Mesoscale iron enrichment experiments 1993-2005: Synthesis and future directions

Science

Volumn 315, Issue 5812, 2007, Pages 612-617

  Boyd, P W ^a   Jickells, T ^b   Law, C S ^c   Blain, S ^d   Boyle, E A ^e   Buesseler, K O ^f   Coale, K H ^g   Cullen, J J ^h   De Baar, H J W ⁱ   Follows, M ^e   Harvey, M ^c   Lancelot, C ^j   Levasseur, M ^k   Owens, N P J ^l   Pollard, R ^m   Rivkin, R B ⁿ   Sarmiento, J ^o   Schoemann, V ^j   Smetacek, V ^p   Takeda, S ^q   Tsuda, A ^r   Turner, S ^b   Watson, A J ^b   more..

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^c NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF WATER AND ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH   (New Zealand)

^d STATION MARINE D ENDOUME   (France)

^e MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^f WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC INSTITUTION   (United States)

^g MOSS LANDING MARINE LABORATORIES   (United States)

^h DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

ⁱ ROYAL NETHERLANDS INSTITUTE FOR SEA RESEARCH   (Netherlands)

^j UNIVERSITÉ LIBRE DE BRUXELLES   (Belgium)

^k UNIVERSITÉ LAVAL   (Canada)

^l PLYMOUTH MARINE LABORATORY   (United Kingdom)

^m UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

ⁿ MEMORIAL UNIVERSITY OF NEWFOUNDLAND   (Canada)

^o PRINCETON UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^p ALFRED WEGENER INSTITUTE FOR POLAR AND MARINE RESEARCH   (Germany)

^q UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

^r UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO   (Japan)

more..

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBON DIOXIDE; CHLOROPHYLL; IRON; SEA WATER;

ATMOSPHERE-OCEAN COUPLING; BIOGEOCHEMICAL CYCLE; CLIMATE EFFECT; IRON; NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT; NUTRIENT LIMITATION;

BIOAVAILABILITY; ECOLOGY; FOOD WEB; GLOBAL CLIMATE; GROWTH RATE; NONHUMAN; NUTRIENT; OCEANIC REGIONS; PHYTOPLANKTON; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SEASON; TEMPERATURE;

EID: 33846796262     PISSN: 00368075     EISSN: 10959203     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1126/science.1131669     Document Type: Review

References (60)

1. J. H. Martin, Paleoceanography 5, 1 (1990).
2. J. H. Martin, R. M. Gordon, S. E. Fitzwater, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1793 (1991).
3. D. M. 5igman, E. A. Boyle, Nature 407, 8S9 (2000).
4. S. W. Chisholm, F. M. M. Morel, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1S07 (1991).
5. A. Watson, P. Liss, R. Duce, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1960 (1991).
6. J. H. Martin et al., Nature 371, 123 (1994).
7. 6 conservative tracer was essential to track this mesoscale region of iron-enriched surface ocean and avoids the uncertainty imposed by fixed-point sampling in Eulerian studies. This design (in particular the amount of Fe added) has changed little between FeAXs because of the need to ensure a large measurable biogeochemical signal during a relatively short period in a logistically challenging and dynamic environment.
8. H. J. W. de Baar et al., J. Geophys. Res. 110, C09S16 (2005) and references therein.
9. FeNXs have examined naturally occurring blooms within HNLC waters near the Galapagos [see (4)], within the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (8), and recently near the Southern Ocean islands Crozet and Kerguelen, where the studies Crozex (Crozet Circulation, Iron Fertilization and Export Production Experiment) and KEOPS (Kerguelen: Etude Comparée de l'Océan et du Plateau en Surface et Subsurface) took place from November 2004 to January 2005 and during January and February 200S, respectively (8).
10. K. Banse, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1886 (1991).
11. G. B. Mitchell, E. A. Brody, O. Holm-Hansen, C. McClain, J. Bishop, Limnol. Oceanogr. 36, 1662 (1991).
12. The model in (11) was based on an adaptation of Sverdrup's critical depth theory (i.e., the relationship between the respective depths of the mixed and euphotic zones) for Southern Ocean waters.
13. M. T. Maldonado et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 46, 1802 (2001).
14. A. J. Watson, D. C. E. Bakker, A. J. Ridgewell, P. W. Boyd, C. S. Law, Nature 407, 730 (2000).
15. D. A. Hutchins, K. W. Bruland, Nature 393, S61 (1998).
16. W. O. Smith Jr., R. F. Andreson, J. K. Moore, L. A. Codispoti, J. M. Morrison, Deep Sea Res. II 47, 3073 (2000).
17. P. W. Boyd et al., Limnol. Oceanogr. 50, 1872 (2005).
18. K. O. Buesseler et al., Deep Sea Res. II 50, S79 (2003).
19. F. M. M. Morel, J. G. Reuter, N. M. Price, Oceanography 4, S6 (1990).
20. P. W. Boyd, S. Doney, in Ocean Biogeochemistry - The Role of the Ocean Carbon Cycle in Global Change (JGOFS), M. J. R. Fasham, Ed. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2003), pp. 1S7-187.
21. A. R. Bowie et al., Deep Sea Res. II 47, 1708 (2001).
22. M. L. Wells, Mar. Chem. 82, 101 (2003).
23. P.W. 8oyd, G. A. Jackson, A. M. Waite, Geophys. Res. Lett. 29, 10.1029/2001GL014210 (2002).
24. Y. Le Clainche et al., J. Geophys. Res. 111, C01011 (2005).
25. T. D. Jickells et al., Science 308, 67 (200S).
26. K. Lochte, H. W. Ducklow, M. J. R. Fasham, C. Stienen, Deep Sea Res. II 40, 91 (1993).
27. A. Abelmann, R. Gersonde, G. Cortese, G. Kuhn, V. Smetacek, Paleoceanography 21, PA1013 (2006).
28. D. A. Hutchins, W. X. Wang, N. S. Fisher, Limnol. Oceanogr. 40, 989 (199S).
29. B. W. Frost, Nature 383, 47S (1996).
30. K. H. Coale, Nature 383, 49S (1996).
31. A. R. Baker, T. D. Jickells, M. Witt, K. L. Linge, Mar. Chem. 98, 43 (2006).
32. T. D. Jickells, Mar. Chem. 68, 5 (1999).
33. B. A. Bergquist, E. A. Boyle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, GB101S (2006).
34. J. Wu, E. Boyle, W. Sunda, L.-S. Wen, Science 292, 847 (2001).
35. K. Johnson et al., Eos 86 (Ocean Sci. Meet. Suppl.), abstract OS11N-02 (2006).
36. P. Parekh, M. J. Follows, E. A. Boyle, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 19, GB2020 (2005).
37. J. K. B. Bishop, R. E. Davis, J. T. Sherman, Science 298, 817 (2003).
38. K. S. Johnson et ol., Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 10.1029/2002GB002004 (2003).
39. E. W. Wolff et al., Nature 440, 10.1038/nature04614 (2006).
40. N. Lefevre, A. J. Watson, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 13, 727 (1999).
41. L. Bopp, K. E. Kohfeld, C. Le Quéré, O. Aumont, Paleoceanography 18, 10.1029/2002PA000810 (2003).
42. R. D. Frew et al., Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, 10.1029/2005GB002SS8 (2006).
43. W. G. Sunda, Mar. Chem. 57, 169 (1997).
44. A. Gnanadesikan, J. L. Sarmiento, R. D. Slater, Global Biogeochem. Cycles 17, 10.1029/2002GB001940 (2003).
45. R. 5trzepek et al., Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, 10.1029/200SGB002490 (2006).
46. L. J. Hoffmann, I. Peeken, K. Lochte, P. Assmy, M. Veldhuis, Limnol. Oceanogr. 51, 1217 (2006).
47. J. Bell, J. Betts, E. Boyle, Deep Sea Res. I 49, 2103 (2002).
48. H. E. Garcia, R. A. Locarnini, T. P. Boyer, J. I. Antonov, in World Ocean Atlas 2005, vol. 4, Nutrients, S. Levitus, Ed. (U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC, 2006).
49. P. W. 8oyd et al., Nature 407, 69S (2000).
50. B. S. Twining, S. B. Baines, N. S. Fisher, Limnol. Oceanogr. 49, 211S (2004).
51. J. H. Martin, S. E. Fitzwater, R. M. Gordon, C. N. Hunter, S. J. Tanner, Deep Sea Res. II 40, 11S (1993).
52. P. W. Boyd et al., Deep Sea Res. II 46, 2761 (1999).
53. W. G. Sunda, S. A. Huntsman, Mar. Chem. 50, 189 (1995).
54. K. O. Buesseler, J. E. Andrews, 5. M. Pike, M. A. Charette, Science 304, 414 (2004) doi:10.1126/science.1086895
55. P. Boyd, unpublished data from SERIES.
56. F. Gervais, U. Riebesell, M. Y. Gorbunov, Limnol. Oceanogr. 47, 1324 (2002).
57. S. Takeda, A. Tsuda, Prog. Oceanogr. 64, 95 (2004).
58. K. H. Coale et al., Science 304, 408 (2004).
59. SEEDS II took place in July 2004, SAGE in March-April 2004, and FeeP in May 2004. For more details, contact tsuda@ori.u-tokyo.ac.japan, m.harvey@niwa.co.nz, and njpo@pml.ac.uk, respectively.
60. The workshop "A Synthesis of Mesoscale Iron-Enrichments," held in Wellington in November 2005, was supported by the Surface Ocean-Lower Atmosphere Study, NSF, NIWA, the New Zealand Royal Society, the UK Royal Society, Belgian Federal Science Policy, and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. We thank E. McKay and K. Richardson for the graphics, and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful comments and insights. This manuscript is dedicated to the memory of R.B.