메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 49, Issue 3, 2017, Pages

Global strategy for the diagnosis, management, and prevention of chronic obstructive lung disease 2017 report: GOLD executive summary

(22)  Vogelmeier, Claus F a   Criner, Gerard J b   Martinez, Fernando J c   Anzueto, Antonio d   Barnes, Peter J e   Bourbeau, Jean f   Celli, Bartolome R g   Chen, Rongchang h   Decramer, Marc i   Fabbri, Leonardo M j   Frith, Peter k   Halpin, David M G l   López Varela, M Victorina m   Nishimura, Masaharu n   Roche, Nicolas o   Rodriguez Roisin, Roberto p   Sin, Don D q   Singh, Dave r   Stockley, Robert s   Vestbo, Jørgen r   more..


Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BRONCHODILATING AGENT;

EID: 85019014236     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: 13993003     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00214-2017     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (588)

References (339)
  • 1
    • 84966650988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of symptoms in smokers with preserved pulmonary function
    • Woodruff PG, Barr RG, Bleecker E, et al. Clinical significance of symptoms in smokers with preserved pulmonary function. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 1811–1821.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 1811-1821
    • Woodruff, PG1    Barr, RG2    Bleecker, E3
  • 2
    • 84941247915 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical and radiologic disease in smokers with normal spirometry
    • Regan EA, Lynch DA, Curran-Everett D, et al. Clinical and radiologic disease in smokers with normal spirometry. JAMA Intern Med 2015; 175: 1539–1549.
    • (2015) JAMA Intern Med , vol.175 , pp. 1539-1549
    • Regan, EA1    Lynch, DA2    Curran-Everett, D3
  • 3
    • 79953739647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD in never smokers: results from the population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study
    • Lamprecht B, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. COPD in never smokers: results from the population-based burden of obstructive lung disease study. Chest 2011; 139: 752–763.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.139 , pp. 752-763
    • Lamprecht, B1    McBurnie, MA2    Vollmer, WM3
  • 4
    • 84883448491 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characteristics and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never smokers in Denmark: a prospective population study
    • Thomsen M, Nordestgaard BG, Vestbo J, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in never smokers in Denmark: a prospective population study. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 543–550.
    • (2013) Lancet Respir Med , vol.1 , pp. 543-550
    • Thomsen, M1    Nordestgaard, BG2    Vestbo, J3
  • 5
    • 0025863467 scopus 로고
    • Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease
    • Barker DJ, Godfrey KM, Fall C, et al. Relation of birth weight and childhood respiratory infection to adult lung function and death from chronic obstructive airways disease. BMJ 1991; 303: 671–675.
    • (1991) BMJ , vol.303 , pp. 671-675
    • Barker, DJ1    Godfrey, KM2    Fall, C3
  • 6
    • 0027261802 scopus 로고
    • Mild prematurity and respiratory functions
    • Todisco T, de Benedictis FM, Iannacci L, et al. Mild prematurity and respiratory functions. Eur J Pediatr 1993; 152: 55–58.
    • (1993) Eur J Pediatr , vol.152 , pp. 55-58
    • Todisco, T1    de Benedictis, FM2    Iannacci, L3
  • 7
    • 34548262715 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study
    • Stern DA, Morgan WJ, Wright AL, et al. Poor airway function in early infancy and lung function by age 22 years: a non-selective longitudinal cohort study. Lancet 2007; 370: 758–764.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 758-764
    • Stern, DA1    Morgan, WJ2    Wright, AL3
  • 8
    • 26944444298 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis
    • Lawlor DA, Ebrahim S, Davey Smith G. Association of birth weight with adult lung function: findings from the British Women’s Heart and Health Study and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2005; 60: 851–858.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 851-858
    • Lawlor, DA1    Ebrahim, S2    Davey Smith, G.3
  • 9
    • 67649777117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort
    • Kohansal R, Martinez-Camblor P, Agusti A, et al. The natural history of chronic airflow obstruction revisited: an analysis of the Framingham offspring cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 3–10.
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.180 , pp. 3-10
    • Kohansal, R1    Martinez-Camblor, P2    Agusti, A3
  • 10
    • 79953763501 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Raad D, Gaddam S, Schunemann HJ, et al. Effects of water-pipe smoking on lung function: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Chest 2011; 139: 764–774.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.139 , pp. 764-774
    • Raad, D1    Gaddam, S2    Schunemann, HJ3
  • 11
    • 84907943663 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chinese water-pipe smoking and the risk of COPD
    • She J, Yang P, Wang Y, et al. Chinese water-pipe smoking and the risk of COPD. Chest 2014; 146: 924–931.
    • (2014) Chest , vol.146 , pp. 924-931
    • She, J1    Yang, P2    Wang, Y3
  • 12
    • 84969174616 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Waterpipe tobacco smoking
    • Gunen H, Tarraf H, Nemati A, et al. Waterpipe tobacco smoking. Tuberk Toraks 2016; 64: 94–96.
    • (2016) Tuberk Toraks , vol.64 , pp. 94-96
    • Gunen, H1    Tarraf, H2    Nemati, A3
  • 13
    • 65349185089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study
    • Tan WC, Lo C, Jong A, et al. Marijuana and chronic obstructive lung disease: a population-based study. CMAJ 2009; 180: 814–820.
    • (2009) CMAJ , vol.180 , pp. 814-820
    • Tan, WC1    Lo, C2    Jong, A3
  • 14
    • 34548220492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Passive smoking exposure and risk of COPD among adults in China: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study
    • Yin P, Jiang CQ, Cheng KK, et al. Passive smoking exposure and risk of COPD among adults in China: the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study. Lancet 2007; 370: 751–757.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 751-757
    • Yin, P1    Jiang, CQ2    Cheng, KK3
  • 15
    • 0029086857 scopus 로고
    • Maternal smoking during pregnancy. Effects on lung function during the first 18 months of life
    • Tager IB, Ngo L, Hanrahan JP. Maternal smoking during pregnancy. Effects on lung function during the first 18 months of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 152: 977–983.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.152 , pp. 977-983
    • Tager, IB1    Ngo, L2    Hanrahan, JP.3
  • 16
    • 84923917295 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Paulin LM, Diette GB, Blanc PD, et al. Occupational exposures are associated with worse morbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191: 557–565.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.191 , pp. 557-565
    • Paulin, LM1    Diette, GB2    Blanc, PD3
  • 17
    • 77957719327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Eisner MD, Anthonisen N, Coultas D, et al. An official American Thoracic Society public policy statement: Novel risk factors and the global burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182: 693–718.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.182 , pp. 693-718
    • Eisner, MD1    Anthonisen, N2    Coultas, D3
  • 18
    • 33644851454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Orozco-Levi M, Garcia-Aymerich J, Villar J, et al. Wood smoke exposure and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 542–546.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.27 , pp. 542-546
    • Orozco-Levi, M1    Garcia-Aymerich, J2    Villar, J3
  • 19
    • 84875865514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality
    • Gan WQ, FitzGerald JM, Carlsten C, et al. Associations of ambient air pollution with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalization and mortality. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187: 721–727.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.187 , pp. 721-727
    • Gan, WQ1    FitzGerald, JM2    Carlsten, C3
  • 20
    • 22244439176 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries
    • Ezzati M. Indoor air pollution and health in developing countries. Lancet 2005; 366: 104–106.
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 104-106
    • Ezzati, M.1
  • 21
    • 84898951625 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study
    • Zhou Y, Zou Y, Li X, et al. Lung function and incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after improved cooking fuels and kitchen ventilation: a 9-year prospective cohort study. PLoS Med 2014; 11: e1001621.
    • (2014) PLoS Med , vol.11 , pp. e1001621
    • Zhou, Y1    Zou, Y2    Li, X3
  • 22
    • 3242719685 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study
    • Silva GE, Sherrill DL, Guerra S, et al. Asthma as a risk factor for COPD in a longitudinal study. Chest 2004; 126: 59–65.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.126 , pp. 59-65
    • Silva, GE1    Sherrill, DL2    Guerra, S3
  • 23
    • 0023555590 scopus 로고
    • The relationship of nonspecific bronchial responsiveness to respiratory symptoms in a random population sample
    • Rijcken B, Schouten JP, Weiss ST, et al. The relationship of nonspecific bronchial responsiveness to respiratory symptoms in a random population sample. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 62–68.
    • (1987) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.136 , pp. 62-68
    • Rijcken, B1    Schouten, JP2    Weiss, ST3
  • 24
    • 0034649053 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study
    • Hospers JJ, Postma DS, Rijcken B, et al. Histamine airway hyper-responsiveness and mortality from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cohort study. Lancet 2000; 356: 1313–1317.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.356 , pp. 1313-1317
    • Hospers, JJ1    Postma, DS2    Rijcken, B3
  • 25
    • 0029936262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group
    • (Pt 1)
    • Tashkin DP, Altose MD, Connett JE, et al. Methacholine reactivity predicts changes in lung function over time in smokers with early chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The Lung Health Study Research Group. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 153(6 Pt 1): 1802–1811.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.153 , Issue.6 , pp. 1802-1811
    • Tashkin, DP1    Altose, MD2    Connett, JE3
  • 26
    • 79953305304 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a European cohort of young adults
    • de Marco R, Accordini S, Marcon A, et al. Risk factors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a European cohort of young adults. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 891–897.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.183 , pp. 891-897
    • de Marco, R1    Accordini, S2    Marcon, A3
  • 27
    • 84904006933 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insights and implications for the clinician
    • Drummond MB, Kirk GD. HIV-associated obstructive lung diseases: insights and implications for the clinician. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 583–592.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , pp. 583-592
    • Drummond, MB1    Kirk, GD.2
  • 28
    • 38849171819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis and airflow obstruction: evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America
    • Menezes AM, Hallal PC, Perez-Padilla R, et al. Tuberculosis and airflow obstruction: evidence from the PLATINO study in Latin America. Eur Respir J 2007; 30: 1180–1185.
    • (2007) Eur Respir J , vol.30 , pp. 1180-1185
    • Menezes, AM1    Hallal, PC2    Perez-Padilla, R3
  • 29
    • 77951763104 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and chronic airflow obstruction
    • Jordan TS, Spencer EM, Davies P. Tuberculosis, bronchiectasis and chronic airflow obstruction. Respirology 2010; 15: 623–628.
    • (2010) Respirology , vol.15 , pp. 623-628
    • Jordan, TS1    Spencer, EM2    Davies, P.3
  • 30
    • 84925233244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tuberculosis and chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review
    • Byrne AL, Marais BJ, Mitnick CD, et al. Tuberculosis and chronic respiratory disease: a systematic review. Int J Infect Dis 2015; 32: 138–146.
    • (2015) Int J Infect Dis , vol.32 , pp. 138-146
    • Byrne, AL1    Marais, BJ2    Mitnick, CD3
  • 31
    • 34548267728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study
    • Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, et al. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study. Lancet 2007; 370: 741–750.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 741-750
    • Buist, AS1    McBurnie, MA2    Vollmer, WM3
  • 32
    • 84978160689 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Observational study to characterise 24-hour COPD symptoms and their relationship with patient-reported outcomes: results from the ASSESS study
    • Miravitlles M, Worth H, Soler Cataluna JJ, et al. Observational study to characterise 24-hour COPD symptoms and their relationship with patient-reported outcomes: results from the ASSESS study. Respir Res 2014; 15: 122.
    • (2014) Respir Res , vol.15 , pp. 122
    • Miravitlles, M1    Worth, H2    Soler Cataluna, JJ3
  • 33
    • 0025994770 scopus 로고
    • The language of breathlessness. Use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiopulmonary disease
    • Elliott MW, Adams L, Cockcroft A, et al. The language of breathlessness. Use of verbal descriptors by patients with cardiopulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 826–832.
    • (1991) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.144 , pp. 826-832
    • Elliott, MW1    Adams, L2    Cockcroft, A3
  • 34
    • 50549202202 scopus 로고
    • Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis
    • Medical Research Council Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis. Definition and classification of chronic bronchitis for clinical and epidemiological purposes. A report to the Medical Research Council by their Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis. Lancet 1965; 1: 775–779.
    • (1965) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 775-779
  • 35
    • 78650411136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers
    • von Haehling S, Anker SD. Cachexia as a major underestimated and unmet medical need: facts and numbers. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2010; 1: 1–5.
    • (2010) J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle , vol.1 , pp. 1-5
    • von Haehling, S1    Anker, SD.2
  • 36
    • 0027287584 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation
    • Schols AM, Soeters PB, Dingemans AM, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of nutritional depletion in patients with stable COPD eligible for pulmonary rehabilitation. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1151–1156.
    • (1993) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.147 , pp. 1151-1156
    • Schols, AM1    Soeters, PB2    Dingemans, AM3
  • 37
    • 0028835723 scopus 로고
    • Does the clinical examination predict airflow limitation?
    • Holleman DR Jr, Simel DL. Does the clinical examination predict airflow limitation? JAMA 1995; 273: 313–319.
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 313-319
    • Holleman, DR1    Simel, DL.2
  • 38
    • 0027199131 scopus 로고
    • Physician perceptions and management of COPD
    • Kesten S, Chapman KR. Physician perceptions and management of COPD. Chest 1993; 104: 254–258.
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 254-258
    • Kesten, S1    Chapman, KR.2
  • 39
    • 84920971189 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical relevance of fixed ratio vs lower limit of normal of FEV1/FVC in COPD: patient-reported outcomes from the CanCOLD cohort
    • van Dijk W, Tan W, Li P, et al. Clinical relevance of fixed ratio vs lower limit of normal of FEV1/FVC in COPD: patient-reported outcomes from the CanCOLD cohort. Ann Fam Med 2015; 13: 41–48.
    • (2015) Ann Fam Med , vol.13 , pp. 41-48
    • van Dijk, W1    Tan, W2    Li, P3
  • 40
    • 84858076185 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GOLD or lower limit of normal definition? A comparison with expert-based diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a prospective cohort-study
    • Guder G, Brenner S, Angermann CE, et al. GOLD or lower limit of normal definition? A comparison with expert-based diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a prospective cohort-study. Respir Res 2012; 13: 13.
    • (2012) Respir Res , vol.13 , pp. 13
    • Guder, G1    Brenner, S2    Angermann, CE3
  • 41
    • 84943279899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotype of normal spirometry in an aging population
    • Vaz Fragoso CA, McAvay G, Van Ness PH, et al. Phenotype of normal spirometry in an aging population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192: 817–825.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.192 , pp. 817-825
    • Vaz Fragoso, CA1    McAvay, G2    Van Ness, PH3
  • 42
    • 84988835453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotype of spirometric impairment in an aging population
    • Vaz Fragoso CA, McAvay G, Van Ness PH, et al. Phenotype of spirometric impairment in an aging population. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 193: 727–735.
    • (2016) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.193 , pp. 727-735
    • Vaz Fragoso, CA1    McAvay, G2    Van Ness, PH3
  • 43
    • 84864015892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilator responsiveness as a phenotypic characteristic of established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Albert P, Agusti A, Edwards L, et al. Bronchodilator responsiveness as a phenotypic characteristic of established chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2012; 67: 701–708.
    • (2012) Thorax , vol.67 , pp. 701-708
    • Albert, P1    Agusti, A2    Edwards, L3
  • 44
    • 84907209530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Counterpoint: Is an increase in FEV1 and/or FVC ≥12% of control and ≥200 mL the best way to assess positive bronchodilator response? No
    • Hansen JE, Porszasz J. Counterpoint: Is an increase in FEV1 and/or FVC ≥12% of control and ≥200 mL the best way to assess positive bronchodilator response? No. Chest 2014; 146: 538–541.
    • (2014) Chest , vol.146 , pp. 538-541
    • Hansen, JE1    Porszasz, J.2
  • 45
    • 77953300661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients at risk in primary care
    • Hill K, Goldstein RS, Guyatt GH, et al. Prevalence and underdiagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among patients at risk in primary care. CMAJ 2010; 182: 673–678.
    • (2010) CMAJ , vol.182 , pp. 673-678
    • Hill, K1    Goldstein, RS2    Guyatt, GH3
  • 46
    • 84987646023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Development of a simple screening tool for opportunistic COPD case finding in primary care in Latin America: The PUMA study
    • Lopez Varela MV, Montes de Oca M, Rey A, et al. Development of a simple screening tool for opportunistic COPD case finding in primary care in Latin America: The PUMA study. Respirology 2016; 21: 1227–1234.
    • (2016) Respirology , vol.21 , pp. 1227-1234
    • Lopez Varela, MV1    Montes de Oca, M2    Rey, A3
  • 47
    • 84883454646 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early detection of COPD in general practice: implementation, workload and socioeconomic status. A mixed methods observational study
    • Dirven JA, Tange HJ, Muris JW, et al. Early detection of COPD in general practice: implementation, workload and socioeconomic status. A mixed methods observational study. Prim Care Respir J 2013; 22: 338–343.
    • (2013) Prim Care Respir J , vol.22 , pp. 338-343
    • Dirven, JA1    Tange, HJ2    Muris, JW3
  • 48
    • 0000212418 scopus 로고
    • Standardised questionnaire on respiratory symptoms: a statement prepared and approved by the MRC Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis (MRC breathlessness score)
    • Fletcher CM. Standardised questionnaire on respiratory symptoms: a statement prepared and approved by the MRC Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis (MRC breathlessness score). BMJ 1960; 2: 1662.
    • (1960) BMJ , vol.2 , pp. 1662
    • Fletcher, CM.1
  • 49
    • 0008485492 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, et al. Usefulness of the Medical Research Council (MRC) dyspnoea scale as a measure of disability in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1999; 54: 581–586.
    • (1999) Thorax , vol.54 , pp. 581-586
    • Bestall, JC1    Paul, EA2    Garrod, R3
  • 50
    • 84866397356 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Dyspnoea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD
    • Sundh J, Janson C, Lisspers K, et al. The Dyspnoea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index is predictive of mortality in COPD. Prim Care Respir J 2012; 21: 295–301.
    • (2012) Prim Care Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 295-301
    • Sundh, J1    Janson, C2    Lisspers, K3
  • 51
    • 0036252278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD
    • Nishimura K, Izumi T, Tsukino M, et al. Dyspnea is a better predictor of 5-year survival than airway obstruction in patients with COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1434–1440.
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121 , pp. 1434-1440
    • Nishimura, K1    Izumi, T2    Tsukino, M3
  • 52
    • 0034777617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Jones PW. Health status measurement in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2001; 56: 880–887.
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 880-887
    • Jones, PW.1
  • 53
    • 0023262407 scopus 로고
    • A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease
    • Guyatt GH, Berman LB, Townsend M, et al. A measure of quality of life for clinical trials in chronic lung disease. Thorax 1987; 42: 773–778.
    • (1987) Thorax , vol.42 , pp. 773-778
    • Guyatt, GH1    Berman, LB2    Townsend, M3
  • 54
    • 0026871146 scopus 로고
    • A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire
    • Jones PW, Quirk FH, Baveystock CM, et al. A self-complete measure of health status for chronic airflow limitation. The St. George’s Respiratory Questionnaire. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 1321–1327.
    • (1992) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.145 , pp. 1321-1327
    • Jones, PW1    Quirk, FH2    Baveystock, CM3
  • 55
    • 79551603829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort
    • Agusti A, Calverley PM, Celli B, et al. Characterisation of COPD heterogeneity in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Res 2010; 11: 122.
    • (2010) Respir Res , vol.11 , pp. 122
    • Agusti, A1    Calverley, PM2    Celli, B3
  • 56
    • 84878371786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD and disease-specific health status in a working population
    • Nishimura K, Mitsuma S, Kobayashi A, et al. COPD and disease-specific health status in a working population. Respir Res 2013; 14: 61.
    • (2013) Respir Res , vol.14 , pp. 61
    • Nishimura, K1    Mitsuma, S2    Kobayashi, A3
  • 57
    • 70349667504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities
    • Miravitlles M, Soriano J, Garcia-Rio F, et al. Prevalence of COPD in Spain: impact of undiagnosed COPD on quality of life and daily life activities. Thorax 2009; 64: 863–868.
    • (2009) Thorax , vol.64 , pp. 863-868
    • Miravitlles, M1    Soriano, J2    Garcia-Rio, F3
  • 58
    • 80051496482 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Creating scenarios of the impact of COPD and their relationship to COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores
    • Jones PW, Tabberer M, Chen WH. Creating scenarios of the impact of COPD and their relationship to COPD Assessment Test (CAT) scores. BMC Pulm Med 2011; 11: 42.
    • (2011) BMC Pulm Med , vol.11 , pp. 42
    • Jones, PW1    Tabberer, M2    Chen, WH.3
  • 59
    • 77956689733 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1128–1138.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.363 , pp. 1128-1138
    • Hurst, JR1    Vestbo, J2    Anzueto, A3
  • 60
    • 27744556967 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Soler-Cataluna JJ, Martinez-Garcia MA, Roman Sanchez P, et al. Severe acute exacerbations and mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2005; 60: 925–931.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 925-931
    • Soler-Cataluna, JJ1    Martinez-Garcia, MA2    Roman Sanchez, P3
  • 61
    • 84930866341 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials
    • Pascoe S, Locantore N, Dransfield M, et al. Blood eosinophil counts, exacerbations, and response to the addition of inhaled fluticasone furoate to vilanterol in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a secondary analysis of data from two parallel randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3: 435–442.
    • (2015) Lancet Respir Med , vol.3 , pp. 435-442
    • Pascoe, S1    Locantore, N2    Dransfield, M3
  • 62
    • 84939433292 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood eosinophils: a biomarker of response to extrafine beclomethasone/ formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Siddiqui SH, Guasconi A, Vestbo J, et al. Blood eosinophils: a biomarker of response to extrafine beclomethasone/ formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192: 523–525.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.192 , pp. 523-525
    • Siddiqui, SH1    Guasconi, A2    Vestbo, J3
  • 63
    • 27144525197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care
    • Soriano JB, Visick GT, Muellerova H, et al. Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care. Chest 2005; 128: 2099–2107.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.128 , pp. 2099-2107
    • Soriano, JB1    Visick, GT2    Muellerova, H3
  • 64
    • 84991004589 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. in press. Date last accessed: August 1, 2016
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management, in press. 2016. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/indevelopment/gid-cgwave0704/documents Date last accessed: August 1, 2016.
    • (2016) Multimorbidity: clinical assessment and management
  • 65
    • 84875847989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Vanfleteren LE, Spruit MA, Groenen M, et al. Clusters of comorbidities based on validated objective measurements and systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187: 728–735.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.187 , pp. 728-735
    • Vanfleteren, LE1    Spruit, MA2    Groenen, M3
  • 66
    • 84930869815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing the GOLD 2007 and 2011 staging systems: a pooled analysis of individual patient data
    • Soriano JB, Lamprecht B, Ramirez AS, et al. Mortality prediction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease comparing the GOLD 2007 and 2011 staging systems: a pooled analysis of individual patient data. Lancet Respir Med 2015; 3: 443–450.
    • (2015) Lancet Respir Med , vol.3 , pp. 443-450
    • Soriano, JB1    Lamprecht, B2    Ramirez, AS3
  • 67
    • 84929942251 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Does the 2013 GOLD classification improve the ability to predict lung function decline, exacerbations and mortality: a post-hoc analysis of the 4-year UPLIFT trial
    • Goossens LM, Leimer I, Metzdorf N, et al. Does the 2013 GOLD classification improve the ability to predict lung function decline, exacerbations and mortality: a post-hoc analysis of the 4-year UPLIFT trial. BMC Pulm Med 2014; 14: 163.
    • (2014) BMC Pulm Med , vol.14 , pp. 163
    • Goossens, LM1    Leimer, I2    Metzdorf, N3
  • 68
    • 84941215068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function decline rates according to GOLD group in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Kim J, Yoon HI, Oh YM, et al. Lung function decline rates according to GOLD group in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10: 1819–1827.
    • (2015) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.10 , pp. 1819-1827
    • Kim, J1    Yoon, HI2    Oh, YM3
  • 69
    • 84877102716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • GOLD 2011 disease severity classification in COPDGene: a prospective cohort study
    • Han MK, Muellerova H, Curran-Everett D, et al. GOLD 2011 disease severity classification in COPDGene: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 43–50.
    • (2013) Lancet Respir Med , vol.1 , pp. 43-50
    • Han, MK1    Muellerova, H2    Curran-Everett, D3
  • 70
    • 2642680855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: memorandum from a WHO meeting
    • WHO meeting participants. Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency: memorandum from a WHO meeting. Bull World Health Organ 1997; 75: 397–415.
    • (1997) Bull World Health Organ , vol.75 , pp. 397-415
  • 71
    • 1442306237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1005–1012.
    • (2004) N Engl J Med , vol.350 , pp. 1005-1012
    • Celli, BR1    Cote, CG2    Marin, JM3
  • 72
    • 72549113283 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Derivation and validation of a composite index of severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the DOSE Index
    • Jones RC, Donaldson GC, Chavannes NH, et al. Derivation and validation of a composite index of severity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the DOSE Index. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 1189–1195.
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.180 , pp. 1189-1195
    • Jones, RC1    Donaldson, GC2    Chavannes, NH3
  • 73
    • 69149083159 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Expansion of the prognostic assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the updated BODE index and the ADO index
    • Puhan MA, Garcia-Aymerich J, Frey M, et al. Expansion of the prognostic assessment of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the updated BODE index and the ADO index. Lancet 2009; 374: 704–711.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 704-711
    • Puhan, MA1    Garcia-Aymerich, J2    Frey, M3
  • 74
  • 75
    • 0000354732 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guideline panel, staff, and consortium representatives. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence
    • The tobacco use and dependence clinical practice guideline panel, staff, and consortium representatives. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence. JAMA 2000; 28: 3244–3254.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.28 , pp. 3244-3254
  • 76
    • 18744418141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • van der Meer RM, Wagena EJ, Ostelo RW, et al. Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003; 2: CD002999.
    • (2003) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2 , pp. CD002999
    • van der Meer, RM1    Wagena, EJ2    Ostelo, RW3
  • 77
    • 46249118363 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report
    • A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. A U.S. Public Health Service report. Am J Prev Med 2008; 35: 158–176.
    • (2008) Am J Prev Med , vol.35 , pp. 158-176
  • 79
    • 84925226916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction
    • McRobbie H, Bullen C, Hartmann-Boyce J, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation and reduction. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 12: CD010216.
    • (2014) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.12 , pp. CD010216
    • McRobbie, H1    Bullen, C2    Hartmann-Boyce, J3
  • 80
    • 84964584696 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • E-cigarettes and smoking cessation – authors’ reply
    • Kalkhoran S, Glantz SA. E-cigarettes and smoking cessation – authors’ reply. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: e26–e27.
    • (2016) Lancet Respir Med , vol.4 , pp. e26-e27
    • Kalkhoran, S1    Glantz, SA.2
  • 81
    • 84995553602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a systematic review
    • Malas M, van der Tempel J, Schwartz R, et al. Electronic cigarettes for smoking cessation: a systematic review. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18: 1926–1936.
    • (2016) Nicotine Tob Res , vol.18 , pp. 1926-1936
    • Malas, M1    van der Tempel, J2    Schwartz, R3
  • 82
    • 84988438002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends
    • Beard E, West R, Michie S, et al. Association between electronic cigarette use and changes in quit attempts, success of quit attempts, use of smoking cessation pharmacotherapy, and use of stop smoking services in England: time series analysis of population trends. BMJ 2016; 354: i4645.
    • (2016) BMJ , vol.354 , pp. i4645
    • Beard, E1    West, R2    Michie, S3
  • 83
    • 79952222942 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial
    • Tashkin DP, Rennard S, Hays JT, et al. Effects of varenicline on smoking cessation in patients with mild to moderate COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2011; 139: 591–599.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.139 , pp. 591-599
    • Tashkin, DP1    Rennard, S2    Hays, JT3
  • 84
    • 0035912585 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial
    • Tashkin D, Kanner R, Bailey W, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 357: 1571–1575.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.357 , pp. 1571-1575
    • Tashkin, D1    Kanner, R2    Bailey, W3
  • 85
    • 0034725354 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence
    • The Tobacco Use and Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline Panels, and Consortium Representatives. A clinical practice guideline for treating tobacco use and dependence. JAMA 2000; 28: 3244–3254.
    • (2000) JAMA , vol.28 , pp. 3244-3254
  • 86
    • 0004033451 scopus 로고
    • How to help your patients stop smoking
    • A National Cancer Institute manual for physicians. NIH Publicatio 90-3064. Bethesda, National Cancer Institute
    • Glynn T, Manley M. How to help your patients stop smoking. A National Cancer Institute manual for physicians. NIH Publication No. 90-3064. Bethesda, National Cancer Institute, 1990.
    • (1990)
    • Glynn, T1    Manley, M.2
  • 88
    • 84870417682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation
    • Stead LF, Koilpillai P, Fanshawe TR, et al. Combined pharmacotherapy and behavioural interventions for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 3: CD008286.
    • (2016) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3 , pp. CD008286
    • Stead, LF1    Koilpillai, P2    Fanshawe, TR3
  • 89
    • 2942750008 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study
    • Wongsurakiat P, Maranetra KN, Wasi C, et al. Acute respiratory illness in patients with COPD and the effectiveness of influenza vaccination: a randomized controlled study. Chest 2004; 125: 2011–2020.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 2011-2020
    • Wongsurakiat, P1    Maranetra, KN2    Wasi, C3
  • 90
    • 85049070502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Poole PJ, Chacko E, Wood-Baker RW, et al. Influenza vaccine for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; CD002733.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , pp. CD002733
    • Poole, PJ1    Chacko, E2    Wood-Baker, RW3
  • 91
    • 0041930986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in Thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
    • Wongsurakiat P, Lertakyamanee J, Maranetra KN, et al. Economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in Thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. J Med Assoc Thai 2003; 86: 497–508.
    • (2003) J Med Assoc Thai , vol.86 , pp. 497-508
    • Wongsurakiat, P1    Lertakyamanee, J2    Maranetra, KN3
  • 92
    • 0028048820 scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community
    • Nichol KL, Margolis KL, Wuorenma J, et al. The efficacy and cost effectiveness of vaccination against influenza among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 778–784.
    • (1994) N Engl J Med , vol.331 , pp. 778-784
    • Nichol, KL1    Margolis, KL2    Wuorenma, J3
  • 93
    • 67949097373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009
    • Fiore AE, Shay DK, Broder K, et al. Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2009. MMWR Recomm Rep 2009; 58: 1–52.
    • (2009) MMWR Recomm Rep , vol.58 , pp. 1-52
    • Fiore, AE1    Shay, DK2    Broder, K3
  • 94
    • 84880047261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza vaccination and reduction in risk of ischemic heart disease among chronic obstructive pulmonary elderly
    • Huang CL, Nguyen PA, Kuo PL, et al. Influenza vaccination and reduction in risk of ischemic heart disease among chronic obstructive pulmonary elderly. Comput Methods Programs Biomed 2013; 111: 507–511.
    • (2013) Comput Methods Programs Biomed , vol.111 , pp. 507-511
    • Huang, CL1    Nguyen, PA2    Kuo, PL3
  • 95
    • 0028147350 scopus 로고
    • A randomized controlled trial of cold-adapted and inactivated vaccines for the prevention of influenza A disease
    • Edwards KM, Dupont WD, Westrich MK, et al. A randomized controlled trial of cold-adapted and inactivated vaccines for the prevention of influenza A disease. J Infect Dis 1994; 169: 68–76.
    • (1994) J Infect Dis , vol.169 , pp. 68-76
    • Edwards, KM1    Dupont, WD2    Westrich, MK3
  • 96
    • 0031964139 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Is immunising all patients with chronic lung disease in the community against influenza cost effective? Evidence from a general practice based clinical prospective cohort study in Utrecht, The Netherlands
    • Hak E, van Essen GA, Buskens E, et al. Is immunising all patients with chronic lung disease in the community against influenza cost effective? Evidence from a general practice based clinical prospective cohort study in Utrecht, The Netherlands. J Epidemiol Community Health 1998; 52: 120–125.
    • (1998) J Epidemiol Community Health , vol.52 , pp. 120-125
    • Hak, E1    van Essen, GA2    Buskens, E3
  • 97
    • 0034643610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial
    • Burge PS, Calverley PM, Jones PW, et al. Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled study of fluticasone propionate in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the ISOLDE trial. BMJ 2000; 320: 1297–1303.
    • (2000) BMJ , vol.320 , pp. 1297-1303
    • Burge, PS1    Calverley, PM2    Jones, PW3
  • 98
    • 0027962628 scopus 로고
    • Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study
    • Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Kiley JP, et al. Effects of smoking intervention and the use of an inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator on the rate of decline of FEV1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497–1505.
    • (1994) JAMA , vol.272 , pp. 1497-1505
    • Anthonisen, NR1    Connett, JE2    Kiley, JP3
  • 99
    • 0345188819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    • Pauwels RA, Lofdahl CG, Laitinen LA, et al. Long-term treatment with inhaled budesonide in persons with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who continue smoking. European Respiratory Society Study on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1948–1953.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 1948-1953
    • Pauwels, RA1    Lofdahl, CG2    Laitinen, LA3
  • 100
    • 0033614639 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial
    • Vestbo J, Sorensen T, Lange P, et al. Long-term effect of inhaled budesonide in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 353: 1819–1823.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.353 , pp. 1819-1823
    • Vestbo, J1    Sorensen, T2    Lange, P3
  • 101
    • 53749102775 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 1543–1554.
    • (2008) N Engl J Med , vol.359 , pp. 1543-1554
    • Tashkin, DP1    Celli, B2    Senn, S3
  • 102
    • 2542603339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD
    • O’Donnell DE, Fluge T, Gerken F, et al. Effects of tiotropium on lung hyperinflation, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance in COPD. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 832–840.
    • (2004) Eur Respir J , vol.23 , pp. 832-840
    • O’Donnell, DE1    Fluge, T2    Gerken, F3
  • 103
    • 33748848116 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD
    • O’Donnell DE, Sciurba F, Celli B, et al. Effect of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol on lung hyperinflation and exercise endurance in COPD. Chest 2006; 130: 647–656.
    • (2006) Chest , vol.130 , pp. 647-656
    • O’Donnell, DE1    Sciurba, F2    Celli, B3
  • 104
    • 33750130578 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Appleton S, Jones T, Poole P, et al. Ipratropium bromide versus long-acting beta-2 agonists for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3: Cd006101.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3 , pp. Cd006101
    • Appleton, S1    Jones, T2    Poole, P3
  • 105
    • 84922395042 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Karner C, Chong J, Poole P. Tiotropium versus placebo for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 7: CD009285.
    • (2014) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.7 , pp. CD009285
    • Karner, C1    Chong, J2    Poole, P.3
  • 106
    • 84933503953 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-acting muscarinic antagonists
    • Melani AS. Long-acting muscarinic antagonists. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2015; 8: 479–501.
    • (2015) Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol , vol.8 , pp. 479-501
    • Melani, AS.1
  • 107
    • 42149136242 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in self-reported exercise participation with the combination of tiotropium and rehabilitative exercise training in COPD patients
    • Kesten S, Casaburi R, Kukafka D, et al. Improvement in self-reported exercise participation with the combination of tiotropium and rehabilitative exercise training in COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008; 3: 127–136.
    • (2008) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.3 , pp. 127-136
    • Kesten, S1    Casaburi, R2    Kukafka, D3
  • 108
    • 15844429415 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD
    • Casaburi R, Kukafka D, Cooper CB, et al. Improvement in exercise tolerance with the combination of tiotropium and pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 2005; 127: 809–817.
    • (2005) Chest , vol.127 , pp. 809-817
    • Casaburi, R1    Kukafka, D2    Cooper, CB3
  • 109
    • 79953166862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD
    • Vogelmeier C, Hederer B, Glaab T, et al. Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 1093–1103.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.364 , pp. 1093-1103
    • Vogelmeier, C1    Hederer, B2    Glaab, T3
  • 110
    • 84883461908 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study
    • Decramer ML, Chapman KR, Dahl R, et al. Once-daily indacaterol versus tiotropium for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (INVIGORATE): a randomised, blinded, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 524–533.
    • (2013) Lancet Respir Med , vol.1 , pp. 524-533
    • Decramer, ML1    Chapman, KR2    Dahl, R3
  • 111
    • 0036683267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study
    • Anthonisen NR, Connett JE, Enright PL, et al. Hospitalizations and mortality in the Lung Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 333–339.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 333-339
    • Anthonisen, NR1    Connett, JE2    Enright, PL3
  • 112
    • 77956712835 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety of tiotropium – the FDA’s conclusions
    • Michele TM, Pinheiro S, Iyasu S. The safety of tiotropium – the FDA’s conclusions. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1097–1099.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.363 , pp. 1097-1099
    • Michele, TM1    Pinheiro, S2    Iyasu, S.3
  • 113
    • 84885734407 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD
    • Wise RA, Anzueto A, Cotton D, et al. Tiotropium Respimat inhaler and the risk of death in COPD. N Engl J Med 2013; 369: 1491–1501.
    • (2013) N Engl J Med , vol.369 , pp. 1491-1501
    • Wise, RA1    Anzueto, A2    Cotton, D3
  • 114
    • 77950158562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ram FS, Jones PW, Castro AA, et al. Oral theophylline for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; 4: CD003902.
    • (2002) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD003902
    • Ram, FS1    Jones, PW2    Castro, AA3
  • 115
    • 0034892541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD
    • ZuWallack RL, Mahler DA, Reilly D, et al. Salmeterol plus theophylline combination therapy in the treatment of COPD. Chest 2001; 119: 1661–1670.
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1661-1670
    • ZuWallack, RL1    Mahler, DA2    Reilly, D3
  • 116
    • 34848879557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of theophylline associated with short-acting or long-acting inhaled β2-agonists in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review
    • Zacarias EC, Castro AA, Cendon S. Effect of theophylline associated with short-acting or long-acting inhaled β2-agonists in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. J Bras Pneumol 2007; 33: 152–160.
    • (2007) J Bras Pneumol , vol.33 , pp. 152-160
    • Zacarias, EC1    Castro, AA2    Cendon, S.3
  • 117
    • 84990065843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral low-dose theophylline on top of inhaled fluticasone-salmeterol does not reduce exacerbations in patients with severe COPD: a pilot clinical trial
    • Cosio BG, Shafiek H, Iglesias A, et al. Oral low-dose theophylline on top of inhaled fluticasone-salmeterol does not reduce exacerbations in patients with severe COPD: a pilot clinical trial. Chest 2016; 150: 123–130.
    • (2016) Chest , vol.150 , pp. 123-130
    • Cosio, BG1    Shafiek, H2    Iglesias, A3
  • 118
    • 33746877055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year
    • Zhou Y, Wang X, Zeng X, et al. Positive benefits of theophylline in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study of low-dose, slow-release theophylline in the treatment of COPD for 1 year. Respirology 2006; 11: 603–610.
    • (2006) Respirology , vol.11 , pp. 603-610
    • Zhou, Y1    Wang, X2    Zeng, X3
  • 119
    • 0027415038 scopus 로고
    • Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease
    • McKay SE, Howie CA, Thomson AH, et al. Value of theophylline treatment in patients handicapped by chronic obstructive lung disease. Thorax 1993; 48: 227–232.
    • (1993) Thorax , vol.48 , pp. 227-232
    • McKay, SE1    Howie, CA2    Thomson, AH3
  • 120
    • 77953232163 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD
    • Cazzola M, Molimard M. The scientific rationale for combining long-acting beta2-agonists and muscarinic antagonists in COPD. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2010; 23: 257–267.
    • (2010) Pulm Pharmacol Ther , vol.23 , pp. 257-267
    • Cazzola, M1    Molimard, M.2
  • 121
    • 85027923918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beyond lung function in COPD management: effectiveness of LABA/LAMA combination therapy on patient-centred outcomes
    • van der Molen T, Cazzola M. Beyond lung function in COPD management: effectiveness of LABA/LAMA combination therapy on patient-centred outcomes. Prim Care Respir J 2012; 21: 101–108.
    • (2012) Prim Care Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 101-108
    • van der Molen, T1    Cazzola, M.2
  • 122
    • 84901822609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study
    • Mahler DA, Decramer M, D’Urzo A, et al. Dual bronchodilation with QVA149 reduces patient-reported dyspnoea in COPD: the BLAZE study. Eur Respir J 2014; 43: 1599–1609.
    • (2014) Eur Respir J , vol.43 , pp. 1599-1609
    • Mahler, DA1    Decramer, M2    D’Urzo, A3
  • 123
    • 84942987543 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life
    • Singh D, Ferguson GT, Bolitschek J, et al. Tiotropium + olodaterol shows clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life. Respir Med 2015; 109: 1312–1319.
    • (2015) Respir Med , vol.109 , pp. 1312-1319
    • Singh, D1    Ferguson, GT2    Bolitschek, J3
  • 124
    • 84938700618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT)
    • Bateman ED, Chapman KR, Singh D, et al. Aclidinium bromide and formoterol fumarate as a fixed-dose combination in COPD: pooled analysis of symptoms and exacerbations from two six-month, multicentre, randomised studies (ACLIFORM and AUGMENT). Respir Res 2015; 16: 92.
    • (2015) Respir Res , vol.16 , pp. 92
    • Bateman, ED1    Chapman, KR2    Singh, D3
  • 125
    • 84946575010 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2: efficacy and safety of QVA149 (indacaterol/ glycopyrrolate) versus its monocomponents and placebo in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Mahler DA, Kerwin E, Ayers T, et al. FLIGHT1 and FLIGHT2: efficacy and safety of QVA149 (indacaterol/ glycopyrrolate) versus its monocomponents and placebo in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 192: 1068–1079.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.192 , pp. 1068-1079
    • Mahler, DA1    Kerwin, E2    Ayers, T3
  • 126
    • 84877131237 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study
    • Wedzicha JA, Decramer M, Ficker JH, et al. Analysis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations with the dual bronchodilator QVA149 compared with glycopyrronium and tiotropium (SPARK): a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group study. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 199–209.
    • (2013) Lancet Respir Med , vol.1 , pp. 199-209
    • Wedzicha, JA1    Decramer, M2    Ficker, JH3
  • 127
    • 84973882932 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus salmeterol-fluticasone for COPD
    • Wedzicha JA, Banerji D, Chapman KR, et al. Indacaterol-glycopyrronium versus salmeterol-fluticasone for COPD. N Engl J Med 2016; 374: 2222–2234.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.374 , pp. 2222-2234
    • Wedzicha, JA1    Banerji, D2    Chapman, KR3
  • 128
    • 84870598137 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting β2-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting β2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Nannini LJ, Lasserson TJ, Poole P. Combined corticosteroid and long-acting β2-agonist in one inhaler versus long-acting β2-agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD006829.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.9 , pp. CD006829
    • Nannini, LJ1    Lasserson, TJ2    Poole, P.3
  • 129
    • 84893417325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined corticosteroid and long-acting β2-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Nannini LJ, Poole P, Milan SJ, et al. Combined corticosteroid and long-acting β2-agonist in one inhaler versus inhaled corticosteroids alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD006826.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.8 , pp. CD006826
    • Nannini, LJ1    Poole, P2    Milan, SJ3
  • 130
    • 33847172367 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Salmeterol and fluticasone propionate and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 775–789.
    • (2007) N Engl J Med , vol.356 , pp. 775-789
    • Calverley, PM1    Anderson, JA2    Celli, B3
  • 131
    • 84968779698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial
    • Vestbo J, Anderson JA, Brook RD, et al. Fluticasone furoate and vilanterol and survival in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with heightened cardiovascular risk (SUMMIT): a double-blind randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 387: 1817–1826.
    • (2016) Lancet , vol.387 , pp. 1817-1826
    • Vestbo, J1    Anderson, JA2    Brook, RD3
  • 132
    • 84866446105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Yang IA, Clarke MS, Sim EH, et al. Inhaled corticosteroids for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 7: CD002991.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.7 , pp. CD002991
    • Yang, IA1    Clarke, MS2    Sim, EH3
  • 133
    • 84922423567 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia risk with inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol compared with vilanterol alone in patients with COPD
    • Crim C, Dransfield MT, Bourbeau J, et al. Pneumonia risk with inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol compared with vilanterol alone in patients with COPD. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12: 27–34.
    • (2015) Ann Am Thorac Soc , vol.12 , pp. 27-34
    • Crim, C1    Dransfield, MT2    Bourbeau, J3
  • 134
    • 0035991327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbuhaler
    • Johnell O, Pauwels R, Lofdahl CG, et al. Bone mineral density in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease treated with budesonide Turbuhaler. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 1058–1063.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.19 , pp. 1058-1063
    • Johnell, O1    Pauwels, R2    Lofdahl, CG3
  • 135
    • 73149110829 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health study
    • Ferguson GT, Calverley PM, Anderson JA, et al. Prevalence and progression of osteoporosis in patients with COPD: results from the TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health study. Chest 2009; 136: 1456–1465.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.136 , pp. 1456-1465
    • Ferguson, GT1    Calverley, PM2    Anderson, JA3
  • 136
    • 84877126115 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once-daily inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol versus vilanterol only for prevention of exacerbations of COPD: two replicate double-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trials
    • Dransfield MT, Bourbeau J, Jones PW, et al. Once-daily inhaled fluticasone furoate and vilanterol versus vilanterol only for prevention of exacerbations of COPD: two replicate double-blind, parallel-group, randomised controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med 2013; 1: 210–223.
    • (2013) Lancet Respir Med , vol.1 , pp. 210-223
    • Dransfield, MT1    Bourbeau, J2    Jones, PW3
  • 137
    • 79960568619 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies
    • Loke YK, Cavallazzi R, Singh S. Risk of fractures with inhaled corticosteroids in COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. Thorax 2011; 66: 699–708.
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , pp. 699-708
    • Loke, YK1    Cavallazzi, R2    Singh, S.3
  • 138
    • 78049430514 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression
    • Suissa S, Kezouh A, Ernst P. Inhaled corticosteroids and the risks of diabetes onset and progression. Am J Med 2010; 123: 1001–1006.
    • (2010) Am J Med , vol.123 , pp. 1001-1006
    • Suissa, S1    Kezouh, A2    Ernst, P.3
  • 139
    • 63149120447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract
    • Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Tan AG, et al. Use of inhaled and oral corticosteroids and the long-term risk of cataract. Ophthalmology 2009; 116: 652–657.
    • (2009) Ophthalmology , vol.116 , pp. 652-657
    • Wang, JJ1    Rochtchina, E2    Tan, AG3
  • 140
    • 84873707344 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis
    • Andrejak C, Nielsen R, Thomsen VO, et al. Chronic respiratory disease, inhaled corticosteroids and risk of non-tuberculous mycobacteriosis. Thorax 2013; 68: 256–262.
    • (2013) Thorax , vol.68 , pp. 256-262
    • Andrejak, C1    Nielsen, R2    Thomsen, VO3
  • 141
    • 84901838031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD and the risk of TB and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
    • Dong YH, Chang CH, Lin Wu FL, et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with COPD and the risk of TB and influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 2014; 145: 1286–1297.
    • (2014) Chest , vol.145 , pp. 1286-1297
    • Dong, YH1    Chang, CH2    Lin Wu, FL3
  • 142
    • 84887438661 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of tuberculosis
    • Lee CH, Kim K, Hyun MK, et al. Use of inhaled corticosteroids and the risk of tuberculosis. Thorax 2013; 68: 1105–1113.
    • (2013) Thorax , vol.68 , pp. 1105-1113
    • Lee, CH1    Kim, K2    Hyun, MK3
  • 143
    • 80051593508 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD – a systematic review and comment on trial methodology
    • Nadeem NJ, Taylor SJ, Eldridge SM. Withdrawal of inhaled corticosteroids in individuals with COPD – a systematic review and comment on trial methodology. Respir Res 2011; 12: 107.
    • (2011) Respir Res , vol.12 , pp. 107
    • Nadeem, NJ1    Taylor, SJ2    Eldridge, SM.3
  • 144
    • 0037111198 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study
    • van der Valk P, Monninkhof E, van der Palen J, et al. Effect of discontinuation of inhaled corticosteroids in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the COPE study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 1358–1363.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 1358-1363
    • van der Valk, P1    Monninkhof, E2    van der Palen, J3
  • 145
    • 20444497934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of fluticasone propionate from combined salmeterol/ fluticasone treatment in patients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease deterioration: a randomised controlled trial
    • Wouters EF, Postma DS, Fokkens B, et al. Withdrawal of fluticasone propionate from combined salmeterol/ fluticasone treatment in patients with COPD causes immediate and sustained disease deterioration: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2005; 60: 480–487.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 480-487
    • Wouters, EF1    Postma, DS2    Fokkens, B3
  • 146
    • 84939231286 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relapse in FEV1 decline after steroid withdrawal in COPD
    • Kunz LI, Postma DS, Klooster K, et al. Relapse in FEV1 decline after steroid withdrawal in COPD. Chest 2015; 148: 389–396.
    • (2015) Chest , vol.148 , pp. 389-396
    • Kunz, LI1    Postma, DS2    Klooster, K3
  • 147
    • 84907779764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD
    • Magnussen H, Disse B, Rodriguez-Roisin R, et al. Withdrawal of inhaled glucocorticoids and exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2014; 371: 1285–1294.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.371 , pp. 1285-1294
    • Magnussen, H1    Disse, B2    Rodriguez-Roisin, R3
  • 148
    • 70349854706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Welte T, Miravitlles M, Hernandez P, et al. Efficacy and tolerability of budesonide/formoterol added to tiotropium in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 741–750.
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.180 , pp. 741-750
    • Welte, T1    Miravitlles, M2    Hernandez, P3
  • 149
    • 42149166529 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Superiority of “triple” therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium bromide versus individual components in moderate to severe COPD
    • Singh D, Brooks J, Hagan G, et al. Superiority of “triple” therapy with salmeterol/fluticasone propionate and tiotropium bromide versus individual components in moderate to severe COPD. Thorax 2008; 63: 592–598.
    • (2008) Thorax , vol.63 , pp. 592-598
    • Singh, D1    Brooks, J2    Hagan, G3
  • 150
    • 84855906419 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of tiotropium plus fluticasone propionate/salmeterol with tiotropium in COPD: a randomized controlled study
    • Jung KS, Park HY, Park SY, et al. Comparison of tiotropium plus fluticasone propionate/salmeterol with tiotropium in COPD: a randomized controlled study. Respir Med 2012; 106: 382–389.
    • (2012) Respir Med , vol.106 , pp. 382-389
    • Jung, KS1    Park, HY2    Park, SY3
  • 151
    • 82955195821 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Benefits of adding fluticasone propionate/salmeterol to tiotropium in moderate to severe COPD
    • Hanania NA, Crater GD, Morris AN, et al. Benefits of adding fluticasone propionate/salmeterol to tiotropium in moderate to severe COPD. Respir Med 2012; 106: 91–101.
    • (2012) Respir Med , vol.106 , pp. 91-101
    • Hanania, NA1    Crater, GD2    Morris, AN3
  • 152
    • 84933524786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Glycopyrronium once-daily significantly improves lung function and health status when combined with salmeterol/fluticasone in patients with COPD: the GLISTEN study, a randomised controlled trial
    • Frith PA, Thompson PJ, Ratnavadivel R, et al. Glycopyrronium once-daily significantly improves lung function and health status when combined with salmeterol/fluticasone in patients with COPD: the GLISTEN study, a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2015; 70: 519–527.
    • (2015) Thorax , vol.70 , pp. 519-527
    • Frith, PA1    Thompson, PJ2    Ratnavadivel, R3
  • 153
    • 84955355172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium added to fluticasone propionate/ salmeterol in patients with COPD: results of two randomized, double-blind studies
    • Siler TM, Kerwin E, Singletary K, et al. Efficacy and safety of umeclidinium added to fluticasone propionate/ salmeterol in patients with COPD: results of two randomized, double-blind studies. COPD 2016; 13: 1–10.
    • (2016) COPD , vol.13 , pp. 1-10
    • Siler, TM1    Kerwin, E2    Singletary, K3
  • 154
    • 84989195861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Single inhaler triple therapy versus inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting β2-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRILOGY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial
    • Singh D, Papi A, Corradi M, et al. Single inhaler triple therapy versus inhaled corticosteroid plus long-acting β2-agonist therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (TRILOGY): a double-blind, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016; 388: 963–973.
    • (2016) Lancet , vol.388 , pp. 963-973
    • Singh, D1    Papi, A2    Corradi, M3
  • 155
    • 34247561439 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial
    • Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Fergusson D, et al. Tiotropium in combination with placebo, salmeterol, or fluticasone-salmeterol for treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146: 545–555.
    • (2007) Ann Intern Med , vol.146 , pp. 545-555
    • Aaron, SD1    Vandemheen, KL2    Fergusson, D3
  • 156
    • 69149103642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials
    • Calverley PM, Rabe KF, Goehring UM, et al. Roflumilast in symptomatic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: two randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2009; 374: 685–694.
    • (2009) Lancet , vol.374 , pp. 685-694
    • Calverley, PM1    Rabe, KF2    Goehring, UM3
  • 157
    • 79959514229 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Chong J, Leung B, Poole P. Phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 11: CD002309.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.11 , pp. CD002309
    • Chong, J1    Leung, B2    Poole, P.3
  • 158
    • 56749157688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations
    • Seemungal TA, Wilkinson TM, Hurst JR, et al. Long-term erythromycin therapy is associated with decreased chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 1139–1147.
    • (2008) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.178 , pp. 1139-1147
    • Seemungal, TA1    Wilkinson, TM2    Hurst, JR3
  • 159
    • 84900301838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Uzun S, Djamin RS, Kluytmans JA, et al. Azithromycin maintenance treatment in patients with frequent exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COLUMBUS): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 361–368.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , pp. 361-368
    • Uzun, S1    Djamin, RS2    Kluytmans, JA3
  • 160
    • 80052157895 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD
    • Albert RK, Connett J, Bailey WC, et al. Azithromycin for prevention of exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 689–698.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , pp. 689-698
    • Albert, RK1    Connett, J2    Bailey, WC3
  • 161
    • 77952490797 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial
    • Sethi S, Jones PW, Theron MS, et al. Pulsed moxifloxacin for the prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Respir Res 2010; 11: 10.
    • (2010) Respir Res , vol.11 , pp. 10
    • Sethi, S1    Jones, PW2    Theron, MS3
  • 162
    • 84940663022 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis
    • Cazzola M, Calzetta L, Page C, et al. Influence of N-acetylcysteine on chronic bronchitis or COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis. Eur Respir Rev 2015; 24: 451–461.
    • (2015) Eur Respir Rev , vol.24 , pp. 451-461
    • Cazzola, M1    Calzetta, L2    Page, C3
  • 163
    • 84866764126 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Poole P, Chong J, Cates CJ. Mucolytic agents versus placebo for chronic bronchitis or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 7: CD001287.
    • (2015) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.7 , pp. CD001287
    • Poole, P1    Chong, J2    Cates, CJ.3
  • 164
    • 6844250986 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of an immunostimulating agent on acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PARI-IS Study Steering Committee and Research Group. Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection by an Immunostimulant
    • Collet JP, Shapiro P, Ernst P, et al. Effects of an immunostimulating agent on acute exacerbations and hospitalizations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The PARI-IS Study Steering Committee and Research Group. Prevention of Acute Respiratory Infection by an Immunostimulant. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 1719–1724.
    • (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.156 , pp. 1719-1724
    • Collet, JP1    Shapiro, P2    Ernst, P3
  • 165
    • 3242710399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Protective effect of a bacterial extract against acute exacerbation in patients with chronic bronchitis accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Li J, Zheng JP, Yuan JP, et al. Protective effect of a bacterial extract against acute exacerbation in patients with chronic bronchitis accompanied by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chin Med J 2004; 117: 828–834.
    • (2004) Chin Med J , vol.117 , pp. 828-834
    • Li, J1    Zheng, JP2    Yuan, JP3
  • 166
    • 84937518828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effectiveness of anti-leukotriene agents in patients with COPD: a systemic review and meta-analysis
    • Lee JH, Kim HJ, Kim YH. The effectiveness of anti-leukotriene agents in patients with COPD: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Lung 2015; 193: 477–486.
    • (2015) Lung , vol.193 , pp. 477-486
    • Lee, JH1    Kim, HJ2    Kim, YH.3
  • 167
    • 34247607712 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Rennard SI, Fogarty C, Kelsen S, et al. The safety and efficacy of infliximab in moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 175: 926–934.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.175 , pp. 926-934
    • Rennard, SI1    Fogarty, C2    Kelsen, S3
  • 168
    • 84901817055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD
    • Criner GJ, Connett JE, Aaron SD, et al. Simvastatin for the prevention of exacerbations in moderate-to-severe COPD. N Engl J Med 2014; 370: 2201–2210.
    • (2014) N Engl J Med , vol.370 , pp. 2201-2210
    • Criner, GJ1    Connett, JE2    Aaron, SD3
  • 169
    • 84919772728 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Nordestgaard BG, et al. Statin use and exacerbations in individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2015; 70: 33–40.
    • (2015) Thorax , vol.70 , pp. 33-40
    • Ingebrigtsen, TS1    Marott, JL2    Nordestgaard, BG3
  • 170
    • 84855832483 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial
    • Lehouck A, Mathieu C, Carremans C, et al. High doses of vitamin D to reduce exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156: 105–114.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 105-114
    • Lehouck, A1    Mathieu, C2    Carremans, C3
  • 171
    • 79955484156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control
    • Melani AS, Bonavia M, Cilenti V, et al. Inhaler mishandling remains common in real life and is associated with reduced disease control. Respir Med 2011; 105: 930–938.
    • (2011) Respir Med , vol.105 , pp. 930-938
    • Melani, AS1    Bonavia, M2    Cilenti, V3
  • 172
    • 77958141331 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of incorrect inhalation technique in patients with asthma or COPD: a study using a validated videotaped scoring method
    • Rootmensen GN, van Keimpema AR, Jansen HM, et al. Predictors of incorrect inhalation technique in patients with asthma or COPD: a study using a validated videotaped scoring method. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2010; 23: 323–328.
    • (2010) J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv , vol.23 , pp. 323-328
    • Rootmensen, GN1    van Keimpema, AR2    Jansen, HM3
  • 173
    • 84891428105 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A critical review of the effectiveness of “teach-back” technique in teaching COPD patients self-management using respiratory inhalers
    • Dantic DE. A critical review of the effectiveness of “teach-back” technique in teaching COPD patients self-management using respiratory inhalers. Health Educ J 2014; 73: 41–50.
    • (2014) Health Educ J , vol.73 , pp. 41-50
    • Dantic, DE.1
  • 174
    • 70350450961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Augmentation therapy for α1 antitrypsin deficiency: a meta-analysis
    • Chapman KR, Stockley RA, Dawkins C, et al. Augmentation therapy for α1 antitrypsin deficiency: a meta-analysis. COPD 2009; 6: 177–184.
    • (2009) COPD , vol.6 , pp. 177-184
    • Chapman, KR1    Stockley, RA2    Dawkins, C3
  • 175
    • 84937969384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe α1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
    • Chapman KR, Burdon JG, Piitulainen E, et al. Intravenous augmentation treatment and lung density in severe α1 antitrypsin deficiency (RAPID): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386: 360–368.
    • (2015) Lancet , vol.386 , pp. 360-368
    • Chapman, KR1    Burdon, JG2    Piitulainen, E3
  • 176
    • 0032724157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized clinical trial of α1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy
    • Dirksen A, Dijkman JH, Madsen F, et al. A randomized clinical trial of α1-antitrypsin augmentation therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 1468–1472.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.160 , pp. 1468-1472
    • Dirksen, A1    Dijkman, JH2    Madsen, F3
  • 177
    • 67649407825 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exploring the role of CT densitometry: a randomised study of augmentation therapy in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
    • Dirksen A, Piitulainen E, Parr DG, et al. Exploring the role of CT densitometry: a randomised study of augmentation therapy in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1345–1353.
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.33 , pp. 1345-1353
    • Dirksen, A1    Piitulainen, E2    Parr, DG3
  • 178
    • 82155198843 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levodropropizine in the management of cough associated with cancer or nonmalignant chronic disease – a systematic review
    • Schildmann EK, Remi C, Bausewein C. Levodropropizine in the management of cough associated with cancer or nonmalignant chronic disease – a systematic review. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother 2011; 25: 209–218.
    • (2011) J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother , vol.25 , pp. 209-218
    • Schildmann, EK1    Remi, C2    Bausewein, C.3
  • 179
    • 0030040551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Worsening of pulmonary gas exchange with nitric oxide inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barbera JA, Roger N, Roca J, et al. Worsening of pulmonary gas exchange with nitric oxide inhalation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 1996; 347: 436–440.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.347 , pp. 436-440
    • Barbera, JA1    Roger, N2    Roca, J3
  • 180
    • 84883397197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sildenafil to improve respiratory rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a controlled trial
    • Blanco I, Santos S, Gea J, et al. Sildenafil to improve respiratory rehabilitation outcomes in COPD: a controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 982–992.
    • (2013) Eur Respir J , vol.42 , pp. 982-992
    • Blanco, I1    Santos, S2    Gea, J3
  • 181
    • 84897957796 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Tadalafil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial
    • Goudie AR, Lipworth BJ, Hopkinson PJ, et al. Tadalafil in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 293–300.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , pp. 293-300
    • Goudie, AR1    Lipworth, BJ2    Hopkinson, PJ3
  • 182
    • 84886418056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation
    • Spruit MA, Singh SJ, Garvey C, et al. An official American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement: key concepts and advances in pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 188: e13–e64.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.188 , pp. e13-e64
    • Spruit, MA1    Singh, SJ2    Garvey, C3
  • 183
    • 85003545091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Scharplatz M, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10: CD005305.
    • (2011) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.10 , pp. CD005305
    • Puhan, MA1    Gimeno-Santos, E2    Scharplatz, M3
  • 184
    • 84903977648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial
    • Greening NJ, Williams JE, Hussain SF, et al. An early rehabilitation intervention to enhance recovery during hospital admission for an exacerbation of chronic respiratory disease: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2014; 349: g4315.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.349 , pp. g4315
    • Greening, NJ1    Williams, JE2    Hussain, SF3
  • 185
    • 84969786303 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increasing implementation and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation: key messages from the new ATS/ERS policy statement
    • Vogiatzis I, Rochester CL, Spruit MA, et al. Increasing implementation and delivery of pulmonary rehabilitation: key messages from the new ATS/ERS policy statement. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 1336–1341.
    • (2016) Eur Respir J , vol.47 , pp. 1336-1341
    • Vogiatzis, I1    Rochester, CL2    Spruit, MA3
  • 186
    • 0037268568 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Zwerink M, Brusse-Keizer M, van der Valk PD, et al. Self management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 3: CD002990.
    • (2014) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.3 , pp. CD002990
    • Zwerink, M1    Brusse-Keizer, M2    van der Valk, PD3
  • 187
    • 84861124020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial
    • Fan VS, Gaziano JM, Lew R, et al. A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2012; 156: 673–683.
    • (2012) Ann Intern Med , vol.156 , pp. 673-683
    • Fan, VS1    Gaziano, JM2    Lew, R3
  • 188
    • 84905965195 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality of patients with COPD participating in chronic disease management programmes: a happy end?
    • Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Taffe P, Burnand B, et al. Mortality of patients with COPD participating in chronic disease management programmes: a happy end? Thorax 2014; 69: 865–866.
    • (2014) Thorax , vol.69 , pp. 865-866
    • Peytremann-Bridevaux, I1    Taffe, P2    Burnand, B3
  • 189
    • 84893461598 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Kruis AL, Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, et al. Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 10: CD009437.
    • (2013) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.10 , pp. CD009437
    • Kruis, AL1    Smidt, N2    Assendelft, WJ3
  • 190
    • 84988734794 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of integrated disease management for primary care chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: results of cluster randomised trial
    • Kruis AL, Boland MR, Assendelft WJ, et al. Effectiveness of integrated disease management for primary care chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients: results of cluster randomised trial. BMJ 2014; 349: g5392.
    • (2014) BMJ , vol.349 , pp. g5392
    • Kruis, AL1    Boland, MR2    Assendelft, WJ3
  • 191
    • 84874641201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial
    • Cartwright M, Hirani SP, Rixon L, et al. Effect of telehealth on quality of life and psychological outcomes over 12 months (Whole Systems Demonstrator telehealth questionnaire study): nested study of patient reported outcomes in a pragmatic, cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013; 346: f653.
    • (2013) BMJ , vol.346 , pp. f653
    • Cartwright, M1    Hirani, SP2    Rixon, L3
  • 192
    • 8544270172 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care: Clinical Practice Guidelines for quality palliative care, executive summary
    • American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Center to Advance Palliative Care Hospice, Palliative Nurses Association Last Acts Partnership National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization
    • American Academy of Hospice and Palliative Medicine Center to Advance Palliative Care Hospice, Palliative Nurses Association Last Acts Partnership National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization. National Consensus Project for Quality Palliative Care: Clinical Practice Guidelines for quality palliative care, executive summary. J Palliat Med 2004; 7: 611–627.
    • (2004) J Palliat Med , vol.7 , pp. 611-627
  • 193
    • 84899967369 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with respiratory diseases
    • Bellia Antonelli Incalzi R, eds. Sheffield, European Respiratory Society
    • Halpin DMG, Seamark DA, Seamark CJ. Palliative and end-of-life care for patients with respiratory diseases. In: Bellia V, Antonelli Incalzi R, eds. Respiratory Diseases in the Elderly (ERS Monograph). Sheffield, European Respiratory Society, 2009; pp. 327–353.
    • (2009) Respiratory Diseases in the Elderly (ERS Monograph) , pp. 327-353
    • Halpin, DMG1    Seamark, DA2    Seamark, CJ.3
  • 194
    • 84989154429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can early introduction of specialized palliative care limit intensive care, emergency and hospital admissions in patients with severe and very severe COPD? a randomized study
    • Weber C, Stirnemann J, Herrmann FR, et al. Can early introduction of specialized palliative care limit intensive care, emergency and hospital admissions in patients with severe and very severe COPD? a randomized study. BMC Palliat Care 2014; 13: 47.
    • (2014) BMC Palliat Care , vol.13 , pp. 47
    • Weber, C1    Stirnemann, J2    Herrmann, FR3
  • 195
    • 84944159938 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The unpredictable death” – the last year of life for patients with advanced COPD: relatives’ stories
    • Ek K, Andershed B, Sahlberg-Blom E, et al. “The unpredictable death” – the last year of life for patients with advanced COPD: relatives’ stories. Palliat Support Care 2015; 13: 1213–1222.
    • (2015) Palliat Support Care , vol.13 , pp. 1213-1222
    • Ek, K1    Andershed, B2    Sahlberg-Blom, E3
  • 196
    • 33644877413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Cranston JM, Crockett AJ, Moss JR, et al. Domiciliary oxygen for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 4 CD001744.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD001744
    • Cranston, JM1    Crockett, AJ2    Moss, JR3
  • 197
    • 84992740402 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation
    • Long-term Oxygen Treatment Trial Research Group. A randomized trial of long-term oxygen for COPD with moderate desaturation. N Engl J Med 2016; 375: 1617.
    • (2016) N Engl J Med , vol.375 , pp. 1617
  • 198
    • 84899471408 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Home non-invasive ventilation use following acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD
    • Galli JA, Krahnke JS, James Mamary A, et al. Home non-invasive ventilation use following acute hypercapnic respiratory failure in COPD. Respir Med 2014; 108: 722–728.
    • (2014) Respir Med , vol.108 , pp. 722-728
    • Galli, JA1    Krahnke, JS2    James Mamary, A3
  • 199
    • 84931063576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retrospective assessment of home ventilation to reduce rehospitalization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Coughlin S, Liang WE, Parthasarathy S. Retrospective assessment of home ventilation to reduce rehospitalization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Clin Sleep Med 2015; 11: 663–670.
    • (2015) J Clin Sleep Med , vol.11 , pp. 663-670
    • Coughlin, S1    Liang, WE2    Parthasarathy, S.3
  • 200
    • 18544366064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients
    • Clini E, Sturani C, Rossi A, et al. The Italian multicentre study on noninvasive ventilation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 2002; 20: 529–538.
    • (2002) Eur Respir J , vol.20 , pp. 529-538
    • Clini, E1    Sturani, C2    Rossi, A3
  • 201
    • 84908047257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial
    • Kohnlein T, Windisch W, Kohler D, et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation for the treatment of severe stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective, multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial. Lancet Respir Med 2014; 2: 698–705.
    • (2014) Lancet Respir Med , vol.2 , pp. 698-705
    • Kohnlein, T1    Windisch, W2    Kohler, D3
  • 202
    • 84905975996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with prolonged hypercapnia after ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, parallel-group study
    • Struik FM, Sprooten RT, Kerstjens HA, et al. Nocturnal non-invasive ventilation in COPD patients with prolonged hypercapnia after ventilatory support for acute respiratory failure: a randomised, controlled, parallel-group study. Thorax 2014; 69: 826–834.
    • (2014) Thorax , vol.69 , pp. 826-834
    • Struik, FM1    Sprooten, RT2    Kerstjens, HA3
  • 203
    • 0034548358 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD
    • Casanova C, Celli BR, Tost L, et al. Long-term controlled trial of nocturnal nasal positive pressure ventilation in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2000; 118: 1582–1590.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 1582-1590
    • Casanova, C1    Celli, BR2    Tost, L3
  • 204
    • 77956267083 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome
    • Marin JM, Soriano JB, Carrizo SJ, et al. Outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and obstructive sleep apnea: the overlap syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010; 182: 325–331.
    • (2010) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.182 , pp. 325-331
    • Marin, JM1    Soriano, JB2    Carrizo, SJ3
  • 205
    • 0038075468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema
    • Fishman A, Martinez F, Naunheim K, et al. A randomized trial comparing lung-volume-reduction surgery with medical therapy for severe emphysema. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2059–2073.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 2059-2073
    • Fishman, A1    Martinez, F2    Naunheim, K3
  • 206
    • 0035846315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery
    • National Emphysema Treatment Trial Research Group. Patients at high risk of death after lung-volume-reduction surgery. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1075–1083.
    • (2001) N Engl J Med , vol.345 , pp. 1075-1083
  • 207
    • 84938524215 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surgical approaches to treating emphysema: lung volume reduction surgery, bullectomy, and lung transplantation
    • Marchetti N, Criner GJ. Surgical approaches to treating emphysema: lung volume reduction surgery, bullectomy, and lung transplantation. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36: 592–608.
    • (2015) Semin Respir Crit Care Med , vol.36 , pp. 592-608
    • Marchetti, N1    Criner, GJ.2
  • 208
    • 84866127151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report – 2012
    • Christie JD, Edwards LB, Kucheryavaya AY, et al. The Registry of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation: 29th adult lung and heart-lung transplant report – 2012. J Heart Lung Transplant 2012; 31: 1073–1086.
    • (2012) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.31 , pp. 1073-1086
    • Christie, JD1    Edwards, LB2    Kucheryavaya, AY3
  • 209
    • 30044451648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national cohort is without obvious survival benefit
    • Stavem K, Bjortuft O, Borgan O, et al. Lung transplantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in a national cohort is without obvious survival benefit. J Heart Lung Transplant 2006; 25: 75–84.
    • (2006) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.25 , pp. 75-84
    • Stavem, K1    Bjortuft, O2    Borgan, O3
  • 210
    • 39649120817 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Survival after bilateral versus single lung transplantation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis of registry data
    • Thabut G, Christie JD, Ravaud P, et al. Survival after bilateral versus single lung transplantation for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective analysis of registry data. Lancet 2008; 371: 744–751.
    • (2008) Lancet , vol.371 , pp. 744-751
    • Thabut, G1    Christie, JD2    Ravaud, P3
  • 211
    • 80054700549 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Part II: Lessons learned about lung volume reduction surgery
    • Criner GJ, Cordova F, Sternberg AL, et al. The National Emphysema Treatment Trial (NETT) Part II: Lessons learned about lung volume reduction surgery. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 881–893.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.184 , pp. 881-893
    • Criner, GJ1    Cordova, F2    Sternberg, AL3
  • 212
    • 80052728433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopic lung-volume reduction with Exhale airway stents for emphysema (EASE trial): randomised, sham-controlled, multicentre trial
    • Shah PL, Slebos DJ, Cardoso PF, et al. Bronchoscopic lung-volume reduction with Exhale airway stents for emphysema (EASE trial): randomised, sham-controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 997–1005.
    • (2011) Lancet , vol.378 , pp. 997-1005
    • Shah, PL1    Slebos, DJ2    Cardoso, PF3
  • 213
    • 84941769988 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomised trial of lung sealant versus medical therapy for advanced emphysema
    • Come CE, Kramer MR, Dransfield MT, et al. A randomised trial of lung sealant versus medical therapy for advanced emphysema. Eur Respir J 2015; 46: 651–662.
    • (2015) Eur Respir J , vol.46 , pp. 651-662
    • Come, CE1    Kramer, MR2    Dransfield, MT3
  • 214
    • 77957127502 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema
    • Sciurba FC, Ernst A, Herth FJ, et al. A randomized study of endobronchial valves for advanced emphysema. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 1233–1244.
    • (2010) N Engl J Med , vol.363 , pp. 1233-1244
    • Sciurba, FC1    Ernst, A2    Herth, FJ3
  • 215
    • 84923186366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves for patients with heterogeneous emphysema and intact interlobar fissures (the BeLieVeR-HIFi trial): study design and rationale
    • Davey C, Zoumot Z, Jordan S, et al. Bronchoscopic lung volume reduction with endobronchial valves for patients with heterogeneous emphysema and intact interlobar fissures (the BeLieVeR-HIFi trial): study design and rationale. Thorax 2015; 70: 288–290.
    • (2015) Thorax , vol.70 , pp. 288-290
    • Davey, C1    Zoumot, Z2    Jordan, S3
  • 216
    • 84949444006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Endobronchial valves for emphysema without interlobar collateral ventilation
    • Klooster K, ten Hacken NH, Hartman JE, et al. Endobronchial valves for emphysema without interlobar collateral ventilation. N Engl J Med 2015; 373: 2325–2335.
    • (2015) N Engl J Med , vol.373 , pp. 2325-2335
    • Klooster, K1    ten Hacken, NH2    Hartman, JE3
  • 217
    • 84954551009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung volume reduction coil treatment vs usual care in patients with severe emphysema: the REVOLENS randomized clinical trial
    • Deslee G, Mal H, Dutau H, et al. Lung volume reduction coil treatment vs usual care in patients with severe emphysema: the REVOLENS randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 315: 175–184.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.315 , pp. 175-184
    • Deslee, G1    Mal, H2    Dutau, H3
  • 218
    • 84969919957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of endobronchial coils vs usual care on exercise tolerance in patients with severe emphysema: the RENEW randomized clinical trial
    • Sciurba FC, Criner GJ, Strange C, et al. Effect of endobronchial coils vs usual care on exercise tolerance in patients with severe emphysema: the RENEW randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016; 315: 2178–2189.
    • (2016) JAMA , vol.315 , pp. 2178-2189
    • Sciurba, FC1    Criner, GJ2    Strange, C3
  • 219
    • 21844441437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barr RG, Bourbeau J, Camargo CA, et al. Inhaled tiotropium for stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 2 CD002876.
    • (2005) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.2 , pp. CD002876
    • Barr, RG1    Bourbeau, J2    Camargo, CA3
  • 220
    • 84863841937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-acting β2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting β2-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Karner C, Cates CJ. Long-acting β2-agonist in addition to tiotropium versus either tiotropium or long-acting β2-agonist alone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 4: CD008989.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD008989
    • Karner, C1    Cates, CJ.2
  • 221
    • 84924250308 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial
    • Martinez FJ, Calverley PM, Goehring UM, et al. Effect of roflumilast on exacerbations in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease uncontrolled by combination therapy (REACT): a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 385: 857–866.
    • (2015) Lancet , vol.385 , pp. 857-866
    • Martinez, FJ1    Calverley, PM2    Goehring, UM3
  • 222
    • 84988882477 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of roflumilast and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (RE(2)SPOND). A randomized clinical trial
    • Martinez FJ, Rabe KF, Sethi S, et al. Effect of roflumilast and inhaled corticosteroid/long-acting β2-agonist on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations (RE(2)SPOND). A randomized clinical trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2016; 194: 559–567.
    • (2016) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.194 , pp. 559-567
    • Martinez, FJ1    Rabe, KF2    Sethi, S3
  • 223
    • 84960470443 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary rehabilitation exercise prescription in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: review of selected guidelines: an official statement from the american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation
    • Garvey C, Bayles MP, Hamm LF, et al. Pulmonary rehabilitation exercise prescription in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: review of selected guidelines: an official statement from the american association of cardiovascular and pulmonary rehabilitation. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2016; 36: 75–83.
    • (2016) J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev , vol.36 , pp. 75-83
    • Garvey, C1    Bayles, MP2    Hamm, LF3
  • 224
    • 0036724824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ortega F, Toral J, Cejudo P, et al. Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 669–674.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.166 , pp. 669-674
    • Ortega, F1    Toral, J2    Cejudo, P3
  • 225
    • 0033062424 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bernard S, Whittom F, Leblanc P, et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 159: 896–901.
    • (1999) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.159 , pp. 896-901
    • Bernard, S1    Whittom, F2    Leblanc, P3
  • 226
    • 84876261969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of effects of shoulder girdle training on strength and performance of activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Velloso M, do Nascimento NH, Gazzotti MR, et al. Evaluation of effects of shoulder girdle training on strength and performance of activities of daily living in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2013; 8: 187–192.
    • (2013) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.8 , pp. 187-192
    • Velloso, M1    do Nascimento, NH2    Gazzotti, MR3
  • 227
    • 84857960848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A randomized trial to improve communication about end-of-life care among patients with COPD
    • Au DH, Udris EM, Engelberg RA, et al. A randomized trial to improve communication about end-of-life care among patients with COPD. Chest 2012; 141: 726–735.
    • (2012) Chest , vol.141 , pp. 726-735
    • Au, DH1    Udris, EM2    Engelberg, RA3
  • 228
    • 84907454989 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
    • Tomczyk S, Bennett NM, Stoecker C, et al. Use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine among adults aged ≥65 years: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2014; 63: 822–825.
    • (2014) MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep , vol.63 , pp. 822-825
    • Tomczyk, S1    Bennett, NM2    Stoecker, C3
  • 229
    • 84893740420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nocturnal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in stable COPD: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis
    • Struik FM, Lacasse Y, Goldstein RS, et al. Nocturnal noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in stable COPD: a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis. Respir Med 2014; 108: 329–337.
    • (2014) Respir Med , vol.108 , pp. 329-337
    • Struik, FM1    Lacasse, Y2    Goldstein, RS3
  • 230
    • 84921431268 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema
    • Tiong LU, Davies R, Gibson PG, et al. Lung volume reduction surgery for diffuse emphysema. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 4: CD001001.
    • (2006) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.4 , pp. CD001001
    • Tiong, LU1    Davies, R2    Gibson, PG3
  • 231
    • 84920055756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014 – an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation
    • Weill D, Benden C, Corris PA, et al. A consensus document for the selection of lung transplant candidates: 2014 – an update from the Pulmonary Transplantation Council of the International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation. J Heart Lung Transplant 2015; 34: 1–15.
    • (2015) J Heart Lung Transplant , vol.34 , pp. 1-15
    • Weill, D1    Benden, C2    Corris, PA3
  • 233
    • 34548290964 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention
    • Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA. COPD exacerbations: defining their cause and prevention. Lancet 2007; 370: 786–796.
    • (2007) Lancet , vol.370 , pp. 786-796
    • Wedzicha, JA1    Seemungal, TA.2
  • 234
    • 0031746535 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Paul EA, et al. Effect of exacerbation on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1418–1422.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 1418-1422
    • Seemungal, TA1    Donaldson, GC2    Paul, EA3
  • 235
    • 0023164742 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J, Warren CP, et al. Antibiotic therapy in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1987; 106: 196–204.
    • (1987) Ann Intern Med , vol.106 , pp. 196-204
    • Anthonisen, NR1    Manfreda, J2    Warren, CP3
  • 236
    • 29244469121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections
    • Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S, et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur Respir J 2005; 26: 1138–1180.
    • (2005) Eur Respir J , vol.26 , pp. 1138-1180
    • Woodhead, M1    Blasi, F2    Ewig, S3
  • 237
    • 0037260438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 6: The aetiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2003; 58: 73–80.
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 73-80
    • White, AJ1    Gompertz, S2    Stockley, RA.3
  • 238
    • 33646565675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations
    • Papi A, Bellettato CM, Braccioni F, et al. Infections and airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease severe exacerbations. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 1114–1121.
    • (2006) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.173 , pp. 1114-1121
    • Papi, A1    Bellettato, CM2    Braccioni, F3
  • 239
    • 84863447204 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Blood eosinophils to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
    • Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Blood eosinophils to direct corticosteroid treatment of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186: 48–55.
    • (2012) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.186 , pp. 48-55
    • Bafadhel, M1    McKenna, S2    Terry, S3
  • 240
    • 0034105161 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, et al. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1608–1613.
    • (2000) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.161 , pp. 1608-1613
    • Seemungal, TA1    Donaldson, GC2    Bhowmik, A3
  • 241
    • 63349092855 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Temporal clustering of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hurst JR, Donaldson GC, Quint JK, et al. Temporal clustering of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 179: 369–374.
    • (2009) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.179 , pp. 369-374
    • Hurst, JR1    Donaldson, GC2    Quint, JK3
  • 242
    • 84865683260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Wells JM, Washko GR, Han MK, et al. Pulmonary arterial enlargement and acute exacerbations of COPD. N Engl J Med 2012; 367: 913–921.
    • (2012) N Engl J Med , vol.367 , pp. 913-921
    • Wells, JM1    Washko, GR2    Han, MK3
  • 243
    • 80053058518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes
    • Han MK, Kazerooni EA, Lynch DA, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations in the COPDGene study: associated radiologic phenotypes. Radiology 2011; 261: 274–282.
    • (2011) Radiology , vol.261 , pp. 274-282
    • Han, MK1    Kazerooni, EA2    Lynch, DA3
  • 244
    • 80052690031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene Study
    • Kim V, Han MK, Vance GB, et al. The chronic bronchitic phenotype of COPD: an analysis of the COPDGene Study. Chest 2011; 140: 626–633.
    • (2011) Chest , vol.140 , pp. 626-633
    • Kim, V1    Han, MK2    Vance, GB3
  • 245
    • 64749104557 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cough and sputum production are associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD subjects
    • Burgel PR, Nesme-Meyer P, Chanez P, et al. Cough and sputum production are associated with frequent exacerbations and hospitalizations in COPD subjects. Chest 2009; 135: 975–982.
    • (2009) Chest , vol.135 , pp. 975-982
    • Burgel, PR1    Nesme-Meyer, P2    Chanez, P3
  • 246
    • 33645057721 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of infection and antimicrobial therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Martinez FJ, Han MK, Flaherty K, et al. Role of infection and antimicrobial therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2006; 4: 101–124.
    • (2006) Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther , vol.4 , pp. 101-124
    • Martinez, FJ1    Han, MK2    Flaherty, K3
  • 247
    • 48949103222 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study
    • Celli BR, Thomas NE, Anderson JA, et al. Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 332–338.
    • (2008) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.178 , pp. 332-338
    • Celli, BR1    Thomas, NE2    Anderson, JA3
  • 248
    • 42949152368 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD
    • Tashkin DP, Celli B, Decramer M, et al. Bronchodilator responsiveness in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 742–750.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.31 , pp. 742-750
    • Tashkin, DP1    Celli, B2    Decramer, M3
  • 249
    • 79953674776 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach
    • Hoogendoorn M, Hoogenveen RT, Rutten-van Molken MP, et al. Case fatality of COPD exacerbations: a meta-analysis and statistical modelling approach. Eur Respir J 2011; 37: 508–515.
    • (2011) Eur Respir J , vol.37 , pp. 508-515
    • Hoogendoorn, M1    Hoogenveen, RT2    Rutten-van Molken, MP3
  • 250
    • 84886448608 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High-risk patients following hospitalisation for an acute exacerbation of COPD
    • Piquet J, Chavaillon JM, David P, et al. High-risk patients following hospitalisation for an acute exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir J 2013; 42: 946–955.
    • (2013) Eur Respir J , vol.42 , pp. 946-955
    • Piquet, J1    Chavaillon, JM2    David, P3
  • 251
    • 84880856547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Singanayagam A, Schembri S, Chalmers JD. Predictors of mortality in hospitalized adults with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2013; 10: 81–89.
    • (2013) Ann Am Thorac Soc , vol.10 , pp. 81-89
    • Singanayagam, A1    Schembri, S2    Chalmers, JD.3
  • 252
    • 79959312602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung function impairment, COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality
    • Garcia-Aymerich J, Serra Pons I, Mannino DM, et al. Lung function impairment, COPD hospitalisations and subsequent mortality. Thorax 2011; 66: 585–590.
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , pp. 585-590
    • Garcia-Aymerich, J1    Serra Pons, I2    Mannino, DM3
  • 253
    • 84958172271 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Date last accessed: February 8, 2017
    • National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management. 2010. www.nice.org.uk/guidance/CG101 Date last accessed: February 8, 2017.
    • (2010) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in over 16s: diagnosis and management
  • 254
    • 1842552109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper
    • Celli BR, MacNee W, ATS ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 932–946.
    • (2004) Eur Respir J , vol.23 , pp. 932-946
    • Celli, BR1    MacNee, W2
  • 255
    • 0030740911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis
    • Turner MO, Patel A, Ginsburg S, et al. Bronchodilator delivery in acute airflow obstruction. A meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157: 1736–1744.
    • (1997) Arch Intern Med , vol.157 , pp. 1736-1744
    • Turner, MO1    Patel, A2    Ginsburg, S3
  • 256
    • 0141566276 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials
    • Barr RG, Rowe BH, Camargo CA Jr. Methylxanthines for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2003; 327: 643.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 643
    • Barr, RG1    Rowe, BH2    Camargo, CA3
  • 257
    • 24744471804 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intravenous aminophylline in patients admitted to hospital with non-acidotic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial
    • Duffy N, Walker P, Diamantea F, et al. Intravenous aminophylline in patients admitted to hospital with non-acidotic exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2005; 60: 713–717.
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 713-717
    • Duffy, N1    Walker, P2    Diamantea, F3
  • 258
    • 0033533144 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial
    • Davies L, Angus RM, Calverley PM. Oral corticosteroids in patients admitted to hospital with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999; 354: 456–460.
    • (1999) Lancet , vol.354 , pp. 456-460
    • Davies, L1    Angus, RM2    Calverley, PM.3
  • 259
    • 0036499526 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial
    • Maltais F, Ostinelli J, Bourbeau J, et al. Comparison of nebulized budesonide and oral prednisolone with placebo in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 698–703.
    • (2002) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.165 , pp. 698-703
    • Maltais, F1    Ostinelli, J2    Bourbeau, J3
  • 260
    • 0033600275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group
    • Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH, et al. Effect of systemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Department of Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study Group. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 1941–1947.
    • (1999) N Engl J Med , vol.340 , pp. 1941-1947
    • Niewoehner, DE1    Erbland, ML2    Deupree, RH3
  • 261
    • 0029739943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation
    • Thompson WH, Nielson CP, Carvalho P, et al. Controlled trial of oral prednisone in outpatients with acute COPD exacerbation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 407–412.
    • (1996) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.154 , pp. 407-412
    • Thompson, WH1    Nielson, CP2    Carvalho, P3
  • 262
    • 82455206043 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support
    • Alia I, de la Cal MA, Esteban A, et al. Efficacy of corticosteroid therapy in patients with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease receiving ventilatory support. Arch Intern Med 2011; 171: 1939–1946.
    • (2011) Arch Intern Med , vol.171 , pp. 1939-1946
    • Alia, I1    de la Cal, MA2    Esteban, A3
  • 263
    • 0037832413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, Hebert P, et al. Outpatient oral prednisone after emergency treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2618–2625.
    • (2003) N Engl J Med , vol.348 , pp. 2618-2625
    • Aaron, SD1    Vandemheen, KL2    Hebert, P3
  • 264
    • 84878538257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial
    • Leuppi JD, Schuetz P, Bingisser R, et al. Short-term vs conventional glucocorticoid therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the REDUCE randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013; 309: 2223–2231.
    • (2013) JAMA , vol.309 , pp. 2223-2231
    • Leuppi, JD1    Schuetz, P2    Bingisser, R3
  • 265
    • 37549054671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral or IV prednisolone in the treatment of COPD exacerbations: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study
    • de Jong YP, Uil SM, Grotjohan HP, et al. Oral or IV prednisolone in the treatment of COPD exacerbations: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Chest 2007; 132: 1741–1747.
    • (2007) Chest , vol.132 , pp. 1741-1747
    • de Jong, YP1    Uil, SM2    Grotjohan, HP3
  • 266
    • 80052936263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers
    • Bafadhel M, McKenna S, Terry S, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: identification of biologic clusters and their biomarkers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 184: 662–671.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.184 , pp. 662-671
    • Bafadhel, M1    McKenna, S2    Terry, S3
  • 267
    • 84874187857 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Vollenweider DJ, Jarrett H, Steurer-Stey CA, et al. Antibiotics for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 12: CD010257.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.12 , pp. CD010257
    • Vollenweider, DJ1    Jarrett, H2    Steurer-Stey, CA3
  • 268
    • 84861854909 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis
    • Miravitlles M, Kruesmann F, Haverstock D, et al. Sputum colour and bacteria in chronic bronchitis exacerbations: a pooled analysis. Eur Respir J 2012; 39: 1354–1360.
    • (2012) Eur Respir J , vol.39 , pp. 1354-1360
    • Miravitlles, M1    Kruesmann, F2    Haverstock, D3
  • 269
    • 0034047904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Stockley RA, O’Brien C, Pye A, et al. Relationship of sputum color to nature and outpatient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 2000; 117: 1638–1645.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1638-1645
    • Stockley, RA1    O’Brien, C2    Pye, A3
  • 271
    • 70149088214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial
    • Schuetz P, Christ-Crain M, Thomann R, et al. Effect of procalcitonin-based guidelines vs standard guidelines on antibiotic use in lower respiratory tract infections: the ProHOSP randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2009; 302: 1059–1066.
    • (2009) JAMA , vol.302 , pp. 1059-1066
    • Schuetz, P1    Christ-Crain, M2    Thomann, R3
  • 272
    • 84873044315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections
    • Schuetz P, Muller B, Christ-Crain M, et al. Procalcitonin to initiate or discontinue antibiotics in acute respiratory tract infections. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 9: CD007498.
    • (2012) Cochrane Database Syst Rev , vol.9 , pp. CD007498
    • Schuetz, P1    Muller, B2    Christ-Crain, M3
  • 273
    • 0035894617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo- controlled trial
    • Nouira S, Marghli S, Belghith M, et al. Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo- controlled trial. Lancet 2001; 358: 2020–2025.
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 2020-2025
    • Nouira, S1    Marghli, S2    Belghith, M3
  • 274
    • 0035216957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Masterton RG, Burley CJ. Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2001; 18: 503–512.
    • (2001) Int J Antimicrob Agents , vol.18 , pp. 503-512
    • Masterton, RG1    Burley, CJ.2
  • 275
    • 0000809921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Adams SG, Melo J, Luther M. Antibiotics are associated with lower relapse rates in outpatients with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 2000; 117: 1345–1352.
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1345-1352
    • Adams, SG1    Melo, J2    Luther, M.3
  • 276
    • 0032778277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD
    • Miravitlles M, Espinosa C, Fernandez-Laso E, et al. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. Chest 1999; 116: 40–46.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 40-46
    • Miravitlles, M1    Espinosa, C2    Fernandez-Laso, E3
  • 277
    • 0031747166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation
    • Soler N, Torres A, Ewig S, et al. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 1498–1505.
    • (1998) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.157 , pp. 1498-1505
    • Soler, N1    Torres, A2    Ewig, S3
  • 278
    • 78049452891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial
    • Austin MA, Wills KE, Blizzard L, et al. Effect of high flow oxygen on mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in prehospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010; 341: c5462.
    • (2010) BMJ , vol.341 , pp. c5462
    • Austin, MA1    Wills, KE2    Blizzard, L3
  • 279
    • 0029132818 scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Brochard L, Mancebo J, Wysocki M, et al. Noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 817–822.
    • (1995) N Engl J Med , vol.333 , pp. 817-822
    • Brochard, L1    Mancebo, J2    Wysocki, M3
  • 280
    • 0037464756 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Lightowler JV, Wedzicha JA, Elliott MW, et al. Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure resulting from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2003; 326: 185.
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.326 , pp. 185
    • Lightowler, JV1    Wedzicha, JA2    Elliott, MW3
  • 281
    • 0028258343 scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure
    • Meyer TJ, Hill NS. Noninvasive positive pressure ventilation to treat respiratory failure. Ann Intern Med 1994; 120: 760–770.
    • (1994) Ann Intern Med , vol.120 , pp. 760-770
    • Meyer, TJ1    Hill, NS.2
  • 282
    • 84856003647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998–2008
    • Chandra D, Stamm JA, Taylor B, et al. Outcomes of noninvasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the United States, 1998–2008. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 185: 152–159.
    • (2012) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.185 , pp. 152-159
    • Chandra, D1    Stamm, JA2    Taylor, B3
  • 283
    • 0032791230 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation – a consensus conference report
    • Consensus development conference committee. Clinical indications for noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in chronic respiratory failure due to restrictive lung disease, COPD, and nocturnal hypoventilation – a consensus conference report. Chest 1999; 116: 521–534.
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 521-534
  • 284
    • 0027270409 scopus 로고
    • Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease
    • Bott J, Carroll MP, Conway JH, et al. Randomised controlled trial of nasal ventilation in acute ventilatory failure due to chronic obstructive airways disease. Lancet 1993; 341: 1555–1557.
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.341 , pp. 1555-1557
    • Bott, J1    Carroll, MP2    Conway, JH3
  • 285
    • 0029018269 scopus 로고
    • Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure
    • Kramer N, Meyer TJ, Meharg J, et al. Randomized, prospective trial of noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in acute respiratory failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1799–1806.
    • (1995) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.151 , pp. 1799-1806
    • Kramer, N1    Meyer, TJ2    Meharg, J3
  • 286
    • 0034600516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial
    • Plant PK, Owen JL, Elliott MW. Early use of non-invasive ventilation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on general respiratory wards: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2000; 355: 1931–1935.
    • (2000) Lancet , vol.355 , pp. 1931-1935
    • Plant, PK1    Owen, JL2    Elliott, MW.3
  • 287
    • 0036453936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Noninvasive vs. conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after failure of medical treatment in the ward: a randomized trial
    • Conti G, Antonelli M, Navalesi P, et al. Noninvasive vs. conventional mechanical ventilation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease after failure of medical treatment in the ward: a randomized trial. Intensive Care Med 2002; 28: 1701–1707.
    • (2002) Intensive Care Med , vol.28 , pp. 1701-1707
    • Conti, G1    Antonelli, M2    Navalesi, P3
  • 288
    • 84929461737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predischarge bundle for patients with acute exacerbations of COPD to reduce readmissions and ED visits: a randomized controlled trial
    • Jennings JH, Thavarajah K, Mendez MP, et al. Predischarge bundle for patients with acute exacerbations of COPD to reduce readmissions and ED visits: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2015; 147: 1227–1234.
    • (2015) Chest , vol.147 , pp. 1227-1234
    • Jennings, JH1    Thavarajah, K2    Mendez, MP3
  • 289
    • 84964444641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of psychological disorders with 30-day readmission rates in patients with COPD
    • Singh G, Zhang W, Kuo YF, et al. Association of psychological disorders with 30-day readmission rates in patients with COPD. Chest 2016; 149: 905–915.
    • (2016) Chest , vol.149 , pp. 905-915
    • Singh, G1    Zhang, W2    Kuo, YF3
  • 290
    • 84940991375 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of tele health care on exacerbations and hospital admissions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial
    • Ringbaek T, Green A, Laursen LC, et al. Effect of tele health care on exacerbations and hospital admissions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2015; 10: 1801–1808.
    • (2015) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.10 , pp. 1801-1808
    • Ringbaek, T1    Green, A2    Laursen, LC3
  • 291
    • 84954220438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk of death and readmission of hospital-admitted COPD exacerbations: European COPD Audit
    • Hartl S, Lopez-Campos JL, Pozo-Rodriguez F, et al. Risk of death and readmission of hospital-admitted COPD exacerbations: European COPD Audit. Eur Respir J 2016; 47: 113–121.
    • (2016) Eur Respir J , vol.47 , pp. 113-121
    • Hartl, S1    Lopez-Campos, JL2    Pozo-Rodriguez, F3
  • 292
    • 84929399800 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Supported self-management for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence synthesis and economic analysis
    • Jordan RE, Majothi S, Heneghan NR, et al. Supported self-management for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): an evidence synthesis and economic analysis. Health Technol Assess 2015; 19: 1–516.
    • (2015) Health Technol Assess , vol.19 , pp. 1-516
    • Jordan, RE1    Majothi, S2    Heneghan, NR3
  • 293
    • 84939250803 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The association between hospital readmission and pulmonologist follow-up visits in patients with COPD
    • Gavish R, Levy A, Dekel OK, et al. The association between hospital readmission and pulmonologist follow-up visits in patients with COPD. Chest 2015; 148: 375–381.
    • (2015) Chest , vol.148 , pp. 375-381
    • Gavish, R1    Levy, A2    Dekel, OK3
  • 294
    • 84865305947 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Predictive properties of different multidimensional staging systems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Oga T, Tsukino M, Hajiro T, et al. Predictive properties of different multidimensional staging systems in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2011; 6: 521–526.
    • (2011) Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis , vol.6 , pp. 521-526
    • Oga, T1    Tsukino, M2    Hajiro, T3
  • 295
    • 84876869179 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Martinez-Garcia MA, de la Rosa Carrillo D, Soler-Cataluna JJ, et al. Prognostic value of bronchiectasis in patients with moderate-to-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2013; 187: 823–831.
    • (2013) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.187 , pp. 823-831
    • Martinez-Garcia, MA1    de la Rosa Carrillo, D2    Soler-Cataluna, JJ3
  • 296
    • 66749141807 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD
    • Barnes PJ, Celli BR. Systemic manifestations and comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1165–1185.
    • (2009) Eur Respir J , vol.33 , pp. 1165-1185
    • Barnes, PJ1    Celli, BR.2
  • 297
    • 56249083570 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD
    • Mannino DM, Thorn D, Swensen A, et al. Prevalence and outcomes of diabetes, hypertension and cardiovascular disease in COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 32: 962–969.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.32 , pp. 962-969
    • Mannino, DM1    Thorn, D2    Swensen, A3
  • 298
    • 33845361633 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities
    • Sin DD, Anthonisen NR, Soriano JB, et al. Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities. Eur Respir J 2006; 28: 1245–1257.
    • (2006) Eur Respir J , vol.28 , pp. 1245-1257
    • Sin, DD1    Anthonisen, NR2    Soriano, JB3
  • 299
    • 77954924611 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prognostic importance of lung function in patients admitted with heart failure
    • Iversen KK, Kjaergaard J, Akkan D, et al. The prognostic importance of lung function in patients admitted with heart failure. Eur J Heart Fail 2010; 12: 685–691.
    • (2010) Eur J Heart Fail , vol.12 , pp. 685-691
    • Iversen, KK1    Kjaergaard, J2    Akkan, D3
  • 300
    • 84899799949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short- and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index
    • Almagro P, Soriano JB, Cabrera FJ, et al. Short- and medium-term prognosis in patients hospitalized for COPD exacerbation: the CODEX index. Chest 2014; 145: 972–980.
    • (2014) Chest , vol.145 , pp. 972-980
    • Almagro, P1    Soriano, JB2    Cabrera, FJ3
  • 301
    • 84883053051 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort
    • Miller J, Edwards LD, Agusti A, et al. Comorbidity, systemic inflammation and outcomes in the ECLIPSE cohort. Respir Med 2013; 107: 1376–1384.
    • (2013) Respir Med , vol.107 , pp. 1376-1384
    • Miller, J1    Edwards, LD2    Agusti, A3
  • 302
    • 84878613437 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of a recent hospitalization on treatment and prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
    • Campo G, Napoli N, Serenelli C, et al. Impact of a recent hospitalization on treatment and prognosis of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2013; 167: 296–297.
    • (2013) Int J Cardiol , vol.167 , pp. 296-297
    • Campo, G1    Napoli, N2    Serenelli, C3
  • 303
    • 42649088839 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD
    • Fabbri LM, Luppi F, Beghe B, et al. Complex chronic comorbidities of COPD. Eur Respir J 2008; 31: 204–212.
    • (2008) Eur Respir J , vol.31 , pp. 204-212
    • Fabbri, LM1    Luppi, F2    Beghe, B3
  • 304
    • 84884546447 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease
    • Bhatt SP, Dransfield MT. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and cardiovascular disease. Transl Res 2013; 162: 237–251.
    • (2013) Transl Res , vol.162 , pp. 237-251
    • Bhatt, SP1    Dransfield, MT.2
  • 305
    • 84896728009 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Targeting occult heart failure in intensive care unit patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: effect on outcome and quality of life
    • 315.e7–14
    • Matamis D, Tsagourias M, Papathanasiou A, et al. Targeting occult heart failure in intensive care unit patients with acute chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation: effect on outcome and quality of life. J Crit Care 2014; 29: 315.e7–14.
    • (2014) J Crit Care , vol.29
    • Matamis, D1    Tsagourias, M2    Papathanasiou, A3
  • 306
    • 84958121472 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiac dysfunction during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • MacDonald MI, Shafuddin E, King PT, et al. Cardiac dysfunction during exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet Respir Med 2016; 4: 138–148.
    • (2016) Lancet Respir Med , vol.4 , pp. 138-148
    • MacDonald, MI1    Shafuddin, E2    King, PT3
  • 307
    • 84986201037 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beta-blockers in COPD: time for reappraisal
    • Lipworth B, Wedzicha J, Devereux G, et al. Beta-blockers in COPD: time for reappraisal. Eur Respir J 2016; 48: 880–888.
    • (2016) Eur Respir J , vol.48 , pp. 880-888
    • Lipworth, B1    Wedzicha, J2    Devereux, G3
  • 308
    • 80051884446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with increased mortality after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hoiseth AD, Neukamm A, Karlsson BD, et al. Elevated high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T is associated with increased mortality after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2011; 66: 775–781.
    • (2011) Thorax , vol.66 , pp. 775-781
    • Hoiseth, AD1    Neukamm, A2    Karlsson, BD3
  • 309
    • 84871362143 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications
    • Singh S, Loke YK, Enright P, et al. Pro-arrhythmic and pro-ischaemic effects of inhaled anticholinergic medications. Thorax 2013; 68: 114–116.
    • (2013) Thorax , vol.68 , pp. 114-116
    • Singh, S1    Loke, YK2    Enright, P3
  • 310
    • 84864805183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort
    • Wilchesky M, Ernst P, Brophy JM, et al. Bronchodilator use and the risk of arrhythmia in COPD: part 2: reassessment in the larger Quebec cohort. Chest 2012; 142: 305–311.
    • (2012) Chest , vol.142 , pp. 305-311
    • Wilchesky, M1    Ernst, P2    Brophy, JM3
  • 311
    • 2942744546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis
    • Salpeter SR, Ormiston TM, Salpeter EE. Cardiovascular effects of beta-agonists in patients with asthma and COPD: a meta-analysis. Chest 2004; 125: 2309–2321.
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 2309-2321
    • Salpeter, SR1    Ormiston, TM2    Salpeter, EE.3
  • 312
    • 77958533581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-acting beta-agonists in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future agents
    • Tashkin DP, Fabbri LM. Long-acting beta-agonists in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current and future agents. Respir Res 2010; 11: 149.
    • (2010) Respir Res , vol.11 , pp. 149
    • Tashkin, DP1    Fabbri, LM.2
  • 313
    • 0037425745 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial
    • Calverley P, Pauwels R, Vestbo J, et al. Combined salmeterol and fluticasone in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003; 361: 449–456.
    • (2003) Lancet , vol.361 , pp. 449-456
    • Calverley, P1    Pauwels, R2    Vestbo, J3
  • 314
    • 0037246566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Szafranski W, Cukier A, Ramirez A, et al. Efficacy and safety of budesonide/formoterol in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 74–81.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.21 , pp. 74-81
    • Szafranski, W1    Cukier, A2    Ramirez, A3
  • 315
    • 0347473812 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Calverley PM, Boonsawat W, Cseke Z, et al. Maintenance therapy with budesonide and formoterol in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 912–919.
    • (2003) Eur Respir J , vol.22 , pp. 912-919
    • Calverley, PM1    Boonsawat, W2    Cseke, Z3
  • 316
    • 77956052751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results
    • Calverley PM, Anderson JA, Celli B, et al. Cardiovascular events in patients with COPD: TORCH study results. Thorax 2010; 65: 719–725.
    • (2010) Thorax , vol.65 , pp. 719-725
    • Calverley, PM1    Anderson, JA2    Celli, B3
  • 317
    • 85009773793 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Peripheral artery disease and its clinical relevance in patients with COPD in the COSYCONET study
    • Houben-Wilke S, Jorres RA, Bals R, et al. Peripheral artery disease and its clinical relevance in patients with COPD in the COSYCONET study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 195: 189–197.
    • (2017) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.195 , pp. 189-197
    • Houben-Wilke, S1    Jorres, RA2    Bals, R3
  • 318
    • 84863952703 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Divo M, Cote C, de Torres JP, et al. Comorbidities and risk of mortality in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012; 186: 155–161.
    • (2012) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.186 , pp. 155-161
    • Divo, M1    Cote, C2    de Torres, JP3
  • 319
    • 79953293141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Radiographic emphysema predicts low bone mineral density in a tobacco-exposed cohort
    • Bon J, Fuhrman CR, Weissfeld JL, et al. Radiographic emphysema predicts low bone mineral density in a tobacco-exposed cohort. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2011; 183: 885–890.
    • (2011) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.183 , pp. 885-890
    • Bon, J1    Fuhrman, CR2    Weissfeld, JL3
  • 320
    • 37149042861 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Arterial stiffness is independently associated with emphysema severity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • McAllister DA, Maclay JD, Mills NL, et al. Arterial stiffness is independently associated with emphysema severity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 1208–1214.
    • (2007) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.176 , pp. 1208-1214
    • McAllister, DA1    Maclay, JD2    Mills, NL3
  • 321
    • 41349120783 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What community measurements can be used to predict bone disease in patients with COPD?
    • Bolton CE, Cannings-John R, Edwards PH, et al. What community measurements can be used to predict bone disease in patients with COPD? Respir Med 2008; 102: 651–657.
    • (2008) Respir Med , vol.102 , pp. 651-657
    • Bolton, CE1    Cannings-John, R2    Edwards, PH3
  • 322
    • 10644288504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bolton CE, Ionescu AA, Shiels KM, et al. Associated loss of fat-free mass and bone mineral density in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 1286–1293.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 1286-1293
    • Bolton, CE1    Ionescu, AA2    Shiels, KM3
  • 323
    • 84929610180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced bone density and vertebral fractures in smokers. Men and COPD patients at increased risk
    • Jaramillo JD, Wilson C, Stinson DS, et al. Reduced bone density and vertebral fractures in smokers. Men and COPD patients at increased risk. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12: 648–656.
    • (2015) Ann Am Thorac Soc , vol.12 , pp. 648-656
    • Jaramillo, JD1    Wilson, C2    Stinson, DS3
  • 324
    • 85047285588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erratum: reduced bone density and vertebral fractures in smokers. Men and COPD patients at increased risk
    • Jaramillo J, Wilson C, Stinson D, et al. Erratum: reduced bone density and vertebral fractures in smokers. Men and COPD patients at increased risk. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2015; 12: 1112.
    • (2015) Ann Am Thorac Soc , vol.12 , pp. 1112
    • Jaramillo, J1    Wilson, C2    Stinson, D3
  • 325
    • 33846042504 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life
    • Ng TP, Niti M, Tan WC, et al. Depressive symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: effect on mortality, hospital readmission, symptom burden, functional status, and quality of life. Arch Intern Med 2007; 167: 60–67.
    • (2007) Arch Intern Med , vol.167 , pp. 60-67
    • Ng, TP1    Niti, M2    Tan, WC3
  • 326
    • 77949811769 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD
    • Eisner MD, Blanc PD, Yelin EH, et al. Influence of anxiety on health outcomes in COPD. Thorax 2010; 65: 229–234.
    • (2010) Thorax , vol.65 , pp. 229-234
    • Eisner, MD1    Blanc, PD2    Yelin, EH3
  • 327
    • 37549021114 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest
    • de Torres JP, Bastarrika G, Wisnivesky JP, et al. Assessing the relationship between lung cancer risk and emphysema detected on low-dose CT of the chest. Chest 2007; 132: 1932–1938.
    • (2007) Chest , vol.132 , pp. 1932-1938
    • de Torres, JP1    Bastarrika, G2    Wisnivesky, JP3
  • 328
    • 79959905759 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Quantitative computed tomography analysis, airflow obstruction, and lung cancer in the pittsburgh lung screening study
    • Wilson DO, Leader JK, Fuhrman CR, et al. Quantitative computed tomography analysis, airflow obstruction, and lung cancer in the pittsburgh lung screening study. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6: 1200–1205.
    • (2011) J Thorac Oncol , vol.6 , pp. 1200-1205
    • Wilson, DO1    Leader, JK2    Fuhrman, CR3
  • 329
    • 52749088978 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer
    • Wilson DO, Weissfeld JL, Balkan A, et al. Association of radiographic emphysema and airflow obstruction with lung cancer. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 178: 738–744.
    • (2008) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.178 , pp. 738-744
    • Wilson, DO1    Weissfeld, JL2    Balkan, A3
  • 330
    • 84922311554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Development and validation of the COPD Lung Cancer Screening Score
    • de-Torres JP, Wilson DO, Sanchez-Salcedo P, et al. Lung cancer in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Development and validation of the COPD Lung Cancer Screening Score. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191: 285–291.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.191 , pp. 285-291
    • de-Torres, JP1    Wilson, DO2    Sanchez-Salcedo, P3
  • 331
    • 79961108629 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening
    • Aberle DR, Adams AM, Berg CD, et al. Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 395–409.
    • (2011) N Engl J Med , vol.365 , pp. 395-409
    • Aberle, DR1    Adams, AM2    Berg, CD3
  • 332
    • 84938514714 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term follow-up results of the DANTE trial, a randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography
    • Infante M, Cavuto S, Lutman FR, et al. Long-term follow-up results of the DANTE trial, a randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 191: 1166–1175.
    • (2015) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.191 , pp. 1166-1175
    • Infante, M1    Cavuto, S2    Lutman, FR3
  • 333
    • 84959045378 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review
    • Cebron Lipovec N, Beijers RJ, van den Borst B, et al. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review. COPD 2016; 13: 399–406.
    • (2016) COPD , vol.13 , pp. 399-406
    • Cebron Lipovec, N1    Beijers, RJ2    van den Borst, B3
  • 334
    • 84902084490 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort
    • Martinez CH, Okajima Y, Murray S, et al. Impact of self-reported gastroesophageal reflux disease in subjects from COPDGene cohort. Respir Res 2014; 15: 62.
    • (2014) Respir Res , vol.15 , pp. 62
    • Martinez, CH1    Okajima, Y2    Murray, S3
  • 335
    • 84918510511 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ingebrigtsen TS, Marott JL, Vestbo J, et al. Gastro-esophageal reflux disease and exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2015; 20: 101–107.
    • (2015) Respirology , vol.20 , pp. 101-107
    • Ingebrigtsen, TS1    Marott, JL2    Vestbo, J3
  • 336
    • 4544340201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Patel IS, Vlahos I, Wilkinson TM, et al. Bronchiectasis, exacerbation indices, and inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004; 170: 400–407.
    • (2004) Am J Respir Crit Care Med , vol.170 , pp. 400-407
    • Patel, IS1    Vlahos, I2    Wilkinson, TM3
  • 337
    • 0021957404 scopus 로고
    • Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Shepard JW Jr, Garrison MW, Grither DA, et al. Relationship of ventricular ectopy to nocturnal oxygen desaturation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1985; 78: 28–34.
    • (1985) Am J Med , vol.78 , pp. 28-34
    • Shepard, JW1    Garrison, MW2    Grither, DA3
  • 338
    • 0021812749 scopus 로고
    • Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
    • Bradley TD, Rutherford R, Grossman RF, et al. Role of daytime hypoxemia in the pathogenesis of right heart failure in the obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985; 131: 835–839.
    • (1985) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.131 , pp. 835-839
    • Bradley, TD1    Rutherford, R2    Grossman, RF3
  • 339
    • 0023696270 scopus 로고
    • Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
    • Weitzenblum E, Krieger J, Apprill M, et al. Daytime pulmonary hypertension in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988; 138: 345–349.
    • (1988) Am Rev Respir Dis , vol.138 , pp. 345-349
    • Weitzenblum, E1    Krieger, J2    Apprill, M3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.