Protein polymer-based nanoparticles: Fabrication and medical applications

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

Volumn 19, Issue 6, 2018, Pages

  De Frates, Kelsey ^a,b   Markiewicz, Theodore ^b   Gallo, Pamela ^a   Rack, Aaron ^a   Weyhmiller, Aubrie ^a   Jarmusik, Brandon ^a   Hu, Xiao ^a,b  

^a ROWAN UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Rowan University   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BIOMATERIAL; BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN; CASEIN; CHITOSAN; COLLAGEN; DRUG VEHICLE; ELASTIN; FIBRINOGEN; GELATIN; GLUTEN; HEMOGLOBIN; KERATIN; NANOPARTICLE; POLYLACTIC ACID; PROTEIN NANOPARTICLE; SILK FIBROIN; SOYBEAN PROTEIN; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG; ZEIN; POLYMER; PROTEIN;

BIOCOMPATIBILITY; BIODEGRADABILITY; BIOIMAGING; CELL ADHESION; CYTOTOXICITY; DISPERSION; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM; EMULSION; HUMAN; HYDROGEL; MILLING; PARTICLE SIZE; PH VARIATION; PHASE SEPARATION; POLYMER CHAIN COLLAPSE; PROTEIN NANOCAPSULE; PROTEIN NANOSPHERE; RAPID LAMINAR JET; REVIEW; SPRAY DRYING; SYNTHESIS; TISSUE ENGINEERING; CHEMISTRY; MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; PROCEDURES;

BIOMEDICAL TECHNOLOGY; DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS; HUMANS; NANOPARTICLES; POLYMERS; PROTEINS;

EID: 85048552251     PISSN: 16616596     EISSN: 14220067     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061717     Document Type: Review

References (128)

1. Rosen, H. The rise and rise of drug delivery. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2005, 4, 381-385.
2. Ischakov, R.; Adler-Abramovich, L.; Buzhansky, L.; Shekhter, T.; Gazit, E. Peptide-based hydrogel nanoparticles as effective drug delivery agents. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 2013, 21, 3517-3522.
3. Vogelson, C.T. Advances in drug delivery systems. Mod. Drug Discov. 2001, 4, 49-50.
4. Singh, R.; Lillard, J.W. Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery. Exp. Mol. Pathol. 2009, 86, 215-223.
5. Mohanraj, V.J. Nanoparticles—A review. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2006, 5, 561-573.
6. Lohcharoenkal, W.; Wang, L.; Chen, Y.C.; Rojanasakul, Y. Protein nanoparticles as drug delivery carriers for cancer therapy. BioMed Res. Int. 2014, 2014.
7. Tarhini, M.; Greige-Gerges, H.; Elaissari, A. Protein-based nanoparticles: From preparation to encapsulation of active molecules. Int. J. Pharm. 2017, 522,172-197.
8. Jao, D.; Xue, Y.; Medina, J.; Hu, X. Protein-based drug-delivery materials. Materials 2017,10, 517.
9. Mahmoudi, M.; Lynch, I.; Ejtehadi, M.R.; Monopoli, M.P.; Bombelli, F.B.; Laurent, S. Protein—nanoparticle interactions: Opportunities and challenges. Chem. Rev. 2011,111, 5610-5637.
10. Weber, C.; Coester, C.; Kreuter, J.; Langer, K. Desolvation process and surface characterisation of protein nanoparticles. Int. J. Pharm. 2000,194, 91-102.
11. Wongpinyochit, T.; Uhlmann, P.; Urquhart, A.J.; Seib, F.P. PEGylated silk nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery. Biomacromolecules 2015,16,3712-3722.
12. Zhi, X.; Wang, Y.; Li, P.; Yuan, J.; Shen, J. Preparation of keratin/chlorhexidine complex nanoparticles for long-term and dual stimuli-responsive release. RSC Adv. 2015, 5, 82334-82341.
13. Posadas, I.; Monteagudo, S.; Cena, V. Nanoparticles for brain-specific drug and genetic material delivery, imaging and diagnosis. Nanomedicine 2016,11, 833-849.
14. Bajpai, A.; Choubey, J. Design of gelatin nanoparticles as swelling controlled delivery system for chloroquine phosphate. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2006,17, 345-358.
15. Herrero-Vanrell, R.; Rincon, A.; Alonso, M.; Reboto, V.; Molina-Martinez, I.; Rodriguez-Cabello, J. Self-assembled particles of an elastin-like polymer as vehicles for controlled drug release. J. Control. Release 2005,102,113-122.
16. Hurtado-Lopez, P.; Murdan, S. Zein microspheres as drug/antigen carriers: A study of their degradation and erosion, in the presence and absence of enzymes. J. Microencapsul. 2006, 23, 303-314.
17. Teng, Z.; Luo, Y.; Wang, Q. Nanoparticles synthesized from soy protein: Preparation, characterization, and application for nutraceutical encapsulation. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 2712-2720.
18. Saralidze, K.; Koole, L.H.; Knetsch, M.L. Polymeric microspheres for medical applications. Materials 2010, 3, 3537-3564.
19. Paciello, A.; Amalfitano, G.; Garziano, A.; Urciuolo, F.; Netti, P.A. Hemoglobin-Conjugated Gelatin Microsphere as a Smart Oxygen Releasing Biomaterial. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 2016, 5, 2655-2666.
20. Chen, X.; Lv, G.; Zhang, J.; Tang, S.; Yan, Y.; Wu, Z.; Su, J.; Wei, J. Preparation and properties of BSA-loaded microspheres based on multi-(amino acid) copolymer for protein delivery. Int. J. Nanomed. 2014, 9,1957.
21. Qi, Y.; Wang, H.; Wei, K.; Yang, Y.; Zheng, R.-Y.; Kim, I.S.; Zhang, K.-Q. A review of structure construction of silk fibroin biomaterials from single structures to multi-level structures. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2017,18, 237.
22. Jetbumpenkul, P.; Amornsudthiwat, P.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S. Balanced electrostatic blending approach—An alternative to chemical crosslinking of Thai silk fibroin/gelatin scaffold. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2012, 50, 7-13.
23. Wei, W.; Zhang, Y.; Shao, H.; Hu, X. Determination of molecular weight of silk fibroin by non-gel sieving capillary electrophoresis. J. AOAC Int. 2010, 93,1143-1147.
24. Tsuchiya, K.; Masunaga, H.; Numata, K. Tensile Reinforcement of Silk Films by the Addition of Telechelic-Type Polyalanine. Biomacromolecules 2017,18,1002-1009.
25. Im, D.S.; Kim, M.H.; Yoon, Y.I.; Park, W.H. Gelation behaviors and mechanism of silk fibroin according to the addition of nitrate salts. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016,17,1697.
26. Wang, F.; Yu, H.-Y.; Gu, Z.-G.; Si, L.; Liu, Q.-C.; Hu, X. Impact of calcium chloride concentration on structure and thermal property of Thai silk fibroin films. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 2017,130, 851-859.
27. Cao, Y.; Liu, F.; Chen, Y.; Yu, T.; Lou, D.; Guo, Y.; Li, P.; Wang, Z.; Ran, H. Drug release from core-shell PVA/silk fibroin nanoparticles fabricated by one-step electrospraying. Sci. Rep. 2017, 7,11913.
28. Zhong, T.; Jiang, Z.; Wang, P.; Bie, S.; Zhang, F.; Zuo, B. Silk fibroin/copolymer composite hydrogels for the controlled and sustained release of hydrophobic/hydrophilic drugs. Int. J. Pharm. 2015, 494, 264-270.
29. Numata, K.; Kaplan, D.L. Silk-based delivery systems of bioactive molecules. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62,1497-1508.
30. Numata, K.; Mieszawska-Czajkowska, A.J.; Kvenvold, L.A.; Kaplan, D.L. Silk-Based Nanocomplexes with Tumor-Homing Peptides for Tumor-Specific Gene Delivery. Macromol. biosci. 2012,12, 75-82.
31. Yan, H.-B.; Zhang, Y.-Q.; Ma, Y.-L.; Zhou, L.-X. Biosynthesis of insulin-silk fibroin nanoparticles conjugates and in vitro evaluation of a drug delivery system. J. Nanopart. Res. 2009,11,1937.
32. Gupta, V.; Aseh, A.; Rios, C.N.; Aggarwal, B.B.; Mathur, A.B. Fabrication and characterization of silk fibroin-derived curcumin nanoparticles for cancer therapy. Int. J. Nanomed. 2009, 4,115.
33. Subia, B.; Kundu, S. Drug loading and release on tumor cells using silk fibroin-albumin nanoparticles as carriers. Nanotechnology 2012, 24, 035103.
34. Wang, X.; Yucel, T.; Lu, Q.; Hu, X.; Kaplan, D.L. Silk nanospheres and microspheres from silk/pva blend films for drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31,1025-1035.
35. Luz, C.M.; Boyles, M.S.P.; Falagan-Lotsch, P.; Pereira, M.R.; Tutumi, H.R.; Santos, E.O.; Martins, N.B.; Himly, M.; Sommer, A.; Foissner, I. Poly-lactic acid nanoparticles (PLA-NP) promote physiological modifications in lung epithelial cells and are internalized by clathrin-coated pits and lipid rafts. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2017,15,11.
36. de Jesus Sousa-Batista, A.; Cerqueira-Coutinho, C.; do Carmo, F.S.; de Souza Albernaz, M.; Santos-Oliveira, R. Polycaprolactone Antimony Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Leishmaniasis. Am. J. Ther. 2016.
37. Sharma, S.; Gupta, A. Sustainable management of keratin waste biomass: Applications and future perspectives. Braz. Arch. Biol. Technol. 2016, 59.
38. Rouse, J.G.; Van Dyke, M.E. A review of keratin-based biomaterials for biomedical applications. Materials 2010, 3, 999-1014.
39. Thomas, P.; Said, J.W.; Nash, G.; Banks-Schlegel, S. Profiles of keratin proteins in basal and squamous cell carcinomas of the skin. An immunohistochemical study. Lab. Investig. J. Tech. Methods Pathol. 1984,50, 36-41.
40. Ananthapadmanabhan, K.P.; Lips, A.; Vincent, C.; Meyer, F.; Caso, S.; Johnson, A.; Subramanyan, K.; Vethamuthu, M.; Rattinger, G.; Moore, D.J. pH-induced alterations in stratum corneum properties. Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 2003, 25,103-112.
41. Li, Y.; Zhi, X.; Lin, J.; You, X.; Yuan, J. Preparation and characterization of DOX loaded keratin nanoparticles for pH/GSH dual responsive release. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2017, 73,189-197.
42. Cheng, Z.; Chen, X.; Zhai, D.; Gao, F.; Guo, T.; Li, W.; Hao, S.; Ji, J.; Wang, B. Development of keratin nanoparticles for controlled gastric mucoadhesion and drug release. J. Nanobiotechnol. 2018, 16,24.
43. Xu, H.; Shi, Z.; Reddy, N.; Yang, Y. Intrinsically water-stable keratin nanoparticles and their in vivo biodistribution for targeted delivery. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2014, 62, 9145-9150.
44. Reichl, S. Films based on human hair keratin as substrates for cell culture and tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2009, 30, 6854-6866.
45. Moll, R.; Divo, M.; Langbein, L. The human keratins: Biology and pathology. Histochem. Cell Biol. 2008, 129, 705-733.
46. Tran, C.D.; Prosenc, F.; Franko, M. Facile synthesis, structure, biocompatibility and antimicrobial property of gold nanoparticle composites from cellulose and keratin. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2018,510, 237-245.
47. Nidhin, M.; Vedhanayagam, M.; Sangeetha, S.; Kiran, M.S.; Nazeer, S.S.; Jayasree, R.S.; Sreeram, K.J.; Nair, B.U. Fluorescent nanonetworks: A novel bioalley for collagen scaffolds and Tissue Engineering. Sci. Rep. 2014, 4, 5968.
48. Liu, C.; Czernuszka, J. Development of biodegradable scaffolds for tissue engineering: A perspective on emerging technology. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2007, 23, 379-391.
49. Shoulders, M.D.; Raines, R.T. Collagen structure and stability. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 2009, 78, 929-958.
50. Nagarajan, U.; Kawakami, K.; Zhang, S.; Chandrasekaran, B.; Unni Nair, B. Fabrication of solid collagen nanoparticles using electrospray deposition. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 2014, 62, 422-428.
51. Rossler, B.; Kreuter, J.; Scherer, D. Collagen microparticles: Preparation and properties. J. Microencapsul. 1995, 12, 49-57.
52. Le, V.-M.; Lang, M.-D.; Shi, W.-B.; Liu, J.-W. A collagen-based multicellular tumor spheroid model for evaluation of the efficiency of nanoparticle drug delivery. Artif. Cells Nanomed. Biotechnol. 2016, 44, 540-544.
53. Nitta, S.K.; Numata, K. Biopolymer-based nanoparticles for drug/gene delivery and tissue engineering. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2013,14,1629-1654.
54. Gorgieva, S.; Kokol, V. Collagen-vs. gelatine-based biomaterials and their biocompatibility: Review and perspectives. In Biomaterials Applications for Nanomedicine; InTech: London, UK, 2011.
55. Yasmin, R.; Shah, M.; Khan, S.A.; Ali, R. Gelatin nanoparticles: A potential candidate for medical applications. Nanotechnol. Rev. 2017, 6,191-207.
56. Ratanavaraporn, J.; Rangkupan, R.; Jeeratawatchai, H.; Kanokpanont, S.; Damrongsakkul, S. Influences of physical and chemical crosslinking techniques on electrospun type A and B gelatin fiber mats. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 47, 431-438.
57. Touny, A.H.; Laurencin, C.; Nair, L.; Allcock, H.; Brown, P.W. Formation of composites comprised of calcium deficient HAp and cross-linked gelatin. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 2008,19, 3193.
58. Stevens, K.R.; Einerson, N.J.; Burmania, J.A.; Kao, W.J. In vivo biocompatibility of gelatin-based hydrogels and interpenetrating networks. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed. 2002,13,1353-1366.
59. Fuchs, S.; Klier, J.; May, A.; Winter, G.; Coester, C.; Gehlen, H. Towards an inhalative in vivo application of immunomodulating gelatin nanoparticles in horse-related preformulation studies. J. Microencapsul. 2012, 29, 615-625.
60. Zwiorek, K.; Kloeckner, J.; Wagner, E.; Coester, C. Gelatin nanoparticles as a new and simple gene delivery system. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 2004, 7, 22-28.
61. Sabet, S.; George, M.A.; El-Shorbagy, H.M.; Bassiony, H.; Farroh, K.Y.; Youssef, T.; Salaheldin, T.A. Gelatin nanoparticles enhance delivery of hepatitis C virus recombinant NS2 gene. PLoS ONE 2017,12, e0181723.
62. Lee, E.M.; Singh, D.; Singh, D.; Choi, S.M.; Zo, S.M.; Park, S.J.; Han, S.S. Novel alginate-gelatin hybrid nanoparticle for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications. J. Nanomater. 2014, 2014,147.
63. Foster, J.A.; Mecham, R.P.; Franzblau, C. A high molecular weight species of soluble elastin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1976, 72,1399-1406.
64. Almine, J.F.; Bax, D.V.; Mithieux, S.M.; Nivison-Smith, L.; Rnjak, J.; Waterhouse, A.; Wise, S.G.; Weiss, A.S. Elastin-based materials. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2010, 39, 3371-3379.
65. Nettles, D.L.; Chilkoti, A.; Setton, L.A. Applications of elastin-like polypeptides in tissue engineering. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 2010, 62,1479-1485.
66. Daamen, W.F.; Veerkamp, J.; Van Hest, J.; Van Kuppevelt, T. Elastin as a biomaterial for tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2007, 28, 4378-4398.
67. Tarakanova, A.; Huang, W.; Weiss, A.S.; Kaplan, D.L.; Buehler, M.J. Computational smart polymer design based on elastin protein mutability. Biomaterials 2017,127, 49-60.
68. Bessa, P.C.; Machado, R.; Nürnberger, S.; Dopler, D.; Banerjee, A.; Cunha, A.M.; Rodríguez-Cabello, J.C.; Redl, H.; van Griensven, M.; Reis, R.L. Thermoresponsive self-assembled elastin-based nanoparticles for delivery of BMPs. J. Control. Release2010,142, 312-318.
69. Wu, Y.; MacKay, J.A. McDaniel, J.; Chilkoti, A.; Clark, R.L. Fabrication of elastin-like polypeptide nanoparticles for drug delivery by electrospraying. Biomacromolecules 2008,10,19-24.
70. Pina, M.J.; Alex, S.M.; Arias, F.J.; Santos, M.; Rodriguez-Cabello, J.C.; Ramesan, R.M.; Sharma, C.P. Elastin-like recombinamers with acquired functionalities for gene-delivery applications. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2015,103, 3166-3178.
71. Liu, X.; Sun, Q.; Wang, H.; Zhang, L.; Wang, J.Y. Microspheres of corn protein, zein, for an ivermectin drug delivery system. Biomaterials 2005, 26,109-115.
72. Majoni, S.; Wang, T.; Johnson, L.A. Physical and Chemical Processes to Enhance Oil Recovery from Condensed Corn Distillers Solubles. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 2010, 88, 425-434.
73. Shukla, R.; Cheryan, M. Zein: The industrial protein from corn. Ind. Crops Prod. 2001,13,171-192.
74. Anderson, T.J.; Lamsal, B.P. Zein extraction from corn, corn products, and coproducts and modifications for various applications: A review. Cereal Chem. 2011, 88,159-173.
75. Dhanya, A.; Haridas, K.; Divia, N.; Sudheesh, S. Development of Zein-Pectin nanoparticle as drug carrier. Int. J. Drug Deliv. 2012, 4,147.
76. Müller, V.; Piai, J.F.; Fajardo, A.R.; Fávaro, S.L.; Rubira, A.F.; Muniz, E.C. Preparation and characterization of zein and zein-chitosan microspheres with great prospective of application in controlled drug release. J. Nanomater. 2011,2011,10.
77. Luo, Y.; Zhang, B.; Whent, M.; Yu, L.L.; Wang, Q. Preparation and characterization of zein/chitosan complex for encapsulation of alpha-tocopherol, and its in vitro controlled release study. Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces 2011, 85,145-152.
78. Paliwal, R.; Palakurthi, S. Zein in controlled drug delivery and tissue engineering. J. Control. Release 2014, 189,108-122.
79. Penalva, R.; Esparza, I.; Gonzalez-Navarro, C.J.; Quincoces, G.; Penuelas, I.; Irache, J.M. Zein nanoparticles for oral folic acid delivery. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2015, 30, 450-457.
80. Luo, Y.; Teng, Z.; Wang, Q. Development of zein nanoparticles coated with carboxymethyl chitosan for encapsulation and controlled release of vitamin D3. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2012, 60, 836-843.
81. Luo, Y.; Teng, Z.; Wang, T.T.; Wang, Q. Cellular uptake and transport of zein nanoparticles: Effects of sodium caseinate. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2013, 61, 7621-7629.
82. Hong, C.K.; Wool, R.P. Development of a bio-based composite material from soybean oil and keratin fibers. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005, 95,1524-1538.
83. Peles, Z.; Binderman, I.; Berdicevsky, I.; Zilberman, M. Soy protein films for wound-healing applications: Antibiotic release, bacterial inhibition and cellular response. J. Tissue Eng. Regen. Med. 2013, 7, 401-412.
84. Chien, K.B.; Shah, R.N. Novel soy protein scaffolds for tissue regeneration: Material characterization and interaction with human mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Biomater. 2012, 8, 694-703.
85. Song, N.; Tan, C.; Huang, M.; Liu, P.; Eric, K.; Zhang, X.; Xia, S.; Jia, C. Transglutaminase cross-linking effect on sensory characteristics and antioxidant activities of Maillard reaction products from soybean protein hydrolysates. Food Chem.2013,136,144-151.
86. Nandane, A.S.; Jain, R. Study of mechanical properties of soy protein based edible film as affected by its composition and process parameters by using RSM. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 52, 3645-3650.
87. Cho, S.Y.; Park, J.-W.; Batt, H.P.; Thomas, R.L. Edible films made from membrane processed soy protein concentrates. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 2007, 40, 418-423.
88. Brandenburg, A.; Weller, C.; Testin, R. Edible films and coatings from soy protein. J. Food Sci. 1993,58,1086-1089.
89. Tansaz, S.; Boccaccini, A.R. Biomedical applications of soy protein: A brief overview. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. Part A 2016,104, 553-569.
90. Cappelletti, M.; Perazzolli, M.; Nesler, A.; Giovannini, O.; Pertot, I. The Effect of Hydrolysis and Protein Source on the Efficacy of Protein Hydrolysates as Plant Resistance Inducers against Powdery Mildew. J. Bioprocess. Biotech. 2017, 7, 2.
91. Hadzieva, J.; Mladenovska, K.; Simonoska Crcarevska, M.; Glavas Dodov, M.; Dimchevska, S.; Geskovski, N.; Grozdanov, A.; Popovski, E.; Petrusevski, G.; Chachorovska, M. Lactobacillus casei encapsulated in soy protein isolate and alginate microparticles prepared by spray drying. Food Technol. Biotechnol. 2017, 55,173-186.
92. Torabizadeh, H.; Mikani, M. Inulinase Immobilization on Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Prepared with Soy Protein Isolate Conjugated Bovine Serum Albumin for High Fructose Syrup Production. World Acad. Sci. Eng. Technol. Int. J. Biol. Biomol. Agric. Food Biotechnol. Eng. 2017,11, 546-553.
93. Rejinold, N.S.; Muthunarayanan, M.; Deepa, N.; Chennazhi, K.P.; Nair, S.V.; Jayakumar, R. Development of novel fibrinogen nanoparticles by two-step co-acervation method. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2010, 47, 37-43.
94. Yu, Z.; Yu, M.; Zhang, Z.; Hong, G.; Xiong, Q. Bovine serum albumin nanoparticles as controlled release carrier for local drug delivery to the inner ear. Nanoscale Res. Lett. 2014, 9, 343.
95. Lammel, A.S.; Hu, X.; Park, S.-H.; Kaplan, D.L.; Scheibel, T.R. Controlling silk fibroin particle features for drug delivery. Biomaterials 2010, 31, 4583-4591.
96. Oliveira, A.; Guimaraes, K.; Cerize, N.; Tunussi, A.; Pogo, J. Nano spray drying as an innovative technology for encapsulating hydrophilic active pharmaceutical ingredients (API). J. Nanomed. Nanotechnol. 2013, 4, 2.
97. Haas, P.A. Formation of uniform liquid drops by application of vibration to laminar jets. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31, 959-967.
98. Yoon, J.; Kwag, J.; Shin, T.J.; Park, J.; Lee, Y.M.; Lee, Y.; Park, J.; Heo, J.; Joo, C.; Park, T.J. Nanoparticles of Conjugated Polymers Prepared from Phase-Separated Films of Phospholipids and Polymers for Biomedical Applications. Adv. Mater. 2014, 26, 4559-4564.
99. Yadav, T.P.; Yadav, R.M.; Singh, D.P. Mechanical milling: A top down approach for the synthesis of nanomaterials and nanocomposites. Nanosci. Nanotechnol. 2012, 2, 22-48.
100. Prasher, A.; Loynd, C.M.; Tuten, B.T.; Frank, P.G.; Chao, D.; Berda, E.B. Efficient fabrication of polymer nanoparticles via sonogashira cross-linking of linear polymers in dilute solution. J. Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 209-217.
101. Faheem, A.; Haggag, Y. Evaluation of nano spray drying as a method for drying and formulation of therapeutic peptides and proteins. Front. Pharmacol. 2015, 6,140.
102. Draheim, C.; de Crécy, F.; Hansen, S.; Collnot, E.-M.; Lehr, C.-M. A design of experiment study of nanoprecipitation and nano spray drying as processes to prepare PLGA nano-and microparticles with defined sizes and size distributions. Pharm. Res. 2015, 32, 2609-2624.
103. Rao, J.P.; Geckeler, K.E. Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters. Prog. Polym. Sci. 2011, 36, 887-913.
104. Feng, L.; Zhu, C.; Yuan, H.; Liu, L.; Lv, F.; Wang, S. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles: Preparation, properties, functionalization and biological applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2013, 42, 6620-6633.
105. Tuncel, D.; Demir, H.V. Conjugated polymer nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2010, 2,484-494.
106. Loh, Z.H.; Samanta, A.K.; Heng, P.W.S. Overview of milling techniques for improving the solubility of poorly water-soluble drugs. Asian J. Pharm. Sci. 2015,10, 255-274.
107. Aiertza, M.K.; Odriozola, I.; Cabañero, G.; Grande, H.-J.; Loinaz, I. Single-chain polymer nanoparticles. Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 2012, 69, 337-346.
108. Hanlon, A.M.; Chen, R.; Rodriguez, K.J.; Willis, C.; Dickinson, J.G.; Cashman, M.; Berda, E.B. Scalable synthesis of single-chain nanoparticles under mild conditions. Macromolecules 2017,50,2996-3003.
109. Verso, F.L.; Pomposo, J.A.; Colmenero, J.; Moreno, A.J. Multi-orthogonal folding of single polymer chains into soft nanoparticles. Soft Matter 2014,10, 4813-4821.
110. Balazs, A.C.; Emrick, T.; Russell, T.P. Nanoparticle polymer composites: Where two small worlds meet. Science 2006, 314,1107-1110.
111. Mohanraj, V.; Chen, Y. Nanoparticles-a review. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2006, 5, 561-573.
112. Vasicek, T.W.; Jenkins, S.V.; Vaz, L.; Chen, J.; Stenken, J.A. Thermoresponsive nanoparticle agglomeration/ aggregation in salt solutions: Dependence on graft density. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 2017, 506, 338-345.
113. Guterres, S.S.; Alves, M.P.; Pohlmann, A.R. Polymeric nanoparticles, nanospheres and nanocapsules, for cutaneous applications. Drug Target Insights 2007, 2,117739280700200002.
114. Kucuk, I.; Edirisinghe, M. Microfluidic preparation of polymer nanospheres. J. Nanopart. Res. 2014,16, 2626.
115. Lattuada, M.; Hatton, T.A. Synthesis, properties and applications of Janus nanoparticles. Nano Today 2011, 6, 286-308.
116. Deng, R.; Liang, F.; Qu, X.; Wang, Q.; Zhu, J.; Yang, Z. Diblock copolymer based Janus nanoparticles. Macromolecules 2015, 48, 750-755.
117. Kouchak, M.; Avadi, M.; Abbaspour, M.; Jahangiri, A.; Boldaji, S.K. Effect of different molecular weights of chitosan on preparation and characterization of insulin loaded nanoparticles by ion gelation method. Int. J. Drug Dev. Res. 2012, 4.
118. He, Y.T.; Wan, J.; Tokunaga, T. Kinetic stability of hematite nanoparticles: The effect of particle sizes. J. Nanopart. Res. 2007,10, 321-332.
119. Li, K.; Liu, B. Polymer encapsulated conjugated polymer nanoparticles for fluorescence bioimaging. J. Mater. Chem. 2012,22,1257-1264.
120. Howes, P.; Green, M.; Levitt, J.; Suhling, K.; Hughes, M. Phospholipid encapsulated semiconducting polymer nanoparticles: Their use in cell imaging and protein attachment. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 3989-3996.
121. Yoon, S.M.; Myung, S.-J.; Kim, I.-W.; Do, E.-J.; Ye, B.D.; Ryu, J.H.; Park, K.; Kim, K.; Kwon, I.C.; Kim, M.J. Application of near-infrared fluorescence imaging using a polymeric nanoparticle-based probe for the diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring of colon cancer. Dig. Dis. Sci. 2011, 56, 3005-3013.
122. Khalid, A.; Mitropoulos, A.N.; Marelli, B.; Simpson, D.A.; Tran, P.A.; Omenetto, F.G.; Tomljenovic-Hanic, S. Fluorescent Nanodiamond Silk Fibroin Spheres: Advanced Nanoscale Bioimaging Tool. ACS Biomater. Sci. Eng. 2015,1,1104-1113.
123. Wei, L.; Zehui, Z.; Biao, K.; Shanshan, F.; Jinxiu, W.; Lingzhi, W.; Jianping, Y.; Fan, Z.; Peiyi, W.; Dongyuan, Z. Simple and Green Synthesis of Nitrogen-Doped Photoluminescent Carbonaceous Nanospheres for Bioimaging. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.2013,52, 8151-8155.
124. Liu, S. Nanometer-Sized Gold-Loaded Gelatin/Silica Nanocapsules. Adv. Mater. (Weinheim) 2005,17,1862-1866.
125. Byrne, S.J.; Williams, Y.; Davies, A.; Corr, S.A.; Rakovich, A.; Gun'ko, Y.K.; Rakovich, Y.P.; Donegan, J.F.; Volkov, Y. "Jelly Dots": Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies of CdTe Quantum Dot-Gelatin Nanocomposites. Small 2007, 3,1152-1156.
126. Xu, H.; Jiang, Q.; Reddy, N.; Yang, Y. Hollow nanoparticles from zein for potential medical applications. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21,18227-18235.
127. Lai, L.F.; Guo, H.X. Preparation of new 5-fluorouracil-loaded zein nanoparticles for liver targeting. Int. J. Pharm. 2011, 404, 317-323.
128. Lee, S.; Alwahab, N.S.A.; Moazzam, Z.M. Zein-based oral drug delivery system targeting activated macrophages. Int. J. Pharm. 2013, 454, 388-393.