Empathy-related responding in children

Handbook of Moral Development, Second Edition

Volumn , Issue , 2013, Pages 184-207

  Eisenberg, Nancy ^a   Spinrad, Tracy L ^a   Morris, Amanda ^b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b OKLAHOMA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85059457760     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.4324/9780203581957     Document Type: Chapter

References (133)

1. Adams, G. R. (1983). Social competence during adolescence: Social sensitivity, locus of control, empathy, and peer popularity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 12, 203-211.
2. Anastassiou-Hadjicharalambous, X., & Warden, D. (2008). Physiologically-indexed and selfperceived affective empathy in conduct-disordered children high and low on callousunemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 39, 503-517.
3. Barchia, K., & Bussey, K. (2011). Predictors of student defenders of peer aggression victims: Empathy and social cognitive factors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 289-297.
4. Barnett, M. A., King, L. M., Howard, J. A., & Dino, G. A. (1980). Empathy in young children: Relation to parents’ empathy, affection, and emphasis on the feelings of others. Developmental Psychology, 16, 243-244.
5. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Blum, L. A. (1980). Friendship, altruism and morality. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
7. Bryant, B. K. (1987). Mental health, temperament, family, and friends: Perspectives on children’s empathy and social perspective taking. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 245-270). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
8. Carlo, G., Hausmann, A., Christiansen, S., & Randall, B. A. (2003). Sociocognitive and behavioral correlates of a measure of prosocial tendencies for adolescents. Journal of Early Adolescence, 23, 107-134.
9. Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., Goodvin, R., & Roesch, S. C. (2010). The developmental relations between perspective taking and prosocial behaviors: A meta-analytic examination of the task-specificity hypothesis. In W. Sokol, U. Muller, J. M. I. Carpendale, A. R. Young, & G. Iarocci (Eds.), Self-and social regulation (pp. 234-269). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
10. Carlo, G., Knight, G. P., McGinley, M., & Hayes, R. (2011). The roles of parental inductions, moral emotions, and moral cognitions in prosocial tendencies among Mexican American and European American early adolescents. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 31(6), 757-781. doi: 10.1177/0272431610373100
11. Carlo, G., McGinley, M., Hayes, R., Batenhorst, C., & Wilkinson, J. (2007). Parenting styles or practices? Parenting, sympathy, and prosocial behaviors among adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology: Research and Theory on Human Development, 168(2), 147-176. doi: 10.3200/GNTP.168.2.147-176
12. Carlo, G., Mestre, M. V., Samper, P., Tur, A., & Armenta, B. E. (2011). The longitudinal relations among dimensions of parenting styles, sympathy, prosocial moral reasoning and prosocial behaviors. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 35, 116-124. doi: 10.1177/0165025410375921
13. Cohen, D., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy in conduct-disordered and comparison youth. Developmental Psychology, 32, 988-998.
14. Compas, B. E., Connor-Smith, J. K., Saltzman, H., Thompson, A. H., & Wadsworth, M. E. (2001). Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence: Problems, progress, and potential in theory and research. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 87-127.
15. Davidov, M., & Grusec, J. E. (2006). Untangling the links of parental responsiveness to distress and warmth to child outcomes. Child development, 77(1), 44-58. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00855.x
16. Davis, M. H., & Franzoi, S. (1991). Stability and change in adolescent self-consciousness and empathy. Journal of Research in Personality, 25, 70-87.
17. Decety, J., & Michalska, K. J. (2010). Neurodevelopmental changes in the circuits underlying empathy and sympathy from childhood to adulthood. Developmental Science, 13, 886-899.
18. Dondi, M., Simion, F., & Caltran, G. (1999). Can newborns discriminate between their own cry and the cry of another newborn? Developmental Psychology, 35, 418-426.
19. Donohue, K. M., Perry, K. E., & Weinstein, R. S. (2003). Teachers’ classroom practices and children’s rejection by their peers. Applied Developmental Psychology, 24, 91-118.
20. Dunn, J., & Brown, J. (1994). Affect expression in the family, children’s understanding of emotions, and their interactions with others. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 120-137.
21. Dunn, J., Brown, J., & Beardsall, L. (1991). Family talk about feeling states and children’s later understanding of others’ emotions. Developmental Psychology, 27, 448-455.
22. Dunn, J., Brown, J., Slomkowski, C., Tesla, C., & Youngblade, L. (1991). Young children’s understanding of other people’s feelings and beliefs: Individual differences and their antecedents. Child Development, 62, 1352-1366.
23. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition, and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
24. Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B., & Van Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 911-936.
25. Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., & Shepard, S. A. (2005). Age changes in prosocial responding and moral reasoning in adolescence and early adulthood. Journal of Research in Adolescence, 15, 235-260. doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2005.00095.x
26. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, assessment, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131-149.
27. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1995). The relation of young children’s vicarious emotional responding to social competence, regulation, and emotionality. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 203-229.
28. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley.
29. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Bustamante, D., Mathy, R. M., Miller, P., Lindholm, E. (1988). Differentiation of vicariously-induced emotional reactions in children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 237-246.
30. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Speer, A. L., Switzer, G., Karbon, M., & Troyer, D. (1993). The relations of empathy-related emotions and maternal practices to children’s comforting behavior. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 55, 131-150.
31. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Carlo, G., Troyer, D., Speer, A. L., Karbon, M., & Switzer, G. (1992). The relations of maternal practices and characteristics to children’s vicarious emotional responsiveness. Child Development, 63, 583-602.
32. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Karbon, M., Murphy, B.C., Carlo, G., & Wosinski, M. (1996). Relations of school children’s comforting behavior to empathy-related reactions and shyness. Social Development, 5, 330-351.
33. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Miller, P. A., Fultz, J., Mathy, R. M., Shell, R., & Reno, R. R. (1989). The relations of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: A multimethod study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 55-66.
34. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Smith, M., & Maszk, P. (1996). The relations of children’s dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 32, 195-209.
35. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Carlo, G., & Miller, P. A. (1991). The relations of parental characteristics and practices to children’s vicarious emotional responding. Child Development, 62, 1393-1408.
36. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., & Miller, P. A. (1989). Sympathy and personal distress: Development, gender differences, and interrelations of indexes. New Directions in Child Development, 44, 107-126.
37. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Murphy, B. C., Jones, S., & Guthrie I. K. (1998). Contemporaneous and longitudinal prediction of children’s sympathy from dispositional regulation and emotionality. Developmental Psychology, 34, 910-924.
38. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial behavior. In W. Damon & R. M. Lerner (Series Eds.) & N. Eisenberg (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (6th ed., pp. 646-718). New York: Wiley.
39. Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Gender differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin, 94, 100-131.
40. Eisenberg, N., Liew, J., & Pidada, S. (2001). The relations of parental emotional expressivity with the quality of Indonesian children’s social functioning. Emotion, 1, 107-115.
41. Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S., Fabes, R. A., Guthrie, I. K., Reiser, M., Murphy, B. C., Padgett, S. J. (2001). Parental socialization of children’s dysregulated expression of emotion and externalizing problems. Journal of Family Psychology, 15, 183-205.
42. Eisenberg, N., & McNally, S. (1993). Socialization and mothers' and adolescents' empathy-related characteristics. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 3, 171-191. doi:10.1207/s15327795jra0302_4
43. Eisenberg, N., Michalik, N., Spinrad, T. L., Hofer, C., Kupfer, A., Valiente, C., Reiser, M. (2007). Relations of effortful control and impulsivity to children’s sympathy: A longitudinal study. Cognitive Development, 22, 544-567. doi: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2007.08.003
44. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
45. Eisenberg, N., Schaller, M., Fabes, R. A., Bustamante, D., Mathy, R., Shell, R., & Rhodes, K. (1988). The differentiation of personal distress and sympathy in children and adults. Developmental Psychology, 24, 766-775.
46. Eisenberg, N., Shea, C. L., Carlo, G., & Knight, G. (1991). Empathy-related responding and cognition: A “chicken and the egg” dilemma. In W. Kurtines & J. Gewirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 2. Research (pp. 63-88). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
47. Eisenberg, N., Zhou, Q., & Koller, S. (2001). Brazilian adolescents’ prosocial moral judgment and behavior: Relations to sympathy, perspective taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics. Child Development, 72, 518-534.
48. Eisenberg-Berg, N., & Lennon, R. (1980). Altruism and the assessment of empathy in the preschool years. Child Development, 51, 552-557.
49. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Eisenbud, L. (1993). Behavioral and physiological correlates of children’s reactions to others’ distress. Developmental Psychology, 29, 655-663.
50. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Bernzweig, J., Speer, A. L., & Carlo, G. (1994). Socialization of children’s vicarious emotional responding and prosocial behavior: Relations with mothers’ perceptions of children’s emotional reactivity. Developmental Psychology, 30, 44-55.
51. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1990). Maternal correlates of children’s vicarious emotional responsiveness. Developmental Psychology, 26, 639-648.
52. Farrow, T. F. D. (2007). Neuroimaging of empathy. In T. Farrow & P. Woodruff (Eds.), Empathy in mental illness (pp. 201-216). New York: Cambridge University Press.
53. Feldman, R. (2007a). Mother-infant synchrony and the development of moral orientation in childhood and adolescence: Direct and indirect mechanisms of developmental continuity. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(4), 582-597. doi: 10.1037/0002-9432.77.4.582
54. Feldman, R. (2007b). Parent-infant synchrony and the construction of shared timing: Physiological precursors, developmental outcomes, and risk conditions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 48(3-4), 329-354. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2006.01701.x
55. Feshbach, N. D. (1975). The relationship of child-rearing factors to children’s aggression, empathy, and related positive and negative behaviors. In J. DeWit & W. W. Hartup (Eds.), Determinants and origins of aggressive behavior (pp. 426-436). The Hague, Netherlands: Mouton.
56. Garner, P. W. (2003). Child and family correlates of toddlers’ emotional and behavioral responses to a mishap. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24(6), 580-596. doi: 10.1002/imhj.10076
57. Gill, K. L., & Calkins, S. D. (2003). Do aggressive/destructive toddlers lack concern for others? Behavioral and physiological indicators of empathic responding in 2-year-old children. Development and Psychopathology, 15, 85-91.
58. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoe, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents’ bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467-476.
59. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoe, G. (2008). Determinants of adolescents’ active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93-105. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.05.002
60. Gottman, J. M., Katz, L. F., & Hooven, C. (1997). Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
61. Guthrie, I. K., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B. C., Holmgren, R. T., & Suh, K. (1997). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children’s situational empathy-related responding. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 87-108.
62. Halberstadt, A. G., Crisp, V. W., & Eaton, K. L. (1999). Family expressiveness: A retrospective and new directions for research. In P. Philippot, R. S. Feldman, & E. Coats (Eds.), The social context of nonverbal behavior (pp. 109-155). New York: Cambridge University Press.
63. Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36, 531-546.
64. Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
65. Hume, D. (1975). Enquiry into the human understanding (P. Nidditch, Ed.). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press. (Original work published 1748)
66. Janssens, J. M. A. M., & Gerris, J. R. M. (1992). Child rearing, empathy and prosocial development. In J. M. A. M. Janssens & J. R. M. Gerris (Eds.), Child rearing: Influence on prosocial and moral development (pp. 57-75). Amsterdam: Swets & Zeitlinger.
67. Johnson, D. B. (1982). Altruistic behavior and the development of self in infants. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 28, 379-388.
68. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? Journal of Adolescence, 34, 59-71.
69. Kalliopuska, M. (1984). Relation between children’s and parents’ empathy. Psychological Reports, 54, 295-299.
70. Karniol, R., Gabay, R., & Ochion, Y. (1998). Is gender or gender-role orientation a better predictor of empathy in adolescence? Sex Roles, 3, 45-59.
71. Kartner, J., Keller, H., & Chaudhary, N. (2010). Cognitive and social influences on early prosocial behavior in two sociocultural contexts. Developmental Psychology, 46, 905-914. doi: 10.1037/a0019718
72. Kestenbaum, R., Farber, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (1989). Individual differences in empathy among preschoolers: Relation to attachment history. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), New directions for child development: Vol. 44. Empathy and related emotional responses (pp. 51-64). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
73. Kiang, L., Moreno, A. J., & Robinson, J. L. (2004). Maternal preconceptions about parenting predict child temperament, maternal sensitivity, and children’s empathy. Developmental psychology, 40(6), 1081-1092. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.1081
74. Kienbaum, J. (2001). The socialization of compassionate behavior by child care teachers. Early Education & Development, 12, 138-153.
75. Knafo, A., Israel, S., & Ebstein, R. P. (2011). Heritability of children’s prosocial behavior and differential susceptibility to parenting by variation in the dopamine receptor D4 gene. Development and Psychopathology, 23, 53-67. doi: 10.1017/S0954579410000647
76. Knafo, A., & Plomin, R. (2006). Prosocial behavior from early to middle childhood: Genetic and environmental influences on stability and change. Developmental Psychology, 42, 771-786. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.5.771
77. Knafo, A., Zahn-Waxler, C., Davidov, M., Van Hulle, C., Robinson, J., & Rhee, S. H. (2009). Empathy in early childhood: Genetic, environmental and affective contributions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1167, 103-114. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04540.x
78. Knafo, A., Zahn-Waxler, C., Van Hulle, C., Robinson, J. L., & Rhee, S. H. (2008). The developmental origins of a disposition toward empathy: Genetic and environmental contributions. Emotion, 8, 737-752. doi: 10.1037/a0014179
79. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
80. Krevans, J., & Gibbs, J. C. (1996). Parents’ use of inductive discipline: Relations to children’s empathy and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 3263-3277.
81. Laible, D. J., Carlo, G., & Raffaelli, M. (2000). The differential relations of parent and peer attachment to adolescent adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 29(1), 45-59. doi: 10.1023/A:1005169004882
82. Laible, D. J, Carlo, G., & Roesch, S.C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: The role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviours. Journal of Adolescence, 27(6), 703-716. doi: 10.1016
83. Laible, D., Eye, J., & Carlo, G. (2008). Dimensions of conscience in mid-adolescence: Links with social behavior, parenting, and temperament. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(7), 875-887. doi: 10.1007/s10964-008-9277-8
84. Lennon, R., & Eisenberg, N. (1987). Gender and age differences in empathy and sympathy. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 195-217). New York: Cambridge University Press.
85. Liew, J., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., Haugen, R. G., Kupfer, A., Reiser, M. R., Smith, C. L., Lemery-Chalfant, K., & Baham, M. E. (2011). Physiological regulation and fearfulness as predictors of young children’s empathy-related reactions. Social Development, 20, 111-134. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2010.00575.x
86. Light, S. N., Coan, J. A., Zahn-Waxler, C., Frye, C., Goldsmith, H. H., & Davidson, R. J. (2009). Empathy is associated with dynamic change in prefrontal brain electrical activity during positive emotion in children. Child Development, 80, 1210-1231.
87. Lopez, N. L., Bonenberger, J. L., & Schneider, H. G. (2001). Parental disciplinary history, current levels of empathy, and moral reasoning in young adults. North American Journal of Psychology, 3(1), 193-204.
88. Lovett, B. J., Sheffield, R. A. (2007). Affective empathy deficits in aggressive children and adolescents: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 1-13.
89. Malti, T., Gummerman, M., Keller, M., & Buchmann, M. (2009). Children’s moral motivation, sympathy, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 80, 442-460. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01271.x
90. Martin, C. L. (1987). A ratio measure of sex stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 489-499.
91. Mayberry, M. L., & Espelage, D. I. (2007). Associations among empathy, social competence, and reactive/proactive aggression subtypes. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 787-798.
92. Michalik, N. M., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Ladd, B., Thompson, M., & Valiente, C. (2007). Longitudinal relations among parental emotional expressivity and sympathy and prosocial behavior in adolescence. Social development, 286-309. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00385.x
93. Miller, P., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggression and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
94. Moreno, A. J., Klute, M. M., & Robinson, J. L. (2008). Relational and individual resources as predictors of empathy in early childhood. Social Development, 17(3), 613-637. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00441.x
95. Mulder, N. (1996). Inside Indonesian society: Cultural change in Indonesia. Amsterdam, Netherlands: The Pepin Press.
96. Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., & Guthrie, I. K. (1999). Contemporaneous and longitudinal relations of dispositional sympathy to emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 66-97.
97. Olweus, D., & Endresen, I. M. (1998). The importance of sex-of-stimulus object: Age trends and sex differences in empathic responsiveness. Social Development, 7, 370-388.
98. Phinney, J., Feshbach, N., & Farver, J. (1986). Preschool children’s responses to peer crying. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 1, 207-219.
99. Radke-Yarrow, M., Zahn-Waxler, C., Richardson, D. T., Susman, A., & Martinez, P. (1994). Caring behavior in children of clinically depressed and well mothers. Child Development, 65, 1405-1414.
100. Roberts, W., & Strayer, J. (1996). Empathy, emotional expressiveness, and prosocial behavior. Child Development, 67, 449-470.
101. Robinson, J. L., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Emde, R. N. (1994). Patterns of development in early empathic behavior: Environmental and child constitutional influences. Social Development, 3, 125-145.
102. Robinson, J. L., Zahn-Waxler, C., & Emde, R. N. (2001). Relationships context as a moderator of sources of individual differences in empathic development. In R. N. Emde & J. K. Hewitt (Eds.), Infancy to early childhood: Genetic and environmental influences on developmental change (pp. 257-268). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
103. Roth-Hanania, R., Davidov, M., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (2011). Empathy development from 8 to 16 months: Early signs of concern for others. Infant Behavior & Development, 34, 447-458. doi: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.04.007
104. Sallquist, J., Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., Eggum, N. D., & Garetner, B. M. (2009). Assessment of preschoolers’ positive empathy: Concurrent and longitudinal relations with positive emotion, social competence, and sympathy. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 4, 223-233.
105. Simner, M. L. (1971). Newborn’s responses to the cry of another infant. Developmental Psychology, 5, 136-150.
106. Spinrad, T. L., & Stifter, C. A. (2006). Toddlers’ empathy-related responding to distress: Predictions from negative emotionality and maternal behavior in infancy. Infancy, 10(2), 97-121. doi: 10.1207/s15327078in1002
107. Staub, E. (1992). The origins of caring, helping, and nonaggression: Parental socialization, the family system, schools, and cultural influence. In P. M. Oliner, L. Baron, L. A. Blum, D. L. Krebs, & M. Z. Smolenska (Eds.), Embracing the other: Philosophical, psychological, and historical perspectives on altruism (pp. 390-412). New York: New York University Press.
108. Stavrinides, P., Georgiou, S., & Theofanous, V. (2010). Bullying and empathy: A short-term longitudinal investigation. Educational Psychology, 30, 793-802.
109. Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (1989). Children’s empathy and role taking: Child and parental factors, and relations to prosocial behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 10, 227-239.
110. Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (1997). Facial and verbal measures of children’s emotions and empathy. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 20, 627-649.
111. Strayer, J., & Roberts, W. (2004). Empathy and observed anger and aggression in five-year-olds. Social Development, 13, 1-13.
112. Sutton, S. K., Vitale, J. E., & Newman, J. P. (2002). Emotion among women with psychopathy during picture perception. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 610-619.
113. Termine, N. T., & Izard, C. E. (1988). Infants’ responses to their mothers’ expressions of joy and sadness. Developmental Psychology, 24, 223-229.
114. Trommsdorff, G. (1991). Child-rearing and children’s empathy. Perceptual Motor Skills, 72, 387-390.
115. Trommsdorff, G., & Friedlmeier, W. (1999). Motivational conflict and prosocial behaviour of kindergarten children. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 23, 413-429.
116. Trommsdorff, G., Friedlmeier, W., & Mayer, B. (2007). Sympathy, distress, and prosocial behavior of preschool children in four cultures. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31, 284-293. doi: 10.1177/0165025407076441
117. Tucker, C. J., Updegraff, K. A., McHale, S., & Crouter, A. C. (1999). Older siblings as socializers of younger siblings’ empathy. Journal of Early Adolescence, 19, 176-198.
118. Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspective-taking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 143-173.
119. Ungerer, J. A., Dolby, R., Waters, B., Barnett, B., Kelk, N., & Lewin, V. (1990). The early development of empathy: Self-regulation and individual differences in the first year. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 93-106.
120. Vaish, A., Carpenter, M., & Tomasello, M. (2009). Sympathy through affective perspective taking and its relation to prosocial behavior in toddlers. Developmental Psychology, 45, 534-543. doi: 10.1037/a0014322
121. Valiente, C., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Losoya, S. H. (2004). Prediction of children’s empathy-related responding from their effortful control and parents’ expressivity. Developmental Psychology, 40, 911-926. doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.40.6.911
122. van der Mark, I. L., van Ijzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11, 451-468.
123. Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Oldehinkel, A. J., De Winter, A. F., Verhulst, F. C., & Ormel, J. (2008). Prosocial and antisocial behaviour in preadolescence: Teachers’ and parents’ perceptions of the behaviour of girls and boys. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 32, 243-251. doi: 10.1177/0165025408089274
124. Volbrecht, M. M., Lemery-Chalfant, K., Askan, Zahn-Waxler, C., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2007). Examining the familial link between positive affect and empathy development in the second year of life. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 168, 105-129.
125. Warden, D., & Mackinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial bullies, bullies, and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy, and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 367-385.
126. Waters, E., Hay, D., & Richters, J. (1986). Infant-parent attachment and the origins of prosocial and antisocial behavior. In D. Olweus, J. Block, & M. Radke-Yarrow (Eds.), Development of antisocial and prosocial behavior: Research, theories, and issues (pp. 97-125). Academic Press: Orlando, FL
127. Wellenkamp, J. C. (1995). Cultural similarities and differences regarding emotional disclosure: Some examples from Indonesia and the Pacific. In J. W. Pennebaker (Ed.), Emotion, disclosure, and health (pp. 293-311). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
128. Young, S. K., Fox, N. A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1999). The relations between temperament and empathy in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1189-1197.
129. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., Welsh, J. D., & Fox, N. A. (1995). Psychophysiological correlates of empathy and prosocial behaviors in preschool children with problem behaviors. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 27-48.
130. Zahn-Waxler, C., Friedman, R. J., Cole, P. M., Mizuta, I., & Hiruma, N. (1996). Japanese and United States preschool children’s responses to conflict and distress. Child Development, 67, 2462-2477.
131. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of concern for others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126-136.
132. Zahn-Waxler, C., Schiro, K., Robinson, J. L., Emde, R. N., & Schmitz, S. (2001). Empathy and prosocial patterns in young MZ and DZ twins: Development and genetic and environmental influences. In R. N. Emde & J. K. Hewitt (Eds.), Infancy to early childhood: Genetic and environmental influences on developmental change (pp. 141-162). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
133. Zhou, Q., Eisenberg, N., Losoya, S. H., Fabes, R. A., Reiser, M., Guthrie, I. K., Shepard, S. A. (2002). The relations of parental warmth and positive expressiveness to children’s empathyrelated responding and social functioning: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 73, 893-915.