Mortality in COPD: Role of comorbidities

European Respiratory Journal

Volumn 28, Issue 6, 2006, Pages 1245-1257

  Sin, D D ^a,b   Anthonisen, N R ^c   Soriano, J B ^d,f,g   Agusti, A G ^d,e  

^a ST PAUL S HOSPITAL   (Canada)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BRITISH COLUMBIA   (Canada)

^c UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA   (Canada)

^d Fundacio Caubet Cimera Illes Balears ^*  (Spain)

^e HOSPITAL UNIVERSITARIO SON ESPASES   (Spain)

^f LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^g UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; Comorbidities; Inflammation; Mortality

Indexed keywords

CREACTIVE PROTEIN; DISEASE MODIFYING ANTIRHEUMATIC DRUG; FIBRINOGEN; IMMUNOGLOBULIN ENHANCER BINDING PROTEIN; METHOTREXATE; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR ALPHA;

ACUTE HEART INFARCTION; AIRWAY OBSTRUCTION; ATHEROSCLEROSIS; BODY MASS; CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHRONIC INFLAMMATION; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; CHRONIC RESPIRATORY FAILURE; CIGARETTE SMOKING; CLINICAL TRIAL; COMORBIDITY; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DYSPNEA; EXERCISE; FORCED EXPIRATORY VOLUME; HEALTH STATUS; HUMAN; INTERNATIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES; LUNG CANCER; LUNG CARCINOGENESIS; META ANALYSIS; MORTALITY; NONHUMAN; OXYGEN THERAPY; PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; REVIEW; RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; SURVIVAL TIME; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW;

COMORBIDITY; HEALTH STATUS; HUMANS; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE;

EID: 33845361633     PISSN: 09031936     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00133805     Document Type: Review

References (96)

1. Murray CJ, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990-2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1498-1504.
2. Lopez AD, Shibuya K, Rao C, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: current burden and future projections. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 397-412.
3. Anthonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE. The effects of a smoking cessation intervention on 14.5-year mortality: a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 233-239.
4. Medical Research Council Working Party. Long term domiciliary oxygen therapy in chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale complicating chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Lancet 1981; 1: 681-686.
5. Nocturnal Oxygen Therapy Trial Group. Continuous or nocturnal oxygen therapy in hypoxemic chronic obstructive lung disease: a clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 1980; 93: 391-398.
6. Chaouat A, Weitzenblum E, Kessler R, et al. A randomized trial of nocturnal oxygen therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 1999; 14: 1002-1008.
7. Górecka D, Gorzelak K, Sliwinski P, Tobiasz M, Zielinski J. Effect of long-term oxygen therapy on survival in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with moderate hypoxaemia. Thorax 1997; 52: 674-679.
8. Vestbo J, The TORCH Study Group. The TORCH (TOwards a Revolution in COPD Health) survival study protocol. Eur Respir J 2004; 24: 206-210.
9. Decramer M, Celli B, Tashkin DP, et al. Clinical trial design considerations in assessing long-term functional impacts of tiotropium in COPD: The Uplift trial. COPD 2004; 1: 303-312.
10. Soriano JB, Visick GT, Muellerova H, Payvandi N, Hansell AL. Patterns of comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in the primary care. Chest 2005; 128: 2099-2107.
11. Mapel DW, Hurley JS, Frost FJ, Petersen HV, Picchi MA, Coultas DB. Health care utilization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A case-control study in a health maintenance organization. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 2653-2658.
12. Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR. A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 1987; 40: 373-383.
13. Groenewegen KH, Schols AM, Wouters EF. Mortality and mortality-related factors after hospitalization for acute exacerbation of COPD. Chest 2003; 124: 459-467.
14. Almagro P, Calbo F, Ochoa de Echaguen A, et al. Mortality after hospitalization for COPD. Chest 2002; 121: 1441-1448.
15. Deyo RA, Cherkin DC, Ciol MA. Adapting a clinical comorbidity index for use with ICD-9-CM administrative databases. J Clin Epidemiol 1992; 45: 613-619.
16. Patil SP, Krishnan JA, Lechtzin N, Diette GB. In-hospital mortality following acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1180-1186.
17. Antonelli-Incalzi R, Fuso L, De Rosa M, et al. Co-morbidity contributes to predict mortality of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 2794-2800.
18. Fuso L, Incalzi RA, Pistelli R, et al. Predicting mortality of patients hospitalized for acutely exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Med 1995; 98: 272-277.
19. Carson JL, Terrin ML, Duff A, Kelley MA. Pulmonary embolism and mortality in patients with COPD. Chest 1996; 110: 1212-1219.
20. Holguin F, Folch E, Redd SC, Mannino DM. Comorbidity and mortality in COPD-related hospitalizations in the United States, 1979 to 2001. Chest 2005; 128: 2005-2011.
21. Zielinski J, MacNee W, Wedzicha J, et al. Causes of death in patients with COPD and chronic respiratory failure. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1997; 52: 43-47.
22. Zielinski J. Circumstances of death in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 1998; 53: 324-330.
23. Garcia-Aymerich J, Farrero E, Felez MA, Izquierdo J, Marrades RM, Anto JM. Risk factors of readmission to hospital for a COPD exacerbation: a prospective study. Thorax 2003; 58: 100-105.
24. Waterhouse JC, Fishwick D, Anderson JA, Claverley PMA, Burge PS. What caused death in the inhaled steroids in obstructive lung disease in Europe (ISOLDE) studv? Eur Respir J 1999; 14: Suppl. 30, 387s.
25. Keistinen T, Tuuponen T, Kivela SL. Survival experience of the population needing hospital treatment for asthma or COPD at age 50-54 years. Respir Med 1998; 92: 568-572.
26. Vilkman S, Keistinen T, Tuuponen T, Kivela SL. Survival and cause of death among elderly chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after first admission to hospital. Respiration 1997; 64: 281-284.
27. 1. The Lung Health Study. JAMA 1994; 272: 1497-1505.
28. Celli BR, Cote CG, Marin JM, et al. The body-mass index, airflow obstruction, dyspnea, and exercise capacity index in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1005-1012.
29. Freeborne N, Lynn J, Desbiens NA. Insights about dying from the SUPPORT project. The Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: Suppl. 5, S199-S205.
30. Lynn J, Ely EW, Zhong Z, et al. Living and dying with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2000; 48: Suppl. 5, S91-S100.
31. Connors AF Jr, Dawson NV, Thomas C, et al. Outcomes following acute exacerbation of severe chronic obstructive lung disease. The SUPPORT investigators (Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatments). Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996; 154: 959-967.
32. Hansell AL, Walk JA, Soriano JB. What do chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients die from? A multiple cause coding analysis. Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 809-814.
33. Mannino DM, Brown C, Giovino GA. Obstructive lung disease deaths in the United States from 1979 through 1993. An analysis using multiple-cause mortality data. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 814-818.
34. European Respiratory Society, European Lung Foundation. Loddenkemper R, Gibson GJ, Sibille Y, eds. Lung Health in Europe Facts and Figures. Sheffield, ERSJ, 2003; pp. 34-43.
35. Agusti AG, Noguera A, Sauleda J, Sala E, Pons J, Busquets X. Systemic effects of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003; 21: 347-360.
36. Gan WQ, Man SF, Senthilselvan A, Sin DD. Association between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and systemic inflammation: a systematic review and a meta-analysis. Thorax 2004; 59: 574-580.
37. Celli BR, MacNee W, ATS/ERS committee members, Standards for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS position paper. Eur Respir J 2004; 23: 932-946.
38. Davis AL. Bronchogenic carcinoma in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JAMA 1976; 235: 621-622.
39. Mayne ST, Buenconsejo J, Janerich DT. Previous lung disease and risk of lung cancer among men and women nonsmokers. Am J Epidemiol 1999; 149: 13-20.
40. Brownson RC, Alavanja MC. Previous lung disease and lung cancer risk among women (United States). Cancer Causes Control 2000; 11: 853-858.
41. Mannino DM, Aguayo SM, Petty TL, Redd SC. Low lung function and incident lung cancer in the United States: data from the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey follow-up. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1475-1480.
42. Papi A, Casoni C, Caramori G, et al. COPD increases the risk of squamous histological subtype in smokers who develop non-small cell lung carcinoma. Thorax 2004; 59: 679-681.
43. Virchow R. Aetiologie der neoplastischen Geschwülste/Pathogenie der neoplastischen Geschwülste. In: Die Krankhaften Geschwülste. Berlin, Verlag von August Hirschwald, 1863; pp. 57-101.
44. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO. Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer. A population-based study. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 1228-1233.
45. Chisari FV. Rous-Whipple Award Lecture. Viruses, immunity, and cancer: lessons from hepatitis B. Am J Pathol 2000; 156: 1117-1132.
46. Lowenfels AB, Maisonneuve P, Cavallini G, et al. Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993; 328: 1433-1437.
47. Provenzale D, Schmitt C, Wong JB. Barrett's esophagus: a new look at surveillance based on emerging estimates of cancer risk. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 2043-2053.
48. O'Byrne KJ, Dalgleish AG. Chronic immune activation and inflammation as the cause of malignancy. Br J Cancer 2001; 85: 473-483.
49. Brown JR, Du Bois RN. Cyclooxygenase-2 in lung carcinogenesis and chemoprevention: Roger S. Mitchell lecture. Chest 2004; 125: Suppl. 5, 134S-140S.
50. Chiarugi V, Magnelli L, Gallo O. Cox-2, iNOS and p53 as play-makers of tumor angiogenesis (review). Int J Mol Med 1998; 2: 715-719.
51. Yamamoto Y, Gaynor RB. Therapeutic potential of inhibition of the NF-kappaB pathway in the treatment of inflammation and cancer. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 135-142.
52. Wasswa-Kintu S, Gan WQ, Man SF, Pare PD, Sin DD. Relationship between reduced forced expiratory volume in one second and the risk of lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thorax 2005; 60: 570-575.
53. Wright JG, Christman JW. The role of nuclear factor kappa B in the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases: implications for therapy. Am J Respir Med 2003; 2: 211-219.
54. Teramoto S, Kume H. The role of nuclear factor-kappa B activation in airway inflammation following adenovirus infection and COPD. Chest 2001; 119: 1294-1295.
55. Mukhopadhyay T, Roth JA, Maxwell SA. Altered expression of the p50 subunit of the NF-kappa B transcription factor complex in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Oncogene 1995; 11: 999-1003.
56. Pikarsky E, Porat RM, Stein I, et al. NF-kappaB functions as a tumour promoter in inflammation-associated cancer. Nature 2004; 431: 461-466.
57. Greten FR, Eckmann L, Greten TF, et al. IKKbeta links inflammation and tumorigenesis in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Cell 2004; 118: 285-296.
58. Rogers DF. Mucociliary dysfunction in COPD: effect of current pharmacotherapeutic options. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2005; 18: 1-8.
59. Berger JS, Sanborn TA, Sherman W, Brown DL. Effect of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on survival of patients with coronary heart disease having percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol 2004; 94: 649-651.
60. Curkendall SM, Deluise C, Jones JK, et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Saskatchewan Canada cardiovascular disease in COPD patients. Ann Epidemiol 2006; 16: 63-70.
61. Hudson LD, Kurt TL, Petty TL, Genton E. Arrhythmias associated with acute respiratory failure in patients with chronic airway obstruction. Chest 1973; 63: 661-665.
62. Gulsvik A, Hansteen V, Sivertssen E. Cardiac arrhythmias in patients with serious pulmonary diseases. Scand J Respir Dis 1978; 59: 154-159.
63. Sin DD, Wu L, Man SF. The relationship between reduced lung function and cardiovascular mortality: a population-based study and a systematic review of the literature. Chest 2005; 127: 1952-1959.
64. Sorlie PD, Kannel WB, O'Connor G. Mortality associated with respiratory function and symptoms in advanced age. The Framingham Study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 140: 379-384.
65. Ebi-Kryston KL, Hawthorne VM, Rose G, et al. Breathlessness, chronic bronchitis and reduced pulmonary function as predictors of cardiovascular disease mortality among men in England, Scotland and the United States. Int J Epidemiol 1989; 18: 84-88.
66. Persson C, Bengtsson C, Lapidus L, Rybo E, Thiringer G, Wedel H. Peak expiratory flow and risk of cardiovascular disease and death. A 12-year follow-up of participants in the population study of women in Gothenburg, Sweden. Am J Epidemiol 1986; 124: 942-948.
67. Truelsen T, Prescott E, Lange P, Schnohr P, Boysen G. Lung function and risk of fatal and non-fatal stroke. The Copenhagen City Heart Study. Int J Epidemiol 2001; 30: 145-151.
68. Stavem K, Aaser F, Sandvik L, et al. Lung function, smoking and mortality in a 26-year follow-up of healthy middle-aged males. Eur Respir J 2005; 25: 618-625.
69. Hole DJ, Watt GC, Davey-Smith G, Hart CL, Gillis CR, Hawthorne VM. Impaired lung function and mortality risk in men and women: findings from the Renfrew and Paisley prospective population study. BMJ 1996; 313: 711-715.
70. Engstrom G, Lind P, Hedblad B, et al. Lung function and cardiovascular risk: relationship with inflammation-sensitive plasma proteins. Circulation 2002; 106: 2555-2560.
71. Friedman GD, Klatsky AL, Siegelaub AB. Lung function and risk of myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death. N Engl J Med 1976; 294: 1071-1075.
72. Bang KM, Gergen PJ, Kramer R, Cohen B. The effect of pulmonary impairment on all-cause mortality in a national cohort. Chest 1993; 103: 536-540.
73. Schunemann HJ, Dorn J, Grant BJ, Winkelstein WJ, Trevisan M. Pulmonary function is a long-term predictor of mortality in the general population: 29-year follow-up of the Buffalo Health Study. Chest 2000; 118: 656-664.
74. Sin DD, Man SF. Why are patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at increased risk of cardiovascular diseases? The potential role of systemic inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Circulation 2003; 107: 1514-1519.
75. Ross R. Atherosclerosis - an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 115-126.
76. Danesh J, Whincup P, Walker M, et al. Low grade inflammation and coronary heart disease: prospective study and updated meta-analyses. BMJ 2000; 321: 199-204.
77. Ridker PM. Clinical application of C-reactive protein for cardiovascular disease detection and prevention. Circulation 2003; 107: 363-369.
78. Ridker PM. Evaluating novel cardiovascular risk factors: can we better predict heart attacks? Ann Intern Med 1999; 130: 933-937.
79. Lusis AJ. Atherosclerosis. Nature 2000; 407: 233-241.
80. Verma S, Li SH, Badiwala MV, et al. Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein. Circulation 2002; 105: 1890-1896.
81. Verma S, Yeh ET. C-reactive protein and atherothrombosis - beyond a biomarker: an actual partaker of lesion formation. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2003; 285: R1253-R1256.
82. Verma S, Wang CH, Li SH, et al. A self-fulfilling prophecy: C-reactive protein attenuates nitric oxide production and inhibits angiogenesis. Circulation 2002; 106: 913-919.
83. Yeh ET, Anderson HV, Pasceri V, Wilterson JT. C-reactive protein: linking inflammation to cardiovascular complications. Circulation 2001; 104: 974-975.
84. Van Doornum S, McColl G, Wicks IP. Accelerated atherosclerosis: an extraarticular feature of rheumatoid arthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2002; 46: 862-873.
85. Choi HK, Hernan MA, Seeger JD, Robins JM, Wolfe F. Methotrexate and mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a prospective study. Lancet 2002; 359: 1173-1177.
86. Roman MJ, Shanker BA, Davis A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. N Engl J Med 2003; 349: 2399-2406.
87. Wedzicha JA, Seemungal TA, MacCallum PK, et al. Acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are accompanied by elevations of plasma fibrinogen and serum IL-6 levels. Thromb Haemost 2000; 84: 210-215.
88. Di Francia M, Barbier D, Mege JL, Orehek J. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels and weight loss in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 150: 1453-1455.
89. Marquis K, Maltais F, Duguay V, et al. The metabolic syndrome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005; 25: 226-232.
90. Sjoholm A, Nystrom T. Inflammation and the etiology of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2006; 22: 4-10.
91. Antonelli-Incalzi R, Imperiale C, Bellia V, et al. Do GOLD stages of COPD severity really correspond to differences in health status? Eur Respir J 2003; 22: 444-449.
92. Ferrer M, Alonso J, Morera J, et al. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease stage and health-related quality of life. The Quality of Life of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Study Group. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127: 1072-1076.
93. Domingo-Salvany A, Lamarca R, Ferrer M, et al. Health-related quality of life and mortality in male patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166: 680-685.
94. Broekhuizen R, Wouters EF, Creutzberg EC, Schols AM. Raised CRP levels mark metabolic and functional impairment in advanced COPD. Thorax 2006; 61: 17-22.
95. Oga T, Nishimura K, Tsukino M, Sato S, Hajiro T. Analysis of the factors related to mortality in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: role of exercise capacity and health status. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 544-549.
96. Agusti AG. COPD, a multicomponent disease: implications for management. Respir Med 2005; 99: 670-682.