Brazilian adolescents' prosocial moral judgment and behavior: Relations to sympathy, perspective taking, gender-role orientation, and demographic characteristics

Child Development

Volumn 72, Issue 2, 2001, Pages 518-534

  Eisenberg, Nancy ^a   Zhou, Qing ^a   Koller, Silvia ^b  

^a ARIZONA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF RIO GRANDE DO SUL   (Brazil)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; BRAZIL; CHILD BEHAVIOR; COMPARATIVE STUDY; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMAN; MALE; MORALITY; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; QUESTIONNAIRE; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL CONTROL; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIOECONOMICS;

ADOLESCENT; ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR; BRAZIL; EMPATHY; FEMALE; GENDER IDENTITY; HUMANS; MALE; MORALS; QUESTIONNAIRES; SELF CONCEPT; SOCIAL CLASS; SOCIAL CONTROL, INFORMAL; SOCIAL DESIRABILITY; SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS;

EID: 0035290227     PISSN: 00093920     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/1467-8624.00294     Document Type: Article

References (67)

1. Aiken, L. S., & West, S. G. (1991). Multiple regression: Testing and interpreting interactions. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
2. Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
3. Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Bar-Tal, D. (1982). Sequential development of helping behavior: A cognitive-learning approach. Developmental Review, 2, 101-124.
5. Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155-162.
6. Bentler, P. M. (1989). EQS: Structural equation program manual [Computer software manual]. Los Angeles: BMDP Statistical Software.
7. Bernstein, W. W., & Davis, M. H. (1982). Perspective-taking, self-consciousness, and accuracy in person perception. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 3, 1-19.
8. Bernstein, W. W., McGuire, T. V., Raskin, P. M., Ganzach, Y., & Thiry, C. P. (1988). Perspective taking increases both differential and stereotypic accuracy. Unpublished manuscript, Columbia University, New York.
9. Block, J. H. (1983). Differential premises arising from differential socialization of the sexes: Some conjectures. Child Development, 54, 1335-1354.
10. Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: Wiley.
11. Bontempo, R., Lobel, S., & Triandis, H. (1990). Compliance and value internalization in Brazil and the U.S.: Effects of allocentrism and anonymity. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 22, 200-213.
12. Carlo, G., Eisenberg, N., & Knight, P. G. (1992). An objective measure of adolescents' prosocial moral reasoning. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 2, 331-349.
13. Carlo, G., Koller, S., & Eisenberg, N. (1998). Prosocial moral reasoning in institutionalized delinquent, orphaned, and noninstitutionalized Brazilian adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Research, 13, 363-376.
14. Carlo, G., Koller, S. H., Eisenberg. N., Da Silva, M. S., & Fröhlich, C. B. (1996). A cross-national study on the relations among prosocial moral reasoning, gender role orientations, and prosocial behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 32, 231-240.
15. Colby, A., Kohlberg, L., Gibbs, J., & Lieberman, M. (1983). A longitudinal study of moral judgment. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 48 (1-2, Serial No. 200).
16. Crowne, D. P., & Marlowe, D. (1964). The approval motive. New York: Wiley.
17. Damon, W. (1983). Social and personality development. New York: Norton.
18. Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 113-126.
19. Davis, M. H. (1994). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark.
20. Davis, M. H., & Kraus, L. A. (1997). Personality and empathic accuracy. In W. Ickes (Ed.), Empathic accuracy (pp. 144-168). New York: Guilford Press.
21. Eisenberg, N. (1986). Altruistic emotion, cognition and behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
22. Eisenberg, N., Carlo, G., Murphy, B., & Van Court, P. (1995). Prosocial development in late adolescence: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 66, 1179-1197.
23. Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. (1998). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), W. Damon (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley.
24. Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Maszk, P., Smith, M., O'Boyle, C., & Suh, K. (1994). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional and situational empathy-related responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 776-797.
25. Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A., & Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70, 1360-1372.
26. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 1-119.
27. Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Schaller, M., Fabes, R. A., Fultz, J., Shell, R., & Shea, C. (1989). The role of sympathy and altruistic personality traits in helping: A re-examination. Journal of Personality, 57, 41-67.
28. Eisenberg, N., Miller, P. A., Shell, R., McNalley, S., & Shea, C. (1991). Prosocial development in adolescence: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 27, 849-857.
29. Eisenberg, N., & Okun, M. A. (1996). The relations of dispositional regulation and emotionality to elders' empathy-related responding and affect while volunteering. Journal of Personality, 64, 157-183.
30. Eisenberg, N., Schaller, M., Miller, P. A., Fultz, J., Fabes, R. A., & Shell, R. (1988). Gender-related traits and helping in a nonemergency situation. Sex Roles, 19, 605-618.
31. Eisenberg, N., Shell, R., Pasternack, J., Lennon, R., Beller, R., & Mathy, R. M. (1987). Prosocial development in middle childhood: A longitudinal study. Developmental Psychology, 23, 712-718.
32. Feshbach, N. D. (1978). Studies of empathic behavior in children. In B. A. Maher (Ed.), Progress in experimental personality research (Vol. 8, pp. 1-47). New York: Academic.
33. Frohlich, C., Santos, R., Silva, M., Palma, S., Forster, L., & Koller, S. (1994, October). Empatia e comportamento prósocial de crianças escolares [Empathy and prosocial behavior of school children]. Poster session presented at VI Salão de Iniciação Cientifica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
34. Gilligan, C. (1982). In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
35. Haidt, J., Koller, S. H., & Dias, M. G. (1993). Affect, culture, and morality, or is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 613-628.
36. Hoffman, M. L. (1982). Development of prosocial motivation: Empathy and guilt. In N. Eisenberg (Ed.), The development of prosocial behavior (pp. 281-313). New York: Academic Press.
37. Hoffman, M. L. (1987). The contribution of empathy to justice and moral judgment. In N. Eisenberg & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 47-80). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
38. Hoffman, M. L. (1993). Empathy, social cognition, and moral education. In A. Garrod (Ed.), Approaches to moral development (pp. 157-179). New York: Teachers College Press.
39. Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills: Sage.
40. Hutz, C. S., & Koller, S. H. (1992). A mensuração do gênero: Uma readaptação do BSRI [The measurement of gender: A readaptation of the BSRI]. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 5, 15-22.
41. Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 325-480). Chicago: Rand McNally.
42. Kohlberg, L. (1986). A current statement on some theoretical issues. In S. Modgil & C. Modgil (Eds.), Lawrence Kohlberg: Consensus and controversy (pp. 485-546). Philadelphia: Falmer Press.
43. Kohlberg, L. (with DeVries, R., Fein, G., Hart, D., Mayer, R., Noam, G., Snarey, J., & Wertsch, J.). (1987). Child psychology and childhood education: A cognitive-developmental view. New York: Longman.
44. Koller, S. H., Hutz, C., & Silva, M. (1994). Adaptação de uma medida objetiva do raciocínio moral pró-social de adolescentes para uso no Brasil [Adaptation of an objective measure of prosocial moral reasoning to be used with Brazilian adolescents] Paper presented at XXVIV Reunião Anual da Sociedade Brasileira de Psicologia [XXVIV Annual Meeting of Brazilian Society of Psychology], Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
45. MacKinnon, D. P., & Dwyer, J. H. (1993). Estimating mediated effects in prevention studies. Evaluation Review, 17, 144-158.
46. Mason, M. G., & Gibbs, J. C. (1993). Social perspective taking and moral judgment among college students. Journal of Adolescent Research, 8, 109-123.
47. Miller, P., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R., & Shell, R. (1996). Relations of moral reasoning and vicarious emotions to young children's prosocial behavior toward peers and adults. Developmental Psychology, 32, 210-219.
48. Neale M. A., & Bazerman, M. H. (1983). The role of perspective taking ability in negotiation under different forms of arbitration. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 36, 378-388.
49. Nucci, L. (1997). Culture, universals, and the personal. New Directions in Child Development, 76, 5-22.
50. Nucci, L., Camino, C., & Sapiro, C. M. (1996). Social class effects on Northeastern Brazilian children's conceptions of areas of personal choice and social regulation. Child Development, 67, 1223-1242.
51. Nunally, J. C. (1976). Psychometric theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.
52. Okun, M. A., Shepard, S. A., & Eisenberg, N. (2000). The relations of emotionality and regulation to dispositional empathy-related responding among volunteers-in-training. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 367-382.
53. Piaget, J. (1981). Intelligence and affectivity. Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews.
54. Rest, J. (1979). Development in judging moral issues. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota.
55. Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. New York: Praeger.
56. Ribeiro, J., Camino, C., & Koller, S. H. (1998, May). Empatia: Adaptação de escalas para uso no Brasil [Empathy: Adaptation of scales to be used in Brazil]. Paper presented at II Congresso Brasileiro de Psicologia do Desenvolvimento [II Brazilian Congress of Developmental Psychology], Gramado, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
57. Rushton, J. P., Chrisjohn, R. D., & Fekken, G. C. (1981). The altruistic personality and the self-report of altruism scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 2, 293-302.
58. Selman R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding: Developmental and clinical analysis. New York: Aca-demic Press.
59. Skoe, E. E. (1995). Sex role orientation and its relationship to the development of identity and moral thought. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 36, 235-245.
60. Sochting, I., Skoe, E. E., & Marcia, J. E. (1994). Care-oriented moral reasoning and prosocial behavior: A question of gender or sex role orientation. Sex Roles, 31(3-4), 131-147.
61. SPSS. (1988). LISREL 7 (2nd ed). Chicago: Author.
62. Triandis, H. C., Bontempo, R., Villareal, M. J., Asai, M., & Lucca, N. (1988). Individualism and collectivism: Cross-cultural perspectives on self-ingroup relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 323-338.
63. Triandis, H. C., McCusker, C., & Hui, C. H. (1990). Multi-method problems of individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59, 1006-1020.
64. Turiel, E. (1998). The development of morality. In N. Eisenberg, (Ed.), W. Damon (Series Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (5th ed., pp. 863-932). New York: Wiley.
65. Underwood, B., & Moore, B. (1982). Perspective-taking and altruism. Psychological Bulletin, 91, 143-173.
66. Walker, L. J. (1991). Sex differences in moral reasoning. In L. Gewirtz (Ed.), Handbook of moral behavior and development: Vol. 2. Research (pp. 333-364). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
67. Zamberlan, M. A. T., & Biasoli-Alves, Z. M. M. (1997). Interações familiares: Teoria, Pesquisa e subsídios à intervenção. [Family interactions: Theory, research, and intervention]. Londrina, Paraná, Brazil: UEL.