Mycotoxin production and prevention of aflatoxin contamination in food and feed

The Aspergilli: Genomics, Medical Aspects, Biotechnology, and Research Methods

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 457-472

  Yu, Jiujiang ^a   Payne, Gary A ^b   Campbell, Bruce C ^c   Guo, Baozhu ^d   Cleveland, Thomas E ^a   Robens, Jane F ^d   Keller, Nancy P ^e   Bennett, Joan W ^f   Nierman, William C ^g,h  

^a SOUTHERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b NORTH CAROLINA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^c WESTERN REGIONAL RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^d AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH SERVICE   (United States)

^e UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MADISON   (United States)

^f The State University of New Jersey   (United States)

^g J CRAIG VENTER INSTITUTE   (United States)

^h GEORGE WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCES   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 85056058887     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/9781420008517     Document Type: Chapter

References (144)

1. Payne, G.A. and Brown, M.P., Genetics and physiology of aflatoxin biosynthesis, Annu. Rev. Phytopathol., 36, 329-362, 1998.
2. Yu, J., Mohawed, S.M., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., Substrate-induced lipase gene expression and aflatoxin production in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus, J. Appl. Microbiol., 95, 1334, 2003.
3. Yu. J., Cleveland, T.E., Nierman, W.C., and Bennett, J.W., Aspergillus flavus genomics: Gateway to human and animal health, food safety, and crop resistance to diseases, Rev. Iberoam. Micol., 22(4), 194-202, 2005.
4. Yu J., Bhatnagar D., and Cleveland T.E., Completed sequence of aflatoxin pathway gene cluster, FEBS Lett., 564, 126-130, 2004.
5. Yu, J., Chang, P.-K., Ehrlich, K.C., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Payne, G.A., Linz, J.E., Woloshuk, C.P., and Bennett, J.W., The clustered pathway genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 1253-1262, 2004.
6. Cole, R.J. and Cox, E.H., Handbook of Toxic Fungal Metabolites. Academic Press, New York, 1987.
7. Fink-Gremmels, J., Mycotoxins: Their implications for human and animal health. Vet. Quart., 21, 115-120, 1999.
8. Kuiper-Goodman, T., Food safety: Mycotoxins and phycotoxins in perspective, in Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins-Developments in Chemistry, Toxicology and Food Safety, Miraglia, M., van Edmond, H., Brera, C., and Gilbert, J., Eds, Alaken Inc., Fort Collins, Colorado, 1998, pp. 25-48.
9. Bennett, J.W. and Klich, M., Mycotoxins, Clin. Microbiol., 16, 497-516, 2003.
10. Bennett, J.W., Kale, S., and Yu, J., Aflatoxins: Background, Toxicology, and Molecular Biology. In Shabbir, S., Eds. Foodborne Diseases. Humana Press, 2007. In press.
11. Blout, W.P., Turkey “X” disease, Turkeys, 9, 52, 55-58, 61, 77, 1961.
12. Forgacs, J. and Carll, W.T., Mycotoxicoses, Advan. Vet. Sci., 7, 273-382, 1962.
13. Cleveland, T.E., Cary, J.W., Brown, R.L., et al., Use of biotechnology to eliminate aflatoxin in preharvest crops. Bull. Inst. Compr. Agr. Sci. Kinki Univ., 5, 75-90, 1997.
14. Yabe, K. and Nakajima, H., Enzyme reactions and genes in aflatoxin biosynthesis. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 64, 745-755, 2004.
15. 1: Occurrence, toxicity, regulation, in Mycotoxins in Dairy Products Van Egmond, H.P., Ed, Elsevier Applied Science, London, 1989 pp. 11-55.
16. Goto, T., Wicklow, D.T., and Ito, Y., Aflatoxin and cyclopiazonic acid production by sclerotium- producing Aspergillus tamarii strain, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 4036-4038, 1996.
17. Ito, Y., Peterson, S.W., Wicklow, D.T., and Goto, T., Aspergillus pseudotamarii, a new aflatoxin producing species in Aspergillus section Flavi, Mycol. Res., 105, 233-239, 2001.
18. Peterson, S.W., Ito, Y., Horn, B.W., and Goto, T., Aspergillus bombycis, a new aflatoxigenic species and genetic variation in its sibling species, A. nomius, Mycologia, 93, 689-703, 2001.
19. Frisvad, J.C. and Samson, R.A., New producers of aflatoxin, in Interaction of Molecular and Morphological Approaches to Aspergillus and Penicillium taxonomy, Samson, R.A. and Pitt, J.I., Eds., Harwood Reading, 1999.
20. Klich, M.A., Mullaney, E.J., Daly, C.B., and Cary, J.W., Molecular and physiological aspects of aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis by Aspergillus tamarii and A. ochraceoroseus, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 53, 605-609, 2000.
21. Denning, D.W., Riniotis, K., Dobrashian, R., and Sambatakou, H., Chronic cavitary and fibrosing pulmonary and pleural aspergillosis: Case series, proposed nomenclature and review, Clin. Infect. Dis., 37 (Suppl 3), S265-S280, 2003.
22. Ronning, C.M., Fedorova, N.D., Bowyer, P., et al., Genomics of Aspergillus fumigatus, Rev. Iberoam. Micol., 22(4), 223-228, 2005.
23. Stevens, D.A., Diagnosis of fungal infections, current status, J. Antimicrob. Chemother., 49, 11-19, 2002.
24. Hocking, A.D., Doyle, M.P., and Beuchat, M.R., Toxigenic Aspergillus Species in Food Microbiology-Fundamentals and Frontiers, Montville, T.J., Ed, ASM Press, Washington, DC, 1997.
25. Wogan, G.N., Aflatoxins as risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma in humans: Aflatoxin exposure and its relationship to kwashiorkor in African children, Cancer Res., 52, 2114S-2118S, 1992.
26. Eaton, D.L. and Groopman, J.D., Eds, The Toxicology of Aflatoxins: Human Health, Veterinary and Agricultural Significance, New York: Academic Press, 1994.
27. Fung, F. and Clark, R.F., Health effects of mycotoxins: A toxicological overview. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 42, 217-234, 2004.
28. Lancaster, M.D., Jenkins, F.P., and Phillip, J.M., Toxicity associated with certain samples of groundnuts, Nature, 192, 1095-1096, 1961.
29. CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), Outbreak of aflatoxin poisoning-eastern and central province, Kenya, January-July, 2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Weekly Report, 53, 790-792, 2004.
30. Lewis, L., Onsongo, M., Njapau, H., et al. and Kenya, Aflatoxicosis Investigation Group, Aflatoxin contamination of commercial maize products during an outbreak of acute aflatoxicosis in Eastern and Central Kenya, Res., 113, 1763-1767, 2005.
31. Cast, Mycotoxins: Risk in plant, animal, and human systems, Task Force Report No. 139. Ames, IA 2003.
32. Krishnamachari, K.A., Bhat, R.V., Nagarajan, V., and Tilak, T.B., Hepatitis due to aflatoxicosis: An outbreak of hepatitis in parts of western India, Lancet, 1, 1061-1063, 1975.
33. Bressac, B., Kew, M., Wands, J., and Ozturk, M., Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa, Nature, 350, 429-431, 1991.
34. Hsu, I.C., Metcalf, R.A., Sun, T., Welsh, J.A., Wang, N.J., and Harris, C.C., Mutational hotspot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinomas, Nature, 350, 427-428, 1991.
35. Henry, S.H., Bosch, F.X., Troxell, T.C., and Bolger, P.M., Reducing liver cancer-global control of aflatoxin, Science, 286, 2453-2454, 1999.
36. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1525/98, Off. J. Eur. Comm., L201, 43-46, 1998.
37. Cast, Mycotoxins, Economic and health risks, Council for Agricultural Science and Technology Task Force Report No. 116, Ames, Iowa. 1989.
38. Robens, J.F. and Cardwell, K., The costs of mycotoxin management in the United States, in Aflatoxin and Food Safety, Abbas, H., Ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, 2005 pp. 1-12.
39. Minto, R. E. and Townsend, C.A., Enzymology and molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis, Chem. Rev., 97, 2537-2556, 1997.
40. Bhatnagar, D., Ehrlich, K.C., and Cleveland, T.E., Oxidation-reduction reactions in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, in Handbook of Applied Mycology: Mycotoxins in Ecological Systems, In Bhatnagar, D., Lillehoj, E.B., and Arora, D.K., Eds, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1992, pp. 255-286.
41. Watanabe, C.M. and Townsend, C.A., Initial characterization of a type I fatty acid synthase and polyketide synthase multienzyme complex NorS in the biosynthesis of aflatoxin B(1), Chem. Biol., 9, 981-8, 2002.
42. Bennett, J.W., Loss of norsolorinic acid and aflatoxin production by a mutant of Aspergillus parasiticus, J. Gen. Microbiol., 124, 429-432, 1981.
43. Townsend, C.A., Progress towards a biosynthetic rationale of the aflatoxin pathway, Pure Appl. Chem., 58, 227-238, 1997.
44. Yabe, K., Pathway and genes of aflatoxin biosynthesis, in Microbial Secondary metabolites: Biosynthesis, Genetics and Regulation, In Fierro, F. and Francisco, J. Eds, Research Signpost, India, 2003, pp. 227-251.
45. 2, Agric. Biol. Chem., 55, 1907-1911, 1991.
46. 2 biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 4834-4841, 1998.
47. 1 biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus, Curr. Genet., 21, 231-233, 1992.
48. Skory, C.D., Chang, P.-K., Cary, J., and Linz, J.E., Isolation and characterization of a gene from Aspergillus parasiticus associated with the conversion of versicolorin A to sterigmatocystin in aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 58, 3527-3537, 1992.
49. Liang, S.-H., Skory, C.D., and Linze, J.E., Characterization of the function of the ver-lA and ver-1B genes, involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 4568-4575, 1996.
50. 1, Chem. Biol., 3, 463-469, 1996.
51. Trail, F., Manhanti, N., and Linz, J., Molecular biology of aflatoxin biosynthesis, Microbiol., 141, 755-765, 1995.
52. Mahanti, N., Bhatnagar, D., Cary, J.W., Joubran, J., and Linz, J.E., Structure and function of fas-1A, a gene encoding a putative fatty acid synthetase directly involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 62, 191-195, 1996.
53. 1, Mol. Gen. Genet., 248, 270-277, 1995.
54. Trail, F., Mahanti, N., Rarick, M., et al., Physical and transcriptional map of an aflatoxin gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus and functional disruption of a gene involved early in the aflatoxin pathway, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 2665-2673, 1995.
55. Feng, G.H. and Leonard, T.J., Characterization of the polyketide synthase gene (pksLl) required for aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus, J. Bacteriol., 177, 6246-6254, 1995.
56. Yu, J., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., Keller, N.P., and Chu, F.S., Cloning and characterization of a cDNA from Aspergillus parasiticus encoding an O-methyltransferase involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 3564-3571, 1993.
57. Ehrlich, K.C., Chang, P.-K., Yu, J., and Cotty, P.J., Aflatoxin biosynthesis cluster gene cypA is required for G aflatoxin formation, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 70, 6518-6524, 2004.
58. 2, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 54, 2101-2106, 1988.
59. Prieto, R. and Woloshuk, C.P., ord1, an oxidoreductase gene responsible for conversion of O-methylsterigmatocystin to aflatoxin in Aspergillus flavus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, 1661-1666, 1997.
60. Skory, C.D., Chang, P.-K., and Linz, J.E., Regulated expression of the nor-1 and ver-1 genes associated with aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol, 59, 1642-1646, 1993.
61. Yu, J., Chang, P.-K., Cary, J.W., et al., Comparative mapping of aflatoxin pathway gene clusters in Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 2365-2371, 1995.
62. Chang, P.-K. and Yu, J., Characterization of a partial duplication of the aflatoxin gene cluster in Aspergillus parasiticus ATCC 567750, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 58, 632-636, 2002.
63. Chiou, C.H., Miller, M., Wilson, D.L., Trail, F., and Linz, J.E., Chromosomal location plays a role in regulation of aflatoxin gene expression in Aspergillus parasiticus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 306-315, 2002.
64. Chang, P.-K., Cary, J.W., Bhatnagar, D., et al., Cloning of the Aspergillus parasiticus apa-2 gene associated with the regulation of aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 3273-3279, 1993.
65. Payne, G.A., Nystrom, G.J., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., and Woloshuk, C.P., Cloning of the afl-2 gene involved in aflatoxin biosynthesis from Aspergillus flavus, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 59, 156-162, 1993.
66. Chang, P.-K., Ehrlich, K.C., Yu, J., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., Increased expression of Aspergillus parasiticus aflR, encoding a sequence-specific DNA binding protein, relieves nitrate inhibition of aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 61, 2372-2377, 1995.
67. Brown, D.W., Yu, J.-H., Kelkar, H.S., et al., Twenty-five coregulated transcripts define a sterigmatocystin gene cluster in Aspergillus nidulan., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U S A, 93, 1418-1422, 1996.
68. Chang, P.-K., Yu, J., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., Repressor-AFLR interaction modulates aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus, Mycopathologia, 147, 105-112, 1999.
69. Chang P.-K., Yu, J., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., The carboxy-terminal portion of the aflatoxin pathway regulatory protein AFLR of Aspergillus parasiticus activates GAL1:lacZ gene expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65, 2058-2512, 1999.
70. Woloshuk, C.P., Foutz, K.R., Brewer, J.F., Bhatnagar, D., Cleveland, T.E., and Payne, G.A., Molecular characterization of aflR, a regulatory locus for aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60, 2408-2414, 1994.
71. Ehrlich, K.C., Cary, J.W., and Montalbano, B.G., Characterization of the promoter for the gene encoding the aflatoxin biosynthetic pathway regulatory protein AFLR, Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1444, 412-417, 1999.
72. Ehrlich, K.C., Montalbano, B.G., and Cary, J.W., Binding of the C6-zinc cluster protein, AFLR, to the promoters of aflatoxin pathway biosynthesis genes in Aspergillus parasiticus, Gene, 230, 249-257, 1999.
73. Fernandes, M., Keller, N.P., and Adams, T.H., Sequence-specific binding by Aspergillus nidulans AflR, a C6 zinc cluster protein regulating mycotoxin biosynthesis, Mol. Microbiol., 28, 1355-1365, 1998.
74. Matsushima, K., Chang, P.-K., Yu, J., Abe, K., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., Pre-termination in aflR of Aspergillus sojae inhibits aflatoxin biosynthesis, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 55, 585-589, 2001.
75. Takahashi, T., Chang, P.-K., Matsushima, K., et al., The non-functionality of Aspergillus sojae aflR in Aspergillus parasiticus aflR disrupted strain, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 68, 3737-3743, 2002.
76. Meyers, D.M., O’Brian, G., Du, W.L., Bhatnagar, D., and Payne, G.A., Characterization of aflJ, a gene required for conversion of pathway intermediates to aflatoxin, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 3713-3717, 1998.
77. Chang, P.-K., The Aspergillus parasiticus protein AFLJ interacts with the aflatoxin pathway-specific regulator AFLR, Mol. Genet. Genomics, 268, 711-79, 2003.
78. Chang, P.-K., Yu, J., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., Characterization of the Aspergillus parasiticus major nitrogen regulatory gene, are A. Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 1491, 263-266, 2000.
79. Butchko, R.A., Adams, T.H., and Keller, N.P., Aspergillus nidulans mutants defective in stc gene cluster regulation, Genetics, 153, 715-720, 1999.
80. Bok, J.W. and Keller, N.P. LaeA, a regulator of secondary metabolism in Aspergillus spp. Euk. Cell, 3, 527-535, 2004.
81. Bok, J.W., Balajee, S.A., Marr, K.A., et al., LaeA, a regulator of morphogenetic fungal virulence factors. Euk. Cell, 4, 1574-1582, 2005.
82. Guo, B.Z., Widstrom, N.W., Lee, R.D., Wilson, D.M., and Coy, A.E., Prevention of preharvest aflatoxin contamination: Integration of crop management and genetics in corn, In Abbas, H. Ed, Aflatoxin and Food Safety, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005, pp. 437-457.
83. Feng, G.H. and Leonard, T.J., Culture conditions control expression of the genes for aflatoxin and sterigmatocystin biosynthesis in Aspergillus parasiticus and A. nidulans, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 64, 2275-2277, 1998.
84. Cuero, R., Ouellet, T., Yu, J., and Mogongwa, N., Metal ion enhancement of fungal growth, gene expression and aflatoxin synthesis in Aspergillus flavus: RT-PCR characterization, J. Appl. Microbiol., 94, 953-61, 2003.
85. Payne, G.A. and Hagler, W.M., Jr., Effect of specific amino acids on growth and aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus in defined media, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 46, 805-812, 1983.
86. Bennett, J.W., Rubin, P.L., Lee, L.S., and Chen, P.N., Influence of trace elements and nitrogen sources on versicolorin production by a mutant strain of Aspergillus parasiticus, Mycopathologia, 69, 161-166, 1979.
87. Maggio-Hall, L., Wilson, R., and Keller, N.P., Fundamental contribution of-oxidation to polyketide mycotoxin production in planta, Mol. Plant Microbe. Interactions, 18, 783-793, 2005.
88. Brodhagen, M. and Keller, N.P., Signaling pathways connecting mycotoxin production and sporulation, Mol. Plant Pathology, 7, 285-301, 2006.
89. Cotty, P.J., Aflatoxin and sclerotial production by Aspergillus flavus: Influence of pH, Phytopathology., 78, 1250-1253, 1988.
90. Kim, J.H., Campbell, B.C., Yu, J., et al., Examination of fungal stress response genes using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model system: Targeting genes affecting aflatoxin biosynthesis by Aspergillus flavus Link, Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 67, 807-815, 2005.
91. Hicks, J.K., Yu, J.H., Keller, N.P., and Adams, T.H., Aspergillus sporulation and mycotoxin production both require inactivation of the FadA G alpha protein-dependent signaling pathway, EMBO. J., 16, 4916-4923, 1997.
92. Tilburn, J., Sarkar, S., Widdick, D.A., Espeso, et al., The Aspergillus PacC zinc finger transcription factor mediates regulation of both acid-and alkaline expressed genes by ambient pH, EMBO J., 14, 779-790, 1995.
93. Keller, N.P., Nesbitt, C., Sarr, B., Phillips, T.D., and Burow, G.B., pH regulation of sterigmatocystin and aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus spp., Phytopathology, 87, 643-648, 1997.
94. Bennett, J.W., Leong, P.M., Kruger, S., and Keyes, D., Sclerotial and low aflatoxigenic morphological variants from haploid and diploid Aspergillus parasiticus, Experientia, 42, 841-851, 1986.
95. Chang, P.-K., Bennett, J.W., and Cotty, P.J., Association of aflatoxin biosynthesis and sclerotial development in Aspergillus parasiticus, Mycopathologia, 153, 41-48, 2001.
96. Calvo, A.M., Wilson, R.A., Bok, J.W., and Keller, N.P., Relationship between secondary metabolism and fungal development, Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev., 66, 447-459, 2002.
97. Yu, J.-H., Heterotrimeric G protein signaling and RGSs in Aspergillus nidulans. J. Microbiology. Microbiological Society of Korea, 44, 145-154, 2006.
98. Bennett, J.W. and Papa, K.E., The aflatoxigenic Aspergillus, in Genetics of Plant Pathology, Vol 6, Igram, D.S. and Williams, P.A., Eds, Academia Press, London, 1988, pp. 264-280.
99. Reib, J., Development of Aspergillus parasiticus and formation of aflatoxin B1 under the influence of conidiogenesis affecting compounds, Arch. Microbiol., 133, 236-238, 1982.
100. Guzman-de-Pena, D., Aguirre, J., and Ruiz-Herrera, J., Correlation between the regulation of sterigmatocystin biosynthesis and asexual and sexual sporulation in Emencella nidulans, Antonie Leeuwenhock, 73, 199-205, 1998.
101. Yu, J.H. and Keller, N.P., Regulation of secondary metabolism in filamentous fungi, Ann. Rev. Phytopath., 43, 437-458, 2005.
102. Yu, J.-H., Weiser, J., and Adams, T.H., The Aspergillus FlbA RGS domain protein antagonizes G-protein signaling to block proliferation and allow development, EMBO J., 15, 5184-5190, 1996.
103. Shimizu, K. and Keller, N.P., Genetic involvement of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in a G-protein signaling pathway regulating morphological and chemical transitions in Aspergillus nidulans, Genetics, 157, 591-600, 2001.
104. Tsitsigiannis, D.I., Kunze, S., Willis, D.K., Feussner, I., and Keller, N.P., Aspergillus infection inhibits the expression of peanut 13S-HPODE-forming seed lipoxygenases, Mol. Plant Microbe. Interactions, 18, 1081-1089, 2005.
105. Burow, G.B., Nesbitt, T.C., Dunlap, J.D., and Keller, N.P., Seed lipoxygenase products modulate Aspergillus mycotoxin biosynthesis, Mol. Plant Microbe. Interactions, 10, 380-387, 1997.
106. Jayashree, T. and Subramanyam, C., Oxidative stress as a prerequisite for aflatoxin production by Aspergillus parasiticus, Free Radic. Biol. Med., 29, 981-985, 2000.
107. Reverberi, M., Zjalic, S., Ricelli, A., Fabbri, A.A., and Fanelli, C., Oxidant/antioxidant balance in Aspergillus parasiticus affects aflatoxin biosynthesis, Mycotoxin Research, 22, 39-47, 2006.
108. Mahoney, N. and Molyneux, R.J., Phytochemical inhibition of aflatoxigenicity in Aspergillus flavus by constituents of walnut (Juglans regia), J. Agric. Food Chem., 52, 1882-1889, 2004.
109. Kim, J.H., Campbell, B.C., Molyneux, R., et al., Gene targets for fungal and mycotoxin control, Mycotoxin Research, 22, 3-8, 2006.
110. Reverberi, M., Fabbri, A.A., Zjalic, S., Ricelli, A., Punelli, F., and Fanelli, C., Antioxidant enzymes stimulation in Aspergillus parasiticus by Lentinula edodes inhibits aflatoxin production, Appl. Microbiol. Biotech., 69, 207-215, 2005.
111. Dorner, J.W., Biological control of aflatoxin crop contamination, in Aflatoxin and FoodSafety, Abbas, H., Ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005, pp. 333-352.
112. Cotty, P.J., Howell, D.R., and Sobek, E.A., The EPA approved experimental use program for Aspergillus flavus AF36, in Proc. Aflatoxin Elimination Workshop, Robens, J.F., and Cleveland, T.E., Eds, Fresno, CA, Oct 28-29, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD, 1996, p. 3.
113. Cotty, P.J., Effects of atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus on aflatoxin contamination of developing cotton seeds, Plant Dis., 74, 233-235, 1990.
114. Cotty, P.J., Influence of field application of an atoxigenic strain of Aspergillus flavus on the populations of A. flavus infecting cotton bolls and on the aflatoxin content of cottonseed, Phytopathology, 84, 1270-1277, 1994.
115. McMillian, W.W., Widstrom, N.W., and Wilson, D.M., Registration of GT-MAS:gk maize germplasm, Crop Sci., 33, 882, 1993.
116. Williams, W.P. and Windham, G.L., Registration of maize germplasm line Mp715, Crop Sci., 41, 1374-1375, 2001.
117. Naidoo, G., Forbes, A.M., Paul, C., White, D.G., and Rocheford, T.R., Resistance to Aspergillus ear rot and aflatoxin accumulation in maize F1 hybrids, Crop Sci., 42, 360-364, 2002.
118. Cole, R.J., Dorner, J.W., and Holbrook, C.C., Advances in mycotoxin elimination and resistance, in Advance in Peanut Science, Pattee, H.E., Stalker, H.T., Eds, Amer. Peanut Res. Educ. Soc., 456-474, 1995.
119. Holbrook, C.C., Wilson, D.M., Matheron, M.E., and Anderson, W.F., Aspergillus colonization and aflatoxin contamination in peanut genotypes with resistance to other fungal pathogens, Plant Dis., 81, 1429-1431, 1997.
120. Holbrook, C.C., Kvien, C.K., Rucker, K.S., Wilson, D.M., Hook, J.E., and Matheron, M.E., Preharvest aflatoxin contamination in drought tolerant and drought intolerant peanut genotypes, Peanut Sci., 27, 45-48, 2000.
121. Liang, X., Holbrook, C.C., Lynch, R.E., and Guo, B.Z., Beta-1,3-glucanase activity in peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea) is induced by inoculation with Aspergillus flavus and copurifies with a conglutin-like protein, Phytopathology, 95, 506-511, 2005.
122. Ostlie, K.R., Hutchison, W.D., and Hellmich, R.L., Bt Corn and European corn borer, NCR publication 602, Univ. Minn, St. Paul, MN, 1997, pp. 18.
123. Singsit, C., Adang, M.J., Lynch, R.E., et al., Expression of a Bacillus thuringiensis cryIA8 gene in transgenic peanut plants and its efficacy against lesser cornstalk borer, Transgenic Res., 5, 1-8, 1996.
124. Ozias-Akins, P., Yang, H., Perry, E., et al., Transgenic peanut for preharvest aflatoxin reduction, Mycopathologia, 155, 98, 2002.
125. Weissinger, A., Wu, M., Liu, Y.S., Ingram, K., Rajasekaran, K., and Cleveland, T.E., Development of transgenic peanut with enhanced resistance against preharvest aflatoxin contamination, Mycopathologia, 155, 97, 2002.
126. Windham, G.L., Williams, W.P., and Davis, F.M., Effects of the southwestern corn borer on Aspergillus flavus kernel infection and aflatoxin accumulation in maize hybrids, Plant Dis., 83, 535-540, 1999.
127. Dowd, P.F., Biotic and abiotic factors limiting efficacy of Bt corn in indirectly reducing mycotoxin levels in commercial fields, J. Econ. Entomol., 94, 1067-1074, 2001.
128. Guo, B.Z., Holbrook, C.C., Yu, J., Lee, R.D., and Lynch, R.E., Application of technology of gene expression in response to drought stress and elimination of preharvest aflatoxin contamination, in Aflatoxin and Food Safety, Abbas, H., Ed, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2005, pp. 313-331.
129. Guo, B.Z., Xu, G., Cao, Y.G., Holbrook, C.C., and Lynch, R.E., Identification and characterization of phospholipase D and its association with drought susceptibilities in peanut (Arachis hypogaea), Planta, 223, 512-520, 2006.
130. Luo, M., Dang, P., Guo, B.Z., et al., Generation of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) for gene discovery and marker development in cultivated peanut, Crop Sci., 45, 346-353, 2005.
131. Luo, M., Dang, P., Holbrook, C.C., et al., Identification of transcripts involved in resistance responses to leaf spot disease caused by Cercosporidium personatum in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Phytopathology, 95, 381-387, 2005.
132. Luo, M., Liang, X., Dang, P., et al., Microarray-based screening of differentially expressed genes in peanut in response to Aspergillus parasiticus infection and drought stress, Plant Sci., 169, 695-703, 2005.
133. Chen, H., Holbrook, C.C., and Guo, B.Z., Peanut seed transcriptome: Construction of six peanut seed cdna libraries from two peanut cultivars, in Thirty-Eighth Annual Meeting of American Peanut Research and Education Society, Savannah, Georgia, July 11-14, 2006.
134. He, G., Meng, R., Gao, H., et al., Simple sequence repeat markers for botanical varieties of cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Euphytica, 142, 131-136, 2005.
135. Luo, M., Lee, R.D., and Guo, B.Z., Transcriptional profiles of Tex6 maize kernels in response to water deficit during late developmental stages in Plant and Animal Genome XIV Conference Proceedings, San Diego, CA, January 14-18, 2006.
136. Bennett, J.W. and Arnold, J., Genomics for fungi, in The Mycota VIII Biology of the Fungal Cell, Howard and Gow, Eds, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2001, pp. 267-297.
137. Kim, H., Snesrud, E.C., Haas, B., Cheung, F., Town, C.D., and Quackenbush, J., Gene expression analyses of Arabidopsis chromosome 2 using a genomic DNA amplicon microarray, Genome Res., 13, 327-340, 2003.
138. Yu, J., Whitelaw, C.A., Nierman, W.C., Bhatnagar, D., and Cleveland, T.E., Aspergillus flavus expressed sequence tags for identification of genes with putative roles in aflatoxin contamination of crops, FEMS Lett., 237, 333-340, 2004.
139. O’Brian, G.R., Fakhoury, A.M., and Payne, G.A., Identification of genes differentially expressed during aflatoxin biosynthesis in Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, Fungal Genet. Biol., 39, 118-127, 2003.
140. Price, M., Yu, J., Nierman, W.C., et al., The aflatoxin pathway regulator AflR induces gene transcription inside and outside of the aflatoxin biosynthetic cluster. FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 255, 275-279, 2006.
141. Payne, G.A., Nierman, W.C., Wortman, J.R., et al., Whole genome comparison of Aspergillus flavus and A. oryzae, Medical Mycology, 44, 9-11, 2006.
142. Galagan, J.E., Calvo, S.E., Cuomo, C., et al., Sequencing of Aspergillus nidulans and comparative analysis with A. fumigatus and A. oryzae, Nature, 438 (7071), 1105-1115, 2005.
143. Machida, M., Asai, K., Sano, M., et al., Genome sequencing and analysis of Aspergillus oryzae, Nature, 438 (7071), 1157-1161, 2005.
144. Nierman, W.C., Pain, A., Anderson, M.J., et al., Genomic sequence of the pathogenic and allergenic filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus, Nature, 438 (7071), 1151-1156, 2005.