Personalizing Treatment: Between Primary and Secondary Prevention

American Journal of Cardiology

Volumn 118, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 4A-12A

  Blaha, Michael J ^a  

^a JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID; ANTILIPEMIC AGENT; ANTISENSE OLIGONUCLEOTIDE; ENZYME INHIBITOR; EZETIMIBE; EZETIMIBE PLUS SIMVASTATIN; HYDROXYMETHYLGLUTARYL COENZYME A REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; LIPID; MICROSOMAL TRIGLYCERIDE TRANSFER PROTEIN INHIBITOR; PROPROTEIN CONVERTASE 9 INHIBITOR; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ADVERSE EVENT; AGE; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE THERAPY; ARTICLE; CORONARY ARTERY ATHEROSCLEROSIS; CORONARY ARTERY CALCIUM SCORE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DRUG EFFICACY; FAMILIAL HYPERLIPEMIA; GENDER; HUMAN; MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS; MEDICAL DECISION MAKING; MEDICAL SOCIETY; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT PREFERENCE; PERSONALIZED MEDICINE; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREDICTION; PRIMARY PREVENTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RACE; RISK FACTOR; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SHARED DECISION MAKING; SMOKING; SYSTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DECISION MAKING; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; RISK ASSESSMENT; UNITED STATES;

AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES; DECISION MAKING; HUMANS; HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA; HYPOLIPIDEMIC AGENTS; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; PRECISION MEDICINE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; RISK ASSESSMENT; RISK FACTORS; SECONDARY PREVENTION; UNITED STATES;

EID: 85021308515     PISSN: 00029149     EISSN: 18791913     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2016.05.026     Document Type: Article

References (45)

1. Stone, N.J., Robinson, J.G., Lichtenstein, A.H., Bairey Merz, C.N., Blum, C.B., Eckel, R.H., Goldberg, A.C., Gordon, D., Levy, D., Lloyd-Jones, DM., McBride, P., Schwartz, J.S., Shero, S.T., Smith, S.C. Jr., Watson, K., Wilson, P.W., Eddleman, K.M., Jarrett, N.M., LaBresh, K., Nevo, L., Wnek, J., Anderson, J.L., Halperin, J.L., Albert, N.M., Bozkurt, B., Brindis, R.G., Curtis, L.H., DeMets, D., Hochman, J.S., Kovacs, R.J., Ohman, E.M., Pressler, S.J., Sellke, F.W., Shen, W.K., Smith, S.C. Jr., Tomaselli, G.F., American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation 129 (2014), s1–s45.
2. Goff, D.C. Jr., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., Gibbons, R., Greenland, P., Lackland, D.T., Levy, D., O'Donnell, C.J., Robinson, J.G., Schwartz, J.S., Shero, S.T., Smith, S.C. Jr., Sorlie, P., Stone, N.J., Wilson, P.W., American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the assessment of cardiovascular risk: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2935–2959.
3. Martin, S.S., Sperling, L.S., Blaha, M.J., Wilson, P.W., Gluckman, T.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Stone, NJ, Clinician-patient risk discussion for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease prevention: importance to implementation of the 2013 ACC/AHA Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1361–1368.
4. Hegele, R.A., Gidding, S.S., Ginsberg, H.N., McPherson, R., Raal, F.J., Rader, D.J., Robinson, J.G., Welty, FK., Nonstatin low-density lipoprotein-lowering therapy and cardiovascular risk reduction-statement from ATVB council. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 35 (2015), 2269–2280.
5. Martin, S.S., Blumenthal, R.S., Concepts and controversies: the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association risk assessment and cholesterol treatment guidelines. Ann Intern Med 160 (2014), 356–358.
6. Blaha, M.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Risk factors: new risk-assessment guidelines-more or less personalized?. Nat Rev Cardiol 11 (2014), 136–137.
7. Amin, N.P., Martin, S.S., Blaha, M.J., Nasir, K., Blumenthal, R.S., Michos, E.D., Headed in the right direction but at risk for miscalculation: a critical appraisal of the 2013 ACC/AHA risk assessment guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2789–2794.
8. Cainzos-Achirica, M., Desai, C.S., Wang, L., Blaha, M.J., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Kopecky, S.L., Blumenthal, R.S., Martin, S.S., Pathways forward in cardiovascular disease prevention one and a half years after publication of the 2013 ACC/AHA Cardiovascular Disease Prevention guidelines. Mayo Clin Proc 90 (2015), 1262–1271.
9. Ridker, P.M., Cook, N.R., Statins: new American guidelines for prevention of cardiovascular disease. Lancet 382 (2013), 1762–1765.
10. DeFilippis, A.P., Blaha, M.J., Predicted vs observed clinical event risk for cardiovascular disease. JAMA, 314, 2015, 2082.
11. DeFilippis, A.P., Young, R., Carrubba, C.J., McEvoy, J.W., Budoff, M.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Kronmal, R.A., McClelland, R.L., Nasir, K., Blaha, M.J., An analysis of calibration and discrimination among multiple cardiovascular risk scores in a modern multiethnic cohort. Ann Intern Med 162 (2015), 266–275.
12. Martin, S.S., Abd, T.T., Jones, S.R., Michos, E.D., Blumenthal, R.S., Blaha, M.J., 2013 ACC/AHA cholesterol treatment guideline: what was done well and what could be done better. J Am Coll Cardiol 63 (2014), 2674–2678.
13. Baigent, C., Blackwell, L., Emberson, J., Holland, L.E., Reith, C., Bhala, N., Peto, R., Barnes, E.H., Keech, A., Simes, J., Collins, R., Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 376 (2010), 1670–1681.
14. Savarese, G., Gotto, A.M., Paolillo, S., D'Amore, C., Losco, T., Musella, F., Scala, O., Marciano, C., Ruggiero, D., Marsico, F., De Luca, G., Trimarco, B., Perrone-Filardi, P., Benefits of statins in elderly subjects without established cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 62 (2013), 2090–2099.
15. Pencina, M.J., Navar-Boggan, A.M., D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., Williams, K., Neely, B., Sniderman, A.D., Peterson, ED, Application of new cholesterol guidelines to a population-based sample. N Engl J Med 370 (2014), 1422–1431.
16. Miedema, M.D., Lopez, F.L., Blaha, M.J., Virani, S.S., Coresh, J., Ballantyne, C.M., Folsom, A.R., Eligibility for statin therapy according to new cholesterol guidelines and prevalent use of medication to lower lipid levels in an older US Cohort: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study Cohort. JAMA Intern Med 175 (2015), 1338–1340.
17. Navar-Boggan, A.M., Peterson, E.D., D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., Pencina, M.J., Sniderman, A.D., Using age- and sex-specific risk thresholds to guide statin therapy: one size may not fit all. J Am Coll Cardiol 65 (2015), 1633–1639.
18. McEvoy, J.W., Diamond, G.A., Detrano, R.C., Kaul, S., Blaha, M.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Jones, S.R., Risk and the physics of clinical prediction. Am J Cardiol 113 (2014), 1429–1435.
19. Sniderman, A.D., D'Agostino, R.B. Sr., Pencina, M.J., The role of physicians in the era of predictive analytics. JAMA 314 (2015), 25–26.
20. Blaha, M.J., Silverman, M.G., Budoff, M.J., Is there a role for coronary artery calcium scoring for management of asymptomatic patients at risk for coronary artery disease?: clinical risk scores are not sufficient to define primary prevention treatment strategies among asymptomatic patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 7 (2014), 398–408.
21. Greenland, P., Alpert, J.S., Beller, G.A., Benjamin, E.J., Budoff, M.J., Fayad, Z.A., Foster, E., Hlatky, M.A., Hodgson, J.M., Kushner, F.G., Lauer, M.S., Shaw, L.J., Smith, S.C., Taylor, A.J., Weintraub, W.S., Wenger, N.K., Jacobs, A.K., Smith, S.C., Anderson, J.L., Albert, N., Buller, C.E., Creager, M.A., Ettinger, S.M., Guyton, R.A., Halperin, J.L., Hochman, J.S., Kushner, F.G., Nishimura, R., Ohman, E.M., Page, R.L., Stevenson, W.G., Tarkington, L.G., Yancy, C.W. American College of Cardiology Foundation, American Heart Association. 2010 ACCF/AHA guideline for assessment of cardiovascular risk in asymptomatic adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 56 (2010), e50–e103.
22. Taylor, A.J., Merz, C.N., Udelson, J.E., 34th Bethesda Conference: executive summary—can atherosclerosis imaging techniques improve the detection of patients at risk for ischemic heart disease?. J Am Coll Cardiol 41 (2003), 1860–1862.
23. Blaha, M.J., Dardari, Z.A., Blumenthal, R.S., Martin, S.S., Nasir, K., Al-Mallah, M.H., The new “intermediate risk” group: a comparative analysis of the new 2013 ACC/AHA risk assessment guidelines versus prior guidelines in men. Atherosclerosis 237 (2014), 1–4.
24. Yeboah, J., Polonsky, T.S., Young, R., McClelland, R.L., Delaney, J.C., Dawood, F., Blaha, M.J., Miedema, M.D., Sibley, C.T., Carr, J.J., Burke, G.L., Goff, D.C., Psaty, B.M., Greenland, P., Herrington, D.M., Utility of nontraditional risk markers in individuals ineligible for statin therapy according to the 2013 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol guidelines. Circulation 132 (2015), 916–922.
25. Yeboah, J., Young, R., McClelland, R.L., Delaney, J.C., Polonsky, T.S., Dawood, F., Blaha, M.J., Miedema, M.D., Sibley, C.T., Carr, J.J., Burke, G.L., Goff, D.C., Psaty, B.M., Greenland, P., Herrington, D.M., Utility of nontraditional risk markers in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 67 (2016), 139–147.
26. Cook, N.R., Use and misuse of the receiver operating characteristic curve in risk prediction. Circulation 115 (2007), 928–935.
27. Blaha, M.J., Cainzos-Achirica, M., Greenland, P., McEvoy, J.W., Blankstein, R., Budoff, M.J., Dardari, Z., Sibley, C.T., Burke, G.L., Kronmal, R.A., Szklo, M., Blumenthal, R.S., Nasir, K., Role of coronary artery calcium score of zero and other negative risk markers for cardiovascular disease: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Circulation 133 (2016), 849–858.
28. Tota-Maharaj, R., Blaha, M.J., Blankstein, R., Shaw, L.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Budoff, M.J., Coronary artery calcium predicts coronary heart disease events even at the extremes of age: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Circulation, 124, 2011, A9868.
29. Silverman, M.G., Blaha, M.J., Krumholz, H.M., Budoff, M.J., Blankstein, R., Sibley, C.T., Agatston, A., Blumenthal, R.S., Nasir, K., Impact of coronary artery calcium on coronary heart disease events in individuals at the extremes of traditional risk factor burden: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Eur Heart J 35 (2014), 2232–2241.
30. Okwuosa, T.M., Greenland, P., Ning, H., Liu, K., Bild, D.E., Burke, G.L., Eng, J., Lloyd-Jones, D.M., Distribution of coronary artery calcium scores by Framingham 10-year risk strata in the MESA (Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis) potential implications for coronary risk assessment. J Am Coll Cardiol 57 (2011), 1838–1845.
31. Nasir, K., Rubin, J., Blaha, M.J., Shaw, L.J., Blankstein, R., Rivera, J.J., Khan, A.N., Berman, D., Raggi, P., Callister, T., Rumberger, J.A., Min, J., Jones, S.R., Blumenthal, R.S., Budoff, M.J., Interplay of coronary artery calcification and traditional risk factors for the prediction of all-cause mortality in asymptomatic individuals. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 5 (2012), 467–473.
32. Tota-Maharaj, R., Blaha, M.J., McEvoy, J.W., Blumenthal, R.S., Muse, E.D., Budoff, M.J., Shaw, L.J., Berman, D.S., Rana, J.S., Rumberger, J., Callister, T., Rivera, J., Agatston, A., Nasir, K., Coronary artery calcium for the prediction of mortality in young adults <45 years old and elderly adults >75 years old. Eur Heart J 33 (2012), 2955–2962.
33. Detrano, R., Guerci, A.D., Carr, J.J., Bild, D.E., Burke, G., Folsom, A.R., Liu, K., Shea, S., Szklo, M., Bluemke, D.A., O'Leary, D.H., Tracy, R., Watson, K., Wong, N.D., Kronmal, R.A., Coronary calcium as a predictor of coronary events in four racial or ethnic groups. N Engl J Med 358 (2008), 1336–1345.
34. Nakanishi, R., Li, D., Blaha, M.J., Whelton, S.P., Matsumoto, S., Alani, A., Rezaeian, P., Blumenthal, R.S., Budoff, M.J., The relationship between coronary artery calcium score and the long-term mortality among patients with minimal or absent coronary artery risk factors. Int J Cardiol 185 (2015), 275–281.
35. Shaw, L.J., Giambrone, A.E., Blaha, M.J., Knapper, J.T., Berman, D.S., Bellam, N., Quyyumi, A., Budoff, M.J., Callister, T.Q., Min, J.K., Long-term prognosis after coronary artery calcification testing in asymptomatic patients: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med 163 (2015), 14–21.
36. Blaha, M.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Budoff, M.J., Nasir, K., Understanding the utility of zero coronary calcium as a prognostic test: a Bayesian approach. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 4 (2011), 253–256.
37. Sarwar, A., Shaw, L.J., Shapiro, M.D., Blankstein, R., Hoffmann, U., Cury, R.C., Abbara, S., Brady, T.J., Budoff, M.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Nasir, K., Diagnostic and prognostic value of absence of coronary artery calcification. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2 (2009), 675–688.
38. Budoff, M.J., McClelland, R.L., Nasir, K., Greenland, P., Kronmal, R.A., Kondos, G.T., Shea, S., Lima, J.A., Blumenthal, R.S., Cardiovascular events with absent or minimal coronary calcification: the Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Am Heart J 158 (2009), 554–561.
39. Blaha, M.J., Budoff, M.J., Shaw, L.J., Khosa, F., Rumberger, J.A., Berman, D., Callister, T., Raggi, P., Blumenthal, R.S., Nasir, K., Absence of coronary artery calcification and all-cause mortality. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2 (2009), 692–700.
40. Nasir, K., Bittencourt, M.S., Blaha, M.J., Blankstein, R., Agatson, A.S., Rivera, J.J., Miedema, M.D., Sibley, C.T., Shaw, L.J., Blumenthal, R.S., Budoff, M.J., Krumholz, H.M., Implications of coronary artery calcium testing among statin candidates according to American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Cholesterol management guidelines: MESA (Multiethnic Study of Atherosclerosis). J Am Coll Cardiol 66 (2015), 1657–1668.
41. Martin, S.S., Blaha, M.J., Blankstein, R., Agatston, A., Rivera, J.J., Virani, S.S., Ouyang, P., Jones, S.R., Blumenthal, R.S., Budoff, M.J., Nasir, K., Dyslipidemia, coronary artery calcium, and incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: implications for statin therapy from the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circulation 129 (2014), 77–86.
42. Miedema, M.D., Duprez, D.A., Misialek, J.R., Blaha, M.J., Nasir, K., Silverman, M.G., Blankstein, R., Budoff, M.J., Greenland, P., Folsom, AR., Use of coronary artery calcium testing to guide aspirin utilization for primary prevention: estimates from the multiethnic study of atherosclerosis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes 7 (2014), 453–460.
43. Cannon, C.P., Blazing, M.A., Giugliano, R.P., McCagg, A., White, J.A., Theroux, P., Darius, H., Lewis, B.S., Ophuis, T.O., Jukema, J.W., De Ferrari, G.M., Ruzyllo, W., De Lucca, P., Im, K., Bohula, E.A., Reist, C., Wiviott, S.D., Tershakovec, A.M., Musliner, T.A., Braunwald, E., Califf, R.M., IMPROVE-IT Investigators. Ezetimibe added to statin therapy after acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 2387–2397.
44. Jarcho, J.A., Keaney, J.F. Jr., Proof that lower is better—LDL cholesterol and IMPROVE-IT. N Engl J Med 372 (2015), 2448–2450.
45. Martin, S.S., Blumenthal, R.S., Miller, M., LDL cholesterol: the lower the better. Med Clin North Am 96 (2012), 13–26.