The Consequences of Maltreatment on Children's Lives: A Systematic Review of Data From the East Asia and Pacific Region

Trauma, Violence, and Abuse

Volumn 13, Issue 4, 2012, Pages 209-233

  Fry, Deborah ^a   McCoy, Amalee ^b   Swales, Diane ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH   (United Kingdom)

^b UNICEF   (United States)

Author keywords

child abuse; child maltreatment; child protection; consequences; East Asia; health outcomes; systematic review

Indexed keywords

ADULT; BEHAVIOR DISORDER; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD WELFARE; FAR EAST; HUMAN; MENTAL DISEASE; PACIFIC ISLANDS; POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER; PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT; REVIEW; STATISTICS; VICTIM;

ADULT; CHILD; CHILD ABUSE; CHILD BEHAVIOR DISORDERS; CHILD WELFARE; CRIME VICTIMS; FAR EAST; HUMANS; MENTAL DISORDERS; PACIFIC ISLANDS; STRESS DISORDERS, POST-TRAUMATIC;

EID: 84866182496     PISSN: 15248380     EISSN: 15528324     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1177/1524838012455873     Document Type: Review

References (133)

1. Allard C.Prevalence and sequelae of betrayal trauma in a Japanese student sample.Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy. 2009;1:65-77.
2. Andrews G.,Corry J.,Slade T.,Issakidis C.,Swanston H.Comparative quantification of health risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected risk factors. Ezzati M.Lopez A. D.Rodgers A.Murray C. J. L., ed. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 2004:.
3. Ansara D. L.,Hindin M. J.Perpetration of intimate partner aggression by men and women in the Philippines: Prevalence and associated factors.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2009;24:1579-1590.
4. Arnow B. A.Relationship between child maltreatment, adult health and psychiatric outcomes and medical utilisation.Journal of clinical psychiatry. 2004;65:10-15.
5. Back S. E.,Jackson J. L.,Fitzgerald M.,Shaffer A.,Salstrom S.,Osman M. M.Child sexual abuse and physical abuse among college students in Singapore and the United States.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2003;27:1259-1275.
6. Bandou N.,Koike K.,Matuura H.Predictive familial risk factors and pharmacological responses in ADHD with comorbid disruptive behavior disorders.Pediatrics International. 2010;52:415-419.
7. Boyle M. H.Guidelines for evaluating prevalence studies.Evidence-Based Mental Health. 1998;1:37-40.
8. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2006). Adverse childhood experiences study. Atlanta, GA: National Centers for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,. Retrieved fromhttp://www.cdc.gov/NCCDPHP/ACEChan, K. L. (2010). Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and child abuse in Hong Kong Chinese families. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26, 1322-1342.
9. Chan K.L.,Tiwari A.,Leung W.C.,Ho H.W.Y.,Cerulli C.Common correlates of suicidal ideation and physical assault among male and female university students.Violence and Victims. 2007;22:290-303.
10. Chan K. L.,Yan E.,Brownridge D. A.,Tiwari A.,Fong D. Y. T.Childhood sexual abuse associated with dating partner violence and suicide ideation in a representative household sample in Hong Kong.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2010;26:1763-1784.
11. Chang L.,Lansford J. E.,Schwartz D.,Farver J. M.Marital quality, maternal depressed affect, harsh parenting, and child externalizing in Hong Kong Chinese families.International Journal of Behavioral Development. 2004;28:311-318.
12. Chang L.,Schwartz D.,Dodge K. A.,McBride-Chang C.Harsh parenting in relation to child emotion regulation and aggression.Journal of Family Psychology. 2003;17:598-606.
13. Chaopricha S.Child abuse and risky behaviours among youths.Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2010;93:S160-S165.
14. Chen J. K.,Astor R. A.School engagement, risky peers, and student-teacher relationships as mediators of school violence in Taiwanese vocational versus academically oriented high schools.Journal of Community Psychology. 2011;39:10-30.
15. Chen J. Q.A retrospective survey in child sexual abuse among 565 university students. Article in Chinese.Chinese Journal of Epidemiology. 2004;25:873-877.
16. Chen J. Q.,Dunne M. P.,Han P.Child sexual abuse in China: A study of adolescents in four provinces.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2004;28:1171-1186.
17. Chen J. Q.,Dunne M. P.,Han P.Child sexual abuse in Henan province, China: Associations with sadness, suicidality, and risk behaviors among adolescent girls.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006;38:544-549.
18. Chen J. Q.,Han P.,Dunne M. P.Child sexual abuse: A study among 892 female students of a medical school.Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. 2004;42:39-43.
19. Chen J. Q.,Dunne M. P.,Wang X. W.Childhood sexual abuse: An investigation among 239 male high school students.Chinese Mental Health Journal. 2003;17:345-347.
20. Chen J. Q.,Liao W.Childhood humiliated experience and its correlation with the mental health in technical secondary school students.Chinese Journal of School Health. 2005;26:355-357.
21. Chen L. P.,Murad M. H.,Paras M. L.,Colbenson K. M.,Sattler A. L.,Goranson E. N.,Zirakzadeh A.Sexual abuse and lifetime diagnosis of psychiatric disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis.Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2010;85:618-629.
22. Cheng Y.,Kang B.,Wang T.,Han X.,Shen H.,Lu Y.,Yu Q.Case-controlled study on relevant factors of adolescent sexual coercion in China.Contraception. 2001;64:77-80.
23. Chien M. H.Consequences and impact of childhood sexual abuse on Taiwanese women.Social Development Issues. 2007;29:47-58.
24. Choi H.,Klein C.,Shin M. S.,Lee H. J.Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and disorders of extreme stress (DESNOS) symptoms following prostitution and childhood abuse.Violence against Women. 2009;15:933-951.
25. Chow C. B.Underreported, underacknowledged: Child abuse can no longer be ignored.Hong Kong Medical Journal. 2005;11:429-430.
26. Chung H. K.,Ann O. H.Predicting factors on youth runaway impulse.Korean Journal of Child Health Nursing. 2001;7:483-493.
27. Classen C.,Palesh O.,Aggarwal R.Sexual revictimization: A review of the literature.Trauma, Violence and Abuse. 2005;6:103-129.
28. Collishaw S.,Pickles A.,Messer J.,Rutter M.,Shearer C.,Maughan B.Resilience to adult psychopathology following childhood maltreatment: Evidence from a community sample.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2007;31:211-229.
29. Douglas E. M.,Straus M. A.Assault and injury of dating partners by university students in 19 countries and its relation to corporal punishment experienced as a child.European Journal of Criminology. 2006;3:293-318.
30. Dussich J. P. J.,Maekoya C.Physical child harm and bullying-related behaviors: A comparative study in Japan, South Africa, and the United States.International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology. 2007;51:495-509.
31. Esteban E. J.Parental verbal abuse: Culture-specific coping behavior of college students in the Philippines.Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2006;36:243-259.
32. Fahrudin A.,Edward D.Family characteristics and traumatic consequences associated with the duration and frequency of sexual assault.Asian Social Work and Policy Review. 2009;3:36-50.
33. Fehringer J. A.,Hindin M. J.Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009;44:363-371.
34. Figer R. C.Looking through the eyes of the child: The phenomenon of child verbal abuse in the Philippines.Relational Child and Youth Care Practice. 2008;21I:46-58.
35. Finkelhor D.,Ormond R. K.,Turner H. A.Poly-victimization: A neglected component in child victimization trauma.Child Abuse and Neglect. 2007;31:7-26.
36. Fujiwara T.,Kawakami N.Association of childhood adversities with the first onset of mental disorders in Japan: Results from the World Mental Health Japan, 2002-2004.Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2010;45:481-487.
37. Gilbert R.,Widom C. S.,Browne K.,Fergusson D.,Webb E.,Janson S.Burden and consequences of child maltreatment in high-income countries.Lancet. 2009;373:68-81.
38. Gover A. R.,Park M.,Tomsich E. A.,Jennings W. G.Dating violence perpetration and victimization among South Korean college students: A focus on gender and childhood maltreatment.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2010;26:1232-1263.
39. Hamelin C.,Salomon C.,Sitta R.,Gueguen A.,Cyr A.,Lert F.Childhood sexual abuse and adult binge drinking among Kanak women in New Caledonia.Social Science & Medicine. 2009;68:1247-1253.
40. Handa M.,Nukina H.,Hosoi M.,Kubo C.Childhood physical abuse in outpatients with psychosomatic symptoms.BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2008;2:1-6.
41. Hassan F.,Sadowski L. S.,Bangdiwala S. I.,Bizcarra B.,Ramiro L.,de Paula C. S.,Mitra M. K.Physical intimate partner violence in Chile, Egypt, India and the Philippines.Injury Control and Safety Promotion. 2004;11:111-116.
42. Herrenkohl T. I.,Sousa C.,Tajima E. A.,Herrenkohl R. C.,Moylan C. A.Intersection of child abuse and children's exposure to domestic violence.Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2008;9:84-99.
43. Hillberg T.,Hamilton-Giachritsis C.,Dixon L.Review of meta-analyses on the association between child sexual abuse and adult mental health difficulties: A systematic approach.Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2011;12:38-49.
44. Hindin M. J.,Guiltiano S.Associations between witnessing parental domestic violence and experiencing depressive symptoms in Filipino adolescents.American Journal of Public Health. 2006;96:660-663.
45. Huang G. P.,Zhang Y. L.,Shen J. J.,Zou S. H.,Xiang H.,Zhao L.Cognitive function and posttraumatic stress symptoms among the victims of child sexual abuse in female inmates.Chinese Mental Health Journal. 2005;19:702-705.
46. Igarashi H.,Hasui C.,Uji M.,Shono M.,Nagata T.,Kitamura T.Effects of child abuse history on borderline personality traits, negative life events, and depression. A study among a university student population in Japan.Psychiatry Research. 2010;180:120-125.
47. Jeon H. J.,Roh M. S.,Kim K. H.,Lee J. R.,Lee D.,Yoon S. C.,Hahm B. J.Early trauma and lifetime suicidal behavior in a nationwide sample of Korean medical students.Journal of Affective Disorders. 2009;119:210-214.
48. Jirapramukpitak T.,Harpham T.,Prince M.Family violence and its 'adversity package': A community of family violence and adverse mental outcomes among young people.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2010;46:825-831.
49. Jirapramukpitak T.,Prince M.,Harpham T.The experience of abuse and mental health in the young Thai population.Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology. 2005;40:955-963.
50. Ju S.,Lee Y.Experiences of family maltreatment by Korean children in Korean National Protective Services.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2010;34:18-27.
51. Juang K. D.,Wang S. J.,Fuh J. L.,Lu S. R.,Chen Y. S.Association between adolescent chronic daily headache and childhood adversity: A community-based study.Cephalalgia. 2004;24:54-59.
52. Kaplan S. J.,Pelcovitz D.,Labruna V.Children and adolescent abuse and neglect research: A review of the past 10 years. Part 1: Physical and emotional abuse and neglect.Child Adolescent Psychiatry. 1999;38:1214-1222.
53. Kerley K. R.,Xu X.,Sirisunyaluck B.,Alley J. M.Exposure to family violence in childhood and intimate partner perpetration or victimization in adulthood: Exploring intergenerational transmission in urban Thailand.Journal of Family Violence. 2010;25:337-347.
54. Kim D. H.,Kim K. I.,Park Y. C.Children's experience of violence in China and Korea: A transcultural study.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2000;24:1163-1173.
55. Kim H. S.,Kim H. S.Gender differences in delinquent behavior among Korean adolescents.Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2005;35:325-345.
56. Kim H. S.,Kim H. S.Discriminative factor analysis of juvenile delinquency in South Korea.Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing. 2006;36:1315-1323.
57. Kim J.,Park S.,Emery C. R.The incidence and impact of family violence on mental health among South Korean women: Results of a national survey.Journal of Family Violence. 2009;24:193-202.
58. Kitamura T.,Hasui C.Anger feelings and anger expression as a mediator of the effects of witnessing family violence on anxiety and depression in Japanese adolescents.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2006;21:843-855.
59. Kitamura T.,Kaibori Y.,Takara N.,Oga H.,Yamauchi K.,Fujihara S.Child abuse, other early experiences and depression: I. Epidemiology of parental loss, child abuse, perceived rearing experiences and early life events among a Japanese community population.Archives of Women's Mental Health. 2000;3:47-52.
60. Kitayama N.,Brummer M.,Hertz L.,Quinn S.,Kim Y.,Bremner J. D.Morphologic alterations in the Corpus Callosum in abuse-related posttraumatic stress disorder.The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 2007;195:1027-1029.
61. Kohrt H. E.,Kohrt B. A.,Waldman I.,Saltzman K.,Carrison V. G.An ecological-transactional model of significant risk factors for child psychopathology in Outer Mongolia.Child Psychiatry and Human Development. 2004;35:163-181.
62. Kongsakon R.,Bhatanaprabhabhan D.,Pocham N.Impact of domestic violence: A study in communities of Bangkok Metropolitan, Thailand.ASEAN Journal of Psychiatry. 2008;9:55-64.
63. Krantz G.,Vung N. D.The role of controlling behavior in intimate partner violence and its health effects: A population based study from rural Vietnam.BMC Public Health. 2009;9:143-153.
64. Krug E. G.,Dahlberg L. L.,Mercy J. A.,Zwi A. B.,Lozano R.World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2002:.
65. Kyu N.,Kanai A.Prevalence, antecedent causes and consequences of domestic violence in Myanmar.Asian Journal of Social Psychology. 2005;8:244-271.
66. Lalor K.,McElvaney R.Child sexual abuse, links to later sexual exploitation/High risk sexual behavior and prevention/treatment programs.Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2010;11:159-177.
67. Lau J. T. F.,Chan K. K.,Lam P. K. W.,Choi P. Y. W.,Lai K. Y. C.Psychological correlates of physical abuse in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2003;27:63-75.
68. Lau J. T. F.,Kim J. H.,Tsui H. Y.,Cheung A.,Lau M.,Yu A.The relationship between physical maltreatment and substance use among adolescents: A survey of 95,788 adolescents in Hong Kong.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2005;37:110-119.
69. Le L. C.,Blum R. W.Premarital sex and condom use among never married youth in Vietnam.International Journal of Medical Health. 2009;21:1-14.
70. Lee C. H.Personal and interpersonal correlates of bullying behaviors among Korean middle school students.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2010;25:152-176.
71. Letts L.,Wilkins S.,Law M.,Stewart D.,Bosch J.,Westmorland M.Critical review form-Qualitative studies. Hamilton, Ontario: McMaster University; 2007:.
72. Lippe J.,Brener N.,Kann L.,Kinchen S.,Harris W. A.,McManus T.,Speicher N.Youth risk behavior surveillance: Pacific Island United States Territories, 2007.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2008;57:28-56.
73. Luo Y.,Parish W. L.,Laumann E. O.A population-based study of child sexual contact in China: Prevalence and long-term consequences.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2008;32:721-731.
74. Luo J.,Peng X.,Rong Z.,Yao K.,Hu R.,Du Q.,Zhu M.The status of care and nutrition of 774 left-behind children in rural areas in China.Public Health Reports. 2008;123:382-389.
75. Ma Y. X.,Chen J. Q.,Dunne M. P.,Liang Y. H.,Cheng Y. J.,Wu C. M.,and Chen B.The impacts of childhood experience of beaten by bare hand on adolescents' mental health. Article in Chinese.Chinese Journal of School Health. 2005;26:1001-1003.
76. Maas C.,Herrenkohl T. I.,Sousa C.Review of research on child maltreatment and violence in youth.Trauma, Violence & Abuse. 2008;9:56-67.
77. Maniglio R.The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews.Clinical Psychology Review. 2009;29:647-657.
78. Masuda A.,Yamanaka T.,Hirakawa T.,Koga Y.,Minomo R.,Munemoto T.,Tei C.Intra- and extra-familial adverse childhood experiences and a history of childhood psychosomatic disorders among Japanese university students.BioPsychoSocial Medicine. 2007;1:1-7.
79. Matsumoto T.,Imamura F.Association between childhood attention-deficit-hyperactivity symptoms and adulthood dissociation in male inmates: Preliminary report.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2007;61:444-446.
80. Matsumoto T.,Yamaguchi A.,Chiba Y.,Asami T.,Iseki E.,Hirayasu Y.Patters of self-cutting: A preliminary study on differences in clinical implications between wrist- and arm-cutting using a Japanese juvenile detention center sample.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2004;58:377-382.
81. Maxwell C. D.,Maxwell S. R.Experiencing and witnessing familial aggression and their relationship to physically aggressive behaviors among Filipino adolescents.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2003;18:1432-1451.
82. Maxwell S. R.A focus on familial strain: Antisocial behavior and delinquency in Filipino society.Sociological Inquiry. 2001;71:265-292.
83. Violence at school and kindergarten environment and the ways to eliminate it. Mongolia: UNICEF; 2007:.
84. Molnar B. E,Buka S. L.,Kessler R. C.Child sexual abuse and subsequent psychopathology: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey.American Journal of Public Health. 2001;91:753-760.
85. Moon B.,Blurton D.,McCluskey J. D.General strain theory and delinquency: Focusing on the influences of key strain characteristics on delinquency.Crime & Delinquency. 2008;54:582-613.
86. Morash M.,Moon B.Gender differences in the effects of strain on the delinquency of South Korean youth.Youth Society. 2007;38:300-321.
87. Nelson E. C.,Heath A. C.,Madden P. A.,Cooper M. L.,Dinwiddie S. H.,Bucholz K. K.,Martin N. G.Associations between self-reported childhood sexual abuse and adverse psychosocial outcomes.Archives of Gen Psychiatry. 2002;59:139-145.
88. Nguyen H. T.,Dunne M. P.,Le A. V.Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam.Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2010;87:22-30.
89. Niu H.-F.,Lou C.-H.,Gao E.-S.,Zuo X.-Y.,Shah I.Analysis of childhood sexual abuse among 1,099 university students in Shanghai.Journal of Reproduction & Contraception. 2010;21:53-61.
90. Park H. S.,Schepp K. G.,Jang E. H.,Koo H. Y.Predictors of suicidal ideation among high school students by gender in South Korea.The Journal of School Health. 2006;76:181-188.
91. Park S. K.,Kim J. Y.,Cho C. B.Prevalence of internet addiction and correlations with family factors among South Korean adolescents.Adolescence. 2008;43:895-909.
92. Pinheiro S. P.World report on violence against children. New York, NY: United Nations; 2006:.
93. Qiao D. P.,Chan Y. C.Chile abuse in China: A yet-to-be acknowledged 'social problem' in the Chinese mainland.Child and Family Social Work. 2005;10:21-27.
94. Ramiro L. S.,Madrid B. J.,Brown D. W.Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and health-risk behaviors among adults in a developing country setting.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2010;34:842-855.
95. Rydstrøm H.Masculinity and punishment: Men's upbringing of boys in rural Vietnam.Childhood. 2006;13:329-348.
96. The physical and emotional punishment of children in Fiji: A research report. Suva, Fiji: Author; 2006:.
97. Schwartz D.,Farver J. M.,Chang L.,Lee-Shin Y.Victimization in South Korean children's peer groups.Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 2002;30:113-125.
98. Serquina-Ramiro L.Physical intimacy and sexual coercion among adolescent intimate partners in the Philippines.Journal of adolescent Research. 2005;20:476-496.
99. Shen A. C. T.Self-esteem of young adults experiencing interparental violence and child physical maltreatment: Parental and peer relationships as mediators.Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008;24:770-794.
100. Sim T. N.,Ong L. P.Parent physical punishment and child aggression in a Singapore Chinese preschool sample.Journal of Marriage and Family. 2005;67:85-99.
101. Smith B.J.,Phongsavan P.,Bampton D.,Peacocke G.,Gilmente M.,Havea D.,Bauman A.E.Intentional injury reported by young people in the Federated States of Micronesia, Kingdom of Tonga and Vanuatu.BMC Public Health. 2008;8:145-152.
102. Straus M. A.,Savage S. A.Neglectful Behavior by parents in the life history of university students in 17 countries and its relation to violence against dating partners.Child Maltreatment. 2005;10:124-135.
103. Su P. Y.,Tao F. B.,Cao X. J.Study on the relationship between sexual abuse in childhood and psychiatric disorder, risky behaviors in youthhood among 1386 medicos.Chinese Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;29:94-95.
104. Sun Y. P.,Dong Z. J.,Yi M. J.,Sun D. F.Childhood sexual abuses among 1307 adult students and analysis on results of Symptom Checklist-90 test.Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. 2006;44:21-25.
105. Sun Y. P.,Zhang B.,Dong Z. J.,Yi M. J.,Sun D. F.,Shi S. S.Psychiatric state of college students with a history of child sexual abuse.World Journal of Pediatrics. 2008;4:289-294.
106. Tao F. B.,Huang K.,Kim S.,Ye Q.,Sun Y.,Zhang C.Y.,Zhu P.Correlation between psychopathological symptoms, coping style in adolescent and childhood repeated physical, emotional maltreatment.Chinese Journal of Pediatrics. 2006;44:688-693.
107. Tomoda A.,Sheu Y. S.,Rabi K.,Suzuki H.,Navalta C. P.,Polcari A.,Teicher M. H.Exposure to parental verbal abuse is associated with increased gray matter volume in superior temporal gyrus.NeuroImage. 2010;54:S280-S286.
108. Trangkasombat U.Sexual abuse in Thai children: A qualitative study.Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2008;91:1461-1467.
109. Rights of the child: Note by the Secretary-General. 2006:A.
110. Protect me with love and care: A baseline report for creating a future free from violence, abuse and exploitation of girls and boys in Fiji. Suva, Fiji: Author; 2008a:.
111. Protect me with love and care: A baseline report for creating a future free from violence, abuse and exploitation of girls and boys in Kiribati. Suva, Fiji: Author; 2008b:.
112. Protect me with love and care: A baseline report for creating a future free from violence, abuse and exploitation of girls and boys in the Solomon Islands. Suva, Fiji: Author; 2008c:.
113. Protect me with love and care: A baseline report for creating a future free from violence, abuse and exploitation of girls and boys in Vanuatu. Suva, Fiji: Author; 2009:.
114. Vung N. D.,Krantz G.Childhood experiences of interparental violence as a risk factor for intimate partner violence: A population-based study from northern Vietnam.Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2009;63:708-714.
115. Wakai K.,Miura H.,Umenai T.Effect of working status on tobacco, alcohol, and drug use among adolescents in urban area of Thailand.Addictive Behaviors. 2005;30:457-464.
116. Wan G. W. Y.,Leung P. W. L.Factors accounting for youth suicide attempt in Hong Kong: A model building.Journal of Adolescence. 2010;33:575-582.
117. Wasserman D.,Thanh H. T. T.,Minh D. P. T.,Goldstein M.,Nordenskiold A.,Wasserman C.Suicidal process, suicidal communication and psychosocial situation of young suicide attempters in a rural Vietnamese community.World Psychiatry. 2008;7:47-53.
118. WellsG. A.SheaB.O'ConnellD.PetersonJ.WelchV.LososM.TugwellP. (2010). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for assessing the quality of nonrandomised studies in meta-analyses. Retrieved October 2010, fromhttp://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp.
119. Wong W. C. W.,Leung P. W. S.,Tang C. S. K.,Chen W.-Q.,Lee A.,Ling D. C.To unfold a hidden epidemic: Prevalence of child maltreatment and its health implications among high school students in Guangzhou, China.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2009;33:441-450.
120. WHO multi-country on women's health and domestic violence against women: Summary report of initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 2005:.
121. Violence prevention-The evidence: Changing cultural and social norms that support violence. Geneva, Switzerland: Author; 2009:.
122. Xiao Q.,Dong M. X.,Yao J.,Li W. X.,Ye D. Q.Parental alcoholism, adverse childhood experiences, and later risk of personal alcohol abuse among Chinese medical students.Biomedical and Environmental Sciences. 2008;21:411-419.
123. Xiao Y. N.,Tao F. B.,Xu S. J.,Su P. Y.,Huang Z. H.Self-injurious behaviors in adolescents with repeated childhood abuse. Article in Chinese.Chinese Journal of Public Health. 2008;24:1028-1030.
124. Xing X. Y. X,Tao F. B.,Wan Y. H.,Xing C.,Xi X. Y.,Hao J. H.,Huang L.Family factors associated with suicide attempts among Chinese adolescent students: A national cross-sectional survey.Journal of Adolescent Health. 2010;46:592-599.
125. Yamazaki S.A comparison of maltreated children and non-maltreated children on their experiences with animals-A Japanese study.Anthrozoos. 2010;23:55-67.
126. Yang S. J.,Kim J. M.,Kim S. W.,Shin I. S.,Yoon J.S.Bullying and victimization behaviors in boys and girls at South Korean primary schools.Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. 2006;45:69-77.
127. Yen C. F.,Yang M. S.,Chen C. C.,Yang M. J.,Su Y. C.,Wang M. H.,Lan C. M.Effects of childhood physical abuse on depression, problem drinking and perceived poor health status in adolescents living in rural Taiwan.Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences. 2008;62:575-583.
128. Yen C. F.,Yang M. S.,Yang M. J.,Su Y. C.,Wang M. H.,Lan C. M.Child hood physical and sexual abuse: Prevalence and correlates among adolescents living in rural Taiwan.Child Abuse & Neglect. 2008;32:429-438.
129. Yoshihama M.,Horrocks J.Risk of intimate partner violence: Role of childhood sexual abuse and sexual initiation in women in Japan.Children and Youth Services Review. 2010;32:28-37.
130. Zhao Q.,Zhao J.,Li X.,Zhao G.,Fang X.,Lin X.,Stanton B.Childhood sexual abuse and its relationship with psychosocial outcomes among children affected by HIV in rural China.Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2010;22:1-13.
131. Zhu X. H.,Li J.,Tao M.,Yang Y. J.,Qiao J.,Tian Y. X.Survey on the Behavioral Problems of Abused Pupils in Xuzhou. Article in Chinese.Chinese Journal of School Health. 2007;28:880-882.
132. Zhu X. H.,Liang G. L.,Li J.,Wei X. Y.,Tian Y. X.Effect of childhood abuse on attitude of committing suicide and suicide ideation.Chinese Mental Health Journal. 2006;20:462-464.
133. Zou S. H.,Zhang Y. L.,Zhang Y.,Huang G. P.,Liu N.,Liu T.Association between intimate partner violence and childhood abuse.Chinese Journal of Public Health. 2007;23:181-182.