The central carbon and energy metabolism of marine diatoms

Metabolites

Volumn 3, Issue 2, 2013, Pages 325-346

  Obata, Toshihiro ^a   Fernie, Alisdair R ^a   Nunes Nesi, Adriano ^b  

^a MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE OF MOLECULAR PLANT PHYSIOLOGY   (Germany)

^b FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF VIÇOSA   (Brazil)

Author keywords

Biofuel; Central carbon metabolism; Diatoms; Lipid biosynthesis; Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Photosynthesis; Thalassiosira pseudonana

Indexed keywords

BETA 1, 3 GLUCAN; CARBON 14; CARBON DIOXIDE; CHRYSOLAMINARAN; FRUCTOSE BISPHOSPHATASE; GLYCOLYTIC ENZYME; IRON; POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBON; RIBULOSEBISPHOSPHATE CARBOXYLASE; TRIACYLGLYCEROL; TRICARBOXYLIC ACID; UNCLASSIFIED DRUG;

ACIDIFICATION; BIOFUEL PRODUCTION; CARBON METABOLISM; DIATOM; ECOSYSTEM; ENDOSYMBIOSIS; ENERGY METABOLISM; GENE SEQUENCE; GENE TRANSFER; ION TRANSPORT; LIGHT HARVESTING SYSTEM; LIPID METABOLISM; LIPOGENESIS; MARINE ENVIRONMENT; MARINE SPECIES; METABOLISM; MICROALGA; MOLECULAR GENETICS; NONHUMAN; PHAEODACTYLUM TRICORNUTUM; PHOTORESPIRATION; PHOTOSYNTHESIS; PHOTOSYSTEM II; PHYTOPLANKTON; PLASTID; REVIEW; THALASSIOSIRA WEISSFLOGII; WATER POLLUTION;

EID: 85016467742     PISSN: None     EISSN: 22181989     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3390/metabo3020325     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. Hasle, G.R.; Syvertsen, E.E. Marine diatoms. In Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates; Elsevier: Amsterdam, The Netherland, 1996; pp. 5-385.
2. Villareal, T.A. Buoyancy properties of the giant diatom Ethmodiscus. J. Plankton Res. 1992, 14, 459-463.
3. Bertrand, M. Carotenoid biosynthesis in diatoms. Photosynth. Res. 2010, 106, 89-102.
4. Kröger, N.; Poulsen, N. Diatoms-from cell wall biogenesis to nanotechnology. Annu. Rev. Genet. 2008, 42, 83-107.
5. Schubert, H.; Sagert, S.; Forster, R.M. Evaluation of the different levels of variability in the underwater light field of a shallow estuary. Helgol. Mar. Res. 2001, 55, 12-22.
6. Anderson, L.W. J.; Sweeney, B.M. Diel changes in sedimentation characteristics of ditylum brightwelli: changes in cellular lipid and effects of respiratory inhibitors and ion-transport modifiers. Limnol. Oceanogr. 2007, 22, 539-552.
7. Bowler, C.; Vardi, A.; Allen, A.E. Oceanographic and biogeochemical insights from diatom genomes. Annu. Rev. Mar. Sci. 2010, 2, 333-365.
8. Bowler, C.; Karl, D.M.; Colwell, R.R. Microbial oceanography in a sea of opportunity. Nature 2009, 459, 180-184.
9. Falkowski, P.G.; Fenchel, T.; Delong, E.F. The microbial engines that drive Earth's biogeochemical cycles. Science 2008, 320, 1034-1039.
10. Coleman, M.L.; Sullivan, M.B.; Martiny, A.C.; Steglich, C.; Barry, K.; Delong, E.F.; Chisholm, S.W. Genomic islands and the ecology and evolution of Prochlorococcus. Science 2006, 311, 1768-1770.
11. Keeling, P.J.; Palmer, J.D. Horizontal gene transfer in eukaryotic evolution. Nat. Rev. Genet. 2008, 9, 605-618.
12. Curtis, B.A.; Tanifuji, G.; Burki, F.; Gruber, A.; Irimia, M.; Maruyama, S.; Arias, M.C.; Ball, S.G.; Gile, G.H.; Hirakawa, Y.; et al. Algal genomes reveal evolutionary mosaicism and the fate of nucleomorphs. Nature 2012, 492, 59-65.
13. Armbrust, E.V.; Berges, J.A.; Bowler, C.; Green, B.R.; Martinez, D.; Putnam, N.H.; Zhou, S.; Allen, A.E.; Apt, K.E.; Bechner, M.; et al. The genome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana: ecology, evolution, and metabolism. Science 2004, 306, 79-86.
14. Bowler, C.; Allen, A.E.; Badger, J.H.; Grimwood, J.; Jabbari, K.; Kuo, A.; Maheswari, U.; Martens, C.; Maumus, F.; Otillar, R.P.; et al. The Phaeodactylum genome reveals the evolutionary history of diatom genomes. Nature 2008, 456, 239-244.
15. Kroth, P.G.; Chiovitti, A.; Gruber, A.; Martin-Jezequel, V.; Mock, T.; Parker, M.S.; Stanley, M.S.; Kaplan, A.; Caron, L.; Weber, T.; et al. A model for carbohydrate metabolism in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum deduced from comparative whole genome analysis. PloS One 2008, 3, e1426.
16. Fabris, M.; Matthijs, M.; Rombauts, S.; Vyverman, W.; Goossens, A.; Baart, G.J.E. The metabolic blueprint of Phaeodactylum tricornutum reveals a eukaryotic Entner-Doudoroff glycolytic pathway. Plant. J. 2012, 70, 1004-1014.
17. Maheswari, U.; Jabbari, K.; Petit, J.-L.; Porcel, B.M.; Allen, A.E.; Cadoret, J.-P.; De Martino, A.; Heijde, M.; Kaas, R.; La Roche, J.; et al. Digital expression profiling of novel diatom transcripts provides insight into their biological functions. Genome Biol. 2010, 11, R85.
18. Chauton, M.S.; Winge, P.; Brembu, T.; Vadstein, O.; Bones, A.M. Gene regulation of carbon fixation, storage and utilization in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum acclimated to light/dark cycles. Plant. Physiol. 2012, 161, 1034-1048.
19. Nunn, B.L.; Aker, J.R.; Shaffer, S.A.; Tsai, S.; Strzepek, R.F.; Boyd, P.W.; Freeman, T.L.; Brittnacher, M.; Malmström, L.; Goodlett, D.R. Deciphering diatom biochemical pathways via whole-cell proteomics. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 2009, 55, 241-253.
20. Hockin, N.L.; Mock, T.; Mulholland, F.; Kopriva, S.; Malin, G. The response of diatom central carbon metabolism to nitrogen starvation is different from that of green algae and higher plants. Plant. Physiol. 2012, 158, 299-312.
21. Murata, N.; Takahashi, S.; Nishiyama, Y.; Allakhverdiev, S.I. Photoinhibition of photosystem II under environmental stress. Biochimi. Biophys. Acta 2007, 1767, 414-421.
22. Goss, R.; Jakob, T. Regulation and function of xanthophyll cycle-dependent photoprotection in algae. Photosynth. Res. 2010, 106, 103-122.
23. Lavaud, J.; Rousseau, B.; Van Gorkom, H.J.; Etienne, A.-L. Influence of the diadinoxanthin pool size on photoprotection in the marine planktonic diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Plant. Physiol. 2002, 129, 1398-1406.
24. Bailleul, B.; Rogato, A.; De Martino, A.; Coesel, S.; Cardol, P.; Bowler, C.; Falciatore, A.; Finazzi, G. An atypical member of the light-harvesting complex stress-related protein family modulates diatom responses to light. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2010, 107, 18214-18219.
25. Domingues, N.; Matos, A.R.; Marques da Silva, J.; Cartaxana, P. Response of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to photooxidative stress resulting from high light exposure. PloS One 2012, 7, e38162.
26. Wu, H.; Cockshutt, A.M.; McCarthy, A.; Campbell, D.A. Distinctive photosystem II photoinactivation and protein dynamics in marine diatoms. Plant. Physiol. 2011, 156, 2184-2195.
27. Brunet, C.; Lavaud, J. Can the xanthophyll cycle help extract the essence of the microalgal functional response to a variable light environment? J. Plankton Res. 2010, 32, 1609-1617.
28. Roberts, K.; Granum, E.; Leegood, R.C.; Raven, J.A. Carbon acquisition by diatoms. Photosynth. Res. 2007, 93, 79-88.
29. Reinfelder, J.R. Carbon concentrating mechanisms in eukaryotic marine phytoplankton. Ann. Rev. MarI. Sci. 2011, 3, 291-315.
30. Wang, Y.; Duanmu, D.; Spalding, M.H. Carbon dioxide concentrating mechanism in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: inorganic carbon transport and CO2 recapture. Photosynth. Res. 2011, 109, 115-122.
31. Matsuda, Y.; Nakajima, K.; Tachibana, M. Recent progresses on the genetic basis of the regulation of CO2 acquisition systems in response to CO2 concentration. Photosynth. Res. 2011, 109, 191-203.
32. Raven, J.A. Inorganic carbon acquisition by eukaryotic algae: four current questions. Photosynth. Res. 2010, 106, 123-134.
33. Trimborn, S.; Lundholm, N.; Thoms, S.; Richter, K.-U.; Krock, B.; Hansen, P.J.; Rost, B. Inorganic carbon acquisition in potentially toxic and non-toxic diatoms: the effect of pH-induced changes in seawater carbonate chemistry. Physiol. Plant 2008, 133, 92-105.
34. Martin, C.L.; Tortell, P.D. Bicarbonate transport and extracellular carbonic anhydrase in marine diatoms. Physiol. Plant 2008, 133, 106-116.
35. Satoh, D.; Hiraoka, Y.; Colman, B.; Matsuda, Y. Physiological and molecular biological characterization of intracellular carbonic anhydrase from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Plant Physiol. 2001, 126, 1459-1470.
36. Nakajima, K.; Tanaka, A.; Matsuda, Y. SLC4 family transporters in a marine diatom directly pump bicarbonate from seawater. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2013, 110, 1767-1772.
37. Muto, M.; Fukuda, Y.; Nemoto, M.; Yoshino, T.; Matsunaga, T.; Tanaka, T. Establishment of a genetic transformation system for the marine pennate diatom Fistulifera sp. strain JPCC DA0580-A high triglyceride producer. Mar. Biotechnol. 2013, 15, 48-55.
38. Falciatore, A.; Casotti, R.; Leblanc, C.; Abrescia, C.; Bowler, C. Transformation of nonselectable reporter genes in marine diatoms. Mar. Biotechnol. 1999, 1, 239-251.
39. Apt, K.E.; Kroth-Pancic, P.G.; Grossman, A.R. Stable nuclear transformation of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Mol. Gen. Genet. 1996, 252, 572-579.
40. Hopkinson, B.M.; Dupont, C.L.; Allen, A.E.; Morel, F.M. M. Efficiency of the CO2-concentrating mechanism of diatoms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2011, 108, 3830-3837.
41. Reinfelder, J.R.; Kraepiel, A.M.; Morel, F.M. Unicellular C4 photosynthesis in a marine diatom. Nature 2000, 407, 996-999.
42. McGinn, P.J.; Morel, F.M. M. Expression and inhibition of the carboxylating and decarboxylating enzymes in the photosynthetic C4 pathway of marine diatoms. Plant. Physiol. 2008, 146, 300-309.
43. Roberts, K.; Granum, E.; Leegood, R.C.; Raven, J.A. C3 and C4 pathways of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in marine diatoms are under genetic, not environmental, control. Plant Physiol. 2007, 145, 230-235.
44. Haimovich-Dayan, M.; Garfinkel, N.; Ewe, D.; Marcus, Y.; Gruber, A.; Wagner, H.; Kroth, P.G.; Kaplan, A. The role of C4 metabolism in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. New Phytol. 2013, 197, 177-185.
45. Wilhelm, C.; Büchel, C.; Fisahn, J.; Goss, R.; Jakob, T.; Laroche, J.; Lavaud, J.; Lohr, M.; Riebesell, U.; Stehfest, K.; et al. The regulation of carbon and nutrient assimilation in diatoms is significantly different from green algae. Protist 2006, 157, 91-124.
46. Shimonaga, T.; Konishi, M.; Oyama, Y.; Fujiwara, S.; Satoh, A.; Fujita, N.; Colleoni, C.; Buléon, A.; Putaux, J.-L.; Ball, S.G.; et al. Variation in storage alpha-glucans of the Porphyridiales (Rhodophyta). Plant Cell. Physiol. 2008, 49, 103-116.
47. Granum, E.; Kirkvold, S.; Myklestad, S. Cellular and extracellular production of carbohydrates and amino acids by the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum: diel variations and effects of N depletion. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 2002, 242, 83-94.
48. Roessler, P.G. UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase activity in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica. Pathways of chrysolaminarin biosynthesis. J. Phycol. 1987, 23, 494-498.
49. Vårum, K.M.; OØstgaard, K.; Grimsrud, K. Diurnal rhythms in carbohydrate metabolism of the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum (Grev.) Cleve. J. Exp. Mar. Bio. Ecol. 1986, 102, 249-256.
50. Parker, M.S.; Armbrust, E.V.; Piovia-Scott, J.; Keil, R.G. Induction of photorespiration by light in the centric diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii (Bacillariophyceae): Molecular characterization and physiological consequences. J. Phycol. 2004, 40, 557-567.
51. Timm, S.; Nunes-Nesi, A.; Pärnik, T.; Morgenthal, K.; Wienkoop, S.; Keerberg, O.; Weckwerth, W.; Kleczkowski, L.A.; Fernie, A.R.; Bauwe, H. A cytosolic pathway for the conversion of hydroxypyruvate to glycerate during photorespiration in Arabidopsis. Plant. Cell. 2008, 20, 2848-2859.
52. Tortell, P.D. Evolutionary and ecological perspectives on carbon acquisition in phytoplankton. Limonol. Oceanogr. 2000, 45, 744-750.
53. Fernie, A.R.; Obata, T.; Allen, A.E.; Araújo, W.L.; Bowler, C. Leveraging metabolomics for functional investigations in sequenced marine diatoms. Trends Plant. Sci. 2012, 17, 395-403.
54. Allen, A.E.; Dupont, C.L.; Oborník, M.; Horák, A.; Nunes-Nesi, A.; McCrow, J.P.; Zheng, H.; Johnson, D.A.; Hu, H.; Fernie, A.R.; et al. Evolution and metabolic significance of the urea cycle in photosynthetic diatoms. Nature 2011, 473, 203-207.
55. Martinez, E.; Antoine, D.; D'Ortenzio, F.; Gentili, B. Climate-driven basin-scale decadal oscillations of oceanic phytoplankton. Science 2009, 326, 1253-1256.
56. Weber, T.; Deutsch, C. Oceanic nitrogen reservoir regulated by plankton diversity and ocean circulation. Nature 2012, 489, 419-422.
57. Weber, T.S.; Deutsch, C. Ocean nutrient ratios governed by plankton biogeography. Nature 2010, 467, 550-554.
58. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC). In Climate Change 2001; Houghton, J.T., Ding, Y., Griggs, D.J., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P.J., Dai, X., Maskell, K., Johnson, C.A., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2001.
59. Field, C.B. Primary Production of the Biosphere: Integrating Terrestrial and Oceanic Components. Science 1998, 281, 237-240.
60. Hein, M.; Sand-Jensen, K. CO2 increases oceanic primary production. 1997, 388, 526-527.
61. Yang, G.; Gao, K. Physiological responses of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana to increased pCO2 and seawater acidity. Mar. Environ. Res. 2012, 79, 142-151.
62. Gao, K.; Xu, J.; Gao, G.; Li, Y.; Hutchins, D.A.; Huang, B.; Wang, L.; Zheng, Y.; Jin, P.; Cai, X.; et al. Rising CO2 and increased light exposure synergistically reduce marine primary productivity. Nat. Clim. Change 2012, 2, 519-523.
63. Crawfurd, K.J.; Raven, J.A.; Wheeler, G.L.; Baxter, E.J.; Joint, I. The response of Thalassiosira pseudonana to long-term exposure to increased CO2 and decreased pH. PloS one 2011, 6, e26695.
64. Boyd, P.W.; Watson, A.J.; Law, C.S.; Abraham, E.R.; Trull, T.; Murdoch, R.; Bakker, D.C.; Bowie, A.R.; Buesseler, K.O.; Chang, H.; et al. A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization. Nature 2000, 407, 695-702.
65. Coale, K.H.; Johnson, K.S.; Chavez, F.P.; Buesseler, K.O.; Barber, R.T.; Brzezinski, M.A.; Cochlan, W.P.; Millero, F.J.; Falkowski, P.G.; Bauer, J.E.; et al. Southern Ocean iron enrichment experiment: carbon cycling in highand low-Si waters. Science 2004, 304, 408-414.
66. Boyd, P.W.; Jickells, T.; Law, C.S.; Blain, S.; Boyle, E.A.; Buesseler, K.O.; Coale, K.H.; Cullen, J.J.; De Baar, H.J.W.; Follows, M.; et al. Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: synthesis and future directions. Science 2007, 315, 612-617.
67. Cao, L.; Caldeira, K. Can ocean iron fertilization mitigate ocean acidification? Clim. Change 2010, 99, 303-311.
68. Strzepek, R.F.; Harrison, P.J. Photosynthetic architecture differs in coastal and oceanic diatoms. Nature 2004, 431, 689-692.
69. Peers, G.; Price, N.M. Copper-containing plastocyanin used for electron transport by an oceanic diatom. Nature 2006, 441, 341-344.
70. Kustka, A.B.; Allen, A.E.; Morel, F.M. M. Sequence analysis and transcriptional regulation of iron acquisition genes in two marine diatoms. J. Phycol. 2007, 43, 715-729.
71. Allen, A.E.; Laroche, J.; Maheswari, U.; Lommer, M.; Schauer, N.; Lopez, P.J.; Finazzi, G.; Fernie, A.R.; Bowler, C. Whole-cell response of the pennate diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to iron starvation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2008, 105, 10438-10443.
72. Schirmer, K.; Fischer, B.B.; Madureira, D.J.; Pillai, S. Transcriptomics in ecotoxicology. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2010, 397, 917-923.
73. Diggs, D.L.; Huderson, A.C.; Harris, K.L.; Myers, J.N.; Banks, L.D.; Rekhadevi, P. V.; Niaz, M.S.; Ramesh, A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and digestive tract cancers: a perspective. J. Environ. Sci. Heal. C 2011, 29, 324-357.
74. Tobiszewski, M.; Namieśnik, J. PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources. Environ.Pollut. 2012, 162, 110-119.
75. Carvalho, R.N.; Bopp, S.K.; Lettieri, T. Transcriptomics responses in marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana exposed to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[a]pyrene. PloS One 2011, 6, e26985.
76. Becker, E.W. Microalgae: Biotechnology and Microbiology; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1994; p. 293.
77. Lee, Y.K. Microalgal mass culture systems and methods: Their limitation and potential. J. Appl. Phycol. 2001, 13, 307-315.
78. Pulz, O.; Gross, W. Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2004, 65, 635-648.
79. Harun, R.; Singh, M.; Forde, G.M.; Danquah, M.K. Bioprocess engineering of microalgae to produce a variety of consumer products. Renew. Sust. Energ. Rev. 2010, 14, 1037-1047.
80. Chisti, Y. Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol. Adv. 2007, 25, 294-306.
81. Schenk, P.M.; Thomas-Hall, S.R.; Stephens, E.; Marx, U.C.; Mussgnug, J.H.; Posten, C.; Kruse, O.; Hankamer, B. Second generation biofuels: High-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenerg. Res. 2008, 1, 20-43.
82. Sheehan, J.; Dunahay, T.; Benemann, J.; Roessler, P. Look Back at the U.S. Department of Energy's Aquatic Species Program: Biodiesel from Algae; Close-Out Report; NREL/TP-580-24190, 1998.
83. Hu, Q.; Sommerfeld, M.; Jarvis, E.; Ghirardi, M.; Posewitz, M.; Seibert, M.; Darzins, A. Microalgal triacylglycerols as feedstocks for biofuel production: perspectives and advances. Plant J. 2008, 54, 621-639.
84. Spolaore, P.; Joannis-Cassan, C.; Duran, E.; Isambert, A. Commercial applications of microalgae. J. Biosci. Bioeng.2006, 101, 87-96.
85. Khozin-Goldberg, I.; Cohen, Z. Unraveling algal lipid metabolism: Recent advances in gene identification. Biochimie 2011, 93, 91-100.
86. Wijffels, R.H.; Barbosa, M.J. An outlook on microalgal biofuels. Science 2010, 329, 796-799.
87. Caldana, C.; Li, Y.; Leisse, A.; Zhang, Y.; Bartholomaeus, L.; Fernie, A.R.; Willmitzer, L.; Giavalisco, P. Systemic analysis of inducible target of rapamycin mutants reveal a general metabolic switch controlling growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant J. 2013, doi: 10.1111/tpj.12080.
88. Scott, S.A.; Davey, M.P.; Dennis, J.S.; Horst, I.; Howe, C.J.; Lea-Smith, D.J.; Smith, A.G. Biodiesel from algae: challenges and prospects. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2010, 21, 277-286.
89. Derelle, E.; Ferraz, C.; Rombauts, S.; Rouzé, P.; Worden, A.Z.; Robbens, S.; Partensky, F.; Degroeve, S.; Echeynié, S.; Cooke, R.; et al. Genome analysis of the smallest free-living eukaryote Ostreococcus tauri unveils many unique features. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103, 11647-11652.
90. Merchant, S.S.; Prochnik, S.E.; Vallon, O.; Harris, E.H.; Karpowicz, S.J.; Witman, G.B.; Terry, A.; Salamov, A.; Fritz-Laylin, L.K.; Maréchal-Drouard, L.; et al. The Chlamydomonas genome reveals the evolution of key animal and plant functions. Science 2007, 318, 245-250.
91. Price, D.C.; Chan, C.X.; Yoon, H.S.; Yang, E.C.; Qiu, H.; Weber, A.P.M.; Schwacke, R.; Gross, J.; Blouin, N.A.; Lane, C.; et al. Cyanophora paradoxa genome elucidates origin of photosynthesis in algae and plants. Science 2012, 335, 843-847.
92. Tirichine, L.; Bowler, C. Decoding algal genomes: tracing back the history of photosynthetic life on Earth. Plant J. 2011, 66, 45-57.
93. Gong, Y.; Zhang, J.; Guo, X.; Wan, X.; Liang, Z.; Hu, C.J.; Jiang, M. Identification and characterization of PtDGAT2B, an acyltransferase of the DGAT2 acyl-coenzyme A: diacylglycerol acyltransferase family in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. FEBS Lett. 2013, 587, 481-487.
94. Guihéneuf, F.; Leu, S.; Zarka, A.; Khozin-Goldberg, I.; Khalilov, I.; Boussiba, S. Cloning and molecular characterization of a novel acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1-like gene (PtDGAT1) from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. FEBS J. 2011, 278, 3651-3666.
95. Merchant, S.S.; Kropat, J.; Liu, B.; Shaw, J.; Warakanont, J. TAG, you're it! Chlamydomonas as a reference organism for understanding algal triacylglycerol accumulation. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, 23, 352-363.
96. Riekhof, W.R.; Sears, B.B.; Benning, C. Annotation of genes involved in glycerolipid biosynthesis in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: discovery of the betaine lipid synthase BTA1Cr. Eukaryot. Cell 2005, 4, 242-252.
97. Liu, B.; Benning, C. Lipid metabolism in microalgae distinguishes itself. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2012, doi: 10.1016/j.copbio.2012.08.008.
98. Borowitzka, M.A. Fats, oils and hydrocarbons. In Microalgal biotechnology; Borowitzka, M.A., Borowitzka, L.J., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 1988; pp. 257-287.
99. Dunstan, G.A.; Volkman, J.K.; Barrett, S.M.; Leroi, J.-M.; Jeffrey, S.W. Essential polyunsaturated fatty acids from 14 species of diatom (Bacillariophyceae). Phytochemistry 1993, 35, 155-161.
100. Yu, E.T.; Zendejas, F.J.; Lane, P.D.; Gaucher, S.; Simmons, B.A.; Lane, T.W. Triacylglycerol accumulation and profiling in the model diatoms Thalassiosira pseudonana and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Baccilariophyceae) during starvation. J. Appl. Phycol. 2009, 21, 669-681.
101. Rezanka, T.; Lukavský, J.; Nedbalová, L.; Kolouchová, I.; Sigler, K. Effect of starvation on the distribution of positional isomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerol in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytochemistry 2012, 80, 17-27.
102. Wang, Z.T.; Ullrich, N.; Joo, S.; Waffenschmidt, S.; Goodenough, U. Algal lipid bodies: stress induction, purification, and biochemical characterization in wild-type and starchless Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eukaryot. Cell. 2009, 8, 1856-1868.
103. Moellering, E.R.; Benning, C. RNA interference silencing of a major lipid droplet protein affects lipid droplet size in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Eukaryot. Cell 2010, 9, 97-106.
104. Miller, R.; Wu, G.; Deshpande, R.R.; Vieler, A.; Gärtner, K.; Li, X.; Moellering, E.R.; Zäuner, S.; Cornish, A.J.; Liu, B.; et al. Changes in transcript abundance in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii following nitrogen deprivation predict diversion of metabolism. Plant. Physiol. 2010, 154, 1737-1752.
105. Mock, T.; Samanta, M.P.; Iverson, V.; Berthiaume, C.; Robison, M.; Holtermann, K.; Durkin, C.; Bondurant, S.S.; Richmond, K.; Rodesch, M.; et al. Whole-genome expression profiling of the marine diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana identifies genes involved in silicon bioprocesses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 2008, 105, 1579-1584.
106. Stehfest, K.; Toepel, J.; Wilhelm, C. The application of micro-FTIR spectroscopy to analyze nutrient stress-related changes in biomass composition of phytoplankton algae. Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2005, 43, 717-726.
107. Quigg, A.; Beardall, J. Protein turnover in relation to maintenance metabolism at low photon flux in two marine microalgae. Plant. Cell. Environ. 2003, 26, 693-703.
108. Jiang, Y.; Yoshida, T.; Quigg, A. Photosynthetic performance, lipid production and biomass composition in response to nitrogen limitation in marine microalgae. Plant. Physiol. Biochem. 2012, 54, 70-77.
109. Lombardi, A.; Wangersky, P. Influence of phosphorus and silicon on lipid class production by the marine diatom Chaetoceros gracilis grown in turbidostat cage cultures. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 1991, 77, 39-47.
110. McGinnis, K.M.; Dempster, T.A.; Sommerfeld, M.R. Characterization of the growth and lipid content of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. J. Appl. Phycol. 1997, 9, 19-24.
111. Roessler, P.G. Changes in the activities of various lipid and carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica in response to silicon deficiency. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 1988, 267, 521-528.
112. Huang, A.; He, L.; Wang, G. Identification and characterization of microRNAs from Phaeodactylum tricornutum by high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. BMC Genomics 2011, 12, 337.
113. Reitan, K.I.; Rainuzzo, J.R.; Olsen, Y. Effect of nutrient limitation of fatty acid and lipid content of marine microalgae. J. Phycol. 1994, 30, 972-979.
114. Van Mooy, B.A.S.; Fredricks, H.F.; Pedler, B.E.; Dyhrman, S.T.; Karl, D.M.; Koblízek, M.; Lomas, M.W.; Mincer, T.J.; Moore, L.R.; Moutin, T.; et al. Phytoplankton in the ocean use non-phosphorus lipids in response to phosphorus scarcity. Nature 2009, 458, 69-72.
115. Martin, P.; Van Mooy, B.A.S.; Heithoff, A.; Dyhrman, S.T. Phosphorus supply drives rapid turnover of membrane phospholipids in the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana. ISME J. 2011, 5, 1057-1060.
116. Dyhrman, S.T.; Jenkins, B.D.; Rynearson, T.A.; Saito, M.A.; Mercier, M.L.; Alexander, H.; Whitney, L.P.; Drzewianowski, A.; Bulygin, V. V; Bertrand, E.M.; et al. The transcriptome and proteome of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana reveal a diverse phosphorus stress response. PloS One 2012, 7, e33768.
117. Alonso, D.L.; Belarbi, E.H.; Fernández-Sevilla, J.M.; Rodríguez-Ruiz, J.; Molina Grima, E. Acyl lipid composition variation related to culture age and nitrogen concentration in continuous culture of the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Phytochemistry 2000, 54, 461-471.
118. Liang, Y.; Beardall, J.; Heraud, P. Changes in growth, chlorophyll fluorescence and fatty acid composition with culture age in batch cultures of Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Chaetoceros muelleri (Bacillariophyceae). Bot. Mar. 2006, 49, 165-173.