Supported self-management for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): An evidence synthesis and economic analysis

Health Technology Assessment

Volumn 19, Issue 36, 2015, Pages 1-515

  Jordan, Rachel E ^a   Majothi, Saimma ^a   Heneghan, Nicola R ^a   Blissett, Deirdre B ^a   Riley, Richard D ^b   Sitch, Alice J ^a   Price, Malcolm J ^a   Bates, Elizabeth J ^a   Turner, Alice M ^a   Bayliss, Susan ^a   Moore, David ^a   Singh, Sally ^c   Adab, Peymane ^a   Fitzmaurice, David A ^a   Jowett, Susan ^a   Jolly, Kate ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM   (United Kingdom)

^b KEELE UNIVERSITY   (United Kingdom)

^c GLENFIELD HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ARTICLE; BEHAVIOR CHANGE; CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE LUNG DISEASE; COST EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS; DIET THERAPY; DISEASE EXACERBATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ECONOMIC ASPECT; EXERCISE; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH CARE; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HOSPITAL DISCHARGE; HOSPITAL READMISSION; HUMAN; MORTALITY; PATIENT SATISFACTION; PULMONARY REHABILITATION; QUALITY OF LIFE; SELF CARE; SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS; ST. GEORGE RESPIRATORY QUESTIONNAIRE; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; ATTITUDE TO HEALTH; COOPERATION; COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS; ECONOMICS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PROCEDURES; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUALITY ADJUSTED LIFE YEAR; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; STATISTICAL MODEL;

COOPERATIVE BEHAVIOR; COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS; HEALTH BEHAVIOR; HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, PRACTICE; HUMANS; MODELS, ECONOMETRIC; PATIENT DISCHARGE; PATIENT EDUCATION AS TOPIC; PULMONARY DISEASE, CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE; QUALITATIVE RESEARCH; QUALITY OF LIFE; QUALITY-ADJUSTED LIFE YEARS; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; SELF CARE; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX;

EID: 84929399800     PISSN: 13665278     EISSN: 20464924     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3310/hta19360     Document Type: Article

References (395)

1. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Vancouver, WA: GOLD; 2013.
2. Mannino DM, Buist AS. Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet 2007;370:765–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61380-4.
3. Halbert RJ, Natoli JL, Gano A, Badamgarav E, Buist AS, Mannino DM. Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur Respir J 2006;28:523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00124605.
4. Buist AS, McBurnie MA, Vollmer WM, Gillespie S, Burney P, Mannino DM. International variation in the prevalence of COPD (The BOLD Study): a population-based prevalence study, Lancet 2007;370:741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61377-4.
5. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1498–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(96)07492-2.
6. Department of Health (DH). An Outcomes Strategy for People with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)and Asthma in England. London: DH; 2011.
7. Britton M. The burden of COPD in the UK: results from the confronting COPD survey. Respir Med 2003;97(Suppl. 3):71–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0954-6111(03)80027-6.
8. Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety. Annual Report of the Chief Medical Officer. 2004. URL: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130107105354/http://www.dh.gov.uk/prod_consum_dh/groups/dh_digitalassets/@dh/@en/documents/digitalasset/dh_4115781.pdf (accessed 19 January 2015).
9. Healthcare Commission. Clearing the Air. A National Study of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. London: Healthcare Commission; 2006.
10. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Management of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Adults in Primary and Secondary Care (Partial Update). London: NICE; 2010.
11. Swanney MP, Ruppel G, Enright PL, Pedersen OF, Crapo RO, Miller MR, et al. Using the lower limit of normal for the FEV1/FVC ratio reduces the misclassification of airway obstruction. Thorax 2008;63:1046–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.098483.
12. Jones RC, Dickson-Spillmann M, Mather MJ, Marks D, Shackell BS. Accuracy of diagnostic registers and management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: the Devon primary care audit. Respir Res 2008;9:62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-9-62.
13. Hurst JR, Vestbo J, Anzueto A, Locantore N, Mullerova H, Tal-Singer R, et al. Susceptibility to exacerbation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med 2010;363:1128–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0909883.
14. Jenkins CR, Celli B, Anderson JA, Ferguson GT, Jones PW, Vestbo J, et al. Seasonality and determinants of moderate and severe COPD exacerbations in the TORCH study. Eur Respir J 2012;39:38–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00194610.
15. Wedzicha JA. Role of viruses in exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Proc Am Thorac Soc 2004;1:115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1513/pats.2306030.
16. Donaldson GC, Seemungal T, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Effect of Environmental temperature on symptoms, lung function and mortality in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 1999;13:844–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.13d25.x.
17. Roberts CM, Lowe D, Bucknall CE, Ryland I, Kelly Y, Pearson MG. Clinical audit indicators of outcome following admission to hospital with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002;57:137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.2.137.
18. Donaldson GC, Seemungal TAR, Bhowmik A, Wedzicha JA. Relationship between exacerbation frequency and lung function decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2002;57:847–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.57.10.847.
19. Clinical Innovation and Research Centre (RCGP). Care Planning. Improving the Lives of People with Long Term Conditions. London: RCGP; 2011.
20. Department of Health (DH). The NHS Improvement Plan. Putting People at the Heart of Public Services; 2004. URL: www.bjhc.co.uk/autumnforum/docs/NHS%20Improvement%20plan.pdf (accessed 28 November 2006).
21. Department of Health (DH). Improving the Health and Well-Being of People with Long-Term Conditions. London: DoH; 2010.
22. Department of Health (DH). MORI Survey: Public Attitudes to Self Care Baseline Survey. London: DoH; 2005.
23. Barlow J, Wright C, Sheasby J, Turner A, Hainsworth J. Self-management approaches for people with chronic conditions: a review. Patient Educ Couns 2010;48:177–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(02)00032-0.
24. Cramm JM, Nieboer AP. Self-management abilities, physical health and depressive symptoms among patients with cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and diabetes. Patient Educ Couns 2012;87:411–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2011.12.006.
25. Disler RT, Gallagher RD, Davidson PM. Factors influencing self-management in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an integrative review. Int J Nurs Stud 2012;49:230–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2011.11.005.
26. Cecere LM, Slatore CG, Uman JE, Evans LE, Udris EM, Bryson CL, et al. Adherence to long-acting inhaled therapies among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD 2012;9:251–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2011.650241.
27. Kaptein AA, Scharloo M, Fischer MJ, Snoei L, Cameron LD, Sont JK, et al. Illness perceptions and COPD: an emerging field for COPD patient management. J Asthma 2008;45:625–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02770900802127048.
28. Hibbard JH, Stockard J, Mahoney ER, Tusler M. Development of the Patient Activation Measure (PAM): conceptualizing and measuring activation in patients and consumers. Health Serv Res 2004;39:1005–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6773.2004.00269.x.
29. Bourbeau J, van der Palen J. Promoting effective self-management programmes to improve COPD. Eur Respir J 2009;33:461–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00001309.
30. Nici L, Donner C, Wouters E, Zuwallack R, Ambrosino N, Bourbeau J, et al. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006;173:1390–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200508-1211ST.
31. Bandura A. Self-efficacy: toward a unifying theory of behavioural change. Psychol Rev 1977;84:191–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191.
32. Warsi A, Wang PS, LaValley MP, Avorn J, Solomon DH. Self-management education programs in chronic disease: a systematic review and methodological critique of the literature. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:1641–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.164.15.1641.
33. Chodosh J, Morton SC, Mojica W, Maglione M, Suttorp MJ, Hilton L, et al. Meta-analysis: chronic disease self-management programs for older adults. Ann Intern Med 2005;143:427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-6-200509200-00007.
34. Kennedy A, Bower P, Reeves D, Blakeman T, Bowen R, Chew-Graham C, et al. Implementation of self management support for long term conditions in routine primary care settings: cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2013;346:f2882. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.f2882.
35. Fan VS, Gaziano JM, Lew R, Bourbeau J, Adams SG, Leatherman S, et al. A comprehensive care management program to prevent chronic obstructive pulmonary disease hospitalizations: a randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2012;156:673–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-156-10-201205150-00003.
36. Bischoff EW, Akkermans R, Bourbeau J, van Weel C, Vercoulen JH, Schermer TR. Comprehensive self management and routine monitoring in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients in general practice: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;345:e7642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e7642.
37. Effing TW, Bourbeau J, Vercoulen J, Apter AJ, Coultas D, Meek P, et al. Self-management programmes for COPD: moving forward. Chron Respir Dis 2012;9:27–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972311433574.
38. Hernandez P, Balter M, Bourbeau J, Hodder R. Living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a survey of patients’ knowledge and attitudes. Respir Med 2009;103:1004–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.01.018.
39. Fernandes A, Pache S, Bird W, Bryden C. Measures to improve knowledge and self-care among patients with COPD: a UK general practice audit. Prim Care Resp J 2006;15:307–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pcrj.2006.07.001.
40. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. NICE COPD Quality Standards QS10. London: NICE; 2013.
41. British Lung Foundation. COPD Self Management Plan. Helping Patients to Manage their Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease; 2010. URL: www.lunguk org/supporting-you/Publications/copd_self_management_plan (accessed 24 June 2010).
42. Osterlund Efraimsson E, Klang B, Larsson K, Ehrenberg A, Fossum B. Communication and self-management education at nurse-led COPD clinics in primary health care. Patient Educ Couns 2009;77:209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2009.03.033.
43. Rodgers S, Dyas J, Molyneux AW, Ward MJ, Revill SM. Evaluation of the information needs of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease following pulmonary rehabilitation: a focus group study. Chron Respir Dis 2007;4:195–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972307080698.
44. Wortz K, Cade A, Menard JR, Lurie S, Lykens K, Bae S, et al. A qualitative study of patients’ goals and expectations for self-management of COPD. Prim Care Respir J 2012;21:384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4104/pcrj.2012.00070.
45. Wagg K. Unravelling self-management for COPD: what next? Chron Respir Dis 2012;9:5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972311435910.
46. Lacasse Y, Goldstein R, Lasserson TJ, Martin S. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006;4:CD003793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003793.pub2.
47. Kruis AL, Smidt N, Assendelft WJ, Gussekloo J, Boland MR, Rutten-van Mölken M, et al. Integrated disease management interventions for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013;10:CD009437.
48. Effing T, Monninkhof EM, van der Valk PD, van der Palen J, van Herwaarden CL, Partidge MR, et al. Self-management education for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007;4:CD002990.
49. Peytremann-Bridevaux I, Staeger P, Bridevaux PO, Ghali WA, Burnand B. Effectiveness of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-management programs: systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Med 2008;121:433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.02.009.
50. Walters JA, Turnock AC, Walters EH, Wood-Baker R. Action plans with limited patient education only for exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010;5:CD005074. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005074.pub3.
51. Holland AE, Hill CJ, Jones AY, McDonald CF. Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;10:CD008250. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008250.pub2.
52. Wong CX, Carson KV, Smith BJ, Wong CX, Carson KV, Smith BJ. Home care by outreach nursing for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012;4:CD000994.
53. Zainuldin R, Mackey MG, Alison JA. Optimal intensity and type of leg exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;11:CD008008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD008008.pub2.
54. Osthoff M, Leuppi JD. Management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients after hospitalization for acute exacerbation. Respiration 2010;79:255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000235721.
55. Puhan MA, Gimeno-Santos E, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, Walters EH, Steurer J. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;10:CD005305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD005305.pub3.
56. Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.0.2 [updated September 2009]. The Cochrane Collaboration. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons; 2009. pp. 187–241.
57. Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Vist GE, Kunz R, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, et al. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 2008;336:924–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD.
58. Parmar MK, Torri V, Stewart L. Extracting summary statistics to perform meta-analyses of the published literature for survival endpoints. Stat Med 1998;17:2815–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19981230)17:24<2815::AID-SIM110>3.0.CO;2-8.
59. Perneger TV. Estimating the relative hazard by the ratio of logarithms of event-free proportions. Contemp Clin Trials 2008;29:762–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2008.06.002.
60. Sweeting MJ, Sutton AJ, Lambert PC. What to add to nothing? Use and avoidance of continuity corrections in meta-analysis of sparse data. Stat Med 2004;23:1351–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/sim.1761.
61. DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials 1986;7:177–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(86)90046-2.
62. Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ 2003;327:557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.
63. Bucknall CE, Miller G, Lloyd SM, Cleland J, McCluskey S, Cotton M, et al. Glasgow supported self-management trial (GSuST)for patients with moderate to severe COPD: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2012;344:e1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e1060.
64. Behnke M, Taube C, Kirsten D, Lehnigk B, Jorres RA, Magnussen H. Home-based exercise is capable of preserving hospital-based improvements in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2000;94:1184–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2000.0949.
65. Behnke M, Jorres RA, Kirsten D, Magnussen H. Clinical benefits of a combined hospital and home-based exercise programme over 18 months in patients with severe COPD. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis 2003;59:44–51.
66. Lee DT, Lee IF, Mackenzie AE, Ho RN. Effects of a care protocol on care outcomes in older nursing home patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2002;50:870–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1532-5415.2002.50213.x.
67. Hermiz O, Comino E, Marks G, Daffurn K, Wilson S, Harris M. Randomised controlled trial of home based care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. BMJ 2002;325:938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7370.938.
68. Hernandez C, Casas A, Escarrabill J, Alonso J, Puig-Junoy J, Farrero E, et al. Home hospitalisation of exacerbated chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Eur Respir J 2003;21:58–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00015603.
69. Egan E, Clavarino A, Burridge L, Teuwen M, White E. A randomized control trial of nursing-based case management for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Lippincotts Case Manag 2002;7:170–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00129234-200209000-00002.
70. Kwok T, Lum CM, Chan HS, Ma HM, Lee D, Woo J. A randomized, controlled trial of an intensive community nurse-supported discharge program in preventing hospital readmissions of older patients with chronic lung disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:1240–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2004.52351.x.
71. Casas A, Troosters T, Garcia-Aymerich J, Roca J, Hernandez C, Alonso A, et al. Integrated care prevents hospitalisations for exacerbations in COPD patients. Eur Respir J 2006;28:123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00063205.
72. Garcia-Aymerich J, Hernandez C, Alonso A, Casas A, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Anto JM, et al. Effects of an integrated care intervention on risk factors of COPD readmission. Respir Med 2007;101:1462–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.012.
73. Dheda K, Crawford A, Hagan G, Roberts CM. Implementation of British Thoracic Society guidelines for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on quality of life. Postgrad Med J 2004;80:169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.2003.012831.
74. Wong KW, Wong FK, Chan MF. Effects of nurse-initiated telephone follow-up on self-efficacy among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Adv Nurs 2005;49:210–22. [Erratum published in J Adv Nurs 2005;49:561.] http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2004.03280.x.
75. Aimonino Ricauda N, Tibaldi V, Leff B, Scarafiotti C, Marinello R, Zanocchi M, et al. Substitutive ‘hospital at home’ versus inpatient care for elderly patients with exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2008;56:493–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01562.x.
76. Puhan M, Scharplatz M, Troosters T, Walters EH, Steurer J. Pulmonary rehabilitation following exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;1:CD005305.
77. Fan VS, Giardino ND, Blough DK, Kaplan RM, Ramsey SD, NETT Research Group. Costs of pulmonary rehabilitation and predictors of adherence in the National Emphysema Treatment Trial. COPD 2008;5:105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15412550801941190.
78. Wedzicha JA, Vestbo J. Can patients with COPD self-manage? Lancet 1918;380:624–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61339-7.
79. Hopkinson NS, Englebretsen C, Cooley N, Kennie K, Lim M, Woodcock T, et al. Designing and implementing a COPD discharge care bundle. Thorax 2011;67:90–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200233.
80. Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP). Qualitative Research Appraisal Tool. 10 Questions to Help You Make Sense of Qualitative Research. URL: http://media.wix.com/ugd/dded87_951541699e9edc71ce66c9bac4734c69.pdf (accessed 19 January 2015).
81. Noblit GW, Hare RD. Meta-Ethnography: Synthesizing Qualitative Studies. 1st edn. London: Sage Publications; 1988.
82. Liu SX, Lee MC, Atakhorrami M, Tatousek J, McCormack M, Yung R, et al. Economic assessment of home-based COPD management programs. COPD 2013;10:640–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2013.813447.
83. Borg S, Ericsson A, Wedzicha J, Gulsvik A, Lundback B, Donaldson GC, et al. A computer simulation model of the natural history and economic impact of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Value Health 2004;7:153–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2004.72318.x.
84. European Respiratory Society. An International Comparison of COPD Care in Europe: Results of the First European COPD Audit. Lausanne: European Respiratory Society; 2012.
85. Jenkins CR, Jones PW, Calverley PM, Celli B, Anderson JA, Ferguson GT, et al. Efficacy of salmeterol/fluticasone propionate by GOLD stage of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: analysis from the randomised, placebo-controlled TORCH study. Respir Res 2009;10:59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-10-59.
86. Atsou K, Chouaid C, Hejblum G. Simulation-based estimates of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. PLOS ONE 2011;6:e24870. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024870.
87. Herdman M, Gudex C, Lloyd A, Janssen M, Kind P, Parkin D, et al. Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res 2011;20:1727–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-011-9903-x.
88. Euroqol Group. EQ-5D-5L Value Sets. URL: www.euroqol.org/about-eq-5d/valuation-of-eq-5d/eq-5d-5l-value-sets.html#c655 (accessed 19 January 2015).
89. Rutten-van Mölken MP, Oostenbrink JB, Miravitlles M, Monz BU. Modelling the 5-year cost-effectiveness of tiotropium, salmeterol and ipratropium for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Spain. Eur J Health Econ 2007;8:123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10198-007-0039-4.
90. Oostenbrink JB, Rutten-van Mölken MP, Monz BU, FitzGerald JM. Probabilistic Markov model to assess the cost-effectiveness of bronchodilator therapy in COPD patients in different countries. Value Health 2005;8:32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1524-4733.2005.03086.x.
91. Oba Y. Cost-effectiveness of long-term oxygen therapy for chronic obstructive disease. Am J Manag Care 2009;15:97–104.
92. Hertel N, Kotchie RW, Samyshkin Y, Radford M, Humphreys S, Jameson K. Cost-effectiveness of available treatment options for patients suffering from severe COPD in the UK: a fully incremental analysis. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012;7:183–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S29820.
93. Earnshaw SR, Wilson MR, Dalal AA, Chambers MG, Jhingran P, Stanford R, et al. Cost-effectiveness of fluticasone propionate/salmeterol (500/50 microg)in the treatment of COPD. Respir Med 2009;103:12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.10.005.
94. Spencer M, Briggs AH, Grossman RF, Rance L. Development of an economic model to assess the cost-effectiveness of treatment interventions for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pharmacoeconomics 2005;23:619–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00019053-200523060-00008.
95. Seemungal TA, Donaldson GC, Bhowmik A, Jeffries DJ, Wedzicha JA. Time course and recovery of exacerbations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;161:1608–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.161.5.9908022.
96. Perera WR, Hurst JR, Wilkinson TM, Sapsford RJ, Mullerova H, Donaldson GC, et al. Inflammatory changes, recovery and recurrence at COPD exacerbation. Eur Respir J 2007;29:527–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00092506.
97. Aaron SD, Donaldson GC, Whitmore GA, Hurst JR, Ramsay T, Wedzicha JA. Time course and pattern of COPD exacerbation onset. Thorax 2012;67:238–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200768.
98. Department of Health (DH). NHS Reference Costs 2010–11. London: DH; 2011.
99. Curtis L. Unit Costs of Health Social Care 2012. Canterbury: PSSRU, University of Kent; 2012.
100. NHS Commissioning for London. NCL Care Pathway Review – Proposed NCL Community COPD Contracting Model. London: NHS Commissioning for London; 2010.
101. Department of Health (DH). The Seasonal Influenza Immunisation Programme. Consultation: a Review of the Procurement of Seasonal Flu Vaccine. London: DH; 2013.
102. National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Costing report – Implementing NICE Guidance. NICE Clinical Guideline. London: NICE; 2011.
103. Department of Health (DH). National Health Service of England and Wales Electronic Drug Tariffs (2013). London: DH; 2013.
104. Bakerley ND, Davies C, Dyer M, Dhillon P. Cost analysis of an integrated care model in the management of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2009;6:201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1479972309104279.
105. Riley RD, Higgins JP, Deeks JJ. Interpretation of random effects meta-analyses. BMJ 2011;342:d549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d549.
106. Sterne JA, Sutton AJ, Ioannidis JP, Terrin N, Jones DR, Lau J, et al. Recommendations for examining and interpreting funnel plot asymmetry in meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2011;343:d4002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.d4002.
107. Caldwell DM, Ades AE, Higgins JPT. Simultaneous comparison of multiple treatments: combining direct and indirect evidence. BMJ 2005;331:897–900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7521.897.
108. Bauldoff GS, Hoffman LA, Zullo TG, Sciurba FC. Exercise maintenance following pulmonary rehabilitation: effect of distractive stimuli. Chest 2002;122:948–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.122.3.948.
109. Bauldoff GS, Rittinger M, Nelson T, Doehrel J, Diaz PT. Feasibility of distractive auditory stimuli on upper extremity training in persons with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005;25:50–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200501000-00011.
110. Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Miller ME, Adair NE, Lang W, Foy CG, et al. A lifestyle activity intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2010;104:829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.02.015.
111. Blake RL Jr, Vandiver TA, Braun S, Bertuso DD, Straub V. A randomized controlled evaluation of a psychosocial intervention in adults with chronic lung disease. Fam Med 1990;22:365–70.
112. Coultas D, Frederick J, Barnett B, Singh G, Wludyka P. A randomized trial of two types of nurse-assisted home care for patients with COPD. Chest 2005;128:2017–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.4.2017.
113. Covey MK, Larson JL, Wirtz SE, Berry JK, Pogue NJ, Alex CG, et al. High-intensity inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and severely reduced function. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2001;21:231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200107000-00008.
114. Donesky-Cuenco D, Nguyen HQ, Paul S, Carrieri-Kohlman V. Yoga therapy decreases dyspnea-related distress and improves functional performance in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2008.0389.
115. Emery CF, Schein RL, Hauck ER, MacIntyre NR. Psychological and cognitive outcomes of a randomized trial of exercise among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Health Psychol 1998;17:232–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.17.3.232.
116. Foy CG, Rejeski WJ, Berry MJ, Zaccaro D, Woodard CM. Gender moderates the effects of exercise therapy on health-related quality of life among COPD patients. Chest 2001;119:70–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.1.70.
117. Gilmore TW, Walter RE, Davis TC, Wissing DR. Educational strategies to improve health-related quality of life in patients with COPD. Respir Care Educ Annu 2010;19:13–31.
118. Guyatt G, Keller J, Singer J, Halcrow S, Newhouse M. Controlled trial of respiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1992;47:598–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.47.8.598.
119. Kim MJ, Larson JL, Covey MK, Vitalo CA, Alex CG, Patel M. Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res 1993;42:356–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199311000-00008.
120. Koff PB, Jones RH, Cashman JM, Voelkel NF, Vandivier RW. Proactive integrated care improves quality of life in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2009;33:1031–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00063108.
121. Kunik ME, Veazey C, Cully JA, Souchek J, Graham DP, Hopko D, et al. COPD education and cognitive behavioral therapy group treatment for clinically significant symptoms of depression and anxiety in COPD patients: a randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 2008;38:385–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0033291707001687.
122. Larson JL, Kim MJ, Sharp JT, Larson DA. Inspiratory muscle training with a pressure threshold breathing device in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1988;138:689–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/138.3.689.
123. Larson JL, Covey MK, Wirtz SE, Berry JK, Alex CG, Langbein WE, et al. Cycle ergometer and inspiratory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:500–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.2.9804067.
124. Mador MJ, Krawza M, Alhajhusian A, Khan AI, Shaffer M, Kufel TJ. Interval training versus continuous training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009;29:126–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0b013e31819a024f.
125. Mador MJ, Deniz O, Aggarwal A, Shaffer M, Kufel TJ, Spengler CM. Effect of respiratory muscle endurance training in patients with COPD undergoing pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 2005;128:1216–24. [Erratum published in Chest 2006;129:216.] http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.3.1216.
126. Mador MJ, Bozkanat E, Aggarwal A, Shaffer M, Kufel TJ. Endurance and strength training in patients with COPD. Chest 2004;125:2036–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.6.2036.
127. Mularski RA, Munjas BA, Lorenz KA, Sun S, Robertson SJ, Schmelzer W, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness-based therapy for dyspnea in chronic obstructive lung disease. J Altern Complement Med 2009;15:1083–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0037.
128. Nguyen HQ, Donesky-Cuenco D, Wolpin S, Reinke LF, Benditt JO, Paul SM, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an internet-based versus face-to-face dyspnea self-management program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: pilot study. J Med Internet Res 2008;10:e9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/jmir.990.
129. Nguyen HQ, Gill DP, Wolpin S, Steele BG, Benditt JO. Pilot study of a cell phone-based exercise persistence intervention post-rehabilitation for COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009;4:301–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/COPD.S6643.
130. Nield MA, Soo Hoo GW, Roper JM, Santiago S. Efficacy of pursed-lips breathing: a breathing pattern retraining strategy for dyspnea reduction. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2007;27:237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.HCR.0000281770.82652.cb.
131. Normandin EA, McCusker C, Connors M, Vale F, Gerardi D, Zuwallack RL. An evaluation of two approaches to exercise conditioning in pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 2002;121:1085–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.121.4.1085.
132. Norweg AM, Whiteson J, Malgady R, Mola A, Rey M. The effectiveness of different combinations of pulmonary rehabilitation program components: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2005;128:663–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.2.663.
133. Petty TL, Dempsey EC, Collins T, Pluss W, Lipkus I, Cutter GR, et al. Impact of customized videotape education on quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006;26:112–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200603000-00012.
134. Sassi-Dambron DE, Eakin EG, Ries AL, Kaplan RM. Treatment of dyspnea in COPD. A controlled clinical trial of dyspnea management strategies. Chest 1995;107:724–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.107.3.724.
135. Simpson K, Killian K, McCartney N, Stubbing DG, Jones NL. Randomised controlled trial of weightlifting exercise in patients with chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1992;47:70–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.47.2.70.
136. Solomon DK, Portner TS, Bass GE, Gourley DR, Gourley GA, Holt JM, et al. Clinical and economic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash)1998;38:574–85.
137. Stulbarg MS, Carrieri-Kohlman V, mir-Deviren S, Nguyen HQ, Adams L, Tsang AH, et al. Exercise training improves outcomes of a dyspnea self-management program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002;22:109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200203000-00010.
138. Toshima MT, Kaplan RM, Ries AL. Experimental evaluation of rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: short-term effects on exercise endurance and health status. Health Psychol 1990;9:237–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.9.3.237.
139. Yeh GY, Roberts DH, Wayne PM, Davis RB, Quilty MT, Phillips RS. Tai chi exercise for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study. Respir Care 2010;55:1475–82.
140. Rice KL, Dewan N, Bloomfield HE, Grill J, Schult TM, Nelson DB, et al. Disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010;182:890–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200910-1579OC.
141. Bestall JC, Paul EA, Garrod R, Garnham R, Jones RW, Wedzicha AJ. Longitudinal trends in exercise capacity and health status after pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2003;97:173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2003.1397.
142. Cockcroft A, Bagnall P, Heslop A, Andersson N, Heaton R, Batstone J, et al. Controlled trial of respiratory health worker visiting patients with chronic respiratory disability. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed)1987;294:225–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.294.6566.225.
143. Finnerty JP, Keeping I, Bullough I, Jones J. The effectiveness of outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic lung disease: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2001;119:1705–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.119.6.1705.
144. Green RH, Singh SJ, Williams J, Morgan MDL. A randomised controlled trial of four weeks vs. seven weeks pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Thorax 2001;56:143–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax.56.2.143.
145. Liddell F, Webber J. Pulmonary rehabilitation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a pilot study evaluating a once-weekly versus twice-weekly supervised programme. Physiotherapy 2010;96:68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2009.04.007.
146. Littlejohns P, Baveystock CM, Parnell H, Jones PW. Randomised controlled trial of the effectiveness of a respiratory health worker in reducing impairment, disability, and handicap due to chronic airflow limitation. Thorax 1991;46:559–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.46.8.559.
147. Lord VM, Cave P, Hume VJ, Flude EJ, Evans A, Kelly JL, et al. Singing teaching as a therapy for chronic respiratory disease: a randomised controlled trial and qualitative evaluation. BMC Pulm Med 2010;10:41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2466-10-41.
148. Man WD, Polkey MI, Donaldson N, Gray BJ, Moxham J. Community pulmonary rehabilitation after hospitalisation for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: randomised controlled study [published online ahead of print October 25 2004]. BMJ 2004;329:1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38258.662720.3A.
149. Chiner E, Llombart M, Martinez-Garcia MA, Fernandez-Fabrellas E, Navarro R, Cervera A, et al. [Noninvasive mechanical ventilation in Valencia, Spain: from theory to practice.] Arch Bronconeumol 2009;45:118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2008.04.006.
150. O’Neill B, McKevitt A, Rafferty S, Bradley JM, Johnston D, Bradbury I, et al. A comparison of twice-versus once-weekly supervision during pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2007;88:167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2006.11.007.
151. Prince KL, Helm M. Effectiveness of a rehabilitation programme in chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Clin Rehabil 1989;3:211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026921558900300305.
152. Sewell L, Singh SJ, Williams JE, Collier R, Morgan MD. Can individualized rehabilitation improve functional independence in elderly patients with COPD? Chest 2005;128:1194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.3.1194.
153. Sewell L, Singh SJ, Williams JE, Collier R, Morgan MD. How long should outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation be? A randomised controlled trial of 4 weeks versus 7 weeks. Thorax 2006;61:767–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2005.048173.
154. Seymour JM, Moore L, Jolley CJ, Ward K, Creasey J, Steier JS, et al. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation following acute exacerbations of COPD. Thorax 2010;65:423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.124164.
155. Sridhar M, Taylor R, Dawson S, Roberts NJ, Partridge MR. A nurse led intermediate care package in patients who have been hospitalised with an acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 2008;63:194–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2007.077578.
156. Bustamante V, Lopez de Santa ME, Gorostiza A, Jimenez U, Galdiz JB. Muscle training with repetitive magnetic stimulation of the quadriceps in severe COPD patients. Respir Med 2010;104:237–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.10.001.
157. Wedzicha JA, Bestall JC, Garrod R, Garnham R, Paul EA, Jones PW. Randomized controlled trial of pulmonary rehabilitation in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, stratified with the MRC dyspnoea scale. Eur Respir J 1998;12:363–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936. 98.12020363.
158. Weekes CE, Emery PW, Elia M. Dietary counselling and food fortification in stable COPD: a randomised trial. Thorax 2009;64:326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.097352.
159. White RJ, Rudkin ST, Harrison ST, Day KL, Harvey IM. Pulmonary rehabilitation compared with brief advice given for severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2002;22:338–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200209000-00006.
160. Boxall AM, Barclay L, Sayers A, Caplan GA. Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in the community. A randomized controlled trial of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation for elderly housebound patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005;25:378–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200511000-00012.
161. Effing T, Kerstjens H, van der Valk P, Zielhuis G, van der Palen J. (Cost)-effectiveness of self-treatment of exacerbations on the severity of exacerbations in patients with COPD: the COPE II study. Thorax 2009;64:956–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2008.112243.
162. Elliott M, Watson C, Wilkinson E, Musk AW, Lake FR. Short-and long-term hospital and community exercise programmes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2004;9:345–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2004.00595.x.
163. Hill K, Jenkins SC, Philippe DL, Cecins N, Shepherd KL, Green DJ, et al. High-intensity inspiratory muscle training in COPD. Eur Respir J 2006;27:1119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.06.00105205.
164. Holland AE, Hill CJ, Nehez E, Ntoumenopoulos G. Does unsupported upper limb exercise training improve symptoms and quality of life for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2004;24:422–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200411000-00010.
165. Leung RW, Alison JA, McKeough ZJ, Peters MJ. Ground walk training improves functional exercise capacity more than cycle training in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): a randomised trial. J Physiother 2010;56:105–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(10)70040-0.
166. Livermore N, Sharpe L, McKenzie D. Prevention of panic attacks and panic disorder in COPD. Eur Respir J 2010;35:557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00060309.
167. O’Shea SD, Taylor NF, Paratz JD. A predominantly home-based progressive resistance exercise program increases knee extensor strength in the short-term in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomised controlled trial. Aust J Physiother 2007;53:229–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(07)70003-X.
168. Smith BJ, Appleton SL, Bennett PW, Roberts GC, Del FP, Adams R, et al. The effect of a respiratory home nurse intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Aust NZ J Med 1999;29:718–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1999.tb01621.x.
169. Spencer LM, Alison JA, McKeough ZJ. Maintaining benefits following pulmonary rehabilitation: a randomised controlled trial. Eur Respir J 2010;35:571–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00073609.
170. Wood-Baker R, McGlone S, Venn A, Walters EH. Written action plans in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease increase appropriate treatment for acute exacerbations. Respirology 2006;11:619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00902.x.
171. Fernandez AM, Pascual J, Ferrando C, Arnal A, Vergara I, Sevila V. Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in very severe COPD: is it safe and useful? J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009;29:325–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0b013e3181ac7b9d.
172. Güell R, Casan P, Belda J, Sangenis M, Morante F, Guyatt GH, et al. Long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation of COPD: a randomized trial. Chest 2000;117:976–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.117.4.976.
173. Güell R, Resqueti V, Sangenis M, Morante F, Martorell B, Casan P, et al. Impact of pulmonary rehabilitation on psychosocial morbidity in patients with severe COPD. Chest 2006;129:899–904. [Erratum published in Chest 2007;132:738.] http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.4.899.
174. Madariaga VB, Iturri JB, Manterola AG, Buey JC, Sebastian NT, Pena VS. [Comparison of 2 methods for inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Arch Bronconeumol 2007;43:431–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(07)60099-8.
175. Mota S, Güell R, Barreiro E, Solanes I, Ramirez-Sarmiento A, Orozco-Levi M, et al. Clinical outcomes of expiratory muscle training in severe COPD patients. Respir Med 2007;101:516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.06.024.
176. Ortega F, Toral J, Cejudo P, Villagomez R, Sanchez H, Castillo J, et al. Comparison of effects of strength and endurance training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:669–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.2107081.
177. Puente-Maestu L, Sanz ML, Sanz P, Cubillo JM, Mayol J, Casaburi R. Comparison of effects of supervised versus self-monitored training programmes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2000;15:517–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.15.15.x.
178. Regiane Resqueti V, Gorostiza A, Galdiz JB, Lopez de Santa ME, Casan CP, Güell RR. [Benefits of a home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program for patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Arch Bronconeumol 2007;43:599–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(07)60136-0.
179. Riera HS, Rubio TM, Ruiz FO, Ramos PC, Del Castillo OD, Hernandez TE, et al. Inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD: Effect on dyspnea, exercise performance, and quality of life. Chest 2001;120:748–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.120.3.748.
180. Soler JJ, Martinez-Garcia MA, Roman P, Orero R, Terrazas S, Martinez-Pechuan A. [Effectiveness of a specific program for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and frequent exacerbations.] Arch Bronconeumol 2006;42:501–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60576-4.
181. de Blok BM, de Greef MH, Ten Hacken NH, Sprenger SR, Postema K, Wempe JB. The effects of a lifestyle physical activity counseling program with feedback of a pedometer during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD: a pilot study. Patient Educ Couns 2006;61:48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2005.02.005.
182. Hoogendoorn M, van Wetering CR, Schols AM, Rutten-van Mölken MP. Self-report versus care provider registration of healthcare utilization: impact on cost and cost-utility. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2009;25:588–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0266462309990432.
183. Hospes G, Bossenbroek L, Ten Hacken NH, van Hengel P, de Greef MH. Enhancement of daily physical activity increases physical fitness of outclinic COPD patients: results of an exercise counseling program. Patient Educ Couns 2009;75:274–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2008.10.005.
184. Koppers RJH, Vos PJE, Boot CRL, Folgering HT. Exercise performance improves in patients with COPD due to respiratory muscle endurance training. Chest 2006;129:886–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.129.4.886.
185. Lamers F, Jonkers CC, Bosma H, Chavannes NH, Knottnerus JA, van Eijk JT. Improving quality of life in depressed COPD patients: effectiveness of a minimal psychological intervention. COPD 2010;7:315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2010.510156.
186. Monninkhof E, van der Walk P, van der Palen J, van Herwaarden C, Zielhuis G. Effects of a comprehensive self-management programme in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2003;22:815–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00047003.
187. Rooyackers JM, Berkeljon DA, Folgering HT. Eccentric exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Rehabil Res 2003;26:47–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004356-200303000-00006.
188. Trappenburg JC, Monninkhof EM, Bourbeau J, Troosters T, Schrijvers AJ, Verheij TJ, et al. Effect of an action plan with ongoing support by a case manager on exacerbation-related outcome in patients with COPD: a multicentre randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2011;66:977–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2011-200071.
189. Wijkstra PJ, van Altena R, Kraan J, Otten V, Postma DS, Koeter GH. Quality of life in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease improves after rehabilitation at home. Eur Respir J 1994;7:269–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07020269.
190. Wijkstra PJ, ten Vergert EM, van Altena R, Otten V, Kraan J, Postma DS, et al. Long term benefits of rehabilitation at home on quality of life and exercise tolerance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thorax 1995;50:824–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.50.8.824.
191. Bernard S, Whittom F, LeBlanc P, Jobin J, Belleau R, Berube C, et al. Aerobic and strength training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:896–901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9807034.
192. Bourbeau J, Julien M, Maltais F, Rouleau M, Beaupre A, Begin R, et al. Reduction of hospital utilization in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a disease-specific self-management intervention. Arch Intern Med 2003;163:585–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.163.5.585.
193. Brooks D, Krip B, Mangovski-Alzamora S, Goldstein RS. The effect of postrehabilitation programmes among individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 2002;20:20–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.01852001.
194. Busch AJ, McClements JD. Effects of a supervised home exercise program on patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Phys Ther 1988;68:469–74.
195. Carr SJ, Hill K, Brooks D, Goldstein RS. Pulmonary rehabilitation after acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients who previously completed a pulmonary rehabilitation program. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009;29:318–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0b013e3181ac7bb8.
196. Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Stubbing D, Avendano MA, Guyatt GH. Randomised controlled trial of respiratory rehabilitation. Lancet 1994;344:1394–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(94)90568-1.
197. Janaudis-Ferreira T, Hill K, Goldstein RS, Robles-Ribeiro P, Beauchamp MK, Dolmage TE, et al. Resistance arm training in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chest 2011;139:151–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.10-1292.
198. Maltais F, Bourbeau J, Shapiro S, Lacasse Y, Perrault H, Baltzan M, et al. Effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2008;149:869–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-149-12-200812160-00006.
199. Cai S, Chen P, Chen Y, Liu ZJ. [Effect of health education on the lung function and life quality in patients with stable chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.] Zhong Nan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2006;31:189–93.
200. Li Y-L. [Nutritional supplementation and respiratory gym in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Chin J Clin Rehabil 2002;6:1260–2.
201. Ren L, Li Q-Y, Du J-B, Zhou J-M, Weng Q-L, Chen X-H. Comparison of different strategies of pulmonary rehabilitation for patients with COPD of different severity. J Shanghai Jiaotong Uni (Med Sci) 2011;31:620–4.
202. Shao L-Z. Effects of the behavioral intervention on the life quality of the patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in remission period. Chin J Clin Rehabil 2003;7:4078–9.
203. Wang Z, Zeng H, Chen H. Rehabilitative treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease at stable stage. Chin Nurs Res 2004;18:1608–9.
204. Xu Y-H, Wang J-H, Li H-F, Zhu X-H, Wang G. [Efficacy of integrative respiratory rehabilitation training in exercise ability and quality of life of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in stable phase: a randomized controlled trial.] J Chin Integr Med 2010;8:432–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3736/jcim20100506.
205. Zhang ZQ, Chen RC, Yang QK, Li P, Wang CZ, Zhang ZH. [A randomized controlled trial study of pulmonary rehabilitation with respiratory physiology as the guide on prognosis in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Zhongguo Wei Zhong Bing Ji Jiu Yi Xue 2008;20:607–10.
206. du Moulin M, Taube K, Wegscheider K, Behnke M, van den Bussche H. Home-based exercise training as maintenance after outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation. Respiration 2009;77:139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000150315.
207. Gohl O, Linz H, Schonleben T, Otte B, Weineck J, Worth H. [Benefits of a multimodular outpatient training program for patients with COPD.] Pneumologie 2006;60:529–36. [Erratum published in Pneumologie 2006;60:783.] http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-944235.
208. Van Gestel AJ, Kohler M, Steier J, Teschler S, Russi EW, Teschler H. The effects of controlled breathing during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Respiration 2012;83:115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000324449.
209. Warlies F, Saladin M, Hellmann A. [Evaluation of a standardized specific education program ‘Lebensrhythmus Atmen’: a prospective, randomized, controlled study for COPD patients: a pilot study.] Pravention und Rehabilitation 2006;18:68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/PRP18068.
210. Wittmann M, Spohn S, Schultz K, Pfeifer M, Petro W. [Patient education in COPD during inpatient rehabilitation improves quality of life and morbidity.] Pneumologie 2007;61:636–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-980106.
211. Wright P. Effects of a resistance training on pulmonary function and performance measurements in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. European J Sport Sci 2003;3:1–6.
212. Chan AW, Lee A, Suen LK, Tam WW. Effectiveness of a Tai chi Qigong program in promoting health-related quality of life and perceived social support in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease clients. Qual Life Res 2010;19:653–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9632-6.
213. Ko FW, Dai DL, Ngai J, Tung A, Ng S, Lai K, et al. Effect of early pulmonary rehabilitation on health care utilization and health status in patients hospitalized with acute exacerbations of COPD. Respirology 2011;16:617–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2010.01921.x.
214. Lindsay M, Lee A, Chan K, Poon P, Han LK, Wong WC, et al. Does pulmonary rehabilitation give additional benefit over tiotropium therapy in primary care management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? Randomized controlled clinical trial in Hong Kong Chinese. J Clin Pharm Therapeut 2005;30:567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2710.2005.00686.x.
215. Ng BH, Tsang HW, Jones AY, So CT, Mok TY. Functional and psychosocial effects of health qigong in patients with COPD: a randomized controlled trial. J Altern Complement Med 2011;17:243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acm.2010.0215.
216. Arnardottir RH, Sorensen S, Ringqvist I, Larsson K. Two different training programmes for patients with COPD: a randomised study with 1-year follow-up. Respir Med 2006;100:130–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.03.043.
217. Arnardottir RH, Boman G, Larsson K, Hedenstrom H, Emtner M. Interval training compared with continuous training in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2007;101:1196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2006.11.004.
218. Efraimsson EO, Hillervik C, Ehrenberg A. Effects of COPD self-care management education at a nurse-led primary health care clinic. Scand J Caring Sci 2008;22:178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2007.00510.x.
219. Engstrom CP, Persson LO, Larsson S, Sullivan M. Long-term effects of a pulmonary rehabilitation programme in outpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled study. Scand J Rehabil Med 1999;31:207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/003655099444371.
220. Theander K, Jakobsson P, Jorgensen N, Unosson M. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on fatigue, functional status and health perceptions in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil 2009;23:125–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215508096174.
221. Wadell K, Sundelin G, Henriksson-Larsen K, Lundgren R. High intensity physical group training in water: an effective training modality for patients with COPD. Respir Med 2004;98:428–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2003.11.010.
222. Bendstrup KE, Ingemann JJ, Holm S, Bengtsson B. Out-patient rehabilitation improves activities of daily living, quality of life and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997;10:2801–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10122801.
223. Bjornshave B, Korsgaard J. Comparison of two different levels of physical training in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Lung 2005;183:101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-004-2523-2.
224. Linneberg A, Rasmussen M, Buch TF, Wester A, Malm L, Fannikke G, et al. A randomised study of the effects of supplemental exercise sessions after a 7-week chronic obstructive pulmonary disease rehabilitation program. Clin Respir J 2012;6:112–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-699X.2011.00256.x.
225. Petersen AM, Mittendorfer B, Magkos F, Iversen M, Pedersen BK. Physical activity counteracts increased whole-body protein breakdown in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2008;18:557–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0838.2007.00727.x.
226. Ringbaek TJ, Broendum E, Hemmingsen L, Lybeck K, Nielsen D, Andersen C, et al. Rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Exercise twice a week is not sufficient! Respir Med 2000;94:150–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/rmed.1999.0704.
227. Eaton T, Young P, Fergusson W, Moodie L, Zeng I, O’Kane F, et al. Does early pulmonary rehabilitation reduce acute health-care utilization in COPD patients admitted with an exacerbation? A randomized controlled study. Respirology 2009;14:230–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01418.x.
228. Martin IR, McNamara D, Sutherland FR, Tilyard MW, Taylor DR. Care plans for acutely deteriorating COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Chron Respir Dis 2004;1:191–5. http://dx.doi. org/10.1191/1479972304cd047oa.
229. McGeoch GR, Willsman KJ, Dowson CA, Town GI, Frampton CM, McCartin FJ, et al. Self-management plans in the primary care of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respirology 2006;11:611–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2006.00892.x.
230. Rea H, McAuley S, Stewart A, Lamont C, Roseman P, Didsbury P. A chronic disease management programme can reduce days in hospital for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Intern Med J 2004;34:608–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.2004.00672.x.
231. Watson PB, Town GI, Holbrook N, Dwan C, Toop LJ, Drennan CJ. Evaluation of a self-management plan for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur Respir J 1997;10:1267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10061267.
232. Bonilha AG, Onofre F, Vieira ML, Prado MY, Martinez JA. Effects of singing classes on pulmonary function and quality of life of COPD patients. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009;4:1–8.
233. Dourado VZ, Tanni SE, Antunes LC, Paiva SA, Campana AO, Renno AC, et al. Effect of three exercise programs on patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2009;42:263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2009000300007.
234. Probst VS, Kovelis D, Hernandes NA, Camillo CA, Cavalheri V, Pitta F. Effects of 2 exercise training programs on physical activity in daily life in patients with COPD. Respir Care 2011;56:1799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.4187/respcare.01110.
235. Yamaguti WP, Claudino RC, Neto AP, Chammas MC, Gomes AC, Salge JM, et al. Diaphragmatic breathing training program improves abdominal motion during natural breathing in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2012;93:571–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apmr.2011.11.026.
236. Elci A, Borekci S, Ovayolu N, Elbek O. The efficacy and applicability of a pulmonary rehabilitation programme for patients with COPD in a secondary-care community hospital. Respirology 2008;13:703–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01327.x.
237. Karapolat H, Atasever A, Atamaz F, Kirazli Y, Elmas F, Erdinc E. Do the benefits gained using a short-term pulmonary rehabilitation program remain in COPD patients after participation? Lung 2007;185:221–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-007-9011-4.
238. Kayahan B, Karapolat H, Atyntoprak E, Atasever A, Ozturk O. Psychological outcomes of an outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2006;100:1050–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.09.031.
239. Ozdemir EP, Solak O, Fidan F, Demirdal US, Evcik D, Unlu M, et al. The effect of water-based pulmonary rehabilitation on anxiety and quality of life in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease patients. Turkiye Klinikleri J Med Sci 2010;30:880–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2008-9971.
240. Katiyar SK, Bihari S. Role of pranayama in rehabilitation of COPD patients: a randomized controlled study. Indian J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2006;20:98–104.
241. Singh V, Khandelwal DC, Khandelwal R, Abusaria S. Pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci 2003;45:13–17.
242. Subin Rao V, Prem V, Sahoo RC. Effect of upper limb, lower limb and combined training on health-related quality of life in COPD. Lung India 2010;27:4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0970-2113.59260.
243. Pomidori L, Contoli M, Mandolesi G, Cogo A. A simple method for home exercise training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: one-year study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2012;32:53–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/HCR.0b013e31823be0ce.
244. Romagnoli M, Dell’Orso D, Lorenzi C, Crisafulli E, Costi S, Lugli D, et al. Repeated pulmonary rehabilitation in severe and disabled COPD patients. Respiration 2006;73:769–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000092953.
245. Breyer MK, Breyer-Kohansal R, Funk GC, Dornhofer N, Spruit MA, Wouters EF, et al. Nordic walking improves daily physical activities in COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Respir Res 2010;11:112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-11-112.
246. Vonbank K, Strasser B, Mondrzyk J, Marzluf BA, Richter B, Losch S, et al. Strength training increases maximum working capacity in patients with COPD: randomized clinical trial comparing three training modalities. Respir Med 2012;106:557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2011.11.005.
247. Spruit MA, Gosselink R, Troosters T, De PK, Decramer M. Resistance versus endurance training in patients with COPD and peripheral muscle weakness. Eur Respir J 2002;19:1072–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.00287102.
248. Troosters T, Gosselink R, Decramer M. Short-and long-term effects of outpatient rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Am J Med 2000;109:207–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9343(00)00472-1.
249. Barakat S, Michele G, George P, Nicole V, Guy A. Outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2008;3:155–62.
250. Ninot G, Moullec G, Picot MC, Jaussent A, Hayot M, Desplan M, et al. Cost-saving effect of supervised exercise associated to COPD self-management education program. Respir Med 2011;105:377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.10.002.
251. Khdour MR, Kidney JC, Smyth BM, McElnay JC. Clinical pharmacy-led disease and medicine management programme for patients with COPD. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2009;68:588–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2125.2009.03493.x.
252. Murphy N, Bell C, Costello RW. Extending a home from hospital care programme for COPD exacerbations to include pulmonary rehabilitation. Respir Med 2005;99:1297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2005.02.033.
253. Beckerman M, Magadle R, Weiner M, Weiner P. The effects of 1 year of specific inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD. Chest 2005;128:3177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.5.3177.
254. Magadle R, McConnell AK, Beckerman M, Weiner P. Inspiratory muscle training in pulmonary rehabilitation program in COPD patients. Respir Med 2007;101:1500–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.01.010.
255. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS, Rsgaard PK. Quality of life assessment after patient education in a randomized controlled study on asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;159:812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.159.3.9804047.
256. Hynninen MJ, Bjerke N, Pallesen S, Bakke PS, Nordhus IH. A randomized controlled trial of cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and depression in COPD. Respir Med 2010;104:986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.02.020.
257. Puhan MA, Busching G, Schunemann HJ, van Oort E, Zaugg C, Frey M. Interval versus continuous high-intensity exercise in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2006;145:816–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-145-11-200612050-00006.
258. Scherer TA, Spengler CM, Owassapian D, Imhof E, Boutellier U. Respiratory muscle endurance training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: impact on exercise capacity, dyspnea, and quality of life. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000;162:1709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.162.5.9912026.
259. Hsiao SF, Wu YT, Wu HD, Wang TG. Comparison of effectiveness of pressure threshold and targeted resistance devices for inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Formosan Med Assoc 2003;102:240–5.
260. Liu WT, Wang CH, Lin HC, Lin SM, Lee KY, Lo YL, et al. Efficacy of a cell phone-based exercise programme for COPD. Eur Respir J 2008;32:651–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00104407.
261. Nakamura Y, Tanaka K, Shigematsu R, Nakagaichi M, Lnoue M, Homma T. Effects of aerobic training and recreational activities in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Int J Rehabil Res 2008;31:275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e3282fc0f81.
262. Wakabayashi R, Motegi T, Yamada K, Ishii T, Jones RC, Hyland ME, et al. Efficient integrated education for older patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease using the Lung Information Needs Questionnaire. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011;11:422–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00696.x.
263. Sívori M, Rhodius E, Kaplan P, Talarico M, Gorojod G, Carreras B, et al. [Exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Comparative study of aerobic training of lower limbs vs. combination with upper limbs.] Medicina 1998;58:717–27.
264. Ghanem M, Elaal EA, Mehany M, Tolba K. Home-based pulmonary rehabilitation program: effect on exercise tolerance and quality of life in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. Ann Thorac Med 2010;5:18–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1817-1737.58955.
265. Vogiatzis I, Nanas S, Roussos C. Interval training as an alternative modality to continuous exercise in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2002;20:12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.02.01152001.
266. Jarab AS, Alqudah SG, Khdour M, Shamssain M, Mukattash TL. Impact of pharmaceutical care on health outcomes in patients with COPD. Int J Clin Pharm 2012;34:53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-011-9585-z.
267. Jang HJ, Jung YK. [The effects of self-efficacy promoting pulmonary rehabilitation program in out-patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Tuberc Respir Dis 2006;61:533–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4046/trd.2006.61.6.533.
268. Assessing care of vulnerable elders-3 quality indicators. J Am Geriatr Soc 2007;55(Suppl. 2):464–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01329.x.
269. Paz-Diaz H, Montes de OM, Lopez JM, Celli BR. Pulmonary rehabilitation improves depression, anxiety, dyspnea and health status in patients with COPD. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2007;86:30–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHM.0b013e31802b8eca.
270. Bourbeau J, Collet JP, Schwartzman K, Ducruet T, Nault D, Bradley C. Economic benefits of self-management education in COPD. Chest 2006;130:1704–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.130.6.1704.
271. Gadoury MA, Schwartzman K, Rouleau M, Maltais F, Julien M, Beaupre A, et al. Self-management reduces both short-and long-term hospitalisation in COPD. Eur Respir J 2005;26:853–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.05.00093204.
272. Chan AW, Lee A, Suen LK, Tam WW. Tai chi Qigong improves lung functions and activity tolerance in COPD clients: a single blind, randomized controlled trial. Complement Ther Med 2011;19:3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2010.12.007.
273. Van Wetering CR, Hoogendoorn M, Mol SJ, Rutten-van Mölken MP, Schols AM. Short-and long-term efficacy of a community-based COPD management programme in less advanced COPD: a randomised controlled trial. Thorax 2010;65:7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.2009.118620.
274. Hoogendoorn M, van Wetering CR, Schols AM, Rutten-van Mölken MPMH. Is INTERdisciplinary COMmunity-based COPD management (INTERCOM)cost-effective? Eur Respir J 2010;35:79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00043309.
275. Puente-Maestu L, Luisa SM, Sanz P, de Ona RJ, Arnedillo A, Casaburi R. Long-term effects of a maintenance program after supervised or self-monitored training programs in patients with COPD. Lung 2003;181:67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00408-003-1007-0.
276. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Limberg TM, Prewitt LM. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1995;122:823–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-122-11-199506010-00003.
277. Waterhouse JC, Walters SJ, Oluboyede Y, Lawson RA. A randomised 2 × 2 trial of community versus hospital pulmonary rehabilitation, followed by telephone or conventional follow-up. Health Technol Assess 2010;14(6). http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/hta14060.
278. Effing T, Zielhuis G, Kerstjens H, van der Valk P, van der Palen J. Community based physiotherapeutic exercise in COPD self-management: a randomised controlled trial. Respir Med 2011;105:418–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2010.09.017.
279. Khdour MR, Agus AM, Kidney JC, Smyth BM, Elnay JC, Crealey GE. Cost-utility analysis of a pharmacy-led self-management programme for patients with COPD. Int J Clin Pharm 2011;33:665–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-011-9524-z.
280. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. Impact of patient education and self-management on morbidity in asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2000;94:279–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/rmed.1999.0749.
281. Gallefoss F. The effects of patient education in COPD in a 1-year follow-up randomised, controlled trial. Patient Educ Couns 2004;52:259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0738-3991(03)00100-9.
282. Hernandez MT, Rubio TM, Ruiz FO, Riera HS, Gil RS, Gomez JC. Results of a home-based training program for patients with COPD. Chest 2000;118:106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.1.106.
283. Oh EG. The effects of home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with chronic lung disease. Int J Nurs Stud 2003;40:873–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0020-7489(03)00071-3.
284. Moore J, Fiddler H, Seymour J, Grant A, Jolley C, Johnson L, et al. Effect of a home exercise video programme in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Rehabil Med 2009;41:195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0308.
285. Gourley GA, Portner TS, Gourley DR, Rigolosi EL, Holt JM, Solomon DK, et al. Humanistic outcomes in the hypertension and COPD arms of a multicenter outcomes study. J Am Pharm Assoc (Wash)1998;38:586–97.
286. Stoilkova A, Janssen DJ, Wouters EF. Educational programmes in COPD management interventions: a systematic review. Respir Med 2013;107:1637–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.006.
287. Abraham C, Michie S. A taxonomy of behavior change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychol 2008;27:379–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.27.3.379.
288. Gibson PG, Coughlan J, Wilson AJ, Hensley MJ, Abramson M, Bauman A, et al. Limited (information only)patient education programs for adults with asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000;2:CD001005.
289. Dishman RK, Sallis JF, Orenstein DR. The determinants of physical activity and exercise. Public Health Rep 1985;100:158–71.
290. Michie S, Abraham C, Whittington C, McAteer J, Gupta S. Effective techniques in health eating and physical activity interventions: a meta-regression. Health Psychol 2014;28:690–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0016136.
291. Van Der Meer RM, Wagena EJ, Ostelo RW, Jacobs JE, van Schayck CP. Smoking cessation for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2003;2:CD002999.
292. Jaeschke R, Singer J, Guyatt GH. Measurement of health status. Ascertaining the minimal clinically important difference. Control Clin Trials 1989;10:407–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-2456(89)90005-6.
293. Schrijvers G. Disease management: a proposal for a new definition. Int J Integr Care 2009;9:e06.
294. Zainuldin R, Mackey MG, Alison JA. Intensity and type of exercise for lower limb endurance training to optimise exercise capacity for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;1:CD005305.
295. Costi S, Di BM, Pillastrini P, D’Amico R, Crisafulli E, Arletti C, et al. Short-term efficacy of upper-extremity exercise training in patients with chronic airway obstruction: a systematic review. Phys Ther 2009;89:443–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20070368.
296. Geddes EL, O’Brien K, Reid WD, Brooks D, Crowe J. Inspiratory muscle training in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: an update of a systematic review. Respir Med 2008;102:1715–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.07.005.
297. O’Brien K, Geddes EL, Reid WD, Brooks D, Crowe J. Inspiratory muscle training compared with other rehabilitation interventions in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review update. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2008;28:128–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.HCR.0000314208.40170.00.
298. Garrod R, Lasserson T. Role of physiotherapy in the management of chronic lung diseases: an overview of systematic reviews. Respir Med 2007;101:2429–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.06.007.
299. Dewan NA, Rice KL, Caldwell M, Hilleman DE, Daniel E. Economic evaluation of a disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. COPD 2011;8:153–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15412555.2011.560129.
300. Monninkhof E, van der Valk PD, Schermer T, van der Palen J, van Herwaarden C, Zielhuis G. Economic evaluation of a comprehensive self-management programme in patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chron Respir Dis 2004;1:7–16.
301. Tinkelman D, Corsello P, McClure D, Yin M. One-year outcomes from a disease management program for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Dis Manag Health Outcomes 2003;11:49–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00115677-200311010-00007.
302. Alexander JL, Phillips WT, Wagner CL. The effect of strength training on functional fitness in older patients with chronic lung disease enrolled in pulmonary rehabilitation. Rehabil Nurs J 2008;33:91–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2048-7940.2008.tb00211.x.
303. Ambrosino N, Paggiaro PL, Macchi M, Filieri M, Toma G, Lombardi FA, et al. A study of short-term effect of rehabilitative therapy in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 1981;41:40–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000194357.
304. Bauldoff GS, Hoffman LA, Sciurba F, Zullo TG. Home-based, upper-arm exercise training for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Heart Lung 1996;25:288–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0147-9563(96)80064-1.
305. Belman MJ, Shadmehr R. Targeted resistive ventilatory muscle training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Appl Physiol 1988;65:2726–35.
306. Berry MJ, Adair NE, Sevensky KS, Quinby A, Lever HM. Inspiratory muscle training and whole-body reconditioning in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1812–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.153.6.8665039.
307. Berry MJ, Rejeski WJ, Adair NE, Ettinger J, Zaccaro DJ, Sevick MA. A randomized, controlled trial comparing long-term and short-term exercise in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2003;23:60–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200301000-00011.
308. Bjerre-Jepsen K, Secher NH, Kok-Jensen A. Inspiratory resistance training in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Eur J Respir Dis 1981;62:405–11.
309. Borghi-Silva A, Arena R, Castello V, Simoes RP, Martins LE, Catai AM, et al. Aerobic exercise training improves autonomic nervous control in patients with COPD. Respir Med 2009;103:1503–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.04.015.
310. Bosch D, Feierabend M, Becker A. [COPD outpatient education programme (ATEM)and BODE index.] Pneumologie 2007;61:629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2007-980081.
311. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Gormley JM, Douglas MK, Paul SM, Stulbarg MS. Exercise training decreases dyspnea and the distress and anxiety associated with it. Monitoring alone may be as effective as coaching. Chest 1996;110:1526–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.110.6.1526.
312. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Gormley JM, Eiser S, mir-Deviren S, Nguyen H, Paul SM, et al. Dyspnea and the affective response during exercise training in obstructive pulmonary disease. Nurs Res 2001;50:136–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-200105000-00002.
313. Casaburi R, Bhasin S, Cosentino L, Porszasz J, Somfay A, Lewis MI, et al. Effects of testosterone and resistance training in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2004;170:870–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200305-617OC.
314. Chen H, Dukes R, Martin BJ. Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1985;131:251–5.
315. Clark CJ, Cochrane L, Mackay E. Low intensity peripheral muscle conditioning improves exercise tolerance and breathlessness in COPD. Eur Respir J 1996;9:2590–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.96.09122590.
316. Clark CJ, Cochrane LM, Mackay E, Paton B. Skeletal muscle strength and endurance in patients with mild COPD and the effects of weight training. Eur Respir J 2000;15:92–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00.15109200.
317. Cooper CB. Desensitization to dyspnea in COPD with specificity for exercise training mode. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2009;4:33–43.
318. Coppoolse R, Schols AMWJ, Baarends EM, Mostert R, Akkermans MA, Janssen PP, et al. Interval versus continuous training in patients with severe COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Eur Respir J 1999;14:258–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.1999.14b04.x.
319. Costi S, Crisafulli E, Antoni FD, Beneventi C, Fabbri LM, Clini EM. Effects of unsupported upper extremity exercise training in patients with COPD: a randomized clinical trial. Chest 2009;136:387–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.09-0165.
320. De Godoy DV, de Godoy RF. A randomized controlled trial of the effect of psychotherapy on anxiety and depression in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:1154–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00239-9.
321. Dekhuijzen PN, Folgering HT, van Herwaarden CL. Target-flow inspiratory muscle training during pulmonary rehabilitation in patients with COPD. Chest 1991;99:128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.99.1.128.
322. Epstein SK, Celli BR, Martinez FJ, Couser JI, Roa J, Pollock M, et al. Arm training reduces the VO2 and VE cost of unsupported arm exercise and elevation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1997;17:171–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199705000-00004.
323. Esteve F, Blanc-Gras N, Gallego J, Benchetrit G. The effects of breathing pattern training on ventilatory function in patients with COPD. Biofeedback Self Regul 1996;21:311–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02214431.
324. Falk P, Eriksen AM, Kolliker K, Andersen JB. Relieving dyspnea with an inexpensive and simple method in patients with severe chronic airflow limitation. Eur J Respir Dis 1985;66:181–6.
325. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. How does patient education and self-management among asthmatics and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease affect medication? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999;160:2000–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.160.6.9901028.
326. Cabedo GV, Garces Asemany CR, Cortes BA, Oteo Elso JT, Ballester Salvador FJ. [Effectiveness of the correct use of inhalation devices in patients with COPD: randomized clinical trial.] Med Clin 2010;135:586–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medcli.2010.03.027.
327. Gift AG, Moore T, Soeken K. Relaxation to reduce dyspnea and anxiety in COPD patients. Nurs Res 1992;41:242–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006199-199207000-00011.
328. Gormley JM, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Douglas MK, Stulbarg MS. Treadmill self-efficacy and walking performance in patients with COPD. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1993;13:424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199311000-00009.
329. Harver A, Mahler DA, Daubenspeck JA. Targeted inspiratory muscle training improves respiratory muscle function and reduces dyspnea in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1989;111:117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-111-2-117.
330. Heijdra YF, Dekhuijzen PNR, van Herwaarden CLA, Folgering HT. Nocturnal saturation improves by target-flow inspiratory muscle training in patients with COPD. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:260–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.153.1.8542126.
331. Hoff J, Tjonna AE, Steinshamn S, Hoydal M, Richardson RS, Helgerud J. Maximal strength training of the legs in COPD: a therapy for mechanical inefficiency. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2007;39:220–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000246989.48729.39.
332. Incalzi RA, Corsonello A, Trojano L, Pedone C, Acanfora D, Spada A, et al. Cognitive training is ineffective in hypoxemic COPD: a six-month randomized controlled trial. Rejuvenation Res 2008;11:239–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2007.0607.
333. Izumizaki M, Satake M, Takahashi H, Sugawara K, Shioya T, Homma I. Effects of inspiratory muscle thixotropy on the 6-min walk distance in COPD. Respir Med 2008;102:970–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2008.02.007.
334. Jin X-Q, Hao L-S, Chen W-H. [The influence of pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea, pulmonary function test and exercise tolerance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients.] Chin J Clin Rehabil 2002;6:662–3.
335. Jones DT, Thomson RJ, Sears MR. Physical exercise and resistive breathing training in severe chronic airways obstruction. Are they effective? Eur J Respir Dis 1985;67:159–66.
336. Kheirabadi GR, Keypour M, Attaran N, Bagherian R, Maracy MR. Effect of add-on ‘Self management and behavior modification’ education on severity of COPD. Tanaffos 2008;7:23–30.
337. Kongsgaard M, Backer V, Jorgensen K, Kjaer M, Beyer N. Heavy resistance training increases muscle size, strength and physical function in elderly male COPD-patients: a pilot study. Respir Med 2004;98:1000–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2004.03.003.
338. Kirsten DK, Taube C, Lehnigk B, Jörres RA, Magnussen H. Exercise training improves recovery in patients with COPD after an acute exacerbation. Respir Med 1998;92:1191–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0954-6111(98)90420-6.
339. Kurabayashi H, Machida I, Tamura K, Iwai F, Tamura J, Kubota K. Breathing out into water during subtotal immersion: a therapy for chronic pulmonary emphysema. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2000;79:150–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002060-200003000-00007.
340. Ruiz de Ona Lacasta JM, Garcia de PJ, Puente ML, Llorente ID, Celdran GJ, Cubillo Marcos JM. [Effects of muscle training on breathing pattern in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Arch Bronconeumol 2004;40:20–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1579-2129(06)60187-0.
341. Lake FR, Henderson K, Briffa T, Openshaw J, Musk AW. Upper-limb and lower-limb exercise training in patients with chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 1990;97:1077–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.97.5.1077.
342. Levine S, Weiser P, Gillen J. Evaluation of a ventilatory muscle endurance training program in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986;133:400–6.
343. Lisboa C, Villafranca C, Pertuze J, Leiva A, Repetto P. [Clinical effects of inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic airflow limitation.] Rev Med Chile 1995;123:1108–15.
344. Lisboa C, Villafranca C, Leiva A, Cruz E, Pertuze J, Borzone G. Inspiratory muscle training in chronic airflow limitation: Effect on exercise performance. Eur Respir J 1997;10:537–42.
345. Louie SW. The effects of guided imagery relaxation in people with COPD. Occup Ther Int 2004;11:145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/oti.203.
346. Marrara KT, Marino DM, de Held PA, de Oliveira Junior AD, Jamami M, Di Lorenzo V. Different physical therapy interventions on daily physical activities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2008;102:505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.12.004.
347. Martinez FJ, Vogel PD, Dupont DN, Stanopoulos I, Gray A, Beamis JF. Supported arm exercise vs unsupported arm exercise in the rehabilitation of patients with severe chronic airflow obstruction. Chest 1993;103:1397–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.103.5.1397.
348. McKeon JL, Turner J, Kelly C. The effect of inspiratory resistive training on exercise capacity in optimally treated patients with severe chronic airflow limitation. Aust NZ J Med 1986;16:648–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-5994.1986.tb00005.x.
349. Mehri SN, Khoshnevis MA, Zarrehbinan F, Hafezi S, Ghasemi A, Ebadi A. Effect of treadmill exercise training on VO2 peak in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tanaffos 2007;6:18–24.
350. Mendes De Oliveira JC, Studart Leitao Filho FS, Malosa Sampaio LM, Negrinho De Oliveira AC, Hirata RP, Costa D, et al. Outpatient vs. home-based pulmonary rehabilitation in COPD: a randomized controlled trial. Multidiscip Respir Med 2010;5:401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2049-6958-5-6-401.
351. Nasis IG, Vogiatzis I, Stratakos G, Athanasopoulos D, Koutsoukou A, Daskalakis A, et al. Effects of interval-load versus constant-load training on the BODE index in COPD patients. Respir Med 2009;103:1392–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2009.03.003.
352. Nava S. Rehabilitation of patients admitted to a respiratory intensive care unit. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1998;79:849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90369-0.
353. Noseda A, Carpiaux JP, Vandeput W, Prigogine T, Schmerber J. Resistive inspiratory muscle training and exercise performance in COPD patients. A comparative study with conventional breathing retraining. Bull Eur Physiopathol Respir 1987;23:457–63.
354. Nosworthy J, Barter C, Thomas S, Flynn M. An evaluation of the three elements of pulmonary rehabilitation. Aust Physiother 1993;38:189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0004-9514(14)60562-6.
355. Phillips WT, Benton MJ, Wagner CL, Riley C. The effect of single set resistance training on strength and functional fitness in pulmonary rehabilitation patients. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2006;26:330–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200609000-00011.
356. Preusser BA, Winningham ML, Clanton TL. High-vs low-intensity inspiratory muscle interval training in patients with COPD. Chest 1994;106:110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.106.1.110.
357. Puente-Maestu L, Sanz ML, Sanz P, Ruiz De Ona JM, Rodriguez-Hermosa JL, Whipp BJ. Effects of two types of training on pulmonary and cardiac responses to moderate exercise in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 2000;15:1026–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-3003.2000.01509.x.
358. Ramirez-Sarmiento A, Orozco-Levi M, Güell R, Barreiro E, Hernandez N, Mota S, et al. Inspiratory muscle training in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: structural adaptation and physiologic outcomes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002;166:1491–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/rccm.200202-075OC.
359. Reardon J, Awad E, Normandin E, Vale F, Clark B, Zuwallack RL. The effect of comprehensive outpatient pulmonary rehabilitation on dyspnea. Chest 1994;105:1046–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.105.4.1046.
360. Ries AL, Moser KM. Comparison of isocapnic hyperventilation and walking exercise training at home in pulmonary rehabilitation. Chest 1986;90:285–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.90.2.285.
361. Ries AL, Ellis B, Hawkins RW. Upper extremity exercise training in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Chest 1988;93:688–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.93.4.688.
362. Saunders KB, White JE. Controlled trial of breathing exercises. Br Med J 1965;2:680–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5463.680.
363. Savci S, Ince DI, Arikan H. A comparison of autogenic drainage and the active cycle of breathing techniques in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2000;20:37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200001000-00006.
364. Singh VP, Rao V, Prem V, Sahoo RC, Keshev Pai K. Comparison of the effectiveness of music and progressive muscle relaxation for anxiety in COPD: a randomized controlled pilot study. Chron Respir Dis 2009;6:209–16.
365. Spohn S, Wittmann M, Petro W. [Impact of an education program on health-related control beliefs and self-efficacy expectancies in patients with COPD.] Pravention und Rehabilitation 2002;14:163–70.
366. Strijbos JH, Postma DS, van Altena R, Gimeno F, Koeter GH. Feasibility and effects of a home-care rehabilitation program in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1996;16:386–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199611000-00008.
367. Strijbos JH, Postma DS, van Altena R, Gimeno F, Koeter GH. A comparison between an outpatient hospital-based pulmonary rehabilitation program and a home-care pulmonary rehabilitation program in patients with COPD. A follow-up of 18 months. Chest 1996;109:366–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.109.2.366.
368. Su C-L, Chiang L-L, Chiang T-Y, Yu C-T, Kuo H-P, Lin H-C. Domiciliary positive expiratory pressure improves pulmonary function and exercise capacity pulmonary with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Formosan Med Assoc 2007;106:204–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0929-6646(09)60241-2.
369. Tandon MK. Adjunct treatment with yoga in chronic severe airways obstruction. Thorax 1978;33:514–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thx.33.4.514.
370. Tiep BL, Burns M, Kao D, Madison R, Herrera J. Pursed lips breathing training using ear oximetry. Chest 1986;90:218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.90.2.218.
371. Toshima MT, Blumberg E, Ries AL, Kaplan RM. Does rehabilitation reduce depression in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease? J Cardiopulm Rehabil 1992;12:261–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-199207000-00005.
372. Vallet G, Varray A, Fontaine JL, Prefaut C. [Value of individualized rehabilitation at the ventilatory threshold level in moderately severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Rev Mal Respir 1994;11:493–501.
373. Vallet G, Ahmaidi S, Serres I, Fabre C, Bourgouin D, Desplan J, et al. Comparison of two training programmes in chronic airway limitation patients: standardized versus individualized protocols. Eur Respir J 1997;10:114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.97.10010114.
374. Varga J, Porszasz J, Boda K, Casaburi R, Somfay A. Supervised high intensity continuous and interval training vs. self-paced training in COPD. Respir Med 2007;101:2297–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2007.06.017.
375. Vogiatzis I, Terzis G, Nanas S, Stratakos G, Simoes DC, Georgiadou O, et al. Skeletal muscle adaptations to interval training in patients with advanced COPD. Chest 2005;128:3838–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.6.3838.
376. Wanke T, Formanek D, Lahrmann H, Brath H, Wild M, Wagner C, et al. Effects of combined inspiratory muscle and cycle ergometer training on exercise performance in patients with COPD. Eur Respir J 1994;7:2205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.94.07122205.
377. Weiner P, Azgad Y, Ganam R. Inspiratory muscle training combined with general exercise reconditioning in patients with COPD. Chest 1992;102:1351–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.102.5.1351.
378. Weiner P, Magadle R, Berar-Yanay N, Davidovich A, Weiner M. The cumulative effect of long-acting bronchodilators, exercise, and inspiratory muscle training on the perception of dyspnea in patients with advanced COPD. Chest 2000;118:672–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.118.3.672.
379. Weiner P, Magadle R, Beckerman M, Weiner M, Berar-Yanay N. Specific expiratory muscle training in COPD. Chest 2003;124:468–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.2.468.
380. Weiner P, Magadle R, Beckerman M, Weiner M, Berar-Yanay N. Comparison of specific expiratory, inspiratory, and combined muscle training programs in COPD. Chest 2003;124:1357–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.124.4.1357.
381. Weiner P, Magandle R, Beckerman M, Weiner M, Berar-Yanay N. Maintenance of inspiratory muscle training in COPD patients: one year follow-up. Eur Respir J 2004;23:61–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.03.00059503.
382. Weiner P, Weiner M. Inspiratory muscle training may increase peak inspiratory flow in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respiration 2006;73:151–6.
383. Wen Y-L, Huang D-F, Huang M, Huang Y-P. [Evaluation on the effect of systematic exercise rehabilitation intervention in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Chin J Clin Rehabil 2004;8:2224–5.
384. Wen H, Gao Y, An JY. [Comparison of high-intensity and anaerobic threshold programs in rehabilitation for patients with moderate to severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.] Chung-Hua Chieh Ho Ho Hu Hsi Tsa Chih 2008;31:571–6.
385. Wijkstra PJ, van der Mark TW, Kraan J, van Altena R, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Effects of home rehabilitation on physical performance in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Eur Respir J 1996;9:104–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.96.09010104.
386. Wijkstra PJ, van der Mark TW, Kraan J, van Altena R, Koeter GH, Postma DS. Long-term effects of home rehabilitation on physical performance in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1996;153:1234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm.153.4.8616547.
387. Wolkove N, Baltzan MA, Jr, Kamel H, Rotaple M. A randomized trial to evaluate the sustained efficacy of a mucus clearance device in ambulatory patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Can Respir J 2004;11:567–72.
388. Wurtemberger G, Bastian K. [Functional effects of different training in patients with COPD.] Pneumologie 2001;55:553–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-19001.
389. Xie S-L, Zhu M-G, Cui H-B, Liu H-Y. Influence of home-based training program on patients with COPD. Chin J Clin Rehabil 2003;7:2554–5.
390. Yan Q, Sun Y. Quantitative research for improving respiratory muscle contraction by breathing exercise. Chin Med J 1996;109:771–5.
391. Gallefoss F, Bakke PS. Cost–benefit and cost-effectiveness analysis of self-management in patients with COPD: a 1-year follow-up randomized, controlled trial. Respir Med 2002;96:424–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1053/rmed.2002.1293.
392. Goldstein RS, Gort EH, Guyatt GH, Feeny D. Economic analysis of respiratory rehabilitation. Chest 1997;112:370–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.112.2.370.
393. Guyatt GH, King DR, Feeny DH, Stubbing D, Goldstein RS. Generic and specific measurement of health-related quality of life in a clinical trial of respiratory rehabilitation. J Clin Epidemiol 1999;52:187–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0895-4356(98)00157-7.
394. Carrieri-Kohlman V, Nguyen HQ, Donesky-Cuenco D, Mir-Deviren S, Neuhaus J, Stulbarg MS. Impact of brief or extended exercise training on the benefit of a dyspnea self-management program in COPD. J Cardiopulm Rehabil 2005;25:275–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008483-200509000-00009.
395. Davis AH, Carrieri-Kohlman V, Janson SL, Gold WM, Stulbarg MS. Effects of treatment on two types of self-efficacy in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. J Pain Symptom Manage 2006;32:60–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2006.01.012