Predictors of student defenders of peer aggression victims: Empathy and social cognitive factors

International Journal of Behavioral Development

Volumn 35, Issue 4, 2011, Pages 289-297

  Barchia, Kirstin ^a   Bussey, Kay ^a  

^a MACQUARIE UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

Author keywords

Adolescence; Aggression; Aggressive behavior; Defenders; Empathy; Peer victimization; Social cognitive processes

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGGRESSION; ARTICLE; CHILD; COGNITION; DEFENSIVE BEHAVIOR; EMPATHY; FEMALE; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; MALE; NORMAL HUMAN; PEER GROUP; PREDICTION; SCHOOL CHILD; SOCIAL BEHAVIOR; SOCIAL BELIEF; TEACHER; VICTIM;

EID: 79960264336     PISSN: 01650254     EISSN: 14640651     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/0165025410396746     Document Type: Article

References (52)

1. Allison, P. (2002). Missing data. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
2. Andreou, E., & Metallidou, P. (2004). The relationship of academic and social cognition to behaviour in bullying situations among Greek primary school children. Educational Psychology, 24, 27-41. (Pubitemid 38170042)
3. Bandura, A. (1991). Social cogntive theory of moral thought and action. In W.M. Kurtines & J.L. Gerirtz (Eds.), Handbook of moral behavior and development (Vol. 1, pp. 45-103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
4. Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman & Co.
5. Bandura, A., Barbaranelli, C, Caprara, G., & Pastorelli, C. (1996). Mechanisms of moral disengagement in the exercise of moral agency. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 364-374.
6. Bryant, B.K. (1982). An index of empathy for children and adolescents. Child Development, 53, 413-25.
7. Caravita, C.S.C., Di Blasio, P., & Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140-163.
8. Coie, J.D., & Dodge, K.A. (1998). Aggression and antisocial behavior. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 779-862). New York, NY: Wiley.
9. Crick, N.R., Casas, J.F., & Mosher, M. (1997). Relational and overt aggression in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 33, 597-588.
10. Crick, N.R., & Grotpeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710-722.
11. Dempster, A.P., Laird, N.M., & Rubin, D.B. (1977). Maximum likelihood estimation from incomplete data via the EM algorithm (with discussion). Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series B, 39, 1-38.
12. Egan, S.K., Monson, T.C., & Perry, D.G. (1998). Social-cognitive nfluences on change in aggression over time. Developmental sychology, 34, 996-1006.
13. Eisenberg, N., & Miller, P.A. (1987). The relation of empathy to prosocial and related behaviors. Psychological Bulletin, 101, 91-119.
14. Enders, C. (2001). A primer on maximum likelihood algorithms vailable for use with missing data. Structural Equation Model, , 128-141.
15. Espelage, D.L., Holt, M.K., & Henkel, R.R. (2003). Examination of peer-group contextual effects on aggression during early adolescence. Child Development, 74, 205-220. (Pubitemid 37244598)
16. Fernández-Ballesteros, R., Diez-Nicolás, J., Caprara,, G.V., Barbaranelli, C, & Bandura, A. (2002). Determinants and structural relation of personal efficacy to collective efficacy. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51, 107-125.
17. Gini, G. (2006). Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What's wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32, 528-539. (Pubitemid 44770102)
18. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2007). Does empathy predict adolescents' bullying and defending behavior? Aggressive Behavior, 33, 467-476.
19. Gini, G., Albiero, P., Benelli, B., & Altoè, G. (2008). Determinants of adolescents' active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying. Journal of Adolescence, 31, 93-105. (Pubitemid 351147064)
20. Goossens, F., Olthof, T., & Dekker, P. (2006). New participant role scales: Comparison between various criteria for assigning roles and indications for their validity. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 343-357. (Pubitemid 44085967)
21. Hawker, D.S., & Boulton, M.J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: A meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441-455. (Pubitemid 30311522)
22. Hoglund, W.L., & Leadbeater, B.J. (2004). The effects of family, school and classroom ecologies on changes in children's social competence and emotional and behavioral problems in first grade. Development Psychology, 40, 533-544. (Pubitemid 38846124)
23. Hymel, S., Rocke-Henderson, N., & Bonano, R.A. (2005). Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents. Journal of Social Sciences, Special Issue, 8, 1-11.
24. Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D.P. (2006). Examining the relationship between low empathy and bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 540-550. (Pubitemid 44770103)
25. Kaukiainen, A., Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Österman, K., Salmivalli, C, Rothberg, S., & Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationships between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89.
26. Ladd, G.W., & Kochenderfer-Ladd, B. (2002). Identifying victims of peer aggression from early to middle childhood: Analysis of cross-informant data for concordance, estimation of relational adjustment, prevalence of victimization, and characteristics of identified victims. Psychological Assessment, 14, 74-96. (Pubitemid 34211771)
27. Marsh, H.W., Gerlach, E., Trautwein, U., Liidtke, O., & Brettschneider, W. (2007). Longitudinal study of preadolescent sport self-concept and performance: Reciprocal effects and causal ordering. Child Development, 6, 1640-1656.
28. Menesini, E., Sanchez, V., Fonzi, A., Ortega, R., Costabile, A., & Lo Feudo, G. (2003). Moral emotions and bullying: A cross-national comparison of differences between bullies, victims and outsiders. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 515-530. (Pubitemid 38628699)
29. Miller, P.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
30. Nickerson, A.B., Mele, D., & Princiotta, D. (2008). Attachment and empathy as predictors of roles as defenders or outsiders in bullying interactions. Journal of School Psychology, 46, 687-703.
31. O'Connell, P., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. (1999). Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 437-452. (Pubitemid 29431457)
32. Ortega, R., & Mora-Merchan, J. (1999). Spain. In P.K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus, R. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. (pp. 157-173). London: Routledge.
33. Pastorelli, C, Caprara, G.V., Barbaranelli, C, Rola, J., Rozsa, S., & Bandura, A. (2001). The structure of children's perceived self-efficacy: A cross-national study. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 17, 87-97.
34. Pepler, D.J., & Craig, W.M. (1995). A peek behind the fence: Naturalistic observations of aggressive children with remote audiovisual recording. Developmental Psychology, 31, 548-553.
35. Perry, D.G., Kusel, S.J., & Perry, L.C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807-814.
36. Poyhonen, V., Juvonen, J., & Salmivalli, C. (2010). What does it take to stand up for the victim of bullying?: The interplay between personal and social factors. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 143-163.
37. Poyhonen, V., & Salmivalli, C. (2008). New directions in research and practice addressing bullying: Focus on defending behavior. In D. Pepler & W. Craig (Eds.), Understanding and addressing bullying: An international perspective (PREVNet series, Vol. 1, pp. 26-43). Bloomington, IN: Author House.
38. Richardson, D.R., Hammock, G.S., Smith, S.M., Gardner, W., & Signo, M. (1994). Empathy as a cognitive inhibitor of interpersonal aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 275-289.
39. Rigby, K., & Johnson, B. (2006). Expressed readiness of Australian schoolchildren to act as bystanders in support of children who are being bullied. Educational Psychology, 26, 425-440. (Pubitemid 43024307)
40. Salmivalli, C. (1999). Participant role approach to school bullying: Implications for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 453-459. (Pubitemid 29431458)
41. Salmivalli, C, Huttunen, A., & Lagerspetz, K.M. (1997). Peer networks and bullying in schools. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 38, 305-312. (Pubitemid 127469020)
42. Salmivalli, C, Lagerspetz, K., Bjorkqvist, K., Osterman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15. (Pubitemid 126330166)
43. Salmivalli, C, Lappalainen, M., & Lagerspetz, K. M. (1998). Stability and change of behavior in connection with bullying in schools: A two-year follow-up. Aggressive Behavior, 24, 205-218.
44. Salmivalli, C, & Voeten, M. (2004). Connections between attitudes, group norms, and behaviour in bullying situations. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28, 246-258. (Pubitemid 38659944)
45. Schafer, J., & Graham, J. (2002). Missing data: Our view of the state of the art. Psychological Methods, 7, 147-177.
46. Schmid, J., & Leiman, J.N. (1957). The development of hierarchical factor solutions. Psychometrika, 22, 53-61.
47. Schwartz, D. (2000). Subtypes of victims and aggressors in children's peer groups. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 28, 181-192. (Pubitemid 30316994)
48. Singh, P. (2003). Factors that influence prosocial and antisocial conduct: Implications for bullying interventions. Unpublished honours thesis, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia.
49. Smith, P.K., Madsen, K.C., & Moody, J.C. (1999). What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a developmental analysis of risks of being bullied. Educational Research, 43, 267-285.
50. Sutton, J., Smith, P., & Swettenham, J. (1999). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435-450.
51. Warden, D., & Mackinnon, S. (2003). Prosocial children, bullies and victims: An investigation of their sociometric status, empathy and social problem-solving strategies. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 21, 367-385. (Pubitemid 40322409)
52. Wolff, H.G., & Preising, K. (2005). Exploring item and higher order factor structure with the Schmid-Leiman solution: Syntax codes for SPSS and SAS. Behavior Research Methods, 37, 48-58. (Pubitemid 41560257)