Do aggressive/destructive toddlers lack concern for others? Behavioral and physiological indicators of empathic responding in 2-year-old children

Development and Psychopathology

Volumn 15, Issue 1, 2003, Pages 55-71

  Gill, Kathryn L ^a   Calkins, Susan D ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA AT GREENSBORO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AGGRESSION; AROUSAL; ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; EMPATHY; FEMALE; FOLLOW UP; HUMAN; MALE; PERCEPTION; PHYSIOLOGY; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE;

AGGRESSION; AROUSAL; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; EMPATHY; FEMALE; FOLLOW-UP STUDIES; HUMANS; MALE; QUESTIONNAIRES; SOCIAL PERCEPTION;

EID: 0142259276     PISSN: 09545794     EISSN: 14692198     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S095457940300004X     Document Type: Article

References (56)

1. Achenbach, T. M. (1992). Manual for the child behavior checklist/2-3 and 1992 profile. Burlington, VT: University of Vermont, Department of Psychiatry.
2. Achenbach, T. M., Edelbrock, C., & Howell, C. T. (1987). Empirically based assessment of the behavioral/emotional problems of 2- and 3-year-old children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 15, 629-650.
3. American Psychological Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.
4. Bates, J. E., Bayles, K., Bennet, D. S., Ridge; B., & Brown, M. (1991). Origins of externalizing behavior problems at eight years of age. In D. Pepler & K. Rubin (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 93-120). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
5. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
6. Belsky, J., Woodworth, S., & Crnic, K. (1996). Troubled family interaction during toddlerhood. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 477-495.
7. Cacioppo, J. T., & Sandman, C. A. (1978). Physiological differentiation of sensory and cognitive tasks as a function of warning processing demands and reported unpleasantness. Biological Psychology, 6, 181-192.
8. Calkins, S. D. (1997). Cardiac vagal tone indices of behavioral reactivity and regulation in young children. Developmental Psychobiology, 31, 125-135.
9. Calkins, S. D., & Dedmon, S. A. (2000). Physiological and behavioral regulation in two-year-old children with aggressive/destructive behavior problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 103-118.
10. Calkins, S. D., Gill, K., Smith, C., & Johnson, M. C. (1999). Emotional reactivity and emotion regulation strategies as predictors of social behavior with peers during toddlerhood. Social Development, 8, 310-341.
11. Calkins, S. D., Gill, K., & Williford, A. (1999). Social behavior and peers' responses to aggression. Early Education and Development, 10, 267-288.
12. Campbell, S. B. (1990). Behavior problems in preschool children: Clinical and developmental issues. New York: Guilford Press.
13. Campbell, S. B. (1997). Behavior problems in preschool children: Developmental and family issues. Advances in Clinical Child Psychology, 19, 1-26.
14. Cicchetti, D., Ganiban, J., & Barnett, D. (1991). Contributions from the study of high-risk populations to understanding the development of emotion regulation. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.). The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation (pp. 15-48). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
15. Coie, J. D., & Kuperschmidt, J. B. (1983). A behavioral analysis of emerging social status in boys' groups. Child Development, 54, 1400-1416.
16. Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
17. Dodge, K. A. (1983). Behavioral antecedents of peer social status. Child Development, 53, 1386-1399.
18. Edwards, C. P. (1995). Parenting toddlers. In M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Vol. 1. Children and parenting (pp. 41-63). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
19. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1990). Empathy: Conceptualization, measurement, and relation to prosocial behavior. Motivation and Emotion, 14, 131-149.
20. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. (1992). Emotion, regulation, and the development of social competence. In M. S. Clark (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology: Vol. 14. Emotion and social behavior (pp. 119-150). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
21. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1995). The relation of young children's vicarious emotional responding to social competence, regulation, and emotionality. Cognition and Emotion, 9, 203-229.
22. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon (Series Ed.) & N. Eisenberg (Volume Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol 3. Social, emotional and personality development (5th ed., pp. 177-235). New York: Wiley.
23. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Miller, P. A., Fultz, J., Shell, R., Mathy, R., & Reno, R. R. (1989). Relation of sympathy and personal distress to prosocial behavior: A multimethod study. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 55-66.
24. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Smith, M., & Maszk, P. (1996). The relations of children's dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning. Developmental Psychology, 32, 195-209.
25. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P., Smith, M., O'Boyle, C., & Suh, K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797.
26. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Schaller, M., Carlo, G., & Miller, P. A. (1991). The relations of parental characteristics and practices to children's vicarious emotional responding. Child Development, 62, 1393-1408.
27. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
28. Fabes, R. A., Eisenberg, N., Karbon, M., Troyer, D., & Switzer, G. (1994). The relations of children's emotion regulation to their vicarious emotional responses and comforting behaviors. Child Development, 65, 1678-1693.
29. Fox, N. A. (1989). Psychophysiological correlates of emotional reactivity during the first year of life. Developmental Psychology, 25, 364-372.
30. Fox, N. A., Schmidt, L. A., Calkins, S. D., Rubin, K. H., & Coplan, R. J. (1996). The role of frontal activation in the regulation and dysregulation of social behavior during the preschool years. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 89-102.
31. Guthrie, I. K., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B. C., Holmgren, R., Mazsk, P., & Suh, K. (1997). The relations of regulation and emotionality to children's situational empathy-related responding. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 87-108.
32. Hastings, P. D., Zahn-Waxler, C. R., Robinson, J., Usher, B., & Bridges, D. (2000). The development of concern for others in children with behavior problems. Developmental Psychology, 36, 531-546.
33. Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 218-231). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
34. Howes, C., & Farver, J. (1987). Toddlers' response to the distress of their peers. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 8, 441-452.
35. Hubbard, J., & Coie, J. D. (1994). Emotional determinants of social competence in children's peer relationships. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 40, 1-20.
36. Keenan, K., & Shaw, D. (1997). Developmental and social influences of young girls' early problem behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 95-113.
37. Kopp, C. (1982): Antecedents of self-regulation: A developmental perspective. Developmental Psychology, 18, 199-214.
38. Lewis, M., & Miller, S. (1989). Handbook of developmental psychopathology. New York: Plenum Press.
39. MacQuiddy, S. L., Maise, S. J., Hamilton, S. B. (1987). Empathy and affective perspective-taking skills in parent-identified conduct-disordered boys. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 16, 260-268.
40. Martin, G. B., & Clark, R. D. (1982). Distress crying in neonates: Species and peer specificity. Developmental Psychology, 18, 3-9.
41. Miller, P., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
42. Panak, W. F., & Garber, J. (1992). Role of aggression, rejection, and attributions in the predictions of depression in children. Development and Psychopathology, 4, 145-165.
43. Porges, S. W. (1985). U.S. Patent No. 4520944. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
44. Porges, S. W. (1991). Vagal tone: An autonomic mediator of affect. In J. Garber & K. A. Dodge (Eds.) The development of emotional regulation and dysregulation (pp. 111-128). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
45. Porges, S. W. (1996). Physiological regulation in high-risk infants: A model for assessment and potential intervention. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 43-58.
46. Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., & Maiti, A. K. (1994). Vagal tone and the physiological regulation of emotion. Monograph of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 167-186.
47. Raine, A., Venables, P., & Mednick, S. (1997). Low resting heart rate at age three years predisposes to aggression at age 11 years: Evidence from the Mauritius Child Health Project. Journal of the Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36, 1457-1464.
48. Ruff, H., & Rothbart, M. K. (1996). Attention in early development. New York: Oxford University Press.
49. Sagi, A., & Hoffman, M. L. (1976). Empathic distress in newborns. Developmental Psychology, 12, 175-176.
50. Sroufe, A. (1996). Emotional development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
51. Thomas, R. A., & Calkins, S. D. (1996). The double-edged sword: Emotional regulation for children at risk. Development and Psychopathology, 8, 163-182.
52. Van Hulle, C. A., Corley, R., Zahn-Waxler, C., Kagan, J., & Hewit, J. K. (2000). Early childhood heart rate does not predict externalizing behavior problems at age 7 years. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 39, 1287-1344.
53. Young, S. K., Fox, N. A., & Zahn-Waxler, C. (1999). The relations between temperament and empathy in 2-year-olds. Developmental Psychology, 35, 1189-1197.
54. Zahn-Waxler, C., Cole, P. M., Welsh, J. D., & Fox, N. A. (1995). Psychophysiological correlates of empathy and prosocial behaviors in preschool children with behavior problems. Development and Psychopathology, 7, 27-48.
55. Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992). Development of Concern for Others. Developmental Psychology, 28, 126-136.
56. Zahn-Waxler, C., Robinson, J. L., & Emde, R. N. (1992). The development of empathy in twins. Developmental Psychology, 28, 1038-1047.