A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world

Child Maltreatment

Volumn 16, Issue 2, 2011, Pages 79-101

  Stoltenborgh, Marije ^a   van IJzendoorn, Marinus H ^a   Euser, Eveline M ^a   Bakermans Kranenburg, Marian J ^a  

^a LEIDEN UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

adult retrospective reports; child sexual abuse; community samples; cultural ethnic issues; epidemiology; gender sex differences

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; AGE; ARTICLE; CHILD; CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY; CULTURAL FACTOR; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FEMALE; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFORMATION PROCESSING; MALE; META ANALYSIS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; SAMPLE SIZE; SELF DISCLOSURE; SEX DIFFERENCE; STATISTICS;

ADOLESCENT; AGE FACTORS; BIAS (EPIDEMIOLOGY); CHILD; CHILD ABUSE, SEXUAL; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISON; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; DATA COLLECTION; FEMALE; HUMANS; INCIDENCE; INFANT; MALE; SAMPLE SIZE; SELF DISCLOSURE; SEX FACTORS;

EID: 79955802079     PISSN: 10775595     EISSN: 15526119     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1077559511403920     Document Type: Article

References (274)

1. Publications marked with an asterisk were included in the meta-analysis.Ackard, D.M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2002). Date violence and date rape among adolescents: Associations with disordered eating behaviors and psychological health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 455-473. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00322-8.
2. Afifi, Z.E.M., Basuily, W.W., El-Lawindi, M.I., & Ahmed, S.A. (2003). Adolescent abuse in a community sample in Beni Suef, Egypt: Prevalence and risk factors. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 9, 1003-1018.
3. Akyuz, G., Sar, V., Kugu, N., & Dogan, O. (2005). Reported childhood trauma, attempted suicide and self-mutilative behavior among women in the general population. European Psychiatry, 20, 268-273. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2005.01.002.
4. Alexander, P.C., & Lupfer, S.L. (1987). Family characteristics and long-term consequences associated with sexual abuse. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 16, 235-245. doi: 10.1007/BF01541611.
5. Amodeo, M., Griffin, M.L., Fassler, I.R., Clay, C.M., & Ellis, M.A. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse among black women and white women from two-parent families. Child Maltreatment, 11, 237-246. doi:10.1177/1077559506289186.
6. Anderson, J., Martin, J., Mullen, P., Romans, S., & Herbison, P. (1993). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse experiences in a community sample of women. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32, 911-919. doi: 10.1097/ 00004583-199309000-00004.
7. Ansara, D., Cohen, M.M., Gallop, R., Kung, R., & Schei, B. (2005). Predictors of women's physical health problems after childbirth. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 26, 115-125. doi:10.1080/01443610400023064.
8. Arreola, S.G., Neilands, T.B., Pollack, L.M., Paul, J.P., & Catania, J.A. (2005). Higher prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Latino men who have sex with men than non-Latino men who have sex with men: Data from the Urban Men's Health Study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 285-290. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.09.003.
9. Arroyo, J.A., Simpson, T.L., & Aragon, A.S. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white college women. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19, 57-68. doi:10.1177/07399863970191004.
10. Aspelmeier, J.E., Elliot, A.N., & Smith, C.H. (2007). Childhood sexual abuse, attachment, and trauma symptoms in college females: The moderating role of attachment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 549-566. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.12.002.
11. Baccini, F., Pallota, N., Calabrese, E., Pezzotti, P., & Corazziari, E. (2003). Prevalence of sexual and physical abuse and its relationship with symptom manifestations in patients with chronic organic and functional gastrointestinal disorders. Digestive and Liver Disease, 35, 256-261. doi:10.1016/S1590-8658(03)00075-6.
12. Back, S.E., Jackson, J.L., Fitzgerald, M., Shaffer, A., Salstrom, S., & Osman, M.M. (2003). Child sexual and physical abuse among college students in Singapore and the United States. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 1259-1275. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.06.001.
13. Bagley, C., & Ramsay, R. (1986). Sexual abuse in childhood: Psychosocial outcomes and implications for social work practice. Journal of Social Work & Human Sexuality, 4, 33-47.
14. Bagley, C., Wood, M., & Young, L. (1994). Victim to abuser- Mental-health and behavioral sequels of child sexual abuse in a community survey of young-adult males. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 683-697. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90018-3.
15. Baker, A.W., & Duncan, S.P. (1985). Child sexual abuse: A study of prevalence in Great Britain. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 457-467. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(85)90054-7.
16. Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., van zendoorn I.J.M.H., & Juffer, F. (2003). Less is more: Meta-analyses of sensitivity and attachment interventions in early childhood. Psychological Bulletin, 129, 195-215. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.129.2.195.
17. Banyard, V.L., Arnold, S., & Smith, J. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and dating experiences of undergraduate women. Child Maltreatment, 5, 39-48. doi:10.1177/1077559500005001005.
18. Barel, E., van IJzendoorn, M.H., Sagi-Schwartz, A., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2010). Surviving the holocaust: a meta-analysis of the long-term sequelae of a genocide. Psychological Bulletin, 136, 677-698. doi:10.1037/a0020339.
19. Basile, K.C., Chen, J., Black, M.C., & Saltzman, L.E. (2007). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual violence victimization among U.S. adults, 2001-2003. Violence and Victims, 22, 437-448. doi:10.1891/088667007781553955.
20. Bates, J.E., Bennett Freeland, C.A.B., & Lounsbury, M.L. (1979). Measurement of infant difficultness. Child Development, 50, 794-803. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1979.tb02428.x.
21. Beitchman, J.H., Zucker, K.J., Hood, J.E., Dacosta, G.A., & Akman, D. (1991). A review of the short-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15, 537-556. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(91)90038-F.
22. Beitchman, J.H., Zucker, K.J., Hood, J.E., Dacosta, G.A., Akman, D., & Cassavia, E. (1992). A review of the long-term effects of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16, 101-118. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90011-F.
23. Ben-Arieh, A., & Haj-Yahia, M.M. (2006). The ''geography'' of child maltreatment in Israel: Findings from a national data set of cases reported to the social services. Child Abuse and Neglect, 30, 991-1003. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.02.014.
24. Bendixen, M., Muus, K.M., & Schei, B. (1994). The impact of child sexual abuse-A study of a random sample of Norwegian students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 837-847. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90063-9.
25. Benedict, M.I., Paine, L.L., Paine, L.A., Brandt, D., & Stallings, R. (1999). The association of childhood sexual abuse with depressive symptoms during pregnancy, and selected pregnancy outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 659-670. doi:10.1016/S01452134(99)00040-X.
26. Bensley, L.S., Van Eenwyk, J., Spieker, S.J., & Schoder, J. (1999). Self-reported abuse history and adolescent problem behaviors. I. Antisocial and suicidal behaviors. Journal of Adolescent Health, 24, 163-172. doi: 10.1016/S1054-139X(98)00111-6.
27. Bensley, L., Van Eenwyk, J., & Simmons, K.W. (2003). Childhood family violence history and women's risk for intimate partner violence and poor health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 25, 38-44. doi:10.1016/S0749-3797(03)00094-1.
28. Berenson, A.B., Miguel, V.V.S., & Wilkinson, G.S. (1992). Prevalence of physical and sexual assault in pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13, 466-469. doi:10.1016/1054139X(92)90008-Y.
29. Bergdahl, J.B. (1983). Differences in demographic features and present anxiety level among college women who report type, extent and rated severity of childhood and adolescent sexual contacts with adults. Dissertation-Abstracts-International, 44(01), 296-B.
30. Berliner, L., Fine, D., & Moore, D. (2001). Sexual assault experiences and perceptions of community response to sexual assualt: A survey of Washington state women. Olympia, WA: Office of Crime Victims Advocacy.
31. Bernat, J.A., Ronfeldt, H.M., Calhoun, K.S., & Arias, I. (1998). Prevalence of traumatic events and peritraumatic predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms in a nonclinical sample of college students. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 11, 645-664. doi:10.1023/ A:1024485130934.
32. Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., & Rothstein, D. (2007). Meta-analysis: Fixed effect vs. random effects. Retrieved fromhttp://www.meta-analysis.com/downloads/Meta-analysis_fixed_effect_vs_random_effects_sv.pdf.
33. Borenstein, M., Rothstein, D., & Cohen, J. (2005). Comprehensive meta-analysis: A computer program for research synthesis. [Computer software]. Englewood, NJ: Biostat.
34. Bouvier, P., Halpérin, D., Rey, H., Jaffé, P.D., Laederach, J., Mounoud, R.L., & Pawlak, C. (1999). Typology and correlates of sexual abuse in children and youth: Multivariate analyses in a prevalence study in Geneva. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 779-790. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00050-2.
35. Boyer, D., & Fine, D. (1992). Sexual abuse as a factor in adolescent pregnancy and child maltreatment. Family Planning Perspectives, 24, 4-19. doi:10.2307/2135718.
36. Brayden, R.M., Deitrich-MacLean, G., Dietrich, M.S., Sherrod, K.B., & Altemeier, W.A. (1995). Evidence for specific effects of childhood sexual abuse on mental well-being and physical self-esteem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 1255-1262. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(95)00078-M.
37. Brener, N.D., McMahon, P.M., Warren, C.W., & Douglas, K.A. (1999). Forced sexual intercourse and associated health-risk behaviors among female college students in the United States. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 252-259. doi:10.1037/ 0022-006X.67.2.252.
38. Briere, J., & Elliot, D.M. (2003). Prevalence and psychological sequelae of self-reported childhood physical and sexual abuse in a general population sample of men and women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 1205-1222. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.008.
39. Briere, J., & Runtz, M. (1988). Symptomatology associated with childhood sexual victimization in a nonclinical adult sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 12, 51-59. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(88)90007-5.
40. Brooker, S., Cawson, P., Kelly, G., & Wattam, C. (2001). The prevalence of child abuse and neglect: A survey of young people. International Journal of Market Research, 43, 249-289.
41. Brown, J., Berenson, K., & Cohen, P. (2005). Documented and self-reported child abuse and adult pain in a community sample. Clinical Journal of Pain, 21, 374-377. doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000149797. 16370.dc.
42. Brown, J., Cohen, P., Johnson, J.G., & Salzinger, S. (1998). A longitudinal analysis of risk factors for child maltreatment: findings of a 17-year prospective study of officially recorded and self-reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 1065-1078. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00087-8.
43. Browne, A., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Initial and long-term effects: a review of the research. In D. Finkelhor (Ed.), A sourcebook on child sexual abuse, (pp. 119-142). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
44. Bryant, S.L., & Range, L.M. (1997). Type and severity of child abuse and college students' lifetime suicidality. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 1169-1176. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00092-6.
45. Calam, R.M., & Slade, P.D. (1989). Sexual experience and eating problems in female undergraduates. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 8, 391-397. doi:10.1002/1098-108X(198907)8: 4<391::AID-EAT2260080402>3.0.CO;2-P.
46. Caspi, A., McClay, J., Moffitt, T.E., Mill, J., Martin, J., & Craig, I.W., Poulton, R. (2002). Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science, 297, 851-854. doi:10.1126/science.1072290.
47. Chapman, D.P., Whitfield, C.L., Felitti, V.J., Dube, S.R., Edwards, V.J., & Anda, R.F. (2004). Adverse childhood experiences and the risk of depressive disorders in adulthood. Journal of Affective Disorders, 82, 217-225. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2003.12.013.
48. Chartier, M.J., Walker, J.R., & Naimark, B. (2007). Childhood abuse, adult health, and health care utilization: Results from a representative community sample. American Journal of Epidemiology, 165, 1031-1038. doi:10.1093/aje/kwk113.
49. Chen, J.Q., Dunne, M.P., & Han, P. (2004). Child sexual abuse in China: A study of adolescents in four provinces. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 1171-1186. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.07.003.
50. Chen, J.Q., Dunne, M.P., & Han, P. (2006). Child sexual abuse in Henan province, China: Associations with sadness, suicidality, and risk behaviors among adolescent girls. Journal of Adolescent Health, 38, 544-549. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2005.04.001.
51. Chibnall, J.T., Wolf, A., & Duckro, P.N. (1998). A national survey of the sexual trauma experiences of Catholic nuns. Review of Religious Research, 40, 142-167. doi:10.2307/3512299.
52. Choquet, M., DarvesBornoz, J.M., Ledoux, S., Manfredi, R., & Hassler, C. (1997). Self-reported health and behavioral problems among adolescent victims of rape in France: Results of a cross-sectional survey. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 823-832. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(97)00044-6.
53. Clemmons, J.C., DiLillo, D., Martinez, I.G., DeGue, S., & Jeffcott, M. (2003). Co-occurring forms of child maltreatment and adult adjustment reported by Latina college students. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 751-767. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(03)00112-1.
54. Cohen, R.A., Paul, R.H., Stroud, L., Gunstad, J., Hitsman, B.L., Mccaffery, J., &Gordon, E. (2006). Early life stress and adult emotional experience: An international perspective. International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, 36, 35-52. doi:10.2190/5R62-9PQY-0NEL-TLPA.
55. Coid, J., Petruckevitch, A., Chung, W.S., Richardson, J., Moorey, S., & Feder, G. (2003). Abusive experiences and psychiatric morbidity in women primary care attenders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 183, 332-339. doi:10.1192/bjp.183.4.332.
56. Collings, S.J. (1995). The long-term effects of contact and noncontact forms of child sexual abuse in a sample of university men. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1-6. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94) 00098-F.
57. Collings, S.J. (1997). Child sexual abuse in a sample of South African women students: Prevalence, characteristics, and long-term effects. South African Journal of Psychology-Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif Vir Sielkunde, 27, 37-42.
58. Collishaw, S., Pickles, A., Messer, J., Rutter, M., Shearer, C., & Maughan, B. (2007). Resilience to adult psychopathology following childhood maltreatment: Evidence from a community sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 211-229. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu. 2007.02.004.
59. Copeland, W.E., Keeler, G., Angold, A., & Costello, E.J. (2007). Traumatic events and posttraumatic stress in childhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 577-584. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.577.
60. Coxell, A., King, M., Mezey, G., & Gordon, D. (1999). Lifetime prevalence, characteristics, and associated problems of non-consensual sex in men: Cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 318, 846-850.
61. Cyr, C., Euser, E.M., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J., & Van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2010). Attachment security and disorganization in maltreating and high-risk families: A series of meta-analyses. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 87-108. doi:10.1017/ S0954579409990289.
62. Dalenberg, C.J., & Palesh, O.G. (2004). Relationships between child abuse history, trauma, and dissociation in Russian college students. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 461-474. doi:10.1016/ j.chiabu.2003.11.020.
63. De Paul, J., Milner, J.S., & Mugica, P. (1995). Childhood maltreatment, childhood social support, and child-abuse potential in a Basque sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 907-920. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(95)00053-B.
64. De Von Figueroa-Moseley, C.D., Landrine, H., & Klonoff, E.A. (2004). Sexual abuse and smoking among college student women. Addictive Behaviors, 29, 245-251. doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2003.07.004.
65. De Sanjose, S., Diaz, M., Castellsaue, X., Clifford, G., Bruni, L., Munoz, N., & Bosch, F.X. (2007). Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: A meta-analysis. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 7, 453-459. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70158-5.
66. De Wolff, M.S., & van IJzendoorn, M.H. (1997). Sensitivity and attachment: A meta-analysis on parental antecedents of infant attachment. Child Development, 68, 571-591. doi:10.2307/1132107.
67. DeLahunta, E.A., & Tulsky, A.A. (1996). Personal exposure of faculty and medical students to family violence. Journal of the American Medical Association, 275, 1903-1906. doi:10.1001/jama. 275.24.1903.
68. Dhaliwal, G.K., Gauzas, L., Antonowicz, D.H., & Ross, R.R. (1996). Adult male survivors of childhood sexual abuse: Prevalence, sexual abuse characteristics, and long-term effects. Clinical Psychology Review, 16, 619-639. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(96)00018-9.
69. Diaz, A., Simantov, E., & Rickert, V.I. (2002). Effect of abuse on health-Results of a national survey. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156, 811-817. doi:10.1016/S1083-3188(00) 00017-6.
70. Diaz-Olavarrieta, C., Paz, F., de la Cadena, C.G., & Campbell, J. (2001). Prevalence of intimate partner abuse among nurses and nurses' aides in Mexico. Archives of Medical Research, 32, 79-87. doi:10.1016/S0188-4409(00)00262-9.
71. DiLillo, D., DeGue, S., Kras, A., Di Loreto-Colgan, A.R., & Nash, C. (2006a). Participant responses to retrospective surveys of child maltreatment: Does mode of assessment matter? Violence and Victims, 21, 410-424. doi:10.1891/vivi.21.4.410.
72. DiLillo, D., Fortier, M.A., Hayes, S.A., Trask, E., Perry, A.R., Messman-Moore, T., &Nash, C. (2006b). Retrospective assessment of childhood sexual and physical abuse: A comparison of scaled and behaviorally specific approaches. Assessment, 13, 297-312. doi:10.1177/1073191106288391.
73. Ditomasso, M.J., & Routh, D.K. (1993). Recall of abuse in childhood and three measures of dissociation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 477-485. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90022-W.
74. Divasto, P.V., Kaufman, A., Rosner, L., Jackson, R., Christy, J., Pearson, S., & Burgett, T. (1984). The Prevalence of sexually stressful events among females in the general-population. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 13, 59-67. doi:10.1007/BF01542978.
75. Duncan, R.D. (2000). Childhood maltreatment and college drop-out rates-Implications for child abuse researchers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 987-995. doi:10.1177/088626000015009005.
76. Dunkle, K.L., Jewkes, R.K., Brown, H.C., Yoshihama, M., Gray, G.E., McIntyre, J.A., & Harlow, S.D. (2004). Prevalence and patterns of gender-based violence and revictimization among women attending antenatal clinics in Soweto, South Africa. American Journal of Epidemiology, 160, 230-239. doi:10.1093/aje/kwh194.
77. Dunne, M.P., Purdie, D.M., Cook, M.D., Boyle, F.M., & Najman, J.M. (2003). Is child sexual abuse declining? Evidence from a population-based survey of men and women in Australia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 141-152. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134 (02)00539-2.
78. Duran, B., Malcoe, L.H., Sanders, M., Waitzkin, H., Skipper, B., & Yager, J. (2004). Child maltreatment prevalence and mental disorders outcomes among American Indian women in primary care. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 131-145. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003. 06.005.
79. Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000a). A nonparametric ''trim and fill'' method of accounting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 95, 89-98. doi:10.2307/ 2669529.
80. Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000b). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot-based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56, 455-463. doi:10.1111/j.0006-341X. 2000.00455.x.
81. Eaton, D.K. (2006). Youth risk behavior surveillance-United States, 2005. Journal of school health, 76, 353-372. doi:10.1111/ j.1746-1561.2006.00127.x.
82. Edgardh, K., & Ormstad, K. (2000). Prevalence and characteristics of sexual abuse in a national sample of Swedish seventeen-year-old boys and girls. Acta Paediatrica, 89, 310-319. doi:10.1111/ j.1651-2227.2000.tb01333.x.
83. Elbedour, S., Abu-Bader, S., Onwuegbuzie, A.J., Abu-Rabia, A., & El-Aassam, S. (2006). Erratum to ''The scope of sexual, physical, and psychological abuse in a Bedouin-Arab community of female adolescents: The interplay of racism, urbanization, polygamy, family honor, and the social marginalization of women.''. Child Abuse and Neglect, 30, 577. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.003.
84. Elliot, D.M., & Briere, J. (1992). Sexual abuse trauma among professional women: Validating the trauma symptom checklist-40 (TSC-40). Child Abuse and Neglect, 16, 391-398. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(92)90048-V.
85. Elliott, D.M. (1997). Traumatic events: Prevalence and delayed recall in the general population. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 65, 811-820.
86. Epstein, M.A., & Bottoms, B.L. (1998). Memories of childhood sexual abuse: A survey of young adults. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 1217-1238. doi:10.1037//0022-006X.65.5.811.
87. Ernst, C., Angst, J., & Foldenyi, M. (1993). The Zurich Study XVII. Sexual abuse in childhood-Frequency and relevance for adult morbidity data of a longitudinal epidemiologic-study. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 242, 293-300.
88. Eskin, M., Kaynak-Demir, H., & Demir, S. (2005). Same-sex sexual orientation, childhood sexual abuse, and suicidal behavior in university students in Turkey. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 34, 185-195. doi:10.1007/s10508-005-1796-8.
89. Essock-Vitale, S.M., & Mcguire, M.T. (1985). Women's lives viewed from an evolutionary perspective.1. Sexual histories, reproductive success, and demographic characteristics of a random sample of American women. Ethology and Sociobiology, 6, 137-154. doi:10.1016/0162-3095(85)90027-5.
90. Euser, E.M., Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Prinzie, P., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M.J. (2010). Prevalence of child maltreatment in the Netherlands. Child Maltreatment, 15, 5-17. doi:10.1177/1077 559509345904.
91. Everill, J., & Waller, G. (1995). Disclosure of sexual abuse and psychological adjustment in female undergraduates. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 93-100. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)00102-Z.
92. Fallon, B., Trocme, N., Fluke, J., MacLaurin, B., Tonmyr, L., & Yuan, Y.Y. (2010). Methodological challenges in measuring child maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 70-79. doi:10.1016/ j.chiabu.2009.08.008.
93. Fanslow, J.L., Robinson, E.M., Crengle, S., & Perese, L. (2007). Prevalence of child sexual abuse reported by a cross-sectional sample of New Zealand women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 935-945. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.02.009.
94. Fergusson, D.M., & Mullen, P.E. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse: An evidence-based perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
95. Fergusson, D.M., & Horwood, L.J. (1998). Exposure to interparental violence in childhood and psychosocial adjustment in young adulthood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 339-357. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(98)00004-0.
96. Figueiredo, B., Bifulco, A., Paiva, C., Maia, A., Fernandes, E., & Matos, R. (2004). History of childhood abuse in Portuguese parents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 669-682. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu. 2003.11.021.
97. Fillingim, R.B., & Edwards, R.R. (2005). Is self-reported childhood abuse history associated with pain perception among healthy young women and men? Clinical Journal of Pain, 21, 387-397. doi:10.1097/01.ajp.0000149801.46864.39.
98. Finkelhor, D., & Baron, L. (1986). High-risk children. In D. Finkelhor (Ed.), A sourcebook on child sexual abuse, (pp. 60-88). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
99. Finkelhor, D. (1994). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 409-417. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(94)90026-4.
100. Finkelhor, D., & Dziuba-Leatherman, J. (1994). Children as victims of violence: A national survey. Pediatrics, 94, 413-420.
101. Finkelhor, D., Moore, D., Hamby, S.L., & Straus, M.A. (1997). Sexually abused children in a national survey of parents: Methodological issues. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 1-9. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(96)00127-5.
102. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R., Turner, H., & Hamby, S.L. (2005). The victimization of children and youth: A comprehensive, national survey. Child Maltreatment, 10, 5-25. doi:10.1177/1077559504271287.
103. Flanagan, A.S., & Furman, W.C. (2000). Sexual victimization and perceptions of close relationships in adolescence. Child Maltreatment, 5, 350-359. doi:10.1177/1077559500005004006.
104. Fleming, J.M. (1997). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in a community sample of Australian women. Medical Journal of Australia, 166, 65-68.
105. Fox, K.M., & Gilbert, B.O. (1994). The interpersonal and psychological functioning of women who experienced childhood physical abuse, incest, and parental alcoholism. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 849-858. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90064-7.
106. Fricker, A.E., Smith, D.W., Davis, J.L., & Hanson, R.F. (2003). Effects of context and question type on endorsement of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 265-268. doi:10. 1023/A:1023748124626.
107. Fritz, G.S., Stoll, K., & Wagner, N.N. (1981). A comparison of males and females who were sexually molested as children. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 7, 54-59.
108. Fromuth, M.E. (1983). The long term psychological impact of childhood sexual abuse. Dissertation-Abstracts-International, 44, 2242.
109. Fromuth, M.E. (1986). The Relationship of childhood sexual abuse with later psychological and sexual adjustment in a sample of college-women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 5-15. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(86)90026-8.
110. Gagné, M.H., Lavoie, F., & Hébert, M. (2005). Victimization during childhood and revictimization in dating relationships in adolescent girls. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 1155-1172. doi:10.1016/ j.chiabu.2004.11.009.
111. Gibson, R.L., & Hartshorne, T.S. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and adult loneliness and network orientation. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 1087-1093. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00097-X.
112. Gilbody, S.M., Song, F.J., Eastwood, A.J., & Sutton, A. (2000). The causes, consequences and detection of publication bias in psychiatry. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 102, 241-249. doi:10.1034/ j.1600-0447.2000.102004241.x.
113. Goldman, J.D.G., & Padayachi, U.K. (2000). Some methodological problems in estimating incidence and prevalence in child sexual abuse research. The Journal of Sex Research, 37, 305-314. doi:10.1080/00224490009552052.
114. Goldman, J.D.G., & Padayachi, U.K. (1997). The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Queensland, Australia. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 489-498. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00008-2.
115. Goldman, R.J., & Goldman, J.D.G. (1988). The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse in Australia. Australian Journal of Sex, Marriage & Family, 9, 94-106.
116. Grayson, C.E., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2005). Motives to drink as mediators between childhood sexual assault and alcohol problems in adult women. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 137-145. doi:10.1002/jts.20021.
117. Grimstad, H., Schei, B., Backe, B., & Jacobsen, G. (1997). Physical abuse and low birthweight: A case-control study. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 104, 1281-1287. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1997.tb10975.x.
118. Hall, E., & Flannery, P.J. (1984). Prevalence and correlates of sexual assault experiences in adolescents. Victimology, 9, 398-406.
119. Halperin, D.S., Bouvier, P., Jaffe, P.D., Mounoud, R.L., Pawlak, C.H., Laederach, J., & Astié, F. (1996). Prevalence of child sexual abuse among adolescents in Geneva: Results of a cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 312, 1326-1329.
120. Hatfield, S.A. (1987). Symptomatology associated with male adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Dissertation-Abstracts-International, 48, 2771-2772.
121. Haugaard, J.J., & Emery, R.E. (1989). Methodological issues in child sexual abuse research. Child Abuse & Neglect, 13, 89-100. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(89)90032-X.
122. Hedges, L.V., & Olkin, I. (1985). Statistical methods for meta-analysis. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
123. Helweg-Larsen, K., & Larsen, H.B. (2006). The prevalence of unwanted and unlawful sexual experiences reported by Danish adolescents: Results from a national youth survey in 2002. Acta Paediatrica, 95, 1270-1276. doi:10.1080/08035250600589033.
124. Hetzel, M.D., & McCanne, T.R. (2005). The roles of peritraumatic dissociation, child physical abuse, and child sexual abuse in the development of posttraumatic stress disorder and adult victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 915-930. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu. 2004.11.008.
125. Hibbard, R.A., Ingersoll, G.M., & Orr, D.P. (1990). Behavioral risk, emotional risk, and child-abuse among adolescents in a nonclinical setting. Pediatrics, 86, 896-901.
126. Hill, J., Davis, R., Byatt, M., Burnside, E., Rollinson, L., & Fear, S. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and affective symptoms in women: A general population study. Psychological Medicine, 30, 1283-1291. doi:10.1017/S0033291799003037.
127. Himelein, M.J., Vogel, R.E., & Wachowiak, D.G. (1994). Non-consensual sexual experiences in precollege women-Prevalence and risk-factors. Journal of Counseling and Development, 72, 411-415.
128. Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture's consequences. Comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
129. Hooper, P.D. (1990). Psychological sequelae of sexual abuse in childhood. British Journal of General Practice, 40, 29-31.
130. Howard, D.E., & Wang, M.Q. (2005). Psychosocial correlates of US adolescents who report a history of forced sexual intercourse. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36, 372-379. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth. 2004.07.007.
131. Hussey, J.M., Chang, J.J., & Kotch, J.B. (2006). Child maltreatment in the United States: Prevalence, risk factors, and adolescent health consequences. Pediatrics, 118, 933-942. doi:10.1542/peds. 2005-2452.
132. International Monetary Fund. (2010). World economic outlook: Spillovers and cycles in the global economy. Washington, DC: Author.
133. Jewkes, R., Levin, J., Mbananga, N., & Bradshaw, D. (2002). Rape of girls in South Africa. Lancet, 359, 319-320. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(02)07530-X.
134. Jirapramukpitak, T., Prince, M., & Harpham, T. (2005). The experience of abuse and mental health in the young Thai population-A preliminary survey. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40, 955-963. doi: 10.1007/s00127-005-0983-1.
135. Johnson, R.J., Ross, M.W., Taylor, W.C., Williams, M.L., Carvajal, R.I., & Peters, R.J. (2006). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among incarcerated males in county jail. Child Abuse and Neglect, 30, 75-86. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.08.013.
136. Juffer, F., & van IJzendoorn, M.H. (2005). Behavior problems and mental health referrals of international adoptees-A meta-analysis. Journal of the American Medical Association, 293, 2501-2515. doi:10.1001/jama.293.20.2501.
137. Jumaian, A. (2001). Prevalence and long-term impact of child sexual abuse among a sample of male college students in Jordan. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 7, 435-440.
138. Jumper, S.A. (1995). A meta-analysis of the relationship of child sexual abuse to adult psychological adjustment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 715-728. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00029-8.
139. Kendall Tackett, K.A., Williams, L.M., & Finkelhor, D. (1993). Impact of sexual abuse on children-A review and synthesis of recent empirical studies. Psychological Bulletin, 113, 164-180. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.113.1.164.
140. Kendler, K.S., Bulik, C.M., Silberg, J., Hettema, J.M., Myers, J., & Prescott, C.A. (2000). Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women-An epidemiological and Cotwin control analysis. Archives of General Psychiatry, 57, 953-959. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.10.953.
141. Kenny, M., & McEachern, A.G. (2000a). Prevalence and characteristics of childhood sexual abuse in multiethnic female college students. Journal of child sexual abuse, 9, 57-70. doi:10.1300/ J070v09n02_04.
142. Kenny, M.C., & McEachern, A.G. (2000b). Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors of childhood sexual abuse: A selected review of the literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 905-922. doi:10.1016/ S0272-7358(99)00022-7.
143. Kercher, G.A., & McShane, M. (1984). The prevalence of child sexual abuse victimization in an adult sample of Texas residents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 8, 495-501. doi:10.1016/0145-2134 (84)90031-0.
144. Khamis, V. (2000). Child psychological maltreatment in Palestinian families. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1047-1059. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(00)00157-5.
145. Kilpatrick, D.G., Acierno, R., Saunders, B., Resnick, H.S., & Best, C.L. (2000). Risk factors for adolescent substance abuse and dependence: Data from a national sample. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 19-30. doi:10.1037//0022-006X. 68.1.19.
146. Kim, H.S., & Kim, H.S. (2005). Incestuous experience among Korean adolescents: Prevalence, family problems, perceived family dynamics, and psychological characteristics. Public Health Nursing, 22, 472-482. doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2005.220604.x.
147. King, G., Flisher, A.J., Noubary, F., Reece, R., Marais, A., & Lombard, C. (2004). Substance abuse and behavioral correlates of sexual assault among South African adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 683-696. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.12.003.
148. King, G., Guilbert, P., Ward, D.G., Arwidson, P., & Noubary, F. (2006). Correlates of sexual abuse and smoking among French adults. Child Abuse & Neglect, 30, 709-723. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu. 2006.02.011.
149. Kinzl, J.F., Traweger, C., & Biebl, W. (1995). Sexual dysfunctions-Relationship to childhood sexual abuse and early family experiences in a nonclinical sample. Child Abuse & Neglect, 19, 785-792. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(95)00048-D.
150. Koss, M.P. (1993). Detecting the scope of rape: A review of prevalence research methods. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 8, 198-222. doi:10.1177/088626093008002004.
151. Krahé, B., Scheinberger-Olwig, R., Waizenhöfer, E., & Kolpin, S. (1999). Childhood sexual abuse and revictimization in adolescence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 383-394. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(99)00002-2.
152. Krugman, S., Mata, L., & Krugman, R. (1992). Sexual abuse and corporal punishment during childhood-A pilot retrospective survey of university-students in Costa-Rica. Pediatrics, 90, 157-161.
153. Kvam, M.H. (2004). Sexual abuse of deaf children. A retrospective analysis of the prevalence and characteristics of childhood sexual abuse among deaf adults in Norway. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 241-251. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.017.
154. Lalor, K. (2008). Child sexual abuse and HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Child Abuse Review, 17, 94-107. doi:10.1002/ car.1020.
155. Lam, J. (1994). Resiliency and adult adaptation in females with and without histories of childhood sexual abuse. Dissertation-Abstracts-International, 55, 1187.
156. Leeners, B., Neumaier-Wagner, P., Quarg, A.F., & Rath, W. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences: An underestimated factor in perinatal care. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 85, 971-976. doi:10.1080/00016340600626917.
157. Leitenberg, H., Greenwald, E., & Cado, S. (1992). A retrospective study of long-term methods of coping with having been sexually abused during childhood. Child Abuse & Neglect, 16, 399-407. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90049-W.
158. Leventhal, J.M. (1998). Epidemiology of sexual abuse of children: Old problems, new directions. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 481-491. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00014-3.
159. Linton, S.J. (1997). A population-based study of the relationship between sexual abuse and back pain: Establishing a link. Pain, 73, 47-53. doi:10.1016/S0304-3959(97)00071-7.
160. Lipsey, M.W., & Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
161. Lodico, M.A., Gruber, E., & DiClemente, R.J. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and coercive sex among school-based adolescents in a midwestern state. Journal of Adolescent Health, 18, 211-217. doi:10.1016/1054-139X(95)00167-Q.
162. López, F., Carpintero, E., Hernández, A., Martín, M.J., & Fuertes, A. (1995). Prevalencia y Consecuencias del Abuso Sexual al Menor en Espana [Prevalence and consequences of child sexual abuse in Spain]. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 1039-1050. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(95)00066-H.
163. Lopez, M.A., & Heffer, R.W. (1998). Self-concept and social competence of university student victims of childhood physical abuse. Child Abuse and Neglect, 22, 183-195. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134 (97)00136-1.
164. Mackenzie, G., Blaney, R., Chivers, A., & Vincent, O.E. (1993). The incidence of child sexual abuse in Northern-Ireland. International Journal of Epidemiology, 22, 299-305. doi:10.1093/ije/22.2.299.
165. Madu, S.N., & Peltzer, K. (2000). Risk factors and child sexual abuse among secondary school students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 259-268. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(99)00128-3.
166. Madu, S.N. (2001). The prevalence and patterns of childhood sexual abuse and victim-perpetrator relationship among a sample of university students. South African Journal of Psychology, 31, 32-37.
167. Madu, S.N. (2003). The relationship between parental physical availability and child sexual, physical and emotional abuse: A study among a sample of university students in South Africa. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 44, 311-318. doi:10.1111/ 1467-9450.00350.
168. Madu, S.N., & Peltzer, K. (2001). Prevalence and patterns of child sexual abuse and victim-perpetrator relationship among secondary school students in the Northern Province (South Africa). Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 311-321. doi: 10.1023/A:1002704331364.
169. Mamun, A., Alati, R., O'Callaghan, M., Hayatbakhsh, M.R., O'Callaghan, F.V., Najman, J.M., &Bor, W. (2007). Does childhood sexual abuse have an effect on young adults' nicotine disorder (dependence or withdrawal)? Evidence from a birth cohort study. Addiction, 102, 647-654. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443. 2006.01732.x.
170. Mandell, D.S., Walrath, C.M., Manteuffel, B., Sgro, G., & Pinto-Martin, J.A. (2005). The prevalence and correlates of abuse among children with autism served in comprehensive community-based mental health settings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 1359-1372. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2005.06.006.
171. Masho, S.W., & Ahmed, G. (2007). Age at sexual assault and posttraumatic stress disorder among women: Prevalence, correlates, and implications for prevention. Journal of Womens Health, 16, 262-271. doi:10.1089/jwh.2006.M076.
172. May-Chahall, C., & Cawson, P. (2005). Measuring child maltreatment in the United Kingdom: A study of the prevalence of child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 29, 969-984. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004.05.009.
173. Mazza, D., Dennerstein, L., & Ryan, V. (1996). Physical, sexual and emotional violence against women: A general practice-based prevalence study. Medical Journal of Australia, 164, 14-17.
174. Mazza, D., Dennerstein, L., Garamszegi, C.V., & Dudley, E.C. (2001). The physical, sexual and emotional violence history of middle-aged women: A community-based prevalence study. Medical Journal of Australia, 175, 199-201.
175. Mbagaya, C.V. (2010). Child maltreatment in Kenia, Zambia and the Netherlands. A cross-cultural comparison of prevalence, psycho-pathological sequelae, and mediation by PTSS. Leiden: Drukkerij Mostert.
176. McCrann, D., & Lalor, K.J.K. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse among university students in Tanzania. Child Abuse and Neglect, 30, 1343-1351. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.05.009.
177. Mcnutt, L.A., Carlson, B.E., Persaud, M., & Postmus, J. (2002). Cumulative abuse experiences, physical health and health behaviors. Annals of Epidemiology, 12, 123-130. doi:10.1016/S1047-2797(01)00243-5.
178. Menard, C., Bandeen-Roche, K.J., & Chilcoat, H.D. (2004). Epidemiology of multiple childhood traumatic events: child abuse, parental psychopathology, and other family-level stressors. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 857-865. doi:10.1007/ s00127-004-0868-8.
179. Merrill, L.L., Newell, C.E., Thomsen, C.J., Gold, S.R., Milner, J.S., Koss, M.P., & Rosswork, S.G. (1999). Childhood abuse and sexual revictimization in a female navy recruit sample. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 12, 211-225. doi:10.1023/A:1024789723779.
180. Messman-Moore, T.L. (2000). Child sexual abuse and revictimization in the form of adult sexual abuse, adult physical abuse, and adult psychological maltreatment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 489-502. doi:10.1177/088626000015005003.
181. Meston, C.M., Heiman, J.R., Trapnell, P.D., & Carlin, A.S. (1999). Ethnicity, desirable responding, and self-reports of abuse: A comparison of European- and Asian-ancestry undergraduates. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67, 139-144. doi:10.1037// 0022-006X.67.1.139.
182. Miller, P.M., & Lisak, D. (1999). Associations between childhood abuse and personality disorder symptoms in college males. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 642-656. doi:10.1177/0886260 99014006005.
183. Milner, J.S. (1990). Childhood history of abuse and adult child abuse potential. Journal of Family Violence, 5, 15-34. doi:10.1007/ BF00979136.
184. Mulder, R.T., Beautrais, A.L., Joyce, P.R., & Fergusson, D.M. (1998). Relationship between dissociation, childhood sexual abuse, childhood physical abuse, and mental illness in a general population sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 806-811.
185. Mullen, P.E., Romans-Clarkson, S.E., Walton, V.A., & Herbison, G.P. (1988). Impact of sexual and physical abuse on women's mental health. Lancet, 1, 841-845. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(88)91600-5.
186. Muram, D., Dorko, B., Brown, J.G., & Tolley, E.A. (1991). Child sexual abuse in Shelby County, Tennessee-A new epidemic. Child Abuse & Neglect, 15(91), 523-529. doi:10.1016/0145-2134 (95)90036-D.
187. Nelson, D.E., Higginson, G.K., & Grant-Worley, J.A. (1994). Using the youth risk behavior survey to estimate prevalence of sexual abuse among Oregon high school students. The Journal of School Health, 64, 413-416. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.1994.tb03264.x.
188. Nelson, E.C., Heath, A.C., Lynskey, M.T., Bucholz, K.K., Madden, P.A.F., Statham, D.J., & Martin, N.G. (2006). Childhood sexual abuse and risks for licit and illicit drug-related outcomes: A twin study. Psychological Medicine, 36, 1473-1483. doi:10.1017/S0033291706008397.
189. Niederberger, J.M. (2002). The perpetrator's strategy as a crucial variable: A representative study of sexual abuse of girls and its sequelae in Switzerland. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26, 55-71. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00303-9.
190. Nuttall, R., & Jackson, H. (1994). Personal history of childhood abuse among clinician. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 455-472. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90030-2.
191. Oaksford, K., & Frude, N. (2001). The prevalence and nature of child sexual abuse: Evidence from a female university sample in the UK. Child Abuse Review, 10, 49-59. doi:10.1002/car.663.
192. O'Leary, P.J., & Barber, J. (2008). Gender differences in silencing following childhood sexual abuse. Journal of child sexual abuse, 17, 133-143. doi:10.1080/10538710801916416.
193. Olsson, A., Ellsberg, M., Berglund, S., Herrera, A., Zelaya, E., Peña, R., &.Persson, L.A. (2000). Sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence among Nicaraguan men and women: A population-based anonymous survey. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1579-1589. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00215-5.
194. Paolucci, E.O., Genuis, M.L., & Violato, C. (2001). A meta-analysis of the published research on the effects of child sexual abuse. Journal of Psychology, 135, 17-36. doi:10.1080/002239 80109603677.
195. Parker, S., & Parker, H. (1991). Female victims of child sexual abuse: Adult adjustment. Journal of Family Violence, 6, 183-197. doi:10.1007/BF00978718.
196. Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2009a). The international epidemiology of child sexual abuse: A continuation of Finkelhor (1994). Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 331-342. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2008.07.007.
197. Pereda, N., Guilera, G., Forns, M., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2009b). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in community and student samples: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 328-338. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.02.007.
198. Peschers, U.M., Du Mont, J., Jundt, K., Pfürtner, M., Dugan, E., & Kindermann, G. (2003). Prevalence of sexual abuse among women seeking gynecologic care in Germany. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, 101, 103-108. doi:10.1016/ S0029-7844(02)02248-2.
199. Peters, D.K., & Range, L.M. (1995). Childhood sexual abuse and current suicidality in college women and men. Child Abuse and Neglect, 19, 335-341. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(94)00133-2.
200. Peters, S.D., Wyatt, G.E., & Finkelhor, D. (1986). Prevalence. In D. Finkelhor (Ed.), A sourcebook on child sexual abuse, (pp. 15-59). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
201. Pizzolo, C.P. (1989). The Relationship between childhood sexual abuse and symptoms of eating disorders among college women. Stony Brook, NY: State University of New York.
202. Posada, G., Gao, Y., Wu, F., Posada, R., Tascon, M., Schoëlmerich, A., & Synnevaag, B. (2008). The secure-base phenomenon across cultures: Children's behavior, mothers' preferences, and experts' concepts. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 60, 27-48. doi:10.2307/1166169.
203. Priest, R. (1992). Child sexual abuse histories among African-American college-students-A preliminary study. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 62, 475-476. doi:10.1037/h0079353.
204. Putnam, F.W. (2003). Ten-year research update review: Child sexual abuse. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 42, 269-278. doi:10.1097/00004583-200303000-00006.
205. Raiha, N.K., & Soma, D.J. (1997). Victims of child abuse and neglect in the U.S. Army. Child Abuse and Neglect, 21, 759-768. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(97)00037-9.
206. Ramisetty-Mikler, S., Caetano, R., Goebert, D., & Nishimura, S. (2006). Dating violence victimization: Associated drinking and sexual risk behaviors of Asian, native Hawaiian, and Caucasian high school students in Hawaii. Journal of School Health, 76, 423-429. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1561.2006.00136.x.
207. Rapkin, A.J., Kames, L.D., Darke, L.L., Stampler, F.M., & Naliboff, B.D. (1990). History of physical and sexual abuse in women with chronic pelvic pain. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 76, 92-96. doi:10.1016/0020-7292(91)90368-F.
208. Rew, L., Esparza, D., & Sands, D. (1991). A comparative study among college students of sexual abuse in childhood. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 5, 331-340. doi:10.1016/0883-9417(91) 90034-3.
209. Riggs, S., Alario, A.J., & Mchorney, C. (1990). Health risk behaviors and attempted-suicide in adolescents who report prior maltreatment. Journal of Pediatrics, 116, 815-821. doi:10.1016/ S0022-3476(05)82679-4.
210. Rind, B., Tromovitch, P., & Bauserman, R. (1998). A meta-analytic examination of assumed properties of child sexual abuse using college samples. Psychological Bulletin, 124, 22-53. doi:10.1037// 0033-2909.124.1.22.
211. Risberg, G., Lundgren, E., & Westman, G. (1999). Prevalence of sexualized violence among women: A population-based study in a primary healthcare district. Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, 27, 247-253. doi:10.1080/140349499444979.
212. Risin, L.I., & Koss, M.P. (1987). The sexual abuse of boys. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 2, 309-323. doi:10.1177/08862608700 2003006.
213. Robin, R.W., Chester, B., Rasmussen, J.K., Jaranson, J.M., & Goldman, D. (1997). Prevalence, characteristics, and impact of childhood sexual abuse in a southwestern American Indian tribe. Child Abuse & Neglect, 21, 769-787. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134 (97)00038-0.
214. Romano, E., & De Luca, R.V. (2001). Male sexual abuse: A review of effects, abuse characteristics, and links with later psychological functioning. Aggression and Violent Behaviour, 6, 55-78. doi:10.1016/ S1359-1789(99)00011-7.
215. Romero, G., Wyatt, G.E., Loeb, T.B., Vargas Carmona, J., & Solis, B.M. (1999). The prevalence and circumstances of child sexual abuse among Latina women. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21, 351-365. doi:10.1177/0739986399213009.
216. Roosa, M.W., Tein, J.Y., Reinholtz, C., & Angelini, P.J. (1997). The relationship of childhood sexual abuse to teenage pregnancy. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59, 119-130. doi:10.2307/ 353666.
217. Rosen, L.N., & Martin, L. (1996). Impact of childhood abuse history on psychological symptoms among male and female soldiers in the US army. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 1149-1160. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(96)00112-3.
218. Rosenberg, H.J., Jankowski, M.K., Sengupta, A., Wolfe, R.S., Wolford, G.L., & Rosenberg, S.D. (2005). Single and multiple suicide attempts and associated health risk factors in New Hampshire adolescents. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35, 547-557. doi:10.1521/suli.2005.35.5.547.
219. Rosenman, S., & Rodgers, B. (2004). Childhood adversity in an Australian population. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 695-702. doi:10.1007/s00127-004-0802-0.
220. Rosenthal, R. (1991). Meta-analytic procedures for social research. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
221. Ross, C.A., Keyes, B.B., Xiao, Z., Yan, H., Wang, Z., Zou, Z., &.Zhang, H. (2005). Childhood physical and sexual abuse in China. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 14, 115-126. doi:10.1300/ J070v14n04_06.
222. Rothbart, M.K. (1981). Measurement of temperament in infancy. Child Development, 52, 569-578. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1981. tb03082.x.
223. Runtz, M. (2002). Health concerns of university women with a history of child physical and sexual maltreatment. Child Maltreatment, 7, 241-253. doi:10.1177/1077559502007003006.
224. Runyan, D.K. (1998). Prevalence, risk, sensitivity, and specificity: A commentary on the epidemiology of child sexual abuse and the development of a research agenda. Child Abuse & Neglect, 22, 493-498. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00015-5.
225. Russell, D.E.H. (1983). The incidence and prevalence of intrafamilial and extrafamilial sexual abuse of female children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 7, 133-146. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(83)90065-0.
226. Sachs-Ericsson, N., Blazer, D., Plant, E.A., & Arnow, B. (2005). Childhood sexual and physical abuse and the 1-year prevalence of medical problems in the National Comorbidity Survey. Health Psychology, 24, 32-40. doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.1.32.
227. Sandberg, D.A., & Lynn, S.J. (1992). Dissociative experiences, psychopathology and adjustment, and child and adolescent maltreatment in female college-students. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 717-723. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.101.4.717.
228. Sariola, H., & Uutela, A. (1994). The prevalence of child sexual abuse in Finland. Child Abuse & Neglect, 18, 827-835. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(94)90062-0.
229. Saunders, B.E., Villeponteaux, L.A., Lipovsky, J.A., Kilpatrick, D.G., & Veronen, L.J. (1992). Child sexual assault as a risk factor for mental-disorders among women-A community survey. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 7, 189-204. doi:10.1177/08862609200 7002005.
230. Schei, B. (1990). Prevalence of sexual abuse history in a random sample of Norwegian women. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 18, 63-68. doi:10.1177/140349489001800110.
231. Schein, M., Biderman, A., Baras, M., Bennett, L., Bisharat, B., Borkan, J., &Kitai, E. (2000). The prevalence of a history of child sexual abuse among adults visiting family practitioners in Israel. Child Abuse & Neglect, 24, 667-675. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(00)00128-9.
232. Scher, C.D., Forde, D.R., McQuaid, J.R., & Stein, M.B. (2004). Prevalence and demographic correlates of childhood maltreatment in an adult community sample. Child Abuse and Neglect, 28, 167-180. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.09.012.
233. Schultz, J.R., Bell, K.M., Naugle, A.E., & Polusny, M.A. (2006). Child sexual abuse and adulthood sexual assault among military veteran and civilian women. Military Medicine, 171, 723-728.
234. Sedlak, A.J. (2001). A history of the National Incidence study of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
235. Sedney, M.A., & Brooks, B. (1984). Factors associated with a history of childhood sexual experience in a nonclinical female population. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 23, 215-218. doi:10.1097/00004583-198403000-00015.
236. Sidebotham, P., & Golding, J. (2001). Child maltreatment in the ''children of the nineties'': A longitudinal study of parental risk factors. Child Abuse and Neglect, 25, 1177-1200. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(01)00261-7.
237. Siegel, J.M., Sorenson, S.B., Golding, J.M., Burnam, M.A., & Stein, J.A. (1987). The prevalence of childhood sexual assault- The Los Angeles epidemiologic catchment area project. American Journal of Epidemiology, 126, 1141-1153.
238. Silverman, A.B., Reinherz, H.Z., & Giaconia, R.M. (1996). The long-term sequelae of child and adolescent abuse: A longitudinal community study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 709-723. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(96)00059-2.
239. Silvern, L., Waelde, L.C., McClintic Baughan, B., & Kaersvang, L.L. (2000). Two formats for eliciting retrospective reports of child sexual and physical abuse: Effects on apparent prevalence and relationships to adjustment. Child Maltreatment, 5, 236-250. doi:10.1177/1077559500005003004.
240. Singh, H.S.S.A., Yiing, W.W., & Nurani, H.N.K. (1996). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse among Malaysian paramedical students. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 487-492. doi:10.1016/ 0145-2134(96)00030-0.
241. Slonim-Nevo, V., & Mukuka, L. (2007). Child abuse and AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes and behavior among adolescents in Zambia. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 143-159. doi:10.1016/ j.chiabu.2006.08.006.
242. Spak, L., Spak, F., & Allebeck, P. (1998). Sexual abuse and alcoholism in a female population. Addiction, 93, 1365-1373. doi:10.1046/ j.1360-0443.1998.93913657.x.
243. Spatz Widom, C., Czaja, S., & Dutton, M. (2008). Childhood victimization and lifetime revictimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 32, 785-796. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2007.12.006.
244. Spatz Widom, C., DuMont, K., & Czaja, S. (2007). A prospective investigation of major depressive disorder and comorbidity in abused and neglected children grown up. Archives of General Psychiatry, 64, 49-56. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.64.1.49.
245. Spencer, N., Devereux, E., Wallace, A., Sundrum, R., Shenoy, M., Bacchus, C., &Logan, S. (2005). Disabling conditions and registration for child abuse and neglect: A population-based study. Pediatrics, 116, 609-613. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1882.
246. Steel, J.L., & Herlitz, C.A. (2005). The association between childhood and adolescent sexual abuse and proxies for sexual risk behavior: A random sample of the general population of Sweden. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29, 1141-1153. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2004. 10.015.
247. Stein, M.B., Walker, J.R., Anderson, G., Hazen, A.L., Ross, C.A., Eldridge, G., & Forde, D.R. (1996). Childhood physical and sexual abuse in patients with anxiety disorders and in a community sample. American Journal of Psychiatry, 153, 275-277.
248. Stenson, K., Heimer, G., Lundh, C., Nordström, M.L., Saarinen, H., & Wenker, A. (2003). Lifetime prevalence of sexual abuse in a Swedish pregnant population. Acta Obstetetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica, 82, 529-536. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003. 00111.x.
249. Sutton, A.J., Duval, S.J., Tweedie, R.L., Abrams, K.R., & Jones, D.R. (2000). Empirical assessment of effect of publication bias on meta-analyses. British Medical Journal, 320, 1574-1577. doi:10.1136 /bmj.320.7249.1574.
250. Tang, C.S.K. (2002). Childhood experience of sexual abuse among Hong Kong Chinese college students. Child Abuse and Neglect, 26, 23-37. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00306-4.
251. Thakkar, R.R., Gutierrez, P.M., Kuczen, C.L., & McCanne, T.R. (2000). History of physical and/or sexual abuse and current suicidality in college women. Child Abuse and Neglect, 24, 1345-1354. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(00)00187-3.
252. Theodore, A., Chang, J.J., Runyan, D.K., Hunter, W.M., Bangdiwala, S.I., & Agans, R. (2005). Epidemiologic features of the physical and sexual maltreatment of children in the Carolinas. Pediatrics, 115, 331-337. doi:10.1542/peds.2004-1033.
253. Thompson, M.P., Arias, I., Basil, C., & Desai, S. (2002). The association between childhood physical and sexual victimization and health problems in adulthood in a nationally representative sample of women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 17, 1115-1128. doi:10.1177/088626002236663.
254. Thompson, M.P., Kaslow, N.J., Lane, D.B., & Kingree, J.B. (2000). Childhood maltreatment, PTSD and suicidal behavior among African American females. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15, 3-15. doi:10.1177/088626000015001001.
255. Tomeo, M.E., Templer, D.I., Anderson, S., & Kotler, D. (2001). Comparative data of childhood and adolescence molestation in heterosexual and homosexual persons. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30, 535-541. doi: 10.1023/A:1010243318426.
256. Trocmé, N.M., Tourigny, M., MacLaurin, B., & Fallon, B. (2003). Major findings from the Canadian incidence study of reported child abuse and neglect. Child Abuse and Neglect, 27, 1427-1439. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.003.
257. Tschumper, A., Narring, F., Meier, C., & Michaud, P.A. (1998). Sexual victimization in adolescent girls (age 15-20 years) enrolled in post-mandatory schools or professional training programmes in Switzerland. Acta Paediatrica, 87, 212-217. doi:10.1080/0803525 9850157697.
258. United Nations (1989). Convention on the rights of the child. Retrieved fromhttp://www.2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/crc.pdf.
259. Valentine, J.C., Pigott, T.D., & Rothstein, H.R. (2010). How many studies do you need? A primer on statistical power for meta-analysis. Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics, 35, 215-247. doi: 10.3102/1076998609346961.
260. Van zendoorn I.J.M.H. (2007). De vragenlijst voorbij: schets van onderzoek naar kindermishandeling. Pedagogiek, 27, 236-243.
261. Van IJzendoorn, M.H., Prinzie, P., Euser, E.M., Groeneveld, M.G., Brilleslijper-Kater, S.N., van Noort-van der Linden, A.M.T., &San Martin Beuk, M. (2007). De Nationale Prevalentiestudie Mishandeling van Kinderen en Jeugdigen (NPM-2005). [National prevalence study of child maltreatment]. Leiden: Casimir.
262. Van Os, J., Linscott, R.J., Myin-Germeys, I., Delespaul, P., & Krabbendam, L. (2009). A systematic review and meta-analysis of the psychosis continuum: Evidence for a psychosis proneness-persistence-impairment model of psychotic disorder. Psychological Medicine, 39, 179-195. doi:10.1017/S0033291708003814.
263. Vogeltanz, N.D., Wilsnack, S.C., Harris, T.R., Wilsnack, R.W., Wonderlich, S.A., & Kristjanson, A.F. (1999). Prevalence and risk factors for childhood sexual abuse in women: national survey findings. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 579-592. doi:10.1016/ S0145-2134(99)00026-5.
264. Wellman, M.M. (1993). Child sexual abuse and gender differences: Attitudes and prevalence. Child Abuse and Neglect, 17, 539-547. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(93)90028-4.
265. Wind, T.W., & Silvern, L. (1992). Type and extent of child-abuse as predictors of adult functioning. Journal of Family Violence, 7, 261-281. doi:10.1007/BF00994618.
266. Wingood, G.M., & DiClemente, R.J. (1997). Child sexual abuse, HIV sexual risk, and gender relations of African-American women. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 13, 380-384.
267. Wonderlich, S.A., Wilsnack, R.W., Wilsnack, S.C., & Harris, T.R. (1996). Childhood sexual abuse and bulimic behavior in a nationally representative sample. American Journal of Public Health, 86, 1082-1086. doi:10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1082.
268. Worku, D., Gebremariam, A., & Jayalakshmi, S. (2006). Child sexual abuse and its outcomes among high school students in south-west Ethiopia. Tropical Doctor, 36, 137-140. doi:10.1258/00494 7506777978325.
269. World Health Organization. (1999). Report of the Consultation on Child Abuse Prevention, 29-31 March 1999, WHO, Geneva. Geneva: Author.
270. Wyatt, G.E. & Peters, S.D. (1986). Methodological considerations in research on the prevalence of child sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 10, 241-251. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(86)90085-2.
271. Wyatt, G.E. (1985). The sexual abuse of Afro-American and White-American women in childhood. Child Abuse and Neglect, 9, 507-519. doi:10.1016/0145-2134(85)90060-2.
272. Wyatt, G.E., Loeb, T.B., Solis, B., Vargas Carmona, J., & Romero, G. (1999). The prevalence and circumstances of child sexual abuse: Changes across a decade. Child Abuse and Neglect, 23, 45-60. doi:10.1016/S0145-2134(98)00110-0.
273. Young, S.Y.N., Hansen, C.J., Gibson, R.L., & Ryan, M.A.K. (2006). Risky alcohol use, age at onset of drinking, and adverse childhood experiences in young men entering the US Marine Corps. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 160, 1207-1214. doi:10.1001/archpedi.160.12.1207.
274. Zetzer, H.A. (1990). The impact of unwanted childhood sexual experiences and the quality of family life on the psychosexuality of college women. Dissertation-Abstracts-International, 12), 6122-51.