An interview study exploring Tesla drivers’ behavioural adaptation

Applied Ergonomics

Volumn 72, Issue , 2018, Pages 37-47

  Lin, Rui ^a   Ma, Liang ^a   Zhang, Wei ^a  

^a TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY   (China)

Author keywords

Automated driving; Partial automation system; Secondary task

Indexed keywords

AUTOMATION; ENTERPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING;

AUTOMATED DRIVING; AUTOMATED VEHICLES; AUTONOMOUS DRIVING; PARTIAL AUTOMATION; REAL WORLD ENVIRONMENTS; SECONDARY TASKS; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS; VEHICLE TECHNOLOGY;

BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH;

ARTICLE; AUTOMATION; DRIVER; HUMAN; HUMAN EXPERIMENT; SEMI STRUCTURED INTERVIEW; TRUST; ADULT; ATTENTION; CAR DRIVING; COPING BEHAVIOR; FEMALE; INTERVIEW; LEARNING; MALE; PSYCHOLOGICAL MODEL; REACTION TIME; RISK REDUCTION; SAFETY;

ADAPTATION, PSYCHOLOGICAL; ADULT; ATTENTION; AUTOMATION; AUTOMOBILE DRIVING; FEMALE; HUMANS; INTERVIEWS AS TOPIC; LEARNING; MALE; MODELS, PSYCHOLOGICAL; REACTION TIME; RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR; SAFETY; TRUST;

EID: 85047993308     PISSN: 00036870     EISSN: 18729126     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2018.04.006     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Atkinson, R., Flint, J., Accessing hidden and hard-to-reach populations: snowball research strategies. Soc. Res. Update 33 (2001), 1–4.
2. Beggiato, M., Effect of ADAS Use on Drivers’ Information Processing and Situation Awareness. Driver Adaptation to Information and Assistance Systems. 2014, IET, 57–80.
3. Beggiato, M., Krems, J.F., The evolution of mental model, trust and acceptance of adaptive cruise control in relation to initial information. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 18 (2013), 47–57.
4. Beggiato, M., Pereira, M., Petzoldt, T., Krems, J., Learning and development of trust, acceptance and the mental model of ACC. A longitudinal on-road study. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 35 (2015), 75–84.
5. Beller, J., Heesen, M., Vollrath, M., Improving the driver–automation interaction an approach using automation uncertainty. Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 55 (2013), 1130–1141.
6. Benmimoun, M., Pütz, A., Zlocki, A., Eckstein, L., euroFOT: field operational test and impact assessment of advanced driver assistance systems: final results. Proceedings of the FISITA 2012 World Automotive Congress, 2013, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, 537–547.
7. Bianchi Piccinini, G.F., Rodrigues, C.M., Leitão, M., Simões, A., Reaction to a critical situation during driving with Adaptive Cruise Control for users and non-users of the system. Saf. Sci. 72 (2015), 116–126.
8. Bianchi Piccinini, G.F., Simões, A., Rodrigues, C.M., Effects on driving task and road safety impact induced by the usage of adaptive cruise control (ACC): a focus groups study. Int. J. Hum. Factors Ergon. 1 (2012), 234–253.
9. Boer, E.R., Hoedemaeker, M., Modeling driver behavior with different degrees of automation. 17 the European Annual Conference on Human Decision Making and Manual Control, 1998.
10. Brewer, W.F., Mental Models. Encyclopedia of Cognitive Science. 2003.
11. Cacciabue, P.C., Saad, F., Behavioural adaptations to driver support systems: a modelling and road safety perspective. Cognit. Technol. Work 10 (2008), 31–39.
12. Cafiso, S., Cava, G., Montella, A., Safety index for evaluation of two-lane rural highways. Transport. Res. Rec.: J. Transport Res., 2007, 136–145.
13. Carroll, J.M., Anderson, N.S., Olson, J.R., et al. Mental Models in Human-computer Interaction: Research Issues about what the User of Software Knows. 1987, National Academies.
14. Cherri, C., Nodari, E., Toffetti, A., Review of Existing Tools and Methods. AIDE Deliverable 2. 2004.
15. Comte, S.L., New systems: new behaviour?. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 3 (2000), 95–111.
16. Dikmen, M., Burns, C.M., Autonomous driving in the real world: experiences with Tesla Autopilot and summon. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, 2016, ACM, 225–228.
17. de Winter, J.C., Happee, R., Martens, M.H., Stanton, N.A., Effects of adaptive cruise control and highly automated driving on workload and situation awareness: a review of the empirical evidence. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 27 (2014), 196–217.
18. Doecke, S.D., Anderson, R., Crash Reduction Potential of Connected Vehicles in South Australia. 2013.
19. Dragutinovic, N., Brookhuis, K.A., Hagenzieker, M.P., Marchau, V.A., Behavioural effects of advanced cruise control use: a meta-analytic approach. Eur. J. Transport Infrastruct. Res., 5(4), 2005.
20. Driel, C.J.G.V., Arem, B.V., The impact of a congestion assistant on traffic flow efficiency and safety in congested traffic caused by a lane drop. J. Intell. Transport. Syst. 14 (2010), 197–208.
21. Endsley, M.R., Autonomous driving systems: a preliminary naturalistic study of the Tesla model S. J. Cognit. Eng. Decis. Making 11 (2017), 225–238.
22. Fuller, R., Towards a general theory of driver behaviour. Accid. Anal. Prev. 37 (2005), 461–472.
23. Garip, G., Yardley, L., A synthesis of qualitative research on overweight and obese people's views and experiences of weight management. Clin. Obes. 1 (2011), 110–126.
24. Gasser, T.M., Seeck, A., Smith, B.W., Framework Conditions for the Development of Driver Assistance Systems. Handbook of Driver Assistance Systems: Basic Information, Components and Systems for Active Safety and Comfort. 2016, 35–68.
25. Gasser, T.M., Westhoff, D., BASt-study: definitions of automation and legal issues in Germany. Proceedings of the 2012 Road Vehicle Automation Workshop, 2012.
26. Gibson, M., Lee, J., Venkatraman, V., Price, M., Lewis, J., Montgomery, O., Mutlu, B., Domeyer, J., Foley, J., Situation awareness, scenarios, and secondary tasks: measuring driver performance and safety margins in highly automated vehicles. SAE Int. J. Passeng. Cars Electr. Electron. Sys., 9, 2016.
27. Gold, C., Körber, M., Hohenberger, C., Lechner, D., Bengler, K., Trust in automation – before and after the experience of take-over scenarios in a highly automated vehicle. Procedia Manuf. 3 (2015), 3025–3032.
28. Helldin, T., Falkman, G., Riveiro, M., Davidsson, S., Presenting system uncertainty in automotive UIs for supporting trust calibration in autonomous driving. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications, Automotive UI ’13, 2013, ACM, New York, NY, USA, 210–217.
29. Herriot, A.M., Thomas, D.E., Hart, K.H., Warren, J., Truby, H., A qualitative investigation of individuals’ experiences and expectations before and after completing a trial of commercial weight loss programmes. J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 21 (2008), 72–80.
30. Hoff, K.A., Bashir, M., Trust in automation integrating empirical evidence on factors that influence trust. Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 57 (2015), 407–434.
31. Huth, V., Lancelle, V., Gabel, C., Bonnard, A., Brusque, C., Exploring mobile phone usage and its context with naturalistic driving observations. Proc. Human Factors and Ergonomics Society (HFES) Europe Chapter Conference, 2012, 10–12.
32. Jenness, J.W., Lerner, N.D., Mazor, S.D., Osberg, J.S., Tefft, B.C., Use of Advanced In-vehicle Technology by Young and Older Early Adopters. Survey Results on Navigation Systems. 2008.
33. Kaber, D.B., Endsley, M.R., The effects of level of automation and adaptive automation on human performance, situation awareness and workload in a dynamic control task. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 5 (2004), 113–153.
34. Kazi, T.A., Stanton, N.A., Walker, G.H., Young, M.S., Designer driving: drivers’ conceptual models and level of trust in adaptive cruise control. Int. J. Veh. Des. 45 (2007), 339–360.
35. Klauer, S.G., Dingus, T.A., Neale, V.L., Sudweeks, J.D., Ramsey, D.J., The Impact of Driver Inattention on Near-crash/crash Risk: an Analysis Using the 100-Car Naturalistic Driving Study Data. 2006.
36. Körber, M., Cingel, A., Zimmermann, M., Bengler, K., Vigilance decrement and passive fatigue caused by monotony in automated driving. Procedia Manuf. 3 (2015), 2403–2409.
37. Kulmala, R., Rämä P., Definition of Behavioural Adaptation. Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety: Theory, Evidence and Action. 2013, 11–22.
38. Lamm, R., Psarianos, B., Mailaender, T., Highway Design and Traffic Safety Engineering Handbook. 1999.
39. Lee, J.D., See, K.A., Trust in automation: designing for appropriate reliance. Hum. Factors: J. Hum. Factors Ergon. Soc. 46 (2004), 50–80.
40. Malta, L., Ljung, M., Faber, F., Metz, B., Saint Pierre, G., Benmimoun, M., Schäfer, R., Final Results: Impacts on Traffic Safety. EuroFOT DL6. 2012, 4.
41. Manser, M.P., Creaser, J., Boyle, L.N., 18 Behavioural Adaptation. Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety: Theory, Evidence and Action. 2013, 339.
42. Merat, N., Jamson, A.H., Lai, F.C.H., Daly, M., Carsten, O.M.J., Transition to manual: driver behaviour when resuming control from a highly automated vehicle. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 27:Part B (2014), 274–282.
43. Mok, B.K.J., Johns, M., Lee, K.J., Ive, H.P., Miller, D., Ju, W., Timing of unstructured transitions of control in automated driving. 2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). Presented at the 2015 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV), 2015, 1167–1172.
44. Naujoks, F., Purucker, C., Neukum, A., Secondary task engagement and vehicle automation – comparing the effects of different automation levels in an on-road experiment. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 38 (2016), 67–82.
45. Naujoks, F., Purucker, C., Neukum, A., Wolter, S., Steiger, R., Controllability of Partially Automated Driving functions – does it matter whether drivers are allowed to take their hands off the steering wheel?. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 35 (2015), 185–198.
46. NHTSA, Tesla Autopilot Fatal Accident Investigation Report., 2017.
47. NHTSA, et al. Preliminary Statement of Policy Concerning Automated Vehicles System. 2013 Washington, DC.
48. Nilsson, L., Safety effects of adaptive cruise controls in critical traffic situations. Steps Forward. Intelligent Transport Systems World Congress, 1995.
49. OECD Road Research Group, Behavioural Adaptations to Changes in the Road Transport System. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 1990.
50. Patten, C.J., Behavioural Adaptation to In-vehicle Intelligent Transport Systems, in: Behavioural Adaptation and Road Safety: Theory, Evidence and Action. 2013, CRC Press, 161–176.
51. Pauwelussen, J., Feenstra, P.J., Driver behavior analysis during ACC activation and deactivation in a real traffic environment. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transport. Syst. 11 (2010), 329–338.
52. Piccinini, G.F.B., Simoes, A., Rodrigues, C.M., Early Adopters’ Mental Model of Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) and its Influence on Behavioural Adaptation to the System. Driver Adaptation to Information and Assistance Systems, vol. 2, 2013, 81.
53. Rasmussen, J., Cognitive Control and Human Error Mechanisms. My Science Work. 1987.
54. Rudin-Brown, C.M., “Intelligent” in-vehicle intelligent transport systems: limiting behavioural adaptation through adaptive design. IET Intell. Transp. Syst. 4 (2010), 252–261.
55. Rudin-Brown, C.M., Parker, H.A., Behavioural adaptation to adaptive cruise control (ACC): implications for preventive strategies. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 7 (2004), 59–76.
56. SAE On-Road Automated Vehicle Standards Committee, Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to On-road Motor Vehicle Automated Driving Systems. 2014.
57. Salinger, J., Human factors for limited-ability autonomous driving systems. Transportation Research Board Road Vehicle Automation Workshop, 2012 Irvine, CA. Retrieved from http://onlinepubs.trb.org/onlinepubs/conferences/2012/Automation/presentations/-Salinger.pdf.
58. Shenton, A.K., Strategies for ensuring trustworthiness in qualitative research projects. Educ. Inf. 22 (2004), 63–75.
59. Sibi, S., Ayaz, H., Kuhns, D.P., Sirkin, D.M., Ju, W., Monitoring Driver Cognitive Load Using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy in Partially Autonomous Cars. 2016.
60. Simons-Morton, B., Guo, F., Klauer, S.G., Ehsani, J.P., Pradhan, A.K., Keep your eyes on the road: Young driver crash risk increases according to duration of distraction. J. Adolesc. Health 54 (2014), S61–S67.
61. Smiley, A., Behavioral adaptation, safety, and intelligent transportation systems. Transport. Res. Rec.: J. Transport Res., 2000, 47–51.
62. Stanton, N.A., Marsden, P., From fly-by-wire to drive-by-wire: safety implications of automation in vehicles. Saf. Sci. 24 (1996), 35–49.
63. Stanton, N.A., Young, M.S., Driver behaviour with adaptive cruise control. Ergonomics 48 (2005), 1294–1313.
64. Strand, N., Nilsson, J., Karlsson, I.C.M., Nilsson, L., Semi-automated versus highly automated driving in critical situations caused by automation failures. Transport. Res. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 27:Part B (2014), 218–228.
65. Strayer, D.L., Fisher, D.L., SPIDER: a framework for understanding driver distraction. Hum. Factors 58 (2016), 5–12.
66. Summala, H., Towards Understanding Motivational and Emotional Factors in Driver Behaviour: Comfort through Satisficing. Modelling Driver Behaviour in Automotive Environments. 2007, 189–207.
67. Sun, N., Rau, P.P.-L., Ma, L., Understanding lurkers in online communities: a literature review. Comput. Hum. Behav. 38 (2014), 110–117.
68. Tesla, Tesla Model S Owner Manual with Autosteer 7.0. 2015.
69. Tesla, Tesla Model S Owner Manual with Autosteer 7.1. 2016.
70. Tesla Motors Club, My Friend's Model X Crashed Using AP Yesterday. 2016 73308/(accessed 12.13.16) https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/my-friends-model-x-crashed-using-ap-yesterday.
71. Tesla Motors Club, Second Letter for Tesla Motors Regarding the Model X Autopilot Crash. 2016 (accessed 12.19.16) https://teslamotorsclub.com/tmc/threads/second-letter-for-tesla-motors-regarding-the-model-x-autopilot-crash.76840/#post-1716140.
72. van den Beukel, A.P., van der Voort, M.C., How to assess driver's interaction with partially automated driving systems – a framework for early concept assessment. Appl. Ergon. 59:Part A (2017), 302–312.
73. Viti, F., Hoogendoorn, S.P., Alkim, T.P., Bootsma, G., Driving behavior interaction with ACC: results from a field operational test in The Netherlands. 2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. Presented at the 2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, 2008, 745–750.
74. Vlakveld, W., Romoser, M.R.E., Mehranian, H., Diete, F., Pollatsek, A., Fisher, D.L., Do crashes and near crashes in simulator-based training enhance novice drivers’ visual search for latent hazards?. Transport. Res. Rec. 2265 (2011), 153–160.
75. Walker, G.H., Stanton, N.A., Salmon, P., Trust in vehicle technology. Int. J. Veh. Des., 70, 2016, 157.
76. Wege, C.A., Pereira, M., Victor, T.W., Krems, J.F., Behavioural Adaptation in Response to Driving Assistance Technologies: a Literature Review. Driver Adaptation to Information and Assistance Systems’(IET, London, 2014). 2013, 13–34.
77. Weinberger, M., Winner, H., Bubb, H., Adaptive cruise control field operational test—the learning phase. JSAE Rev. 22 (2001), 487–494.
78. Wilde, G.J.S., The theory of risk Homeostasis: implications for safety and health. Risk Anal. 2 (1982), 209–225.
79. Young, K.L., Michael, A., Factors Moderating the Impact of Distraction on Driving Performance and Safety. Driver Distraction: Theory, Effects, and Mitigation, vol. 335, 2008.
80. Young, M.S., Stanton, N.A., Back to the future: brake reaction times for manual and automated vehicles. Ergonomics 50 (2007), 46–58.
81. Zhang, W., Huang, Y.-H., Roetting, M., Wang, Y., Wei, H., Driver's views and behaviors about safety in China—what do they NOT know about driving?. Accid. Anal. Prev. 38 (2006), 22–27.