Oberauer, K., What is working memory capacity, and how can we measure it?. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 2013, 433, 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00433.
    • (2013) Frontiers in Psychology , vol.4 , pp. 433
    • Wilhelm, O.1    Hildebrandt, A.2    Oberauer, K.3
  • 150
    • 79953787233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Components and developmental differences of executive functioning for school-aged children
    • Wu, K.K., Chan, S.K., Leung, P.W.L., Liu, W.-S., Leung, F.L.T., Ng, R., Components and developmental differences of executive functioning for school-aged children. Developmental Neuropsychology 36 (2011), 319–337, 10.1080/87565641.2010.549979.
    • (2011) Developmental Neuropsychology , vol.36 , pp. 319-337
    • Wu, K.K.1    Chan, S.K.2    Leung, P.W.L.3    Liu, W.-S.4    Leung, F.L.T.5    Ng, R.6
  • 151
    • 0026233813 scopus 로고
    • Coordinating cognitive information: Task effects and individual differences in integrating information from several sources
    • Yee, P.L., Hunt, E., Pellegrino, J.W., Coordinating cognitive information: Task effects and individual differences in integrating information from several sources. Cognitive Psychology 23 (1991), 615–680, 10.1016/0010-0285(91)90007-B.
    • (1991) Cognitive Psychology , vol.23 , pp. 615-680
    • Yee, P.L.1    Hunt, E.2    Pellegrino, J.W.3
  • 152
    • 0002174087 scopus 로고
    • Directed ignoring: Inhibitory regulation of working memory
    • D. Dagenbach T.H. Carr Academic Press New York, NY
    • Zacks, R.T., Hasher, L., Directed ignoring: Inhibitory regulation of working memory. Dagenbach, D., Carr, T.H., (eds.) Inhibitory mechanisms in attention, memory, and language, 1994, Academic Press, New York, NY, 241–264.
    • (1994) Inhibitory mechanisms in attention, memory, and language , pp. 241-264
    • Zacks, R.T.1    Hasher, L.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.