메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 4, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 101-124

Role of infection and antimicrobial therapy in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Author keywords

Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Adaptive immunity; Antimicrobial therapy; Disease free interval

Indexed keywords

AMOXICILLIN; AMOXICILLIN PLUS CLAVULANIC ACID; AMPICILLIN; ANTIBIOTIC AGENT; CEFUROXIME; CHLORAMPHENICOL; CILOMILAST; CIPROFLOXACIN; CLARITHROMYCIN; COTRIMOXAZOLE; DOXYCYCLINE; ERYTHROMYCIN; GEMIFLOXACIN; GLUCOCORTICOID; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; KETOLIDE; LEVOFLOXACIN; MACROLIDE; MOXIFLOXACIN; OFLOXACIN; OXYTETRACYCLINE; PENICILLIN G; PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITOR; PLACEBO; QUINOLINE DERIVED ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; ROFLUMILAST; STREPTOMYCIN; TETRACYCLINE; THEOPHYLLINE; UNINDEXED DRUG; ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT;

EID: 33645057721     PISSN: 14787210     EISSN: 17448336     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1586/14787210.4.1.101     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (41)

References (271)
  • 1
    • 2342573099 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Definition and epidemiology
    • Mannino DM. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: definition and epidemiology. Respir. Care 48, 1185-1191 (2003).
    • (2003) Respir. Care , vol.48 , pp. 1185-1191
    • Mannino, D.M.1
  • 2
    • 0042231982 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease: Two approximations from the United States and the United Kingdom
    • Soriano JB, Davis KJ, Coleman B, Visick G, Mannino D, Pride NB. The proportional Venn diagram of obstructive lung disease: two approximations from the United States and the United Kingdom. Chest 124, 474-481 (2003).
    • (2003) Chest , vol.124 , pp. 474-481
    • Soriano, J.B.1    Davis, K.J.2    Coleman, B.3    Visick, G.4    Mannino, D.5    Pride, N.B.6
  • 3
    • 0033051446 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Diagnosis and management
    • Sethi S. Infectious exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: diagnosis and management. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43(Suppl. A), 97-105 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.43 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 97-105
    • Sethi, S.1
  • 4
    • 0035884747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in the United States
    • Gonzales R, Malone DC, Maselli JH, Sande MA. Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 757-762 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.33 , pp. 757-762
    • Gonzales, R.1    Malone, D.C.2    Maselli, J.H.3    Sande, M.A.4
  • 6
    • 0842302411 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD exacerbations: The importance of a standard definition
    • Pauwels R, Calverley P, Buist AS et al. COPD exacerbations: the importance of a standard definition. Respir. Med 98, 99-107 (2004).
    • (2004) Respir. Med , vol.98 , pp. 99-107
    • Pauwels, R.1    Calverley, P.2    Buist, A.S.3
  • 7
    • 0034064973 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations
    • Rodrigues-Roisin R. Toward a consensus definition for COPD exacerbations. Chest 117, 398S-401S (2000).
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117
    • Rodrigues-Roisin, R.1
  • 8
    • 17744385302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The quality of life impact of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB): A literature review
    • Schmier JK, Halpern MT, Higashi MK, Bakst A. The quality of life impact of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (AECB): a literature review. Qual. Life Res. 14, 329-347 (2005).
    • (2005) Qual. Life Res. , vol.14 , pp. 329-347
    • Schmier, J.K.1    Halpern, M.T.2    Higashi, M.K.3    Bakst, A.4
  • 9
    • 18744371291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Health-related QOL in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A review of the literature
    • Doll H, Miravitlles M. Health-related QOL in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A review of the literature. Pharmacoeconomics 23, 345-363 (2005).
    • (2005) Pharmacoeconomics , vol.23 , pp. 345-363
    • Doll, H.1    Miravitlles, M.2
  • 10
    • 0037677450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • for the GLOBE Study Group
    • Spencer S, Jones PW, for the GLOBE Study Group. Time course of recovery of health status following an infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 58, 589-593 (2003).
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 589-593
    • Spencer, S.1    Jones, P.W.2
  • 11
    • 2442596317 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasee: A 2 year follow-up study
    • for the IMPAC Study Group
    • Miravitlles M, Ferrer M, Pont A et al., for the IMPAC Study Group. Effect of exacerbations on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseasee: a 2 year follow-up study. Thorax 59, 387-395 (2004).
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , pp. 387-395
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Ferrer, M.2    Pont, A.3
  • 13
    • 24644518890 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPD
    • Parker CM, Voduc N, Aaron SD, Webb KA, O'Donnell DE. Physiological changes during symptom recovery from moderate exacerbations of COPD. Eur Respir. J. 26, 420-428 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur Respir. J. , vol.26 , pp. 420-428
    • Parker, C.M.1    Voduc, N.2    Aaron, S.D.3    Webb, K.A.4    O'Donnell, D.E.5
  • 14
    • 0035422691 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV1 decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Kanner RE, Anthonisen NR, Connett JE. Lower respiratory illnesses promote FEV1 decline in current smokers but not ex-smokers with mild chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J Respir. Crit. Care Med 164, 358-364 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.164 , pp. 358-364
    • Kanner, R.E.1    Anthonisen, N.R.2    Connett, J.E.3
  • 15
    • 0036794862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Donaldson GC, Seemungal TA, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 57, 847-852 (2002).
    • (2002) Thorax , vol.57 , pp. 847-852
    • Donaldson, G.C.1    Seemungal, T.A.2    Bhowmik, A.3    Wedzicha, J.A.4
  • 16
    • 20444455824 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
    • Needham M, Stockley RA. Exacerbations in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Eur. Respir. J. 25, 992-1000 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.25 , pp. 992-1000
    • Needham, M.1    Stockley, R.A.2
  • 17
    • 0037373003 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The burden of COPD in the USA: Results from the Confronting COPD survey
    • Halpern MT, Stanford RH, Borker R. The burden of COPD in the USA: results from the Confronting COPD survey. Respir. Med 97(Suppl. C), S81-S89 (2003).
    • (2003) Respir. Med , vol.97 , Issue.SUPPL. C
    • Halpern, M.T.1    Stanford, R.H.2    Borker, R.3
  • 18
    • 0034949016 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • DAFNE Study Group
    • Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T. Factors associated with relapse after ambulatory treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. DAFNE Study Group. Eur Respir. J. 17, 928-933 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur Respir. J. , vol.17 , pp. 928-933
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Murio, C.2    Guerrero, T.3
  • 19
    • 0037336007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD. A 1-year follow-up study
    • on behalf of the DAFNE Study Group
    • Miravitlles M, Murio C, Guerrero T, Gisbert R, on behalf of the DAFNE Study Group. Costs of chronic bronchitis and COPD. A 1-year follow-up study. Chest 123, 784-791 (2003).
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 784-791
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Murio, C.2    Guerrero, T.3    Gisbert, R.4
  • 20
    • 18344364158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD unwound
    • Shapiro SD. COPD unwound. N. Engl. J Med. 352, 2016-2019 (2005).
    • (2005) N. Engl. J Med. , vol.352 , pp. 2016-2019
    • Shapiro, S.D.1
  • 21
    • 33646166079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chemokines and their receptors as targets for the treatment of COPD
    • Traves SL, Donnelly LE. Chemokines and their receptors as targets for the treatment of COPD. Curr. Respir. Med. Rev. 1, 15-32 (2005).
    • (2005) Curr. Respir. Med. Rev. , vol.1 , pp. 15-32
    • Traves, S.L.1    Donnelly, L.E.2
  • 22
    • 2942720573 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hogg JC, Chu F, Utokaparch S et al. The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 350, 2645-2653 (2004).
    • (2004) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.350 , pp. 2645-2653
    • Hogg, J.C.1    Chu, F.2    Utokaparch, S.3
  • 23
    • 21044458874 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Ito K, Ito M, Elliott WM et al. Decreased histone deacetylase activity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 352, 1967-1976 (2005).
    • (2005) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.352 , pp. 1967-1976
    • Ito, K.1    Ito, M.2    Elliott, W.M.3
  • 24
    • 0036257571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations. Etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms
    • Wedzicha JA. Exacerbations. Etiology and pathophysiologic mechanisms. Chest 121, 136S-141S (2002).
    • (2002) Chest , vol.121
    • Wedzicha, J.A.1
  • 25
    • 0037348218 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation and infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Pietila MP, Thomas CF. Inflammation and infection in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Semin. Respir. Infect. 18, 9-16 (2003).
    • (2003) Semin. Respir. Infect. , vol.18 , pp. 9-16
    • Pietila, M.P.1    Thomas, C.F.2
  • 26
    • 0442313530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strain-specific immune response to Haemophilus infidenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sethi S, Wrona C, Grant BJB, Murphy TF. Strain-specific immune response to Haemophilus infidenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 169, 448053 (2004).
    • (2004) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med , vol.169 , pp. 448053
    • Sethi, S.1    Wrona, C.2    Grant, B.J.B.3    Murphy, T.F.4
  • 27
    • 85002306682 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Sethi S, Muscarelia K, Evans N, Klingman KL, Grant BJ, Murphy TF. Airway inflammation and etiology of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 118, 1557-1565 (2000).
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 1557-1565
    • Sethi, S.1    Muscarelia, K.2    Evans, N.3    Klingman, K.L.4    Grant, B.J.5    Murphy, T.F.6
  • 28
    • 0034883814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Gompertz S, O'Brien C, Bayley DL, Hill SL, Stockley RA. Changes in bronchial inflammation during acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Eur. Respir. J. 17, 1112-1119 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.17 , pp. 1112-1119
    • Gompertz, S.1    O'Brien, C.2    Bayley, D.L.3    Hill, S.L.4    Stockley, R.A.5
  • 29
    • 0041620454 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • White AJ, Gompertz S, Bayley DL et al. Resolution of bronchial inflammation is related to bacterial eradication following treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Thorax 58, 680-685 (2003).
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 680-685
    • White, A.J.1    Gompertz, S.2    Bayley, D.L.3
  • 30
    • 0032880124 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The interrelationship of sputum inflammatory markers in patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Hill AT, Bayley D, Stockley RA. The interrelationship of sputum inflammatory markers in patients with chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 160, 893-898 (1999).
    • (1999) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.160 , pp. 893-898
    • Hill, A.T.1    Bayley, D.2    Stockley, R.A.3
  • 31
    • 0035137558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Granulocyte inflammatory markers and airway infection during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Aaron SD, Angel JB, Lunau M et al. Granulocyte inflammatory markers and airway infection during acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Cafe Med. 163, 349-355 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Cafe Med. , vol.163 , pp. 349-355
    • Aaron, S.D.1    Angel, J.B.2    Lunau, M.3
  • 32
    • 21844476459 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nitrosative stress, heme oxygenase-1 expression and airway inflammation during severe exacerbations of COPD
    • Tsoumakidou M, Tzanakis N, Chrysofakis G, Siafakas NM. Nitrosative stress, heme oxygenase-1 expression and airway inflammation during severe exacerbations of COPD. Chest 127, 1911-1918 (2005).
    • (2005) Chest , vol.127 , pp. 1911-1918
    • Tsoumakidou, M.1    Tzanakis, N.2    Chrysofakis, G.3    Siafakas, N.M.4
  • 33
    • 0037260438 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6: The etiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • White AJ, Gompertz S, Stockley RA. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 6: the etiology of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 58, 73-80 (2003).
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 73-80
    • White, A.J.1    Gompertz, S.2    Stockley, R.A.3
  • 34
    • 0035155262 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • 46 Sputum and plasma endothelin-1 levels in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Roland M, Bhowmik A, Sapsford RJ et al. 46 Sputum and plasma endothelin-1 levels in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 56, 30-35 (2001).
    • (2001) Thorax , vol.56 , pp. 30-35
    • Roland, M.1    Bhowmik, A.2    Sapsford, R.J.3
  • 35
    • 17244382260 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Fujimoto K, Yasuo M, Urushibata K, Hanaoka M, Koizumi T, Kubo K. Airway inflammation during stable and acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur. Respir. J. 25, 640-646 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.25 , pp. 640-646
    • Fujimoto, K.1    Yasuo, M.2    Urushibata, K.3    Hanaoka, M.4    Koizumi, T.5    Kubo, K.6
  • 36
    • 0035402125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations of bronchitis: Bronchial eosinophtlia and gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and eosinophil chemoattractants
    • Zhu J, Qiu YS, Majumdar S et al. Exacerbations of bronchitis: bronchial eosinophtlia and gene expression for interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and eosinophil chemoattractants. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Cam Med. 164, 109-116 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.164 , pp. 109-116
    • Zhu, J.1    Qiu, Y.S.2    Majumdar, S.3
  • 37
    • 0142043976 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biopsy neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine and receptor gene expression in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Qiu. Y, Zhu J, Bandi V et al. Biopsy neutrophilia, neutrophil chemokine and receptor gene expression in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 168, 968-975 (2003).
    • (2003) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.168 , pp. 968-975
    • Qiu, Y.1    Zhu, J.2    Bandi, V.3
  • 38
    • 16844364420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD
    • Drost EM, Skwarski KM, Sauleda J et al. Oxidative stress and airway inflammation in severe exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 60, 293-300 (2005).
    • (2005) Thorax , vol.60 , pp. 293-300
    • Drost, E.M.1    Skwarski, K.M.2    Sauleda, J.3
  • 39
    • 18244367647 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD, a multicomponent disease: Implications for management
    • Agusti AG. COPD, a multicomponent disease: implications for management. Respir. Med. 99, 670-682 (2005).
    • (2005) Respir. Med. , vol.99 , pp. 670-682
    • Agusti, A.G.1
  • 40
    • 0031946651 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Value of C-reactive protein measurements in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Dev D, Wallace E, Sankaran R et al. Value of C-reactive protein measurements in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 92, 664-667 (1998).
    • (1998) Respir. Med. , vol.92 , pp. 664-667
    • Dev, D.1    Wallace, E.2    Sankaran, R.3
  • 41
    • 0033910486 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Wedzicha JA. The heterogeneity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 5, 631-632 (2000).
    • (2000) Thorax , vol.5 , pp. 631-632
    • Wedzicha, J.A.1
  • 43
    • 0028246361 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution in the 1990s - Cause of increased respiratory disease?
    • Devalia JL, Rusznak C, Davies RJ. Air pollution in the 1990s - cause of increased respiratory disease? Respir. Med. 88, 241-244 (1994).
    • (1994) Respir. Med. , vol.88 , pp. 241-244
    • Devalia, J.L.1    Rusznak, C.2    Davies, R.J.3
  • 44
    • 0031844394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro
    • Ohtoshi T, Takizawa H, Okazaki H et al. Diesel exhaust particles stimulate human airway epithelial cells to produce cytokines relevant to airway inflammation in vitro. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 101, 778-785 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. , vol.101 , pp. 778-785
    • Ohtoshi, T.1    Takizawa, H.2    Okazaki, H.3
  • 45
    • 0032791311 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: Comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust
    • Rudell B, Blomberg A, Heileday R et al. Bronchoalveolar inflammation after exposure to diesel exhaust: comparison between unfiltered and particle trap filtered exhaust. Occup. Environ. Med. 56, 527-534 (1999).
    • (1999) Occup. Environ. Med. , vol.56 , pp. 527-534
    • Rudell, B.1    Blomberg, A.2    Heileday, R.3
  • 46
    • 0027193297 scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A 5-year study
    • Sunyer J, Saez M, Murillo C, Castellsague J, Martinez F, Anto JM. Air pollution and emergency room admissions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a 5-year study. Am. J. Epidemiol. 137, 701-705 (1993).
    • (1993) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.137 , pp. 701-705
    • Sunyer, J.1    Saez, M.2    Murillo, C.3    Castellsague, J.4    Martinez, F.5    Anto, J.M.6
  • 47
    • 1642586609 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Air pollution and mortality in a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A time series analysis
    • Garcia-Aymerich J, Tobias A, Anto JM, Sunyer J. Air pollution and mortality in a cohort of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a time series analysis. J Epidemiol. Community Health 54, 73-74 (2000).
    • (2000) J Epidemiol. Community Health , vol.54 , pp. 73-74
    • Garcia-Aymerich, J.1    Tobias, A.2    Anto, J.M.3    Sunyer, J.4
  • 48
    • 0033928887 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of death associated with urban particle air pollution: A case-crossover armiysis
    • Sunyer J, Schwartz J, Tobias A, Macfarlane D, Garcia J, Anto JM. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are at increased risk of death associated with urban particle air pollution: a case-crossover armiysis. Am. J. Epidemiol. 151, 50-56 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Epidemiol. , vol.151 , pp. 50-56
    • Sunyer, J.1    Schwartz, J.2    Tobias, A.3    Macfarlane, D.4    Garcia, J.5    Anto, J.M.6
  • 49
    • 24144434916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Overview of virus-induced airway disease
    • Johnston SL. Overview of virus-induced airway disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2, 150-156 (2005).
    • (2005) Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. , vol.2 , pp. 150-156
    • Johnston, S.L.1
  • 52
    • 0032899937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of oxidative stress in rhinovirus induced elaboration of IL-8 by respiratory epithelial cells
    • Biagioli MC, Kaul P, Singh I, Turner RB. The role of oxidative stress in rhinovirus induced elaboration of IL-8 by respiratory epithelial cells. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 26, 454-462 (1999).
    • (1999) Free Radic. Biol. Med. , vol.26 , pp. 454-462
    • Biagioli, M.C.1    Kaul, P.2    Singh, I.3    Turner, R.B.4
  • 53
    • 0034327287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rhinovirus-incluced cytokine production by bronchial epithelial cells
    • Griego SD, Weston CB, Adams JL, Tal-Singer R, Dillon SB. Role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in rhinovirus-incluced cytokine production by bronchial epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 165, 5211-5220 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Immunol. , vol.165 , pp. 5211-5220
    • Griego, S.D.1    Weston, C.B.2    Adams, J.L.3    Tal-Singer, R.4    Dillon, S.B.5
  • 54
    • 0037864156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhinovirus, induction of the CXC chemokine epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide-78 in bronchial epithelium
    • Donninger H, Glashoff R, Haitchi HM et al, Rhinovirus, induction of the CXC chemokine epithelial-neutrophil activating peptide-78 in bronchial epithelium. J. Infect. Dis. 187, 1809-1817 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.187 , pp. 1809-1817
    • Donninger, H.1    Glashoff, R.2    Haitchi, H.M.3
  • 55
    • 0030696032 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-8 in vivo and in vitro: Role of NF-κB
    • Zhu J, Tang W, Gwaltney JM Jr, Wu Y, Elias JA. Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-8 in vivo and in vitro: role of NF-κB. Am. J. Physiol. 273, L814-L824 (1997).
    • (1997) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.273
    • Zhu, J.1    Tang, W.2    Gwaltney Jr., J.M.3    Wu, Y.4    Elias, J.A.5
  • 56
    • 0033569896 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory epithelial cell expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and its upregulation by rhinovirus infection via NF-kappaB and GATA transcription factors
    • Papi A, Johnston SL. Respiratory epithelial cell expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and its upregulation by rhinovirus infection via NF-kappaB and GATA transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 30041-30051(1999).
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 30041-30051
    • Papi, A.1    Johnston, S.L.2
  • 57
    • 0033515566 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhinovinis infection induces expression of its own receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via increased NF-kappaB-mediated transcription
    • Papi A, Johnston SL. Rhinovinis infection induces expression of its own receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via increased NF-kappaB-mediated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 274, 9707-9720 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.274 , pp. 9707-9720
    • Papi, A.1    Johnston, S.L.2
  • 58
    • 0029894450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Induction of interleukin (IL)-8 gene expression by respiratory syncitial virus involves activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and NF-IL-6
    • Mastronarde JG, He B, Monick MM, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Hunnighake GW Induction of interleukin (IL)-8 gene expression by respiratory syncitial virus involves activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB and NF-IL-6. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 262-267 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.174 , pp. 262-267
    • Mastronarde, J.G.1    He, B.2    Monick, M.M.3    Mukaida, N.4    Matsushima, K.5    Hunnighake, G.W.6
  • 59
    • 0031925201 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activator protein-1 is the preferred transcription factor for co-operative interaction with nuclear factor-kappaB in respiratory syncytial virus-induced interleukin-8 gene expression in airway epithelium
    • Mastronarde JG, Monick MM, Mukaida N, Matsushima K, Hunnighake GW. Activator protein-1 is the preferred transcription factor for co-operative interaction with nuclear factor-kappaB in respiratory syncytial virus-induced interleukin-8 gene expression in airway epithelium. J. Infect. Dis. 177, 1275-1281 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.177 , pp. 1275-1281
    • Mastronarde, J.G.1    Monick, M.M.2    Mukaida, N.3    Matsushima, K.4    Hunnighake, G.W.5
  • 60
    • 0035815684 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influenza virus-induced AP-1-dependent gene expression requires activation of the JNK signaling pathway
    • Ludwig S, Ehrhardt C, Neurmeier ER, Kracht M, Rapp UR, Pleschka S. Influenza virus-induced AP-1-dependent gene expression requires activation of the JNK signaling pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276, 10990-10998 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.276 , pp. 10990-10998
    • Ludwig, S.1    Ehrhardt, C.2    Neurmeier, E.R.3    Kracht, M.4    Rapp, U.R.5    Pleschka, S.6
  • 61
    • 0034824333 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Rhinovirus infection upregulates eotaxin and eotaxin-2 expression in bronchial epithelial cells
    • Papadopoulos NG, Papi A, Meyer J et al. Rhinovirus infection upregulates eotaxin and eotaxin-2 expression in bronchial epithelial cells. Clin. Exp. Allergy 3l, 1060-1066 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Exp. Allergy , vol.31 , pp. 1060-1066
    • Papadopoulos, N.G.1    Papi, A.2    Meyer, J.3
  • 62
    • 0032097891 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of fluticasone propionate on respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokines release by a human bronchial epithelial cell line
    • Noah TL, Wortman IA, Becker S. The effect of fluticasone propionate on respiratory syncytial virus-induced chemokines release by a human bronchial epithelial cell line. Immunopharmacology 39, 193-199 (1998).
    • (1998) Immunopharmacology , vol.39 , pp. 193-199
    • Noah, T.L.1    Wortman, I.A.2    Becker, S.3
  • 65
    • 0030856576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection: Effects on cell differentials and soluble markers in sputum of asthmatic subjects
    • Grunberg K, Smits HH, Timmers MC et al. Experimental rhinovirus 16 infection: effects on cell differentials and soluble markers in sputum of asthmatic subjects. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 156, 609-616 (1997).
    • (1997) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.156 , pp. 609-616
    • Grunberg, K.1    Smits, H.H.2    Timmers, M.C.3
  • 67
    • 0035509117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Seemungal T, Harper-Owen R, Bhowmic A et al. Respiratory viruses, symptoms, and inflammatory markers in acute exacerbations and stable chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164, 1618-1623 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.164 , pp. 1618-1623
    • Seemungal, T.1    Harper-Owen, R.2    Bhowmic, A.3
  • 68
    • 0037156416 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral respiratory infections in elderly patients and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Greenberg SB. Viral respiratory infections in elderly patients and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 112(6A), 28S-32S (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Med. , vol.112 , Issue.6 A
    • Greenberg, S.B.1
  • 69
    • 9644294626 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Role of viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Wedzicha JA. Role of viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 1, 115-120 (2004).
    • (2004) Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. , vol.1 , pp. 115-120
    • Wedzicha, J.A.1
  • 70
    • 0014320076 scopus 로고
    • Rhinovirus infections in chronic bronchitis: Isolation of eight possible new rhinovirus serotypes
    • Stott EJ, Grist NR, Eadie MB. Rhinovirus infections in chronic bronchitis: isolation of eight possible new rhinovirus serotypes. J. Med. Microbiol. 1, 109-117 (1968).
    • (1968) J. Med. Microbiol. , vol.1 , pp. 109-117
    • Stott, E.J.1    Grist, N.R.2    Eadie, M.B.3
  • 72
    • 0037253901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: A case-control study
    • Rhode G, Wiethege A, Borg I et al. Respiratory viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease requiring hospitalisation: a case-control study. Thorax 58, 37-42 (2003).
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 37-42
    • Rhode, G.1    Wiethege, A.2    Borg, I.3
  • 73
    • 0041377790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Tan WC, Xiang X, Qiu D et al. Epidemiology of respiratory viruses in patients hospitalized with near-fatal asthma, acute exacerbations of asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Med. 115, 272-277 (2003).
    • (2003) Am. J. Med. , vol.115 , pp. 272-277
    • Tan, W.C.1    Xiang, X.2    Qiu, D.3
  • 74
    • 1842585892 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reduced spontaneous apoptosis in peripheral blood neutrophils during exacerbation of COPD
    • Pietz MW Ioanas M, de Roux A, Burkhardt O, Lode H. Reduced spontaneous apoptosis in peripheral blood neutrophils during exacerbation of COPD. Eur Respir. J. 23, 532-537 (2004).
    • (2004) Eur Respir. J. , vol.23 , pp. 532-537
    • Pietz, M.W.1    Ioanas, M.2    de Roux, A.3    Burkhardt, O.4    Lode, H.5
  • 75
    • 0026317782 scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain Twar, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Beaty CD, Grayston JT, Wang SP, Kuo CC, Reto CS, Martin TR. Chlamydia pneumoniae, strain Twar, infection in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144, 1408-1410 (1991).
    • (1991) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.144 , pp. 1408-1410
    • Beaty, C.D.1    Grayston, J.T.2    Wang, S.P.3    Kuo, C.C.4    Reto, C.S.5    Martin, T.R.6
  • 76
    • 0027400235 scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Blasi F, Legnani D, Lombardo VM et al. Chlamydia pneumoniae infection in acute exacerbations of COPD. Eur. Respir. J. 6, 19-22 (1993).
    • (1993) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.6 , pp. 19-22
    • Blasi, F.1    Legnani, D.2    Lombardo, V.M.3
  • 77
    • 0032772257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute purulent exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection
    • Mogulkoc N, Karakurt S, Isalska B et al. Acute purulent exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and Chlamydia pneumoniae infection. Am. J Respir. Crit. Care Med. 160, 349-353 (1999).
    • (1999) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.160 , pp. 349-353
    • Mogulkoc, N.1    Karakurt, S.2    Isalska, B.3
  • 78
    • 0034758777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneunroniae infection and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
    • Karnak D, Beng-sun S, Beder S, Kayacan O. Chlamydia pneunroniae infection and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Respir. Med. 95, 811-816 (2001).
    • (2001) Respir. Med. , vol.95 , pp. 811-816
    • Karnak, D.1    Beng-sun, S.2    Beder, S.3    Kayacan, O.4
  • 79
    • 0033829790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunohistochemical staining for Chlamydia pneumoniae is increased in lung tissue from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Wu L, Skinner SJ, Lambie N, Vuletic JC Blasi F, Black PN. Immunohistochemical staining for Chlamydia pneumoniae is increased in lung tissue from subjects with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162, 1148-1151 (2000).
    • (2000) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.162 , pp. 1148-1151
    • Wu, L.1    Skinner, S.J.2    Lambie, N.3    Vuletic, J.C.4    Blasi, F.5    Black, P.N.6
  • 81
    • 0018827121 scopus 로고
    • Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Smith CB, Golden CA, Kanner RE, Renzetti AD Jr. Association of viral and Mycoplasma pneumoniae infections with acute respiratory illness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 121, 225-232 (1980).
    • (1980) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.121 , pp. 225-232
    • Smith, C.B.1    Golden, C.A.2    Kanner, R.E.3    Renzetti Jr., A.D.4
  • 82
    • 0034751293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Chlamydia pneurnoniae infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Analysis of 250 hospitalizations
    • Lieberman D, Ben-Yaakov M, Lazarovich Z, Ohana B, Boldur I. Chlamydia pneurnoniae infection in acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis of 250 hospitalizations. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 20, 698-704 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. , vol.20 , pp. 698-704
    • Lieberman, D.1    Ben-Yaakov, M.2    Lazarovich, Z.3    Ohana, B.4    Boldur, I.5
  • 83
    • 0033944282 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do bacteria cause exacerbations of COPD?
    • Hirschmann JV. Do bacteria cause exacerbations of COPD? Chest 118, 193-203 (2000).
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 193-203
    • Hirschmann, J.V.1
  • 84
    • 0033931145 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of bacteria in exacerbations of COPD. A constructive view
    • Murphy TF, Sethi S, Niederman MS. The role of bacteria in exacerbations of COPD. A constructive view. Chest 118, 204-209 (2000).
    • (2000) Chest , vol.118 , pp. 204-209
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Sethi, S.2    Niederman, M.S.3
  • 85
    • 0035070005 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: A state-of-the-art review
    • Sethi S, Murphy TF. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in 2000: a state-of-the-art review. Clin. Miembiol. Rev. 14, 336-363 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Miembiol. Rev. , vol.14 , pp. 336-363
    • Sethi, S.1    Murphy, T.F.2
  • 86
    • 0032778277 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Miravilles M, Espinosa C, Fernandez-Laso E, Martos JA, Maldonado JA, Gallego M, Study Group of Bacterial Infection in COPD. Relationship between bacterial flora in sputum and functional impairment in patients with acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 116, 40-46 (1999).
    • (1999) Chest , vol.116 , pp. 40-46
    • Miravilles, M.1    Espinosa, C.2    Fernandez-Laso, E.3    Martos, J.A.4    Maldonado, J.A.5    Gallego, M.6
  • 87
    • 0031748499 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function
    • Eller J, Ede A, Schaberg T, Niederman M, Mauch H, Lode H. Infective exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Relation between bacteriologic etiology and lung function. Chest 113, 1542-1548 (1998).
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 1542-1548
    • Eller, J.1    Ede, A.2    Schaberg, T.3    Niederman, M.4    Mauch, H.5    Lode, H.6
  • 88
    • 0041353475 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • EFRAM Investigators. Bacterial infection in exacerbated COPD with changes in sputum characteristics
    • Monso E, Garcia-Aymerich J, Soler N et al., EFRAM Investigators. Bacterial infection in exacerbated COPD with changes in sputum characteristics. Epidemiol, Infect. 131, 799-804 (2003).
    • (2003) Epidemiol. Infect. , vol.131 , pp. 799-804
    • Monso, E.1    Garcia-Aymerich, J.2    Soler, N.3
  • 89
    • 0019308094 scopus 로고
    • A study of infecive and other factors in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • McHardy VU, Inglis JM, Calder MA et al. A study of infecive and other factors in exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br. J. Dis. Chest 74, 228-238 (1980).
    • (1980) Br. J. Dis. Chest , vol.74 , pp. 228-238
    • McHardy, V.U.1    Inglis, J.M.2    Calder, M.A.3
  • 90
    • 3242751816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Persistent colonization by Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Schiffmacher AT, Sethi S. Persistent colonization by Haemophilus influenzae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 170, 266-272 (2004).
    • (2004) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.170 , pp. 266-272
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Brauer, A.L.2    Schiffmacher, A.T.3    Sethi, S.4
  • 91
    • 0036727140 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations
    • Patel IS, Seemungai TAR, Wilks M, Lloyd-Owen SJ, Donaldson GC, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between bacterial colonisation and the frequency, character, and severity of COPD exacerbations. Thorax, 759-764 (2002).
    • (2002) Thorax , pp. 759-764
    • Patel, I.S.1    Seemungai, T.A.R.2    Wilks, M.3    Lloyd-Owen, S.J.4    Donaldson, G.C.5    Wedzicha, J.A.6
  • 93
    • 0029085092 scopus 로고
    • Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A study of stable and exacerbated out-patients using the protected specimen brush
    • Monso E, Ruiz J, Rosell A et al. Bacterial infection in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a study of stable and exacerbated out-patients using the protected specimen brush. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 152, 1316-1320 (1995).
    • (1995) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.152 , pp. 1316-1320
    • Monso, E.1    Ruiz, J.2    Rosell, A.3
  • 94
    • 0025131819 scopus 로고
    • Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients
    • Fagon JY, Chastre J, Trouillet JL et al. Characterization of distal bronchial microflora during acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Use of the protected specimen brush technique in 54 mechanically ventilated patients. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 142, 1004-1008 (1990).
    • (1990) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.142 , pp. 1004-1008
    • Fagon, J.Y.1    Chastre, J.2    Trouillet, J.L.3
  • 95
    • 0031747166 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation
    • Soler N, Torres A, Ewig S et al. Bronchial microbial patterns in severe exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) requiring mechanical ventilation. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 157, 1498-1505 (1998).
    • (1998) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.157 , pp. 1498-1505
    • Soler, N.1    Torres, A.2    Ewig, S.3
  • 96
    • 0031689541 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Airways microbial flora in COPD patients in stable clinical conditions and during exacerbations: A bronchoscopic investigation
    • Pela R, Marchesani F, Agostinelli C et al. Airways microbial flora in COPD patients in stable clinical conditions and during exacerbations: a bronchoscopic investigation. Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. 53, 262-267 (1998).
    • (1998) Monaldi Arch. Chest Dis. , vol.53 , pp. 262-267
    • Pela, R.1    Marchesani, F.2    Agostinelli, C.3
  • 97
    • 0035662726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic bronchitis
    • Bandi V, Apicella MA, Mason E et al. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae in the lower respiratory tract of patients with chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. 164, 2114-2119 (2001).
    • (2001) Am. J. Respir Crit. Care Med. , vol.164 , pp. 2114-2119
    • Bandi, V.1    Apicella, M.A.2    Mason, E.3
  • 98
    • 17644380278 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microbiologic determinants of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Rosell A, Monso E, Soler N et al. Microbiologic determinants of exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch. Intern. Med. 165, 891-897 (2005).
    • (2005) Arch. Intern. Med. , vol.165 , pp. 891-897
    • Rosell, A.1    Monso, E.2    Soler, N.3
  • 99
    • 0037103420 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sethi S, Evans N, Grant BJB, Murphy TF. New strains of bacteria and exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 347, 465-471 (2002).
    • (2002) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.347 , pp. 465-471
    • Sethi, S.1    Evans, N.2    Grant, B.J.B.3    Murphy, T.F.4
  • 100
    • 21544468300 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Haemophilus influenzae from COPD patients with exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers
    • Chin CL, Manzei LJ, Lehman EE et al. Haemophilus influenzae from COPD patients with exacerbation induce more inflammation than colonizers. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172, 85-91 (2005).
    • (2005) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.172 , pp. 85-91
    • Chin, C.L.1    Manzei, L.J.2    Lehman, E.E.3
  • 101
    • 22144452196 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Burden of disease and immune reponse
    • Murphy TF, Brauer AL, Grant BJB, Sethi S. Moraxella catarrhalis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: burden of disease and immune reponse. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 172(2), 195-199 (2005).
    • (2005) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.172 , Issue.2 , pp. 195-199
    • Murphy, T.F.1    Brauer, A.L.2    Grant, B.J.B.3    Sethi, S.4
  • 102
    • 0020552575 scopus 로고
    • Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae
    • Musher DM, Kubitschek KR, Crennan J et al. Pneumonia and acute febrile tracheobronchitis due to Haemophilus influenzae. Ann. Intern. Med. 99, 444-450 (1983).
    • (1983) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.99 , pp. 444-450
    • Musher, D.M.1    Kubitschek, K.R.2    Crennan, J.3
  • 103
    • 0030732133 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human immune response to non-typable Haemophilus influenzae in chronic bronchitis
    • Yi K, Sethi S, Murphy TF. Human immune response to non-typable Haemophilus influenzae in chronic bronchitis. J. Infect. Dis. 176, 1247-1252 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.176 , pp. 1247-1252
    • Yi, K.1    Sethi, S.2    Murphy, T.F.3
  • 104
    • 0036498644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systemic and mucosal antibody response to Moraxella catarrhalis after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Bakri F, Brauer AL, Sethi S, Murphy TF. Systemic and mucosal antibody response to Moraxella catarrhalis after exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J. Infect. Dis. 185, 632-640 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Infect. Dis. , vol.185 , pp. 632-640
    • Bakri, F.1    Brauer, A.L.2    Sethi, S.3    Murphy, T.F.4
  • 105
    • 0037722851 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with respiratory viruses and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae
    • Bandi V, Jakubowycz M, Kinyon C et al. Infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease associated with respiratory viruses and non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 10, 69-75 (2003).
    • (2003) FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. , vol.10 , pp. 69-75
    • Bandi, V.1    Jakubowycz, M.2    Kinyon, C.3
  • 106
    • 0036529109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with relative protection from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Abe Y, Murphy TF, Sethi S et al. Lymphocyte proliferative response to P6 of Haemophilus influenzae is associated with relative protection from exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 967-971 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.165 , pp. 967-971
    • Abe, Y.1    Murphy, T.F.2    Sethi, S.3
  • 108
    • 0035799388 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A summary and appraisal of published evidence
    • Bach PB, Brown C, Gelfand SE, McCroy DC. Management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Ann. Intern. Med. 134, 600-620 (2001).
    • (2001) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.134 , pp. 600-620
    • Bach, P.B.1    Brown, C.2    Gelfand, S.E.3    McCroy, D.C.4
  • 109
    • 0035799387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence base for management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Snow V, Lascher S, Mottur-Pilson C. Evidence base for management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Intern. Med. 134, 595-599 (2001).
    • (2001) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.134 , pp. 595-599
    • Snow, V.1    Lascher, S.2    Mottur-Pilson, C.3
  • 110
    • 0035053537 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Disease-specific issues that influence the cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy
    • Saint S, Flaherty KR, Abrahamse P, Martinez FJ, Fendrick AM. Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: disease-specific issues that influence the cost-effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Clin. Ther. 23, 499-512 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Ther. , vol.23 , pp. 499-512
    • Saint, S.1    Flaherty, K.R.2    Abrahamse, P.3    Martinez, F.J.4    Fendrick, A.M.5
  • 111
    • 0034920257 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: A summary and appraisal of published evidence
    • McCrory DC, Brown C, Gelfand SE, Bach PB. Management of acute exacerbations of COPD: a summary and appraisal of published evidence. Chest 119, 1190-209 (2001).
    • (2001) Chest , vol.119 , pp. 1190-1209
    • McCrory, D.C.1    Brown, C.2    Gelfand, S.E.3    Bach, P.B.4
  • 112
    • 0029070242 scopus 로고
    • Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sachs AP, Koeter GH, Groenier KH, van der Waaij D, Schiphuis J, Meyboom-de Jong B. Changes in symptoms, peak expiratory flow, and sputum flora during treatment with antibiotics of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 50, 758-763 (1995).
    • (1995) Thorax , vol.50 , pp. 758-763
    • Sachs, A.P.1    Koeter, G.H.2    Groenier, K.H.3    van der Waaij, D.4    Schiphuis, J.5    Meyboom-de Jong, B.6
  • 113
    • 0034968423 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity or disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A reevaluation of previously published data of a placebo-controlled randomized study
    • Allegra L, Blasi F, de Bernardi B, Cosentini R, Tarsia P. Antibiotic treatment and baseline severity or disease in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a reevaluation of previously published data of a placebo-controlled randomized study. Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 149-155 (2001).
    • (2001) Pulm. Pharmacol. Ther. , vol.14 , pp. 149-155
    • Allegra, L.1    Blasi, F.2    de Bernardi, B.3    Cosentini, R.4    Tarsia, P.5
  • 114
    • 0035894617 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: A randomised placebo-controlled trial
    • Nouira S, Marghli S, Belghith M, Besbes L, Elatrous S, Abroug F. Once daily oral ofloxacin in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation requiring mechanical ventilation: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 358, 2020-2025 (2001).
    • (2001) Lancet , vol.358 , pp. 2020-2025
    • Nouira, S.1    Marghli, S.2    Belghith, M.3    Besbes, L.4    Elatrous, S.5    Abroug, F.6
  • 115
    • 0028918620 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A metaanalysis
    • Saint S, Bent S, Vittinghoff E, Grady D. Antibiotics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbations. A metaanalysis. JAMA 273, 957-960 (1995).
    • (1995) JAMA , vol.273 , pp. 957-960
    • Saint, S.1    Bent, S.2    Vittinghoff, E.3    Grady, D.4
  • 117
    • 0000373392 scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis treatment with oxytetracycline
    • Berry DG, Fry J, Hindley CP et al. Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis treatment with oxytetracycline. Lancet 1, 137-139 (1960).
    • (1960) Lancet , vol.1 , pp. 137-139
    • Berry, D.G.1    Fry, J.2    Hindley, C.P.3
  • 118
    • 0026089568 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of clarithromycin with ampicillin in the treatment of out-patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Aldons PM. A comparison of clarithromycin with ampicillin in the treatment of out-patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 27(Suppl. A), 101-108 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Antimicrob. Chemother , vol.27 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 101-108
    • Aldons, P.M.1
  • 119
    • 0029996632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative safety and efficacy of sparfloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A double-blind, randomised, parallel, multicentre study
    • Allegra L, Konietzko N, Leophonte P et al. Comparative safety and efficacy of sparfloxacin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a double-blind, randomised, parallel, multicentre study. J Antimicrob. Chemother. 37(Suppl. A), 93-104 (1996).
    • (1996) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.37 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 93-104
    • Allegra, L.1    Konietzko, N.2    Leophonte, P.3
  • 120
    • 0037337664 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of azithromycin vs. levofloxacin in the out-patient treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Amsden GW, Baird IM, Simon S, Treadway G. Efficacy and safety of azithromycin vs. levofloxacin in the out-patient treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 123, 772-777 (2003).
    • (2003) Chest , vol.123 , pp. 772-777
    • Amsden, G.W.1    Baird, I.M.2    Simon, S.3    Treadway, G.4
  • 121
    • 0031728911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: Ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg bid
    • Bronchitis Study Group
    • Anzueto A, Niederman MS, Tillotson GS, Bronchitis Study Group. Etiology, susceptibility, and treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis in the primary care setting: ciprofloxacin 750 mg b.i.d. versus clarithromycin 500 mg bid. Clin. Ther. 20, 835-850 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Ther. , vol.20 , pp. 835-850
    • Anzueto, A.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Tillotson, G.S.3
  • 122
    • 0035151085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy of extended-release clarithromycin tablets and amoxicillin/clavulanate tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Anzueto A, Fisher CJ, Jr, Busman T. Olson CA. Comparison of the efficacy of extended-release clarithromycin tablets and amoxicillin/clavulanate tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Clin. Ther. 23, 72-86 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Ther. , vol.23 , pp. 72-86
    • Anzueto, A.1    Fisher Jr., C.J.2    Busman, T.3    Olson, C.A.4
  • 123
    • 0030701971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in a acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis: Interim analysis. Bronchitis Study Group
    • Anzueto A, Niederman MS, Haverstock DC, Tillotson GS. Efficacy of ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin in a acute bacterial exacerbations of complicated chronic bronchitis: interim analysis. Bronchitis Study Group. Clin. Ther. 19, 989-1001 (1997).
    • (1997) Clin. Ther. , vol.19 , pp. 989-1001
    • Anzueto, A.1    Niederman, M.S.2    Haverstock, D.C.3    Tillotson, G.S.4
  • 124
    • 0036828205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Telithromycin is as effective as amoxicillin/clavulanate in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Aubier M, Aldons PM, Leak A et al. Telithromycin is as effective as amoxicillin/clavulanate in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respir. Med 96, 862-871 (2002).
    • (2002) Respir. Med. , vol.96 , pp. 862-871
    • Aubier, M.1    Aldons, P.M.2    Leak, A.3
  • 125
    • 0030943519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of ceftibuten versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Aubier MA. Comparison of ceftibuten versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chemotherapy 43, 297-302 (1997).
    • (1997) Chemotherapy , vol.43 , pp. 297-302
    • Aubier, M.A.1
  • 126
    • 0026012892 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of clarithromycin and ampicillin in the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Bachand RT Jr. Comparative study of clarithromycin and ampicillin in the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 27(Suppl. A), 91-100 (1991).
    • (1991) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.27 , Issue.SUPPL. A , pp. 91-100
    • Bachand Jr., R.T.1
  • 127
    • 0026344884 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind comparative study of ofloxacin (Hoe 280) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive lung disease
    • Boye NP Gaustad P. Double-blind comparative study of ofloxacin (Hoe 280) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive lung disease. Infections 19(Suppl. 7), S388-S390 (1991).
    • (1991) Infections , vol.19 , Issue.SUPPL. 7
    • Boye, N.P.1    Gaustad, P.2
  • 128
    • 0032897632 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of dirithromycin and azithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Cazzola M, Vinciguerra A, DiPerna F et al. Comparative study of dirithromycin and azithromycin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Chemother. 11, 119-125 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Chemother. , vol.11 , pp. 119-125
    • Cazzola, M.1    Vinciguerra, A.2    DiPerna, F.3
  • 129
    • 2442733205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin vs. clarithromycin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Bronchitis Study Group
    • Chodosh S, Schreurs A, Siami G et al., Bronchitis Study Group. Efficacy of oral ciprofloxacin vs. clarithromycin for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 730-738 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.27 , pp. 730-738
    • Chodosh, S.1    Schreurs, A.2    Siami, G.3
  • 130
    • 2442735450 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study of ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime axetil for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group
    • Chodosh S. McCarty J, Farkas S et al. Randomized, double-blind study of ciprofloxacin and cefuroxime axetil for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group. Clin. Infect. Dis. 27, 722-729 (1998).
    • (1998) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.27 , pp. 722-729
    • Chodosh, S.1    McCarty, J.2    Farkas, S.3
  • 131
    • 0031982996 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily
    • Chodosh S, Lakshminarayan S, Swarz H, Breisch S. Efficacy and safety of a 10-day course of 400 or 600 milligrams of grepafloxacin once daily for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison with a 10-day course of 500 milligrams of ciprofloxacin twice daily. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 42, 114-120 (1998).
    • (1998) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.42 , pp. 114-120
    • Chodosh, S.1    Lakshminarayan, S.2    Swarz, H.3    Breisch, S.4
  • 132
    • 0027483034 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy of fleroxacin versus amoxicillin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Chodosh S. Efficacy of fleroxacin versus amoxicillin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Med. 94, 131S-135S (1993).
    • (1993) Am. J. Med. , vol.94
    • Chodosh, S.1
  • 133
    • 0033994809 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course moxifloxacin therapy for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group
    • Chodosh S, DeAbate CA, Haverstock D, Aneiro L, Church D. Short-course moxifloxacin therapy for treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Bronchitis Study Group. Respir. Med. 94, 18-27 (2000).
    • (2000) Respir. Med. , vol.94 , pp. 18-27
    • Chodosh, S.1    DeAbate, C.A.2    Haverstock, D.3    Aneiro, L.4    Church, D.5
  • 134
    • 0032971498 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effectiveness of short-course therapy (5 days) with grepafloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • DeAbate CA, Bettis R, Munk ZM et al. Effectiveness of short-course therapy (5 days) with grepafloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin. Ther. 21, 172-188 (1999).
    • (1999) Clin. Ther. , vol.21 , pp. 172-188
    • DeAbate, C.A.1    Bettis, R.2    Munk, Z.M.3
  • 135
    • 0031815318 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sparfloxacin vs. ofloxacin in the treatement of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A multicenter, double-blind, randomized, comparative study
    • DeAbate CA, Dan H, Bensch G et al. Sparfloxacin vs. ofloxacin in the treatement of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, comparative study. Chest 114, 120-130 (1998).
    • (1998) Chest , vol.114 , pp. 120-130
    • DeAbate, C.A.1    Dan, H.2    Bensch, G.3
  • 136
    • 0033652111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The safety and efficacy of short course (5-day) moxifloxacin vs. azithromycin in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • DeAbate CA, Mathew CP, Warner JH, Heyd A, Church D. The safety and efficacy of short course (5-day) moxifloxacin vs. azithromycin in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respir. Med. 94, 1029-1037 (2000).
    • (2000) Respir. Med. , vol.94 , pp. 1029-1037
    • DeAbate, C.A.1    Mathew, C.P.2    Warner, J.H.3    Heyd, A.4    Church, D.5
  • 137
    • 0034038726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of a 5 day regimen of cefdinir with a 10 day regimen of cefprozil for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Fogarty CM, Bettis RB, Griffin TJ, Keyserling CH, Nemeth MA, Tack KJ. Comparison of a 5 day regimen of cefdinir with a 10 day regimen of cefprozil for treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 45, 851-858 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.45 , pp. 851-858
    • Fogarty, C.M.1    Bettis, R.B.2    Griffin, T.J.3    Keyserling, C.H.4    Nemeth, M.A.5    Tack, K.J.6
  • 138
    • 0027415947 scopus 로고
    • A multicentre study comparing the safety and efficacy of dirithromycin with erythromycin in the treatment of bronchitis
    • Gaillat J. A multicentre study comparing the safety and efficacy of dirithromycin with erythromycin in the treatment of bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 31(Suppl0. C), 139-151 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.31 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 139-151
    • Gaillat, J.1
  • 139
    • 0035185816 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study comparing the efficacy and safety of amoxycillin 1 g bd with amoxycillin 500 mg tds in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Georgopoulos A, Borek M, Ridl W. Randomized, double-blind, double-dummy study comparing the efficacy and safety of amoxycillin 1 g bd with amoxycillin 500 mg tds in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 47, 67-76 (2001).
    • (2001) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.47 , pp. 67-76
    • Georgopoulos, A.1    Borek, M.2    Ridl, W.3
  • 140
    • 0026533052 scopus 로고
    • Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Gotfried MH, Ellison WT. Safety and efficacy of lomefloxacin versus cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Am. J. Med. 92, 108S-113S (1992).
    • (1992) Am. J. Med. , vol.92
    • Gotfried, M.H.1    Ellison, W.T.2
  • 141
    • 13644250029 scopus 로고
    • Lomefloxacin versus amoxicillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: An Italian multicenter study
    • Grassi C, Albera C, Pozzi E. Lomefloxacin versus amoxicillin in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: an Italian multicenter study. Am. J. Med. 92, 103S-107S (1992).
    • (1992) Am. J. Med. , vol.92
    • Grassi, C.1    Albera, C.2    Pozzi, E.3
  • 142
    • 0036318999 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study of prulifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Grassi C, Salvatori E, Rosignoli MT, Dionisio P. Randomized, double-blind study of prulifloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respiration 69, 217-222 (2002).
    • (2002) Respiration , vol.69 , pp. 217-222
    • Grassi, C.1    Salvatori, E.2    Rosignoli, M.T.3    Dionisio, P.4
  • 143
    • 0032052539 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a short course of ceftibuten with that of amoxycillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Guest N, Langan CE. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of a short course of ceftibuten with that of amoxycillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 10, 49-54 (1998).
    • (1998) Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents , vol.10 , pp. 49-54
    • Guest, N.1    Langan, C.E.2
  • 144
    • 0027517333 scopus 로고
    • Double-blind, comparative study of rufloxacin once daily versus amoxicillin three times a day in treatment of out-patients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Klietmann W, Cesana M, Rondel RK, Focht J. Double-blind, comparative study of rufloxacin once daily versus amoxicillin three times a day in treatment of out-patients with exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 37, 2298-2306 (1993).
    • (1993) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.37 , pp. 2298-2306
    • Klietmann, W.1    Cesana, M.2    Rondel, R.K.3    Focht, J.4
  • 145
    • 0031821866 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-course cefuroxime axetil therapy in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Langan C, Clecner B, Cazzola CM, Brambilla C, Holmes CY, Staley H. Short-course cefuroxime axetil therapy in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Int. J. Clin. Pract. 52, 289-297 (1998).
    • (1998) Int. J. Clin. Pract. , vol.52 , pp. 289-297
    • Langan, C.1    Clecner, B.2    Cazzola, C.M.3    Brambilla, C.4    Holmes, C.Y.5    Staley, H.6
  • 146
    • 0031475023 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study of grepafloxacin versus amoxycillin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Langan CE, Cranfield R, Breisch S, Pettit R. Randomized, double-blind study of grepafloxacin versus amoxycillin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 40, 63-72 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.40 , pp. 63-72
    • Langan, C.E.1    Cranfield, R.2    Breisch, S.3    Pettit, R.4
  • 147
    • 0032869642 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Langan CE, Zuck P, Vogel F et al. Randomized, double-blind study of short-course (5 day) grepafloxacin versus 10 day clarithromycin in patients with acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 44, 515-523 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 515-523
    • Langan, C.E.1    Zuck, P.2    Vogel, F.3
  • 148
    • 0031783171 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Trovafloxacin versus amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchitis
    • Leophonte P, Baldwin RJ, Pluck N. Trovafloxacin versus amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive bronchitis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17, 434-440 (1998).
    • (1998) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. , vol.17 , pp. 434-440
    • Leophonte, P.1    Baldwin, R.J.2    Pluck, N.3
  • 149
    • 0035216957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • The Study Group
    • Masterson RG, Burley CJ, The Study Group. Randomized, double-blind study comparing 5- and 7-day regimens of oral levofloxacin in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Int. J. Antimicrob, Agents 18, 503-512 (2001).
    • (2001) Int. J. Antimicrob, Agents , vol.18 , pp. 503-512
    • Masterson, R.G.1    Burley, C.J.2
  • 150
    • 0034762274 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five days of cefprozil versus 10 days of clarithromycin in the treatment of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • McCarty JM, Pierce PF. Five days of cefprozil versus 10 days of clarithromycin in the treatment of an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 87, 327-334 (2001).
    • (2001) Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. , vol.87 , pp. 327-334
    • McCarty, J.M.1    Pierce, P.F.2
  • 151
    • 0031750980 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: Comparison of trovafloxacin and amoxicillin in a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy study. Trovafloxacin Bronchitis Study Group
    • O'Doherty B, Daniel R. Treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: comparison of trovafloxacin and amoxicillin in a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy study. Trovafloxacin Bronchitis Study Group. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 17, 441-446 (1998).
    • (1998) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. , vol.17 , pp. 441-446
    • O'Doherty, B.1    Daniel, R.2
  • 152
    • 0029970039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Ofloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Study of ofloxacin in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Research Group
    • Perez-Gonzalvo ME, Mosquera-Pestana JA, Ramos D et al. Ofloxacin versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Study of ofloxacin in Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Research Group. Clin. Ther. 18, 440-447 (1996).
    • (1996) Clin. Ther. , vol.18 , pp. 440-447
    • Perez-Gonzalvo, M.E.1    Mosquera-Pestana, J.A.2    Ramos, D.3
  • 153
    • 0025642564 scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and tolerance of cefpodoxime proxetil compared with co-amoxiclav in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Periti P, Novelli A, Schildwachter G, Schmidt-Gayk H, Ryo Y, Zuck P. Efficacy and tolerance of cefpodoxime proxetil compared with co-amoxiclav in the treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 26(Suppl. E), 63-69 (1990).
    • (1990) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. E , pp. 63-69
    • Periti, P.1    Novelli, A.2    Schildwachter, G.3    Schmidt-Gayk, H.4    Ryo, Y.5    Zuck, P.6
  • 154
    • 0027378296 scopus 로고
    • A comparison of cefpodoxime proxetil and cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD in adults
    • Phillips H, Van Hook CJ, Butler T, Todd WM. A comparison of cefpodoxime proxetil and cefaclor in the treatment of acute exacerbation of COPD in adults. Chest 104, 1387-1392 (1993).
    • (1993) Chest , vol.104 , pp. 1387-1392
    • Phillips, H.1    Van Hook, C.J.2    Butler, T.3    Todd, W.M.4
  • 155
    • 0025571087 scopus 로고
    • A double-blind comparison of low-dose ofloxacin and amoxycillin /clavulanic acid in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Rademaker CM, Sips AP, Beumer HM et al. A double-blind comparison of low-dose ofloxacin and amoxycillin/clavulanic acid in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother 26(Suppl. D), 75-81 (1990).
    • (1990) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.26 , Issue.SUPPL. D , pp. 75-81
    • Rademaker, C.M.1    Sips, A.P.2    Beumer, H.M.3
  • 156
    • 0032942125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The efficacy and safety of a new ciprofloxacin suspension compared with co-amoxiclav tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Read RC, Kuss A, Berrisoul. F. Kearsley N, Torres A, Kubin R. The efficacy and safety of a new ciprofloxacin suspension compared with co-amoxiclav tablets in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Respir. Med. 93, 252-261 (1999).
    • (1999) Respir. Med. , vol.93 , pp. 252-261
    • Read, R.C.1    Kuss, A.2    Berrisoul, F.3    Kearsley, N.4    Torres, A.5    Kubin, R.6
  • 157
    • 0032909077 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: Results of a randomized, double-blind study
    • Shah PM, Maesen FPV, Domann A, Vetter N, Fiss E, Wesch R. Levofloxacin versus cefuroxime axetil in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: results of a randomized, double-blind study. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43, 529-539 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.43 , pp. 529-539
    • Shah, P.M.1    Maesen, F.P.V.2    Domann, A.3    Vetter, N.4    Fiss, E.5    Wesch, R.6
  • 158
    • 0027483336 scopus 로고
    • Clinical efficacy of dirithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Sides GD. Clinical efficacy of dirithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 31 (Suppl. C), 131-138 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.31 , Issue.SUPPL. C , pp. 131-138
    • Sides, G.D.1
  • 159
    • 0037365588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomised double-blind comparison of oral gatifloxacin and co-amoxiclav for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Soler M, Lode H, Baldwin R et al. Randomised double-blind comparison of oral gatifloxacin and co-amoxiclav for acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. 22, 144-150 (2003).
    • (2003) Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis. , vol.22 , pp. 144-150
    • Soler, M.1    Lode, H.2    Baldwin, R.3
  • 160
    • 0032959688 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five-day dirithromycin therapy is as effective as seven-day erythromycin therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Wasilewski MM, Johns D, Sides GD. Five-day dirithromycin therapy is as effective as seven-day erythromycin therapy for acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 43, 541-548 (1999).
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.43 , pp. 541-548
    • Wasilewski, M.M.1    Johns, D.2    Sides, G.D.3
  • 161
    • 0036255914 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes
    • Wilson R, Schentag JJ, Ball P, Mandell L. A comparison of gemifloxacin and clarithromycin in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and long-term clinical outcomes. Clin. Ther. 24, 639-652 (2002).
    • (2002) Clin. Ther. , vol.24 , pp. 639-652
    • Wilson, R.1    Schentag, J.J.2    Ball, P.3    Mandell, L.4
  • 162
    • 0032835722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Wilson R, Kubin R, Ballin I et al. Five day moxifloxacin therapy compared with 7 day 172 clarithromycin therapy for the treatment of
    • (1999) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.44 , pp. 501-513
    • Wilson, R.1    Kubin, R.2    Ballin, I.3
  • 163
    • 1642378789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • MOSAIC Study Group
    • Wilson R, Allegra L, Huchon G, Izquierdo JL, Jones P, Shaberg T, Sagnier PR MOSAIC Study Group. Short-term and long-term outcomes of moxifloxacin compared to standard antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 125, 953-964 (2004).
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 953-964
    • Wilson, R.1    Allegra, L.2    Huchon, G.3    Izquierdo, J.L.4    Jones, P.5    Shaberg, T.6    Sagnier, P.P.7
  • 164
    • 0026634051 scopus 로고
    • Loracarbef (LY-163892) versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Zeckel ML, Jacobson KD, Guerra FJ, Therasse DG, Farlow D. Loracarbef (LY-163892) versus amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin. Ther. 14, 214-229 (1992).
    • (1992) Clin. Ther. , vol.14 , pp. 214-229
    • Zeckel, M.L.1    Jacobson, K.D.2    Guerra, F.J.3    Therasse, D.G.4    Farlow, D.5
  • 165
    • 0031608036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Randomized comparison of once-daily ceftibuten and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Ziering W, McElvaie P. Randomized comparison of once-daily ceftibuten and twice-daily clarithromycin in the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Infection 26, 72-75 (1998).
    • (1998) Infection , vol.26 , pp. 72-75
    • Ziering, W.1    McElvaie, P.2
  • 166
    • 0037484193 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Oral telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 5 days versus cefuroxime axetil 500 mg twice daily for 10 days in adults with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Zervos MJ, Heyder AM, Leroy B. Oral telithromycin 800 mg once daily for 5 days versus cefuroxime axetil 500 mg twice daily for 10 days in adults with acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. J. Int. Med. Res. 31, 157-169 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Int. Med. Res. , vol.31 , pp. 157-169
    • Zervos, M.J.1    Heyder, A.M.2    Leroy, B.3
  • 167
    • 11244268729 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Efficacy and safety of pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin-clavulanate at 2,000/125 milligrams twice daily for 5 days versus amoxicillin-clavulanate at 875/125 milligrams twice daily for 7 days in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Sethi S, Breton J Wynne B. Efficacy and safety of pharmacokinetically enhanced amoxicillin-clavulanate at 2,000/125 milligrams twice daily for 5 days versus amoxicillin-clavulanate at 875/125 milligrams twice daily for 7 days in the treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 49, 153-160 (2005).
    • (2005) Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. , vol.49 , pp. 153-160
    • Sethi, S.1    Breton, J.2    Wynne, B.3
  • 168
    • 18544369902 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel, single-dose microsphere formulation of azithromycin versus levofloxacin for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Zervos M, Breen J, Jorgensen DM, Goodrich JM. Novel, single-dose microsphere formulation of azithromycin versus levofloxacin for the treatment of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract, 13, 115-121 (2005).
    • (2005) Infect. Dis. Clin. Pract. , vol.13 , pp. 115-121
    • Zervos, M.1    Breen, J.2    Jorgensen, D.M.3    Goodrich, J.M.4
  • 169
    • 1642396545 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • No more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please
    • Miravitlles M, Torres A. No more equivalence trials for antibiotics in exacerbations of COPD, please. Chest 125, 811-813 (2004).
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , pp. 811-813
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Torres, A.2
  • 170
    • 1542313787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of various antimicrobial regimens on the clinical course of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care
    • Miravitlles M, Llor C, Naberan K, Cots JM, Molina J. Effect of various antimicrobial regimens on the clinical course of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in primary care. Clin. Drug Invest. 24, 63-72 (2004).
    • (2004) Clin. Drug Invest. , vol.24 , pp. 63-72
    • Miravitlles, M.1    Llor, C.2    Naberan, K.3    Cots, J.M.4    Molina, J.5
  • 171
    • 20444502136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Patient stratification in the management of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: The role of levofloxacin 750 mg
    • Martinez FJ, Grossman RF Zadeikis N et al. Patient stratification in the management of acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: the role of levofloxacin 750 mg. Eur. Respir. J 25(6), 1001-1010 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.25 , Issue.6 , pp. 1001-1010
    • Martinez, F.J.1    Grossman, R.F.2    Zadeikis, N.3
  • 172
    • 0032978901 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The infection-free interval: Its use in evaluating antimicrobial treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Anzueto A, Rizzo A Grossman RF The infection-free interval: its use in evaluating antimicrobial treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 28, 1344-1345 (1999).
    • (1999) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.28 , pp. 1344-1345
    • Anzueto, A.1    Rizzo, J.A.2    Grossman, R.F.3
  • 173
    • 21844464587 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical significance of the infection-free interval in the management of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Chodosh S. Clinical significance of the infection-free interval in the management of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Chest 127, 2231-2236 (2005).
    • (2005) Chest , vol.127 , pp. 2231-2236
    • Chodosh, S.1
  • 174
    • 0036635219 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: When are bacteria important?
    • Miravitlles M. Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: when are bacteria important? Eur. Respir. J. 20(Suppl. 36), 9S-19S (2002).
    • (2002) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.20 , Issue.SUPPL. 36
    • Miravitlles, M.1
  • 175
    • 19044395361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: Treatment challenges and the disease-free interval
    • Martinez FJ. Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis: treatment challenges and the disease-free interval. Infect. Med. 22, 217-223 (2005).
    • (2005) Infect. Med. , vol.22 , pp. 217-223
    • Martinez, F.J.1
  • 176
    • 10444284244 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Levofloxacin versus clarithromycin in COPD exacerbation: Focus on exacerbation-free interval
    • the Evaluation of Therapy-Free Interval in COPD Patients Study Group
    • Lode H, Eller J, Linnhoff A, Ioanas M, and the Evaluation of Therapy-Free Interval in COPD Patients Study Group. Levofloxacin versus clarithromycin in COPD exacerbation: focus on exacerbation-free interval. Eur. Respir. J. 24, 947-953 (2004).
    • (2004) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.24 , pp. 947-953
    • Lode, H.1    Eller, J.2    Linnhoff, A.3    Ioanas, M.4
  • 178
    • 0034047904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship of sputum color to nature and out-patient management of acute exacerbations of COPD
    • Stockley RA, O'Brien C, Pye A, Hill SL. Relationship of sputum color to nature and out-patient management of acute exacerbations of COPD. Chest 117, 1638-1645 (2000).
    • (2000) Chest , vol.117 , pp. 1638-1645
    • Stockley, R.A.1    O'Brien, C.2    Pye, A.3    Hill, S.L.4
  • 179
    • 18244386462 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sputum color as a marker of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Allegra L, Blasi F, Diano PL et al. Sputum color as a marker of acute bacterial exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir. Med. 99, 742-747 (2005).
    • (2005) Respir. Med. , vol.99 , pp. 742-747
    • Allegra, L.1    Blasi, F.2    Diano, P.L.3
  • 180
    • 16344373478 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Strategic targets of essential host-pathogen interactions
    • Blasi F, Tarsia P, Aliberti S. Strategic targets of essential host-pathogen interactions. Respiration 72, 9-25 (2005).
    • (2005) Respiration , vol.72 , pp. 9-25
    • Blasi, F.1    Tarsia, P.2    Aliberti, S.3
  • 181
    • 1342265610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: Cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial
    • Christ-Crain M, Jaccard-Stolz D, Bingisser R et al. Effect of procalcitonin-guided treatment on antibiotic use and outcome in lower respiratory tract infections: cluster-randomised, single-blinded intervention trial. Lancet 363, 600-607 (2004).
    • (2004) Lancet , vol.363 , pp. 600-607
    • Christ-Crain, M.1    Jaccard-Stolz, D.2    Bingisser, R.3
  • 182
    • 0036203652 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients
    • Reichenberger JM, Habicht JM, Gratwohl A, Tamm M. Diagnosis and treatment of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in neutropenic patients. Eur. Respir. J. 19, 743-755 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.19 , pp. 743-755
    • Reichenberger, J.M.1    Habicht, J.M.2    Gratwohl, A.3    Tamm, M.4
  • 183
    • 2342628547 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Acute bronchitis: State of the art diagnosis and therapy
    • Martinez FJ. Acute bronchitis: state of the art diagnosis and therapy. Compr. Ther. 30, 55-69 (2004).
    • (2004) Compr. Ther. , vol.30 , pp. 55-69
    • Martinez, F.J.1
  • 184
    • 0141670266 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Balter MS, La Forge J, Low DE, Mandell L, Grossman RF. Canadian guidelines for the management of acute exacerbations of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Can. Respir. J. 10(Suppl. B), 3B-32B (2003).
    • (2003) Can. Respir. J. , vol.10 , Issue.SUPPL. B
    • Balter, M.S.1    La Forge, J.2    Low, D.E.3    Mandell, L.4    Grossman, R.F.5
  • 185
    • 0029084854 scopus 로고
    • Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations
    • Ball P. Epidemiology and treatment of chronic bronchitis and its exacerbations. Chest 43S-52S (1995).
    • (1995) Chest
    • Ball, P.1
  • 186
    • 7744224943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The impact of antimicrobial resistance: Patterns for common respiratory pathogens
    • Martinez FJ. The impact of antimicrobial resistance: patterns for common respiratory pathogens. Consultant S1-S6 (2002).
    • (2002) Consultant
    • Martinez, F.J.1
  • 187
    • 23244465110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • In vivo development of high-level fluroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Perez-Trallero E, Marimon JM, Gonzales A, Ercibengoa M, Larruskain J. In vivo development of high-level fluroquinolone resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 560-564 (2005).
    • (2005) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.41 , pp. 560-564
    • Perez-Trallero, E.1    Marimon, J.M.2    Gonzales, A.3    Ercibengoa, M.4    Larruskain, J.5
  • 188
    • 0035282390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae: A case-control study
    • Ho PL, Tse WS, Tsang KWT et al. Risk factors for acquisition of levofloxacin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, a case-control study. Clin. Infect. Dis. 32, 701-707 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.32 , pp. 701-707
    • Ho, P.L.1    Tse, W.S.2    Tsang, K.W.T.3
  • 189
    • 0035882293 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae
    • Weiss K, Restieri C, Gauthier R et al. A nosocomial outbreak of fluoroquinolone-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Clin. Infect. Dis. 33, 517-522 (2001).
    • (2001) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.33 , pp. 517-522
    • Weiss, K.1    Restieri, C.2    Gauthier, R.3
  • 190
    • 18744377158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens
    • Wang D, Coscoy L, Zylberberg M et al. Microarray-based detection and genotyping of viral pathogens. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 99, 15687-15692 (2002).
    • (2002) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.99 , pp. 15687-15692
    • Wang, D.1    Coscoy, L.2    Zylberberg, M.3
  • 191
    • 4243142644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Viral discovery and sequence recovery using DNA microarrays
    • Wang D, Urisman A, Liu YT et al. Viral discovery and sequence recovery using DNA microarrays. PLoS Biol. 1, E2 (2003).
    • (2003) PLoS Biol. , vol.1
    • Wang, D.1    Urisman, A.2    Liu, Y.T.3
  • 192
    • 0037561920 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome
    • Rota PA, Oberste MS, Monroe SS et al. Characterization of a novel coronavirus associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Science 300, 1394-1399 (2003).
    • (2003) Science , vol.300 , pp. 1394-1399
    • Rota, P.A.1    Oberste, M.S.2    Monroe, S.S.3
  • 193
    • 4644298072 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of an oligonucleotide array for laboratory diagnosis of bacteria responsible for acute upper respiratory infections
    • Roth SB, Jalava J, Ruuskanen O, Ruohola A, Nikkari S. Use of an oligonucleotide array for laboratory diagnosis of bacteria responsible for acute upper respiratory infections. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42, 4268-4274 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.42 , pp. 4268-4274
    • Roth, S.B.1    Jalava, J.2    Ruuskanen, O.3    Ruohola, A.4    Nikkari, S.5
  • 194
    • 16844377833 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection and genotyping of Mycobacterium species from clinical isolates and specimens by oligonucleotide array
    • Park H, Jang H, Song E et al. Detection and genotyping of Myrobacterium species from clinical isolates and specimens by oligonucleotide array. J. Clin. Microbiol. 43, 1782-1788 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Clin. Microbiol. , vol.43 , pp. 1782-1788
    • Park, H.1    Jang, H.2    Song, E.3
  • 196
    • 21844439263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic selection patterns in acutely febrile new out-patients with or without immediate testing for C reactive protein and leucocyte count
    • Takemura Y, Ebisawa K, Kakoi H et al. Antibiotic selection patterns in acutely febrile new out-patients with or without, immediate testing for C reactive protein and leucocyte count. J. Clin. Phatol. 58, 729-733 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Clin. Phatol. , vol.58 , pp. 729-733
    • Takemura, Y.1    Ebisawa, K.2    Kakoi, H.3
  • 197
    • 21744443413 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: Systematic review
    • van der Meer V, Neven AK, van den Broek PJ, Assendelft WJ. Diagnostic value of C reactive protein in infections of the lower respiratory tract: systematic review. Br. Med. J. 331, 26 (2005).
    • (2005) Br. Med. J. , vol.331 , pp. 26
    • van der Meer, V.1    Neven, A.K.2    van den Broek, P.J.3    Assendelft, W.J.4
  • 198
    • 3242810355 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis
    • Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Infect. Dis. 39, 206-217 (2004).
    • (2004) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.39 , pp. 206-217
    • Simon, L.1    Gauvin, F.2    Amre, D.K.3    Saint-Louis, P.4    Lacroix, J.5
  • 199
    • 0034125698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiology and genetics of procalcitonin
    • Maruna P, Nedelnikova K, Gurlich R. Physiology and genetics of procalcitonin. Physiol. Res. 49(Suppl. 1), S57-S61 (2000).
    • (2000) Physiol. Res. , vol.49 , Issue.SUPPL. 1
    • Maruna, P.1    Nedelnikova, K.2    Gurlich, R.3
  • 200
    • 0027466275 scopus 로고
    • High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection
    • Assicot M, Gendrel D, Carsin H, Raymond J, Guilbaud J, Bohuon C. High serum procalcitonin concentrations in patients with sepsis and infection. Lancet 341, 515-518 (1993).
    • (1993) Lancet , vol.341 , pp. 515-518
    • Assicot, M.1    Gendrel, D.2    Carsin, H.3    Raymond, J.4    Guilbaud, J.5    Bohuon, C.6
  • 201
    • 0032830751 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of procalcitonin with C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interferon-alpha for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections
    • Gendrel D, Raymond J, Coste J et al. Comparison of procalcitonin with C-reactive protein, interleukin-6 and interferon-alpha for differentiation of bacterial vs. viral infections. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 18, 875-881 (1999).
    • (1999) Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. , vol.18 , pp. 875-881
    • Gendrel, D.1    Raymond, J.2    Coste, J.3
  • 202
    • 0034060554 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Calcitonin precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive care unit
    • Muller B, Becker KL, Schachinger H et al. Calcitonin precursors are reliable markers of sepsis in a medical intensive care unit. Crit. Care Med. 28, 977-983 (2000).
    • (2000) Crit. Care Med. , vol.28 , pp. 977-983
    • Muller, B.1    Becker, K.L.2    Schachinger, H.3
  • 203
    • 0344405707 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other kinds of inflammatory processes?
    • Delevaux I, Andre M, Colombier M et al. Can procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other kinds of inflammatory processes? Ann. Rheum. Dis. 62, 337-340 (2003).
    • (2003) Ann. Rheum. Dis. , vol.62 , pp. 337-340
    • Delevaux, I.1    Andre, M.2    Colombier, M.3
  • 204
    • 20444480168 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • COPD: Current therapeutic interventions and future approaches
    • Barnes PJ, Stockley RA. COPD: current therapeutic interventions and future approaches. Eur. Respir. J. 25, 1084-1106 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.25 , pp. 1084-1106
    • Barnes, P.J.1    Stockley, R.A.2
  • 205
    • 0242577949 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Contemporary management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific review
    • Sin DD, McAlister FA, Man SFP, Anthonisen NR. Contemporary management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Scientific review. JAMA 290, 2301-2312 (2003).
    • (2003) JAMA , vol.290 , pp. 2301-2312
    • Sin, D.D.1    McAlister, F.A.2    Man, S.F.P.3    Anthonisen, N.R.4
  • 206
    • 24644492301 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with tiotropium, a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator: A randomized trial
    • Niewoehner DE, Rice K, Cote C et al. Prevention of exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with tiotropium, a once-daily inhaled anticholinergic bronchodilator: a randomized trial. Ann. Intern. Med. 143, 317-326 (2005).
    • (2005) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.143 , pp. 317-326
    • Niewoehner, D.E.1    Rice, K.2    Cote, C.3
  • 208
    • 0037445151 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline: New perspectives for an old drug
    • Barnes PJ. Theophylline: new perspectives for an old drug. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 167, 813-818 (2003).
    • (2003) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.167 , pp. 813-818
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 209
    • 4544379912 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid responses in COPD macrophages
    • Cosio BG, Tsaprouni L, Ito K, Jazrawi E, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ. Theophylline restores histone deacetylase activity and steroid responses in COPD macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 200, 689-695 (2004).
    • (2004) J. Exp. Med. , vol.200 , pp. 689-695
    • Cosio, B.G.1    Tsaprouni, L.2    Ito, K.3    Jazrawi, E.4    Adcock, I.M.5    Barnes, P.J.6
  • 210
    • 0030984157 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline accelerates human granulocyte apoptosis not via phosphodiesterase inhibition
    • Yasui K, Hu B, Nakazawa T, Agematsu K, Komiyama A. Theophylline accelerates human granulocyte apoptosis not via phosphodiesterase inhibition. J. Clin. Invest. 100, 1677-1684 (1997).
    • (1997) J. Clin. Invest. , vol.100 , pp. 1677-1684
    • Yasui, K.1    Hu, B.2    Nakazawa, T.3    Agematsu, K.4    Komiyama, A.5
  • 211
    • 0033864739 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Theophylline induces neutrophil apoptosis through adenosine A2A receptor antagonism
    • Yasui K, Agematsu K, Shinozaki K et al. Theophylline induces neutrophil apoptosis through adenosine A2A receptor antagonism. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67, 529-535 (2000).
    • (2000) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.67 , pp. 529-535
    • Yasui, K.1    Agematsu, K.2    Shinozaki, K.3
  • 212
  • 213
    • 11844267183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Lipworth BJ. Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors for asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lancet 365, 167-175 (2005).
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.365 , pp. 167-175
    • Lipworth, B.J.1
  • 214
    • 23744451716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Roflumilastan oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A randomised controlled trial
    • Rabe KF, Bateman ED, O'Donnell DE, Witte S, Bredenbroker D, Bethke TD. Roflumilastan oral anti-inflammatory treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 366, 563-571 (2005).
    • (2005) Lancet , vol.366 , pp. 563-571
    • Rabe, K.F.1    Bateman, E.D.2    O'Donnell, D.E.3    Witte, S.4    Bredenbroker, D.5    Bethke, T.D.6
  • 215
    • 4544273263 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides in the lung: Lessons from in vitro and in vivo models
    • Tsai WC, Standiford TJ. Immunomodulatory effects of macrolides in the lung: lessons from in vitro and in vivo models. Curr. Pharmn. Des. 10, 2081-2093 (2004).
    • (2004) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.10 , pp. 2081-2093
    • Tsai, W.C.1    Standiford, T.J.2
  • 216
    • 13244291394 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides-an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions?
    • Amsden GW. Anti-inflammatory effects of macrolides-an underappreciated benefit in the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and chronic inflammatory pulmonary conditions? J. Antimicrob. Chemother. 55, 10-21 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Antimicrob. Chemother. , vol.55 , pp. 10-21
    • Amsden, G.W.1
  • 217
    • 4544247136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical implications of macrolide therapy in chronic sinopulmonary diseases
    • Martinez FJ, Simon RH. Clinical implications of macrolide therapy in chronic sinopulmonary diseases. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 3095-3110 (2004).
    • (2004) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.10 , pp. 3095-3110
    • Martinez, F.J.1    Simon, R.H.2
  • 218
    • 14844308020 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides
    • Tamaoki J, Kadota J, Takizawa H. Clinical implications of the immunomodulatory effects of macrolides. Am. J. Med. 117(Suppl. 9A), 5S-11S (2004).
    • (2004) Am. J. Med. , vol.117 , Issue.SUPPL. 9A
    • Tamaoki, J.1    Kadota, J.2    Takizawa, H.3
  • 219
    • 1042288092 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease
    • Rubin BK, Henke MO. Immunomodulatory activity and effectiveness of macrolides in chronic airway disease. Chest 125(2 Suppl.), 70S-78S (2004).
    • (2004) Chest , vol.125 , Issue.2 SUPPL.
    • Rubin, B.K.1    Henke, M.O.2
  • 220
    • 21444449868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Modulation of neutrophil and inflammation markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by short-term azithromycin treatment
    • Parnham MJ, Culic O, Erakovic V et al. Modulation of neutrophil and inflammation markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease by short-term azithromycin treatment. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 517, 132-143 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur. J. Pharmacol. , vol.517 , pp. 132-143
    • Parnham, M.J.1    Culic, O.2    Erakovic, V.3
  • 221
    • 4143127614 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effect of clarithromycin on inflammatory markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Preliminary data
    • Basyigit I, Yildiz F, Ozkara SK, Yildirim E, Boyact H, Ilgazli A. The effect of clarithromycin on inflammatory markers in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: preliminary data. Ann. Pharmacother. 38, 783-792 (2004).
    • (2004) Ann. Pharmacother. , vol.38 , pp. 783-792
    • Basyigit, I.1    Yildiz, F.2    Ozkara, S.K.3    Yildirim, E.4    Boyaci, H.5    Ilgazli, A.6
  • 222
    • 0034494399 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estudio prospective y comparative (1994-1998) sobre la influencia del tratamiento corto profilactico con azitromicina en pacientes con EPOC evolucionada
    • Gomez J, Banos V, Simarro E et al. Estudio prospective y comparative (1994-1998) sobre la influencia del tratamiento corto profilactico con azitromicina en pacientes con EPOC evolucionada. Rev. Fsp. Quimioter. 13, 379-383 (2000).
    • (2000) Rev. Fsp. Quimioter. , vol.13 , pp. 379-383
    • Gomez, J.1    Banos, V.2    Simarro, E.3
  • 223
    • 0034827610 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Erythromycin and common cold in COPD
    • Suzuki T, Yanai M, Yamaya M et al. Erythromycin and common cold in COPD. Chest 120, 730-733 (2001).
    • (2001) Chest , vol.120 , pp. 730-733
    • Suzuki, T.1    Yanai, M.2    Yamaya, M.3
  • 224
    • 0036063208 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systemic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials
    • Alseedi A, Sin DD, McAlister FA. The effects of inhaled corticosteroids in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systemic review of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Am. J. Med. 113, 59-65 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Med. , vol.113 , pp. 59-65
    • Alseedi, A.1    Sin, D.D.2    McAlister, F.A.3
  • 225
    • 5744243327 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combination therapy of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-adrenergics in management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Sin DD, Johnson M, Gan WQ, Man SF. Combination therapy of inhaled corticosteroids and long-acting β2-adrenergics in management of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Curr. Pharm. Des. 10, 3547-3560 (2004).
    • (2004) Curr. Pharm. Des. , vol.10 , pp. 3547-3560
    • Sin, D.D.1    Johnson, M.2    Gan, W.Q.3    Man, S.F.4
  • 226
    • 0033600275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effect of sytemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • for the Department of Veterans Affairs Co-operative Study Group
    • Niewoehner DE, Erbland ML, Deupree RH et al., for the Department of Veterans Affairs Co-operative Study Group. Effect of sytemic glucocorticoids on exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 340, 1941-1947 (1999).
    • (1999) N. Engl. J. Med. , vol.340 , pp. 1941-1947
    • Niewoehner, D.E.1    Erbland, M.L.2    Deupree, R.H.3
  • 227
    • 31144443019 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cell-mediated adaptive immune defense of the lungs
    • Curtis JL. Cell-mediated adaptive immune defense of the lungs. Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. 2(5), 412-416 (2005).
    • (2005) Proc. Am. Thorac. Soc. , vol.2 , Issue.5 , pp. 412-416
    • Curtis, J.L.1
  • 228
    • 0012626868 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • New concepts in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Barnes PJ. New concepts in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann. Rev. Med. 54, 113-129 (2003).
    • (2003) Ann. Rev. Med. , vol.54 , pp. 113-129
    • Barnes, P.J.1
  • 229
    • 18244410118 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Advances in the past 100 years
    • Shapiro SD, Ingenito EP. The pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Advances in the past 100 years. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 32, 367-372 (2005).
    • (2005) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.32 , pp. 367-372
    • Shapiro, S.D.1    Ingenito, E.P.2
  • 230
    • 0027410275 scopus 로고
    • Activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic bronchitis
    • Saetta M, Di Stefano A, Maestrelli P et al. Activated T-lymphocytes and macrophages in bronchial mucosa of subjects with chronic bronchitis. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 147, 301-306 (1993).
    • (1993) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.147 , pp. 301-306
    • Saetta, M.1    Di Stefano, A.2    Maestrelli, P.3
  • 231
    • 0030900606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inflammation in bronchial biopsies of subjects with chronic bronchitis: Inverse relationship of CD8+ T-lymphocytes with FEV1
    • O'Shaughnessy TC, Ansari TW, Barnes NC, Jeffery PK. Inflammation in bronchial biopsies of subjects with chronic bronchitis: inverse relationship of CD8+ T-lymphocytes with FEV1. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 155, 852-857 (1997).
    • (1997) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.155 , pp. 852-857
    • O'Shaughnessy, T.C.1    Ansari, T.W.2    Barnes, N.C.3    Jeffery, P.K.4
  • 232
    • 0037383155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Nuclear localisation of p65 in sputum macrophages but not in sputum neutrophils during COPD exacerbations
    • Caramori G, Romagnoli M, Casolari P et al. Nuclear localisation of p65 in sputum macrophages; but not in sputum neutrophils during COPD exacerbations. Thorax 58, 348-351 (2003).
    • (2003) Thorax , vol.58 , pp. 348-351
    • Caramori, G.1    Romagnoli, M.2    Casolari, P.3
  • 233
    • 0034949094 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lymphocyte population and apoptosis in the lungs of smokers and their relation to emphysema
    • Majo J, Ghezzo H, Cosio MG. Lymphocyte population and apoptosis in the lungs of smokers and their relation to emphysema. Eur. Respir. J. 17, 946-953 (2001).
    • (2001) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.17 , pp. 946-953
    • Majo, J.1    Ghezzo, H.2    Cosio, M.G.3
  • 234
    • 0037092562 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL10 in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Saetta M, Mariani M, Panina-Bordignon P et al. Increased expression of the chemokine receptor CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL10 in peripheral airways of smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 165, 1404-1409 (2002).
    • (2002) Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. , vol.165 , pp. 1404-1409
    • Saetta, M.1    Mariani, M.2    Panina-Bordignon, P.3
  • 235
    • 15744363493 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An immune basis for lung parenchymal destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema
    • Grumelli S, Corry DB, Song LZ et al. An immune basis for lung parenchymal destruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and emphysema. PLOS Med. 1, 75-83 (2004).
    • (2004) PLOS Med. , vol.1 , pp. 75-83
    • Grumelli, S.1    Corry, D.B.2    Song, L.Z.3
  • 237
    • 5644277476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation
    • Kolls JK, Linden A. Interleukin-17 family members and inflammation. Immunity 21, 467-476 (2004).
    • (2004) Immunity , vol.21 , pp. 467-476
    • Kolls, J.K.1    Linden, A.2
  • 238
    • 0037592950 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stimulation of airway mucin gene expression by interleukin (IL)-17 through IL-6 paracrine/autocrine loop
    • Chen Y, Thai P, Zhao YH Ho YS, DeSouza MM, Wu R. Stimulation of airway mucin gene expression by interleukin (IL)-17 through IL-6 paracrine/ autocrine loop. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 17036-17043 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 17036-17043
    • Chen, Y.1    Thai, P.2    Zhao, Y.H.3    Ho, Y.S.4    DeSouza, M.M.5    Wu, R.6
  • 239
    • 0033638507 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12
    • Oppmann B, Lesley R, Blom B et al. Novel p19 protein engages IL-12p40 to form a cytokine, IL-23, with biological activities similar as well as distinct from IL-12. Immunity 13, 715-725 (2000).
    • (2000) Immunity , vol.13 , pp. 715-725
    • Oppmann, B.1    Lesley, R.2    Blom, B.3
  • 240
    • 0037449737 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T-cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17
    • Aggarwal S, Ghilardi N, Xie MH, de Sauvage FJ, Gurney AL. Interleukin-23 promotes a distinct CD4 T-cell activation state characterized by the production of interleukin-17. J. Biol. Chem. 278, 1910-1914 (2003).
    • (2003) J. Biol. Chem. , vol.278 , pp. 1910-1914
    • Aggarwal, S.1    Ghilardi, N.2    Xie, M.H.3    de Sauvage, F.J.4    Gurney, A.L.5
  • 243
    • 0038758943 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Longitudinal analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa antigen-specific T-cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: Association with disease activity and cross-reactivity to a peptide from HIVenv gp120
    • Hohn H, Kortsik C, Tully G et al, Longitudinal analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis 19-kDa antigen-specific T-cells in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: association with disease activity and cross-reactivity to a peptide from HIVenv gp120. Eur. J. Immunol. 33, 1613-1623 (2003).
    • (2003) Eur. J. Immunol. , vol.33 , pp. 1613-1623
    • Hohn, H.1    Kortsik, C.2    Tully, G.3
  • 244
    • 0026877873 scopus 로고
    • A factor secreted by a human pulmonary alveolar epithelial-like cell line blocks T-cell proliferation between G1 and S phase
    • Paine R III, Chavis A, Gaposchkin D et al. A factor secreted by a human pulmonary alveolar epithelial-like cell line blocks T-cell proliferation between G1 and S phase. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 6, 658-666 (1992).
    • (1992) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.6 , pp. 658-666
    • Paine III, R.1    Chavis, A.2    Gaposchkin, D.3
  • 245
    • 0027223560 scopus 로고
    • Human pulmonary macrophages utilize prostaglandins and transforming growth factor b1 to suppress lymphocyte activation
    • Roth MD, Golub SH. Human pulmonary macrophages utilize prostaglandins and transforming growth factor b1 to suppress lymphocyte activation. J. Leukoc. Biol. 53, 366-371 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Leukoc. Biol. , vol.53 , pp. 366-371
    • Roth, M.D.1    Golub, S.H.2
  • 246
    • 0032089035 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lung lymphocytes proliferate minimally in the murine pulmonary immune response to intratracheal sheep erythrocytes
    • Seitzman GD, Sonstein J, Kim S, Choy W, Curtis JL. Lung lymphocytes proliferate minimally in the murine pulmonary immune response to intratracheal sheep erythrocytes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 18, 800-812 (1998).
    • (1998) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.18 , pp. 800-812
    • Seitzman, G.D.1    Sonstein, J.2    Kim, S.3    Choy, W.4    Curtis, J.L.5
  • 247
    • 0032212269 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant rat surfactant-associated protein D inhibits human T-lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production
    • Borron PJ, Crouch EC, Lewis JF, Wright JR, Possmayer F, Fraher LJ. Recombinant rat surfactant-associated protein D inhibits human T-lymphocyte proliferation and IL-2 production. J. Immunol. 161, 4599-4603 (1998).
    • (1998) J. Immunol. , vol.161 , pp. 4599-4603
    • Borron, P.J.1    Crouch, E.C.2    Lewis, J.F.3    Wright, J.R.4    Possmayer, F.5    Fraher, L.J.6
  • 248
    • 0000716571 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Surfactant protein A inhibits T-cell proliferation via its collagen-like tail and a 210-kDa receptor
    • Borron P, McCormack FX, Elhalwagi BM et al. Surfactant protein A inhibits T-cell proliferation via its collagen-like tail and a 210-kDa receptor. Am. J. Physiol. 275, L679-L686 (1998).
    • (1998) Am. J. Physiol. , vol.275
    • Borron, P.1    McCormack, F.X.2    Elhalwagi, B.M.3
  • 249
    • 0037111373 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D directly suppress CD3+/CD4+ cell function: Evidence for two shared mechanisms
    • Borron PJ, Mostaghel EA, Doyle C, Walsh ES, McHeyzer-Williams MG, Wright JR. Pulmonary surfactant proteins A and D directly suppress CD3+/CD4+ cell function: evidence for two shared mechanisms. J. Immunol. 169, 5844-5850 (2002).
    • (2002) J. Immunol. , vol.169 , pp. 5844-5850
    • Borron, P.J.1    Mostaghel, E.A.2    Doyle, C.3    Walsh, E.S.4    McHeyzer-Williams, M.G.5    Wright, J.R.6
  • 250
    • 0022632145 scopus 로고
    • Human alveolar macrophages: HLA-DR-positive cells that are poor stimulators of a primary mixed leukocyte reaction
    • Lipscomb ME Lyons CR, Nunez G et al. Human alveolar macrophages: HLA-DR-positive cells that are poor stimulators of a primary mixed leukocyte reaction. J. Immunol. 136, 497-504 (1986).
    • (1986) J. Immunol. , vol.136 , pp. 497-504
    • Lipscomb, M.F.1    Lyons, C.R.2    Nunez, G.3
  • 251
    • 0024378214 scopus 로고
    • Alveolar macrophage elimination in vivo is associated with an increase in pulmonary immune response in mice
    • Thepen T, Van Rooijen N, Kraal G. Alveolar macrophage elimination in vivo is associated with an increase in pulmonary immune response in mice. J. Exp. Med. 170, 499-509 (1989).
    • (1989) J. Exp. Med. , vol.170 , pp. 499-509
    • Thepen, T.1    Van Rooijen, N.2    Kraal, G.3
  • 252
    • 0027052673 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of IgE production in pre-sensitized animals: In vivo elimination of alveolar macrophages preferentially increases IgE responses to inhaled allergen
    • Thepen T, McMenamin C, Girn B, Kraal G, Holt PG. Regulation of IgE production in pre-sensitized animals: in vivo elimination of alveolar macrophages preferentially increases IgE responses to inhaled allergen. Clin. Exp. Allergy 22, 1107-1114 (1992).
    • (1992) Clin. Exp. Allergy , vol.22 , pp. 1107-1114
    • Thepen, T.1    McMenamin, C.2    Girn, B.3    Kraal, G.4    Holt, P.G.5
  • 253
    • 0026261689 scopus 로고
    • Human alveolar macrophages inhibit receptor-mediated increases in intracellular calcium concentration in lymphocytes
    • Yarbrough WC Jr, Wilkes DS, Weissier JC. Human alveolar macrophages inhibit receptor-mediated increases in intracellular calcium concentration in lymphocytes. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 5, 411-415 (1991).
    • (1991) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.5 , pp. 411-415
    • Yarbrough Jr., W.C.1    Wilkes, D.S.2    Weissier, J.C.3
  • 254
    • 0027461765 scopus 로고
    • Downregulation of the antigen-presenting cell function(s) of pulmonary dendritic cells in vivo by resident alveolar macrophages
    • Holt PG, Oliver J, Bilyk N et al. Downregulation of the antigen-presenting cell function(s) of pulmonary dendritic cells in vivo by resident alveolar macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 177, 397-407 (1993).
    • (1993) J. Exp. Med. , vol.177 , pp. 397-407
    • Holt, P.G.1    Oliver, J.2    Bilyk, N.3
  • 255
    • 0742290128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoke decreases pulmonary dendritic cells and impacts antiviral immune responsiveness
    • Robbins CS, Dawe DE, Goncharova SI et al. Cigarette smoke decreases pulmonary dendritic cells and impacts antiviral immune responsiveness. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 30, 202-211 (2004).
    • (2004) Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. , vol.30 , pp. 202-211
    • Robbins, C.S.1    Dawe, D.E.2    Goncharova, S.I.3
  • 256
    • 0023859114 scopus 로고
    • Accumulation of Langerhans' cells on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract in normal subjects in association with cigarette smoking
    • Casolaro MA, Bernaudin JF, Saltini C, Ferrans VJ, Crystal RG. Accumulation of Langerhans' cells on the epithelial surface of the lower respiratory tract in normal subjects in association with cigarette smoking. Am. Rev Respir. Dis. 137, 406-411 (1988).
    • (1988) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.137 , pp. 406-411
    • Casolaro, M.A.1    Bernaudin, J.F.2    Saltini, C.3    Ferrans, V.J.4    Crystal, R.G.5
  • 257
    • 0024334716 scopus 로고
    • Cigarette smoking-induced changes in the number and differentiated state of pulmonary dendritic cells/Langerhans cells
    • Soler P, Moreau A, Basset F, Hance AJ. Cigarette smoking-induced changes in the number and differentiated state of pulmonary dendritic cells/ Langerhans cells. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 139, 1112-1117 (1989).
    • (1989) Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. , vol.139 , pp. 1112-1117
    • Soler, P.1    Moreau, A.2    Basset, F.3    Hance, A.J.4
  • 258
    • 23244454436 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • CCR2 and CCR6, but not endothelial selectins, mediate the accumulation of immature dendritic cells within the lungs of mice in response to particulate antigen
    • Osterholzer JJ, Ames T, Polak T et al. CCR2 and CCR6, but not enclothelial selectins, mediate the accumulation of immature dendritic cells within the lungs of mice in response to particulate antigen. J. Immunol. 175, 874-883 (2005).
    • (2005) J. Immunol. , vol.175 , pp. 874-883
    • Osterholzer, J.J.1    Ames, T.2    Polak, T.3
  • 259
    • 23244452361 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
    • Hamelin ME, Cote S, Laforge J et al. Human metapneumovirus infection in adults with community-acquired pneumonia and exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41, 498-502 (2005).
    • (2005) Clin. Infect. Dis. , vol.41 , pp. 498-502
    • Hamelin, M.E.1    Cote, S.2    Laforge, J.3
  • 260
    • 0000952206 scopus 로고
    • Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Elmes PC, Fletcher CM, Dutton AA. Prophylactic use of oxytetracycline for exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br. Med. J. 2, 1272-1275 (1957).
    • (1957) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 1272-1275
    • Elmes, P.C.1    Fletcher, C.M.2    Dutton, A.A.3
  • 261
    • 0000524995 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic regimes in chronic bronchitis
    • Fear EC, Edwards G. Antibiotic regimes in chronic bronchitis. Br. J. Dir. Chest 56, 153-162 (1962).
    • (1962) Br. J. Dir. Chest , vol.56 , pp. 153-162
    • Fear, E.C.1    Edwards, G.2
  • 262
    • 0001244281 scopus 로고
    • Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Elmes PC, King TK, Langlands JH et al. Value of ampicillin in the hospital treatment of exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br. Med. J. 5467, 904-908 (1965).
    • (1965) Br. Med. J. , vol.5467 , pp. 904-908
    • Elmes, P.C.1    King, T.K.2    Langlands, J.H.3
  • 263
    • 0014125482 scopus 로고
    • A controlled study of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis: An evaluation using pulmonary function tests
    • Petersen ES, Esmann V, Honcke P et al. A controlled study of the effect of treatment on chronic bronchitis: an evaluation using pulmonary function tests. Acta Med. Scand. 182, 293-305 (1967).
    • (1967) Acta Med. Scand. , vol.182 , pp. 293-305
    • Petersen, E.S.1    Esmann, V.2    Honcke, P.3
  • 264
    • 0014426674 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic regimens in severe and acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
    • Pines A, Raafat H, Plucinski K et al. Antibiotic regimens in severe and acute purulent exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. Br. Med. J. 2, 735-738 (1968).
    • (1968) Br. Med. J. , vol.2 , pp. 735-738
    • Pines, A.1    Raafat, H.2    Plucinski, K.3
  • 265
    • 0015325381 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbation of chronic bronchitis
    • Pines A, Raafat H, Greenfiled JS et al. Antibiotic regimens in moderately ill patients with purulent exacerbation of chronic bronchitis. Br. J. Dis. Chest 66, 107-115 (1972).
    • (1972) Br. J. Dis. Chest , vol.66 , pp. 107-115
    • Pines, A.1    Raafat, H.2    Greenfiled, J.S.3
  • 266
    • 0019981027 scopus 로고
    • Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A controlled study using tetracycline
    • Nicotra MB, Rivera M, Awe RJ. Antibiotic therapy of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a controlled study using tetracycline. Ann. Intern. Med 97, 18-21 (1982).
    • (1982) Ann. Intern. Med. , vol.97 , pp. 18-21
    • Nicotra, M.B.1    Rivera, M.2    Awe, R.J.3
  • 267
    • 0026534661 scopus 로고
    • Amoxicillin in treatment of acute uncomplicated exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: A double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study in general practice
    • Jorgensen AF, Coolidge J, Pedersen PA, Petersen KP, Waldroff S, Widding E. Amoxicillin in treatment of acute uncomplicated exacerbations of chronic bronchitis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled multicenter study in general practice. Scand. J. Prim, Health Care 10, 7-11 (1992).
    • (1992) Scand. J. Prim. Health Care , vol.10 , pp. 7-11
    • Jorgensen, A.F.1    Coolidge, J.2    Pedersen, P.A.3    Petersen, K.P.4    Waldroff, S.5    Widding, E.6
  • 268
    • 0031974453 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs. usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group
    • Grossman R, Mukherjee J, Vaughan D et al. A 1-year community-based health economic study of ciprofloxacin vs. usual antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. The Canadian Ciprofloxacin Health Economic Study Group. Chest 113, 131-141 (1998).
    • (1998) Chest , vol.113 , pp. 131-141
    • Grossman, R.1    Mukherjee, J.2    Vaughan, D.3
  • 269
    • 1842552109 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: A summary of the ATS/ERS position paper
    • committee members. ATS/ERS Task Force
    • Celli BR, MacNee W, and committee members. ATS/ERS Task Force. Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur. Respir. J. 23(6), 932-946 (2004).
    • (2004) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.23 , Issue.6 , pp. 932-946
    • Celli, B.R.1    MacNee, W.2
  • 270
    • 2542475819 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National clinical guideline on management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care
    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. National clinical guideline on management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in adults in primary and secondary care. Thorax 59(Suppl. 1), 11-1232 (2004).
    • (2004) Thorax , vol.59 , Issue.SUPPL. 1 , pp. 11-1232
  • 271
    • 29244469121 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections
    • Woodhead M, Blasi F, Ewig S et al. Guidelines for the management of adult lower respiratory tract infections. Eur. Respir. J. 26(6), 1138-1180 (2005).
    • (2005) Eur. Respir. J. , vol.26 , Issue.6 , pp. 1138-1180
    • Woodhead, M.1    Blasi, F.2    Ewig, S.3


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.