Bullying in schools: the state of knowledge and effective interventions

Psychology, Health and Medicine

Volumn 22, Issue , 2017, Pages 240-253

  Menesini, Ersilia ^a   Salmivalli, Christina ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF FLORENCE   (Italy)

^b UNIVERSITY OF TURKU   (Finland)

Author keywords

adolescents; antibullying intervention; Bullying; children; violence in school

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; BULLYING; CHILD; CRIME VICTIM; FEMALE; HUMAN; MALE; PREVENTION AND CONTROL; SCHOOL; STATISTICS AND NUMERICAL DATA; VIOLENCE;

ADOLESCENT; BULLYING; CHILD; CRIME VICTIMS; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; SCHOOLS; VIOLENCE;

EID: 85010638239     PISSN: 13548506     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2017.1279740     Document Type: Article

References (83)

1. Arseneault, L., Bowes, L., & Shakoor, S., (2010). Bullying victimization in youths and mental health problems:‘Much ado about nothing’? Psychological Medicine, 40, 717–729.10.1017/S0033291709991383
2. Baldry, A. C., & Farrington, D. P., (2000). Bullies and delinquents:Personal characteristics and parental styles. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 17–31.10.1002/(ISSN)1099-1298
3. Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K., (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression:Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism? Current Directions in Psychological Science, 9, 26–29.10.1111/cdir.2000.9.issue-1
4. Besag, V. E., (2006). Understanding girls’ friendships, fights and feuds:A practical approach to girls’ bullying. New York, NY:Open University Press.
5. Blake, J. J., Lund, E. M., Zhou, O., & Benz, M. R., (2012). National prevalence rates of bully victimization among students with disabilities in the United States. School Psychology Quarterly, 27, 210–222.10.1037/spq0000008
6. Caravita, S., DiBlasio, P., & Salmivalli, C., (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on inovlvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140–163.10.1111/sode.2009.18.issue-1
7. Card, N., (2003, April 24–27). Victims of peer aggression:A meta-analytic review. In N., Card & A., Nishina, Whipping boys and other victims of peer aggression:Twenty-five years of research, now where do we go? Innovative poster symposium presented at the biennial meeting of the society for research on child development, Tampa, FL.
8. Cook, C., Williams, K. R., Guerra, N. G., Kim, T., & Sadek, S., (2010). Predictors of bullying and victimization in childhood and adolescence:A meta-analytic investigation. School Psychology Quarterly, 25, 65–83.10.1037/a0020149
9. Crick, N. R., & Grotpeter, J. K., (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.10.2307/1131945
10. Del Rey, R., & Ortega, R., (2008). Bullying en los países pobres:prevalencia y coexistencia con otras formas de violencia [Bullying in poor countries:Prevalence and coexistence with other violence types]. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 8, 39–50.
11. Espelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., Rao, M. A., & Thornberg, R., (2015). Understanding ecological factors associated with bullying across the elementary to middle school transition in the United States. Violence and Victims, 30, 470–487. doi:10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-14-00046
12. Evans, C., Fraser, M., & Cotter, K., (2014). The effectiveness of school-based bullying prevention programs:A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 19, 532–544.10.1016/j.avb.2014.07.004
13. Fanti, K. A., & Kimonis, E., (2012). Bullying and victimization:The role of conduct problems and psychopathic traits. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 617–631.10.1111/j.1532-7795.2012.00809.x
14. Farmer, T. W., Petrin, R., Brooks, D. S., Hamm, J. V., Lambert, K., & Gravelle, M., (2012). Bullying involvement and the school adjustment of rural students with and without disabilities. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 20, 19–37.10.1177/1063426610392039
15. Farrington, D. F., (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. Crime and Justice, 17, 381–458.10.1086/449217
16. Farrington, D., & Ttofi, M., (2009). School-based programs to reduce bullying and victimization. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 6. The Campbell Collaboration.
17. Fekkes, M., Pijpers, I. M. F., Fredriks, M. A., Vogels, T., & Verloove-Vanhorick, P. S., (2006). Do bullied children get ill or do ill children get bullied? A prospective cohort study on the relationship between bullying and health-related symptoms. Pediatrics, 117, 1568–1574.10.1542/peds.2005-0187
18. Finkelhor, D., Ormrod, R. K., & Turner, H. A., (2007). Poly-victimization:A neglected component in child victimization. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31, 7–26.10.1016/j.chiabu.2006.06.008
19. Garandeau, C., Lee, I., & Salmivalli, C., (2014). Inequality matters:Classroom status hierarchy and adolescents’ bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1123–1133.10.1007/s10964-013-0040-4
20. Gini, G., & Pozzoli, T., (2015). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems:A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 123, 1059–1065.
21. Gini, G., Pozzoli, T., & Hymel, S., (2014). Moral disengagement among children and youth:A meta-analytic review of links to aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 40, 56–68.10.1002/ab.v40.1
22. Greeff, P., & Grobler, A. A., (2008). Bullying during the intermediate school phase:A South African study. Childhood, 15, 127–144.10.1177/0907568207086840
23. Haataja, A., Boulton, A., Voeten, M., & Salmivalli, C., (2014). The KiVa antibullying curriculum and outcome:Does fidelity matter? Journal of School Psychology, 52, 479–493.10.1016/j.jsp.2014.07.001
24. Hawker, D. S. J., & Boulton, M. J., (2000). Twenty years’ research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment:a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41, 441–455. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00629
25. Hodges, E. V. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W., (1999). The power of friendship:Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101.10.1037/0012-1649.35.1.94
26. Hodges, E. V. E., Malone, M. J., & Perry, D. G., (1997). Individual risk and social risk as interacting determinants of victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 33, 1032–1039.10.1037/0012-1649.33.6.1032
27. Hodges, E. V. E., & Perry, D. G., (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents andconsequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685.10.1037/0022-3514.76.4.677
28. Holt, M. K., Vivolo, K. A. M., Polanin, J. R., Holland, K. M., DeGue, S., Matjasko, J. L., … Reid, G., (2015). Bullying and suicidal ideation and behaviors:A meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 135, e496–e509.10.1542/peds.2014-1864
29. Hymel, S., & Swearer, S. M., (2015). Four decades of research on school bullying:An introduction. American Psychologist, 70, 293–299.10.1037/a0038928
30. Juvonen, J., & Graham, S., (2014). Bullying in schools:The power of bullies and the plight of victims. Annual Review of Psychology, 65, 159–185.10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115030
31. Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., & Graham, S., (2006). Ethnic diversity and perceptions of safety in urban middle schools. Psychological Science, 17, 393–400.10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01718.x
32. Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Poskiparta, E., & Salmivalli, C., (2010). Vulnerable children in varying classroom contexts:Bystanders’ behaviors moderate the effects of risk factors on victimization. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 56, 261–282.
33. Kärnä, A., Voeten, M., Little, T., Poskiparta, E., Kaljonen, A., & Salmivalli, C., (2011). A large scale evaluation of the KiVa anti-bullying program:Grades 4-6. Child Development, 82, 311–320.
34. Klomek, A. B., Sourander, A., & Elonheimo, H., (2015). Bullying by peers in childhood and effects on psychopathology, suicidality, and criminality in adulthood. The Lancet, 2, 930–941.
35. Kosciw, J. G., Greytak, E. A., Bartkiewicz, M. J., Boesen, M. J., & Palmer, N. A., (2012). The 2011 national school climate survey:The experiences of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender youth in our nation’s schools. New York, NY:GLSEN.
36. Langford, R., Bonell, C., Jones, H., Pouliou, T., Murphy, S., Waters, E., … Campbell, R., (2015). The world health organization’s health promoting schools framework:A Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health, 15, 130. doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y10.1186/s12889-015-1360-y
37. Lereya, S. T., Samara, M., & Wolke, D., (2013). Parenting behavior and the risk of becoming a victim and a bully/victim:A meta-analysis study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 37, 1091–1108.10.1016/j.chiabu.2013.03.001
38. Lister, C. E., Ray, M. M., Vance, D. L., Joshua, H. W., Parley, C. H., & Benjamin, T. C., (2015). Victimization among Peruvian adolescents. Journal of School Health, 85(7):413–496.
39. McDougall, P., & Vaillancourt, T., (2015). Long-term adult outcomes of peer victimization in childhood and adolescence:Pathways to adjustment and maladjustment. American Psychologist, 70, 300–310.10.1037/a0039174
40. Menesini, E., & Nocentini, A., (2009). Cyberbullying definition and measurement. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 217, 230–232.10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.230
41. Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega, … Smith, P. K., (2012). Cyberbullying Definition Among Adolescents:A Comparison Across Six European Countries. Cyberpsychology. Behavior, And Social Networking, 15, 455–463. doi:10.1089/cyber.2012.0040
42. Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C., (2014, October). Bullying prevalence across contexts:A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602–611.10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007
43. Monks, C., & Smith, P. K., (2006). Definitions of bullying:Age differences in understanding of the term, and the role of experience. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 24, 801–821.10.1348/026151005X82352
44. Nakamoto, N., & Schwartz, D., (2009). Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 19, 221–242.
45. Nocentini, A., Menesini, E., & Salmivalli, C., (2013). Level and change of bullying behavior during high school:A multilevel growth curve analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 36, 495–505.10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.02.004
46. Oliveros, M., Figueroa, L., & Mayorga, G., (2009). Intimidacion en colegios estatales de secundaria del Peru’ [Bullying in state high schools in Perù]. Revista Peruana de Pediatría, 62, 68–78.
47. Olthof, T., & Goossens, F., (2008). Bullying and the need to belong:Early adolescents’ bullying-related behavior and the acceptance they desire and receive from particular classmates. Social Development, 17, 24–46.
48. Olthof, T., Goossens, F. A., Vermande, M. M., Aleva, E. A., & Van der Meulen, M., (2011). Bullying as strategic behavior:Relations with desired and acquired dominance in the peer group. Journal of School Psychology, 49, 339–359.10.1016/j.jsp.2011.03.003
49. Olweus, D., (1973). Hackkycklingar och översittare:forskning om skolmobbning [Aggression in the schools:Bullies and whipping boys]. Stockholm:Almqvist & Wiksell.
50. Olweus, D., (1978). Aggression in the schools:Bullies and whipping boys. New York, NY:Hemisphere Publishing.
51. Olweus, D., (1993). Bullying at school:What we know and what we can do. Oxford:Blackwell.
52. Palladino, B., Nocentini, A., & Menesini, E., (2015). Evidence-based intervention against bullying and cyberbullying:Evaluation of the Notrap! program in two independent trials. Aggressive Behavior, 194–206. Early online.
53. Peeters, M., Cillessen, A. H. N., & Scholte, R. H. J., (2010). Clueless or powerful? Identifying subtypes of bullies in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1041–1052.10.1007/s10964-009-9478-9
54. Pellegrini, A. D., & Long, J. D., (2002). A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 259–280.
55. Pepler, D., Jiang, D., Craig, W., & Connolly, J., (2008). Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors. Child Development, 79, 325–338.10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01128.x
56. Reijntjes, A., Kamphuis, J. H., Prinzie, P., & Telch, M. J., (2010). Peer victimization and internalizing problems in children:A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34, 244–252. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.07.009
57. Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Thomaes, S., Goossens, F., Olthof, T., Aleva, L., & Van der Meulen, M., (2016). Narcissism, bullying, and social dominance in youth:A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44, 63–74.10.1007/s10802-015-9974-1
58. Rivers, I., & Smith, P. K., (1994). Types of bullying behaviour and their correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 20, 359–368.10.1002/(ISSN)1098-2337
59. Rodkin, P. C., Espelage, D. L., & Hanish, L. D., (2015). A relational framework for understanding bullying developmental antecedents and outcomes. American Psychologist, 70, 311–321.10.1037/a0038658
60. Russell, S. T., Toomey, R. B., Ryan, C., & Diaz, R. M., (2014). Being out at school:The implications for school victimization and young adult adjustment. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 84, 635–643.10.1037/ort0000037
61. Saarento, S., Boulton, A., & Salmivalli, C., (2015). Reducing bullying and victimization:Student- and classroom-level mechanisms of change. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 43, 61–76.10.1007/s10802-013-9841-x
62. Salmivalli, C., (2010). Bullying and the peer group:A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112–120.10.1016/j.avb.2009.08.007
63. Salmivalli, C., & Isaacs, J., (2005). Prospective relations among victimization, rejection, friendlessness, and children’s self- and peer-perceptions. Child Development, 76, 1161–1171.10.1111/cdev.2005.76.issue-6
64. Salmivalli, C., Voeten, M., & Poskiparta, E., (2011). Bystanders matter:Associations between reinforcing, defending, and the frequency of bullying behavior in classrooms. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 40, 668–676.10.1080/15374416.2011.597090
65. Sentse, M., Dijkstra, J. K., Salmivalli, C., & Cillessen, A. H. N., (2013). The dynamics of friendships and victimization in adolescence:A longitudinal social network perspective. Aggressive Behavior, 39, 229–238.
66. Sentse, M., Kiuru, N., Veenstra, R., & Salmivalli, C., (2014). A social network approach to the interplay between adolescents’ bullying and likeability over time. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 43, 1409–1420. doi:10.1007/s10964-014-0129-4
67. Sijtsema, J., Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., & Salmivalli, C., (2009). An empirical test of bullies’ status goals:Assessing direct goals, aggression, and prestige. Aggressive Behavior, 35, 57–67.10.1002/ab.v35:1
68. Sittichai, R., & Smith, P. K., (2015). Bullying in south-east Asian countries:A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 23, 22–35.10.1016/j.avb.2015.06.002
69. Smith, P. K., (2014). Understanding school bullying:Its nature and prevention strategies. London:Sage.10.4135/9781473906853
70. Smith, P. K., Robinson, S., & Marchi, B., (2016). Cross-national data on victims of bullying:What is really being measured?. International Journal of Developmental Science, 10, 9–19.10.3233/DEV-150174
71. Sutton, J., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J., (1999). Social cognition and bullying:Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435–450.10.1348/026151099165384
72. Swearer, S. M., & Hymel, S., (2015). Understanding the psychology of bullying:Moving toward a social-ecological diathesis–stress model. American Psychologist, 70, 344–353.10.1037/a0038929
73. Tiliouine, H., (2015). School bullying victimisation and subjective well-being in Algeria. Child Indicators Research, 8, 133–150.10.1007/s12187-014-9286-y
74. Toblin, R. L., Schwartz, D., Gorman, A. H., & Abou-ezzeddine, T., (2005). Social-cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26, 329–346.10.1016/j.appdev.2005.02.004
75. Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P., (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying:A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27–56. doi:10.1007/s11292-010-9109-1
76. Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R., (2011a). Do the victims of school bullies tend to become depressed later in life? A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 3, 63–73. doi:10.1108/17596591111132873
77. Ttofi, M. M., Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., & Loeber, R., (2011b). The predictive efficiency of school bullying versus later offending:A systematic/meta-analytic review of longitudinal studies. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health, 21, 80–89. doi:10.1002/cbm
78. Van der Plog, R., Steglich, C., Salmivalli, C., & Veenstra, R., (2015). The intensity of victimization:Associations with children’s psychosocial well-being and social standing in the classroom. PLoS ONE. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0141490.
79. Van Noorden, T. H. J., Bukowski, W. M., Haselager, G. J. T., & Cillessen, A. H. N., (2016). Disentangling the frequency and severity of bullying and victimization in the association with empathy. Social Development, 25, 176–192.10.1111/sode.2016.25.issue-1
80. Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Munniksma, A., & Dijkstra, J. K., (2010). The complex relation between bullying, victimization, acceptance, and rejection:Giving special attention to status, affection, and sex differences. Child Development, 81, 480–486. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01411
81. Vitoroulis, I., & Vaillancourt, T., (2015). Meta-analytic results of ethnic group differences in peer victimization. Aggressive Behavior, 41, 149–170.10.1002/ab.21564
82. Wolke, D., & Lereya, S. T., (2015). Long-term effects of bullying. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 100, 879–885. doi:10.1136/archdischild-2014-306667
83. Zych, I., Ortega, R., & Del Rey, R., (2015, September–October). Scientific research on bullying and cyberbullying:Where have we been and where are we going. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 24, 188–198.10.1016/j.avb.2015.05.015