Fortified margarine and fat spreads

Handbook of Food Fortification and Health: From Concepts to Public Health Applications

Volumn 1, Issue , 2013, Pages 159-171

  Sioen, Isabelle ^a,b  

^a GHENT UNIVERSITY   (Belgium)

^b RESEARCH FOUNDATION FLANDERS FWO   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Antioxidants; Fat spread; Iodine; Margarine; n 3 LC PUFA; Plant stanols; Plant sterols; Vitamin A; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

EID: 85025454316     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7076-2_13     Document Type: Chapter

References (49)

1. European Commission. Council Regulation (EC) No 2991/94 of 5 December 1994 laying down standards for spreadable fats. Report No.: 31994R2991; 1994.
2. IMACE. Website of the International Margarine Association of the Countries of Europe. Available at: URL: http://www.imace.org/. Accessed 30 Sept 2011.
3. Unilever. How it all started. Available at URL: http://www.unilever.co.uk. Accessed 30 Sept 2011.
4. IMACE. Code of practice on vitamin A & D fortification of margarines and fat spreads; Available at: URL: http://www.imace.org/. Accessed 30 Sept 2011.
5. Labbe KA, Beaton GH, Martorell R, et al. Reduction of mortality in young-children after vitamin-A supplementation- combined analysis of 8 field trials. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;138(8):617.
6. West KP, Howard GR, Sommer A. Vitamin-A and infection-public-health implications. Annu Rev Nutr. 1989;9:63-86.
7. Krause VM, Delisle H, Solomons NW. Fortified foods contribute one half of recommended vitamin a intake in poor urban Guatemalan toddlers. J Nutr. 1998;128(5):860-4.
8. Solon FS, Solon MS, Mehansho H, et al. Evaluation of the effect of vitamin A-fortified margarine on the vitamin A status of preschool Filipino children. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1996;50(11):720-3.
9. Schoenmakers I, Goldberg GR, Prentice A. Abundant sunshine and vitamin D deficiency. Br J Nutr. 2008;99(6):1171-3.
10. Holick MF, Vitamin D. Deficiency. N Engl J Med. 2007;357(3):266-81.
11. Cashman KD. Vitamin D, in childhood and adolescence. Postgrad Med J. 2007;83(978):230-5.
12. Picciano MF, Vitamin D. Status and health. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2010;50:24-5.
13. Huybrechts I, Lin Y, De KW, et al. Dietary sources and sociodemographic and economic factors affecting vitamin D and calcium intakes in Flemish preschoolers. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2011;65(9):1039-47.
14. Sioen I, Matthys C, De Backer G, Van Camp J, De Henauw S. Importance of seafood as nutrient source in the diet of Belgian adolescents. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2007;20(6):580-9.
15. Lehtonen-Veromaa M, Mottonen T, Leino A, Heinonen OJ, Rautava E, Viikari J. Prospective study on food fortification with vitamin D among adolescent females in Finland: minor effects. Br J Nutr. 2008;100(2):418-23.
16. Hirvonen T, Sinkko H, Valsta L, Hannila ML, Pietinen P. Development of a model for optimal food fortification:vitamin D among adults in Finland. Eur J Nutr. 2007;46(5):264-70.
17. Rasanen M, Kronberg-Kippila C, Ahonen S, et al. Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2006;60(11):1317-22.
18. van Dam RM, Snijder MB, Dekker JM, et al. Potentially modifiable determinants of vitamin D status in an older population in the Netherlands: the Hoorn Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(3):755-61.
19. Ruxton CHS, Calder PC, Reed SC, Simpson MJA. The impact of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on human health. Nutr Res Rev. 2005;18(1):113-29.
20. Deckelbaum RJ, Akabas SR. n-3 Fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: navigating toward recommendations. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(1):1-2.
21. Loosemore ED, Judge MP, Lammi-Keefe CJ. Dietary intake of essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in pregnancy. Lipids. 2004;39(5):421-4.
22. Sioen IA, Pynaert I, Matthys C, De Backer G, Van Camp J, De Henauw S. Dietary intakes and food sources of fatty acids for Belgian women, focused on n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids. 2006;41(5):415-22.
23. Sioen I, Huybrechts I, Verbeke W, Camp JV, Henauw SD. n-6 and n-3 PUFA intakes of pre-school children in Flanders, Belgium. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(4):819-25.
24. Sioen I, Hacquebard M, Hick G, et al. Effect of ALA-enriched food supply on cardiovascular risk factors in males. Lipids. 2009;44(7):603-11.
25. Astorg P, Arnault N, Czernichow S, Noisette N, Galan P, Hercberg S. Dietary intakes and food sources of n-6 and n-3 PUFA in French adult men and women. Lipids. 2004;39(6):527-35.
26. Howe P, Meyer B, Record S, Baghurst K. Dietary intake of long-chain [omega]-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids:contribution of meat sources. Nutrition. 2006;22(1):47-53.
27. Meyer BJ, Mann NJ, Lewis JL, Milligan GC, Sinclair AJ, Howe PRC. Dietary intakes and food sources of omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Lipids. 2003;38(4):391-8.
28. Garg ML, Wood LG, Singh H, Moughan PJ. Means of delivering recommended levels of long chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human diets. J Food Sci. 2006;71(5):R66-71.
29. Metcalf RG, James MJ, Mantzioris E, Cleland LG. A practical approach to increasing intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids: use of novel foods enriched with n-3 fats. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(12):1605-12.
30. Molendi-Coste O, Legry V, Leclercq IA. Are n-3 PUFA dietary recommendations met in in-hospital and school catering?. Acta Gastroenterol Belg. 2011;74(2):281-8.
31. Sioen I, Devroe J, Inghels D, Terwecoren R, De Henauw S. The influence of n-3 PUFA supplements and n-3 PUFA enriched foods on the n-3 LC PUFA intake of Flemish women. Lipids. 2010;45(4):313-20.
32. Sioen I, De Henauw S, Verbeke W, Verdonck F, Willems JL, Van Camp J. Fish consumption is a safe solution to increase the intake of long-chain n-3 fatty acids. Public Health Nutr. 2008;11(11):1107-16.
33. Ostlund RE. Phytosterols in human nutrition. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22:533-49.
34. EFSA. Consumption of foods and beverages with added plant sterols in the European Union. EFSA J. 2008;133:1-21.
35. Katan MB, Grundy SM, Jones P, Law M, Miettinen T, Paoletti R. Efficacy and safety of plant stanols and sterols in the management of blood cholesterol levels. Mayo Clin Proc. 2003;78(8):965-78.
36. Caswell H, Denny A, Lunn J. Plant sterol and stanol esters. Nutr Bull. 2008;33:368-73.
37. Wolfs M, de Jong N, Ocke MC, Verhagen H, Verschuren WMM. Effectiveness of customary use of phytosterol/-stanol enriched margarines on blood cholesterol lowering. Food Chem Toxicol. 2006;44(10):1682-8.
38. Sioen I, Matthys C, Huybrechts I, Van Camp J, De Henauw S. Consumption of plant sterols in Belgium: consumption patterns of plant sterol-enriched foods in Flanders, Belgium. Br J Nutr. 2011;105(6):911-8.
39. Hearty A, Duffy E, Joyce J, O'Connor C, Gibney MJ. Phytosterol-enriched products on the Irish market: examination of intake and consumption patterns. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(1):51-8.
40. Athyros VG, Kakafika AI, Papageorgiou AA, et al. Effect of a plant stanol ester-containing spread, placebo spread, or Mediterranean diet on estimated cardiovascular risk and lipid, inflammatory and haemostatic factors. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2011;21(3):213-21.
41. Doggrell SA. Lowering LDL, cholesterol with margarine containing plant stanol/sterol esters: is it still relevant in 2011?. Complement Ther Med. 2011;19(1):37-46.
42. Eussen SRBM, Bouvy ML, Rompelberg CJM, et al. Influence of the use of functional foods enriched with phytosterols/-stanols on adherence to statin therapy. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2011;20(8):830-7.
43. Pop F. Evolution of some physicochemical parameters of iodine fortified sun flower oil and margarine. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2010;45(2):327-33.
44. Hof KHVH, Tijburg LBM, de Boer HSM, Wiseman SA, Weststrate JA. Antioxidant fortified margarine increases the antioxidant status. Eur J Clin Nutr. 1998;52(4):292-9.
45. SCF. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the tolerable upper intake levels of preformed vitamin A (retinol and retinyl esters). Report No.: SCF/CS/NU/UPPLEV/24 Final; 26 Sep 2002.
46. SCF. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the tolerable upper intake levels of vitamin D. Report No.:SCF/CS/NUT/UPPLEV/38 Final; 4 Dec 2002.
47. SCF. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the revision of reference values for nutrition labeling. Report No.: SCF/CS/NUT/GEN/18 Final; 5 Mar 2003.
48. SCF. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on a request for the safety assessment of the use of phytosterol esters in yellow fat spreads. Report No.: SCF/CS/NF/DOS/1 Final; 6 Apr 2000.
49. Din JN, Newby DE, Flapan AD. Science, medicine, and the future-omega 3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease-fishing for a natural treatment. Br Med J. 2004;328(7430):30-5.