The relationships between violence in childhood and educational outcomes: A global systematic review and meta-analysis

Child Abuse and Neglect

Volumn 75, Issue , 2018, Pages 6-28

  Fry, Deborah ^a   Fang, Xiangming ^b,c   Elliott, Stuart ^d   Casey, Tabitha ^a   Zheng, Xiaodong ^b   Li, Jiaoyuan ^b   Florian, Lani ^a   McCluskey, Gillean ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b CHINA AGRICULTURAL UNIVERSITY   (China)

^c GEORGIA STATE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^d UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Child maltreatment; Consequences; Educational outcomes; Learning outcomes; Meta analysis; Systematic review; Violence against children

Indexed keywords

CHILD; CHILDHOOD; FEMALE; GIRL; HUMAN; INVESTMENT; LEARNING ENVIRONMENT; MALE; META ANALYSIS; PREVENTION; SCHOOL DROPOUT; SEXUAL VIOLENCE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ACADEMIC SUCCESS; ADOLESCENT; BULLYING; CHILD ABUSE; CRIME VICTIM; LEARNING; PSYCHOLOGY; SCHOOL; VIOLENCE;

ACADEMIC SUCCESS; ADOLESCENT; BULLYING; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; LEARNING; MALE; SCHOOLS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 85023191867     PISSN: 01452134     EISSN: 18737757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.021     Document Type: Article

References (97)

1. Abajobir, A.A., Kisely, S., Maravilla, J.C., Williams, G., Najman, J.M., Gender differences in the association between childhood sexual abuse and risky sexual behaviours: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect 63 (2017), 249–260.
2. *+Allwood, M.A., Widom, C.S., Child abuse and neglect, developmental role attainment, and adult arrests. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 50:4 (2013), 551–578, 10.1177/0022427812471177.
3. *+Alyahri, A., Goodman, R., Harsh corporal punishment of Yemeni children: occurrence, type and associations. Child Abuse & Neglect 32:8 (2008), 766–773, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.01.001.
4. Andrews, G., Corry, J., Slade, T., Issakidis, C., Swanston, H., Child sexual abuse. Ezzati, M., Lopez, A.D., Rodgers, A., Murray, C., (eds.) Comparative quantification of health risks: global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors, Vol. 2, 2004, World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva.
5. *Arseneault, L., Walsh, E., Trzesniewski, K., Newcombe, R., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Bullying victimization uniquely contributes to adjustment problems in young children: a nationally representative cohort study. Pediatrics 118:1 (2006), 130–138, 10.1542/peds.2005-2388.
6. *+Baker-Henningham, H., Meeks-Gardner, J., Chang, S., Walker, S., Experiences of violence and deficits in academic achievement among urban primary school children in Jamaica. Child Abuse & Neglect 33:5 (2009), 296–306, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.05.011.
7. *Banyard, V.L., Cross, C., Consequences of teen dating violence understanding intervening variables in ecological context. Violence Against Women 14:9 (2008), 998–1013, 10.1177/1077801208322058.
8. *+Barker, B., Kerr, T., Dong, H., Wood, E., Debeck, K., High school incompletion and childhood maltreatment among street-involved young people in Vancouver, Canada. Health & Social Care in the Community, 2015, 10.1111/hsc.12314.
9. Barth, J., Bermetz, L., Heim, E., Trelle, S., Tonia, T., The current prevalence of child sexual abuse worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. International Journal of Public Health 58:3 (2013), 469–483.
10. Basch, C.E., Aggression and violence and the achievement gap among urban minority youth. Journal of School Health 81:10 (2011), 619–625.
11. *+Boden, J.M., Horwood, L.J., Fergusson, D.M., Exposure to childhood sexual and physical abuse and subsequent educational achievement outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect 31:10 (2007), 1101–1114, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.03.022.
12. *+Boynton-Jarrett, R., Hair, E., Zuckerman, B., Turbulent times: effects of turbulence and violence exposure in adolescence on high school completion, health risk behavior, and mental health in young adulthood. Social Science & Medicine 95 (2013), 77–86, 10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.09.007.
13. *+Bradshaw, C.P., Waasdorp, T.E., Goldweber, A., Johnson, S.L., Bullies, gangs, drugs, and school: understanding the overlap and the role of ethnicity and urbanicity. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42:2 (2013), 220–234, 10.1007/s10964-012-9863-7.
14. *Brendgen, M., Wanner, B., Vitaro, F., Bukowski, W.M., Tremblay, R.E., Verbal abuse by the teacher during childhood and academic, behavioral, and emotional adjustment in young adulthood. Journal of Educational Psychology 99:1 (2007), 26–38, 10.1037/0022-0663.99.1.26.
15. *+Brown, S., Taylor, K., Bullying, education and earnings: evidence from the National Child Development Study. Economics of Education Review 27:4 (2008), 387–401, 10.1016/j.econedurev.2007.03.003.
16. *+Burdick-Will, J., School violent crime and academic achievement in Chicago. Sociology of Education 86:4 (2013), 343–361 10.117/0038040713494225.
17. Cameron, A.C., Trivedi, P.K., Microeconometrics using Stata, Vol. 5, 2010, Stata press, College Station, TX.
18. *Caudillo, M.L., Torche, F., Exposure to local homicides and early educational achievement in Mexico. Sociology of Education 87:2 (2014), 89–105, 10.1177/0038040714523795.
19. *Chapple, C.L., Vaske, J., Child neglect, social context, and educational outcomes: Examining the moderating effects of school and neighborhood context. Violence and Victims 25:4 (2010), 470–485, 10.1891/0886-6708.25.4.470.
20. Chong, E., Hallman, K., Brady, M., Investing when it counts: Generating the evidence base for policies and programmes for very young adolescents. Guide and tool kit. 2006, Population Council & United Nations Population Fund, New York.
21. Cobbett, M., McLaughlin, C., Kiragu, S., Creating ‘participatory spaces’: involving children in planning sex education lessons in Kenya, Ghana and Swaziland. Sex Education 13:Suppl. (1) (2013), S70–S83.
22. *+Contreras, D., Elacqua, G., Martinez, M., Miranda, Á., Bullying, identity and school performance: evidence from Chile. International Journal of Educational Development 51 (2016), 147–162, 10.1016/j.ijedudev.2016.09.004.
23. *Covey, H.C., Menard, S., Franzese, R.J., Effects of adolescent physical abuse, exposure to neighborhood violence, and witnessing parental violence on adult socioeconomic status. Child Maltreatment 18:2 (2013), 85–97, 10.1177/1077559513477914.
24. Cuesta, A., Glewwe, P., Krause, B., School infrastructure and educational outcomes: A literature review, with special reference to Latin america. Economía 17:1 (2016), 95–130.
25. *+Devries, K.M., Child, J.C., Allen, E., Walakira, E., Parkes, J., Naker, D., School violence, mental health, and educational performance in Uganda. Pediatrics 133:1 (2013), e129–e137, 10.1542/peds.2013-2007.
26. Espelage, D.L., Hong, J.S., Rao, M.A., Low, S., Associations between peer victimization and academic performance. Theory into Practice 52:4 (2013), 233–240.
27. *+Espinoza, G., Gonzales, N.A., Fuligni, A.J., Daily school peer victimization experiences among Mexican-American adolescents: associations with psychosocial, physical and school adjustment. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42:12 (2013), 1775–1788, 10.1007/s10964-012-9874-4.
28. Fang, X., Fry, D.A., Ji, K., Finkelhor, D., Chen, J., Lannen, P., Dunne, M.P., The burden of child maltreatment in China: a systematic review. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 93:3 (2015), 176–185.
29. Fang, X., Fry, D.A., Ganz, G., Casey, T., Ward, C.L., The economic burden of violence against children in South Africa. Report to save the children South Africa., 2016, Save the Children South Africa, Pretoria.
30. *Fantuzzo, J.W., Perlman, S.M., Dobbins, E.K., Types and timing of child maltreatment and early school success: A population-based investigation. Children and Youth Services Review 33:8 (2011), 1404–1411, 10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.04.010.
31. *Font, S.A., Maguire-Jack, K., Pathways from childhood abuse and other adversities to adult health risks: The role of adult socioeconomic conditions. Child Abuse & Neglect 51 (2016), 390–399, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.05.013.
32. *Forrest, C.B., Bevans, K.B., Riley, A.W., Crespo, R., Louis, T.A., Health and school outcomes during children's transition into adolescence. Journal of Adolescent Health 52:2 (2013), 186–194, 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.06.019.
33. Fry, D., McCoy, A., Swales, D., The consequences of maltreatment on children's lives: a systematic review of data from the East Asia and Pacific Region. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 2012, 209–233.
34. *+Fry, D., Anderson, J., Hidalgo, R.J., Elizalde, A., Casey, T., Rodriguez, R., Fang, X., Prevalence of violence in childhood and adolescence and the impact on educational outcomes: evidence from the 2013 Peruvian national survey on social relations. International Health 8:1 (2016), 44–52.
35. Fry, D., Preventing violence against children and how this contributes to building stronger economies. Thematic research paper for the 3rd high-level meeting on cooperation for child rights in the Asia-Pacific region, 7–9 november, 2016. 2016, Government of Malaysia & UNICEF, Kuala Lumpur.
36. *Geoffroy, M.C., Pereira, S.P., Li, L., Power, C., Child neglect and maltreatment and childhood-to-adulthood cognition and mental health in a prospective birth cohort. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 55:1 (2016), 33–40.
37. Gilbert, R., Widom, C.S., Browne, K., Fergusson, D., Webb, E., Janson, S., Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries. The Lancet 373:9657 (2009), 68–81.
38. *+Glew, G.M., Fan, M.Y., Katon, W., Rivara, F.P., Kernic, M.A., Bullying, psychosocial adjustment, and academic performance in elementary school. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 159:11 (2005), 1026–1031.
39. Glewwe, P.W., Hanushek, E.A., Humpage, S.D., Ravina, R., School resources and educational outcomes in developing countries: A review of the literature from 1990 to 2010 (No. w17554). 2011, National Bureau of Economic Research.
40. *+Gruber, J., Fineran, S., Sexual harassment, bullying, and school outcomes for high school girls and boys. Violence Against Women 22:1 (2015), 112–133 10.117/1077801215599079.
41. *+Hammig, B., Jozkowski, K., Academic achievement, violent victimization, and bullying among US high school students. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 28:7 (2013), 1424–1436, 10.1177/0886260512468247.
42. *+Hansen, H.H., Hasselgård, C.E., Undheim, A.M., Indredavik, M.S., Bullying behaviour among Norwegian adolescents: psychiatric diagnoses and school well-being in a clinical sample. Nordic Journal of Psychiatry 68:5 (2014), 355–361, 10.3109/08039488.2013.845689.
43. *Henrich, C.C., Schwab-Stone, M., Fanti, K., Jones, S.M., Ruchkin, V., The association of community violence exposure with middle-school achievement: A prospective study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology 25:3 (2004), 327–348, 10.1016/j.appdev.2004.04.004.
44. Hillis, S., Mercy, J., Amobi, A., Kress, H., Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: a systematic review and minimum estimates. Pediatrics 137:3 (2016), 1–13.
45. *+Holt, M.K., Greif Green, J., Reid, G., DiMeo, A., Espelage, D.L., Felix, E.D., Sharkey, J.D., Associations between past bullying experiences and psychosocial and academic functioning among college students. Journal of American College Health 62:8 (2014), 552–560, 10.1080/07448481.2014.947990.
46. *+Huang, L., Mossige, S., Academic achievement in Norwegian secondary schools: the impact of violence during childhood. Social Psychology of Education 15:2 (2012), 147–164, 10.1007/s11218-011-9174-y.
47. *Hyman, B., The economic consequences of child sexual abuse for adult lesbian women. Journal of Marriage and Family 62:1 (2000), 199–211.
48. *+Jayasinghe, S., Jayawardena, P., Perera, H., Influence of intimate partner violence on behaviour, psychological status and school performance of children in Sri Lanka. Journal of Family Studies 15:3 (2009), 274–283.
49. Ji, K., Finkelhor, D., Dunne, M., Child sexual abuse in China: A meta-analysis of 27 studies. Child Abuse & Neglect 37:9 (2013), 613–622.
50. *+Juvonen, J., Wang, Y., Espinoza, G., Bullying experiences and compromised academic performance across middle school grades. The Journal of Early Adolescence 31:1 (2010), 152–173, 10.1177/0272431610379415.
51. *Kernic, M.A., Holt, V.L., Wolf, M.E., McKnight, B., Huebner, C.E., Rivara, F.P., Academic and school health issues among children exposed to maternal intimate partner abuse. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 156:6 (2002), 549–555.
52. *+Kiesel, L.R., Piescher, K.N., Edleson, J.L., The relationship between child maltreatment, intimate partner violence exposure, and academic performance. Journal of Public Child Welfare 10:4 (2016), 434–456, 10.1080/15548732.2016.1209150.
53. Lansdown, G., Evolving Capacities and Participation. Prepared for the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), Child Protection Unit. 2004 Retrieved 2nd December 2016 from http://www.cida.gc.ca/inet/images.nsf/vLUImages/Childprotection/$file/CAPevolvingcapacities_0%5B1%5D.pdf.
54. *Lopez, C., DuBois, D.L., Peer victimization and rejection: investigation of an integrative model of effects on emotional, behavioral, and academic adjustment in early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 34:1 (2005), 25–36, 10.1207/s15374424jccp3401_3.
55. *Ma, L., Phelps, E., Lerner, J.V., Lerner, R.M., Academic competence for adolescents who bully and who are bullied: findings from the 4-H study of positive youth development. The Journal of Early Adolescence 29:6 (2009), 862–897, 10.1177/0272431609332667.
56. *+Maclean, M.J., Taylor, C.L., O'Donnell, M., Pre-existing adversity, level of child protection involvement, and school attendance predict educational outcomes in a longitudinal study. Child Abuse & Neglect 51 (2016), 120–131, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.10.026.
57. Mitchell, L., Wylie, C., Carr, M., Outcomes of early childhood education: Literature review. 2008, Ministry of Education, New Zealand.
58. *+Moore, S.E., Scott, J.G., Thomas, H.J., Sly, P.D., Whitehouse, A.J., Zubrick, S.R., Norman, R.E., Impact of adolescent peer aggression on later educational and employment outcomes in an Australian cohort. Journal of Adolescence 43 (2015), 39–49, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.007.
59. *+Morrow, M.T., Hubbard, J.A., Swift, L.E., Relations among multiple types of peer victimization, reactivity to peer victimization, and academic achievement in fifth-grade boys and girls. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly 60:3 (2014), 302–327.
60. Nakamoto, J., Schwartz, D., Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A Meta-analytic review. Social Development 19:2 (2010), 221–242.
61. *+Ogando Portela, M.J., Pells, K., Corporal Punishment in Schools: Longitudinal Evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam. Innocenti Discussion Paper No. 2015-02. 2015, UNICEF Office of Research, Florence.
62. *+Orpinas, P., Raczynski, K., School climate associated with school dropout among tenth graders. Pensamiento Psicológico 14:1 (2016), 9–20, 10.11144/Javerianacali.PPSI14-1.scsd.
63. *+Peek-Asa, C., Maxwell, L., Stromquist, A., Whitten, P., Limbos, M.A., Merchant, J., Does parental physical violence reduce children's standardized test score performance?. Annals of Epidemiology 17:11 (2007), 847–853, 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.06.004.
64. *Peguero, A.A., Violence, schools, and dropping out racial and ethnic disparities in the educational consequence of student victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26:18 (2011), 3753–3772, 10.1177/0886260511403764.
65. *+Pells, K., Ogando Portela, M.J., Espinoza Revollo, P., Experiences of peer bullying among adolescents and associated effects on young adult outcomes: Longitudinal evidence from Ethiopia, India, Peru and Viet Nam. Innocenti discussion paper 2016-03. 2016, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti, Florence.
66. Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., Gómez-Benito, J., The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse: A continuation of Finkelhor (1994). Child Abuse & Neglect 33:6 (2009), 331–342.
67. *+Pieterse, D., Childhood maltreatment and educational outcomes: Evidence from South Africa. Health Economics 24:7 (2015), 876–894, 10.1002/hec.3065.
68. *+Popp, A.M., Peguero, A.A., Day, K.R., Kahle, L.L., Gender, bullying victimization, and education. Violence and Victims 29:5 (2014), 843–856, 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00047.
69. *+Risser, S.D., Relational aggression and academic performance in elementary school. Psychology in the Schools 50:1 (2013), 13–26, 10.1002/pits.21655.
70. *Robst, J., Childhood sexual victimization, educational attainment, and the returns to schooling. Education Economics 18:4 (2010), 407–421, 10.1080/09645290903102837.
71. Romano, E., Babchishin, L., Marquis, R., Fréchette, S., Childhood maltreatment and educational outcomes. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse 16:4 (2015), 418–437.
72. Rose, P., Alcott, B., How can education systems become equitable by 2030? DFID think pieces–learning and equity. 2015, DFID, London.
73. *+Rothon, C., Head, J., Klineberg, E., Stansfeld, S., Can social support protect bullied adolescents from adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bullying on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London. Journal of Adolescence 34:3 (2011), 579–588, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2010.02.007.
74. *+Rouse, H.L., Fantuzzo, J.W., Multiple risks and educational well being: a population-based investigation of threats to early school success. Early Childhood Research Quarterly 24:1 (2009), 1–14, 10.1016/J.ECRESQ.2008.12.001.
75. *+Rouse, H.L., Fantuzzo, J.W., LeBoeuf, W., Comprehensive challenges for the well being of young children: a population-based study of publicly monitored risks in a large urban center. Child & Youth Care Forum 40:4 (2011), 281–302 10.1007.s10566-010-9138-y.
76. *Rueger, S.Y., Malecki, C.K., Demaray, M.K., Stability of peer victimization in early adolescence: Effects of timing and duration. Journal of School Psychology 49:4 (2011), 443–464, 10.1016/j.jsp.2011.04.005.
77. *Siziya, S., Muula, A.S., Rudatsikira, E., Prevalence and correlates of truancy among adolescents in Swaziland: findings from the Global School-Based Health Survey. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 1(15), 2007, 10.1186/1753-2000-1-15.
78. *+Smith, J.F., Skrbiš Z., Arenas of comfort and conflict: peer relationship events and young people's educational attainment. Journal of Youth Studies 19:5 (2016), 646–664, 10.1080/13676261.2015.1098767.
79. Snilstveit, B., Stevenson, J., Phillips, D., Vojtkova, M., Gallagher, E., Schmidt, T., Eyers, J., Interventions for improving learning outcomes and access to education in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review. 3ie final review. international initiative for impact evaluation, London, 2015.
80. *+Steiner, R.J., Rasberry, C.N., Brief report: Associations between in-person and electronic bullying victimization and missing school because of safety concerns among US high school students. Journal of Adolescence 43 (2015), 1–4, 10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.05.005.
81. Stoltenborgh, M., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Euser, E.M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., A global perspective on child sexual abuse: meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment 16:2 (2011), 79–101.
82. *+Strøm, I.F., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., Dyb, G., Violence, bullying and academic achievement: A study of 15-year-old adolescents and their school environment. Child Abuse & Neglect 37:4 (2013), 243–251, 10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.10.010.
83. *Tajima, E.A., Herrenkohl, T.I., Moylan, C.A., Derr, A.S., Moderating the effects of childhood exposure to intimate partner violence: The roles of parenting characteristics and adolescent peer support. Journal of Research on Adolescence 21:2 (2011), 376–394, 10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00676.x.
84. *+Tanaka, M., Jamieson, E., Georgiades, K., Duku, E.K., Boyle, M.H., MacMillan, H.L., The association between childhood abuse and labor force outcomes in young adults: Results from the Ontario child health study. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma 20:8 (2011), 821–844, 10.1080/10926771.2011.621851.
85. *+Tanaka, M., Georgiades, K., Boyle, M.H., MacMillan, H.L., Child maltreatment and educational attainment in young adulthood results from the Ontario child health study. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 30:2 (2015), 195–214, 10.1177/0886260514533153.
86. *Thijs, J., Verkuyten, M., Peer victimization and academic achievement in a multiethnic sample: The role of perceived academic self-efficacy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100(4), 2008, 754, 10.1037/a0013155.
87. *+Thompson, R., Whimper, L.A., Exposure to family violence and reading level of early adolescents. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma 19:7 (2010), 721–733, 10.1080/10926771003781347.
88. *Thornton, M., Darmody, M., McCoy, S., Persistent absenteeism among Irish primary school pupils. Educational Review 65:4 (2013), 488–501, 10.1080/00131911.2013.768599.
89. *+Turner, H.A., Finkelhor, D., Shattuck, A., Hamby, S., Mitchell, K., Beyond bullying: Aggravating elements of peer victimization episodes. School Psychology Quarterly 30:3 (2015), 366–384, 10.1037/spq0000058.
90. United Nations Secretary General, Protecting children from bullying: Report of the Secretary-General. A/71/213., 2016, United Nations General Assembly, New York.
91. UNESCO, School violence and bullying: Global status report. Presented at the international symposium on school violence and bullying: from evidence to action, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 17–19 January, 2017. Paris: UNESCO, 2017.
92. UNICEF, Child maltreatment prevalence, incidence and consequences in East Asia and the Pacific: A systematic review of research. 2012 Retrieved on 2nd December 2016 from http://www.unicef.org/eapro/Child_Maltreatment.pdf.
93. World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control, Prevention (CDC), Global Partnership to End Violence Against Children, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), Together for Girls, the World Bank, INSPIRE: Seven strategies for ending violence against children. 2016, WHO, Geneva.
94. *+Wang, W., Vaillancourt, T., Brittain, H.L., McDougall, P., Krygsman, A., Smith, D., Hymel, S., School climate, peer victimization, and academic achievement: Results from a multi-informant study. School Psychology Quarterly 29:3 (2014), 360–377, 10.1037/spq0000084.
95. *+Woods, S., Wolke, D., Direct and relational bullying among primary school children and academic achievement. Journal of School Psychology 42:2 (2004), 135–155, 10.1016/j.jsp.2003.12.002.
96. *Wormington, S.V., Anderson, K.G., Schneider, A., Tomlinson, K.L., Brown, S.A., Peer victimization and adolescent adjustment: does school belonging matter?. Journal of School Violence 15:1 (2016), 1–21, 10.1080/15388220.2014.922472.
97. *Wright, M.F., Adolescents’ cyber aggression perpetration and cyber victimization: the longitudinal associations with school functioning. Social Psychology of Education 18:4 (2015), 653–666, 10.1007/s11218-015-9318-6.