How to prevent the microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes beyond glucose control

BMJ (Online)

Volumn 356, Issue , 2017, Pages

  Valencia, Willy Marcos ^a   Florez, Hermes ^b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MIAMI MILLER SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b VETERANS AFFAIRS MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ACTOVEGIN; AFLIBERCEPT; ALDOSE REDUCTASE INHIBITOR; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; BARDOXOLONE METHYL; BEVACIZUMAB; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; EPLERENONE; FENOFIBRATE; FINERENONE; GLUCOSE; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; MINERALOCORTICOID ANTAGONIST; OLMESARTAN; PEGAPTANIB; PENTOXIFYLLINE; RAMIPRIL; RANIBIZUMAB; RUBOXISTAURIN; SODIUM GLUCOSE COTRANSPORTER 2 INHIBITOR; SPIRONOLACTONE; TELMISARTAN; THIOCTIC ACID; TRANDOLAPRIL; VERAPAMIL; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL;

ALBUMINURIA; ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION; BARIATRIC SURGERY; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; DIABETES CONTROL; DIABETIC FOOT; DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA; DIABETIC MICROANGIOPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; EVIDENCE BASED PRACTICE; EYE EXAMINATION; EYE PHOTOGRAPHY; GLYCEMIC CONTROL; HEALTH CARE QUALITY; HUMAN; HYPERURICEMIA; INCIDENCE; INTENSE PULSED LIGHT THERAPY; INTERVENTION STUDY; KINESIOTHERAPY; LASER COAGULATION; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MULTICENTER STUDY (TOPIC); NEPHROLOGIST; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PATIENT EDUCATION; PATIENT REFERRAL; PERITONEAL DIALYSIS; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PREVALENCE; PRIMARY PREVENTION; QUALITY OF LIFE; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL (TOPIC); RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SCREENING; SECONDARY PREVENTION; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (TOPIC); COMPLICATION; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DRUG EFFECTS; GLUCOSE BLOOD LEVEL; GLYCEMIC INDEX; METABOLISM;

BLOOD GLUCOSE; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; DIABETIC ANGIOPATHIES; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHIES; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; DIABETIC RETINOPATHY; GLYCEMIC INDEX; HUMANS;

EID: 85010430245     PISSN: 09598146     EISSN: 17561833     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.i6505     Document Type: Review

References (187)

1. World Health Organization. Global report on diabetes. WHO, 2016.
2. Seuring T, Archangelidi O, Suhrcke M. The economic costs of type 2 diabetes: A global systematic review. Pharmacoeconomics 2015; 356: 811-31. doi:10.1007/s40273-015-0268- 9 pmid: 25787932.
3. Inzucchi SE, Bergenstal RM, Buse JB, et al. Management of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, 2015: a patient-centred approach. Update to a position statement of the American Diabetes Association and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes. Diabetologia 2015; 356: 429-42. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3460-0 pmid: 25583541.
4. American Diabetes Association. 9. Microvascular Complications and Foot Care. Diabetes Care 2016; 356(Suppl 1): S72-80. doi:10.2337/dc16-S012 pmid: 26696685.
5. International Diabetes Federation. IDF Diabetes Atlas. 7th ed. IDF, 2015.
6. Brownlee M. Biochemistry and molecular cell biology of diabetic complications. Nature 2001; 356: 813-20. doi:10.1038/414813a pmid: 11742414.
7. Ruta LM, Magliano DJ, Lemesurier R, Taylor HR, Zimmet PZ, Shaw JE. Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in Type 2 diabetes in developing and developed countries. Diabet Med 2013; 356: 387-98. doi:10.1111/dme.12119 pmid: 23331210.
8. Molitch ME, DeFronzo RA, Franz MJ, et al. American Diabetes Association. Nephropathy in diabetes. Diabetes Care 2004; 356(Suppl 1): S79-83. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.2007. S79 pmid: 14693934.
9. Dyck PJ, Kratz KM, Karnes JL, et al. The prevalence by staged severity of various types of diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, and nephropathy in a population-based cohort: the Rochester Diabetic Neuropathy Study. Neurology 1993; 356: 817-24. doi:10.1212/WNL. 43.4.817 pmid: 8469345.
10. Spijkerman AM, Dekker JM, Nijpels G, et al. Microvascular complications at time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes are similar among diabetic patients detected by targeted screening and patients newly diagnosed in general practice: the hoorn screening study. Diabetes Care 2003; 356: 2604-8. doi:10.2337/diacare.26.9.2604 pmid: 12941726.
11. Plantinga LC, Crews DC, Coresh J, et al. CDC CKD Surveillance Team. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes or prediabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2010; 356: 673-82. doi:10.2215/CJN.07891109 pmid: 20338960.
12. Martín-Merino E, Fortuny J, Rivero-Ferrer E, Lind M, Garcia-Rodriguez LA. Risk factors for diabetic retinopathy in people with Type 2 diabetes: A case-control study in a UK primary care setting. Prim Care Diabetes 2016; 356: 300-8. doi:10.1016/j.pcd.2016.01. 002 pmid: 26860550.
13. Xia L, Wang H, Munk S, et al. Reactive oxygen species, PKC-beta1, and PKC-zeta mediate high-glucose-induced vascular endothelial growth factor expression in mesangial cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2007; 356: E1280-8. doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00223. 2007 pmid: 17711990.
14. Cheung N, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Diabetic retinopathy. Lancet 2010; 356: 124-36. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(09)62124-3 pmid: 20580421.
15. Wan T-T, Li X-F, Sun Y-M, Li Y-B, Su Y. Recent advances in understanding the biochemical and molecular mechanism of diabetic retinopathy. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 356: 145-7. doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2015.08.002 pmid: 26349976.
16. Fogli S, Mogavero S, Egan CG, Del Re M, Danesi R. Pathophysiology and pharmacological targets of VEGF in diabetic macular edema. Pharmacol Res 2016; 356: 149-57. doi:10. 1016/j.phrs.2015.11.003 pmid: 26607863.
17. Thallas-Bonke V, Thorpe SR, Coughlan MT, et al. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase prevents advanced glycation end product-mediated damage in diabetic nephropathy through a protein kinase C-alpha-dependent pathway. Diabetes 2008; 356: 460-9. doi:10.2337/db07- 1119 pmid: 17959934.
18. Arora MK, Singh UK. Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: an update. Vascul Pharmacol 2013; 356: 259-71. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2013.01.001 pmid: 23313806.
19. Kobori H, Kamiyama M, Harrison-Bernard LM, Navar LG. Cardinal role of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy. J Investig Med 2013; 356: 256-64. doi:10.2310/JIM.0b013e31827c28bb pmid: 23266706.
20. Gnudi L. Angiopoietins and diabetic nephropathy. Diabetologia 2016; 356: 1616-20. doi:10.1007/s00125-016-3995-3 pmid: 27207083.
21. Tesfaye S, Chaturvedi N, Eaton SE, et al. EURODIAB Prospective Complications Study Group. Vascular risk factors and diabetic neuropathy. N Engl J Med 2005; 356: 341-50. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa032782 pmid: 15673800.
22. Kennedy JM, Zochodne DW. Experimental diabetic neuropathy with spontaneous recovery: is there irreparable damage?Diabetes 2005; 356: 830-7. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.3. 830 pmid: 15734862.
23. Goldberg RB. Cytokine and cytokine-like inflammation markers, endothelial dysfunction, and imbalanced coagulation in development of diabetes and its complications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2009; 356: 3171-82. doi:10.1210/jc.2008-2534 pmid: 19509100.
24. Geraldes P, King GL. Activation of protein kinase C isoforms and its impact on diabetic complications. Circ Res 2010; 356: 1319-31. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.217117 pmid: 20431074.
25. Callaghan BC, Hur J, Feldman EL. Diabetic neuropathy: one disease or two?Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 356: 536-41. doi:10.1097/WCO.0b013e328357a797 pmid: 22892951.
26. American Academy of Ophthalmology. Diabetic retinopathy PPP - updated 2016. www. aao.org/preferred-practice-pattern/diabetic-retinopathy-ppp-updated-2016.
27. Keenum Z, McGwin G Jr, , Witherspoon CD, Haller JA, Clark ME, Owsley C. Patients' adherence to recommended follow-up eye care after diabetic retinopathy screening in a publicly funded county clinic and factors associated with follow-up eye care use. JAMA Ophthalmol 2016; 356: 1221-8. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2016.3081 pmid: 27632231.
28. Mtuya C, Cleland CR, Philippin H, et al. Reasons for poor follow-up of diabetic retinopathy patients after screening in Tanzania: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 356: 115. doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0288-z pmid: 27435362.
29. Lu Y, Serpas L, Genter P, Anderson B, Campa D, Ipp E. Divergent perceptions of barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening among patients and care providers, Los Angeles, California, 2014-2015. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 356: E140. doi:10.5888/pcd13.160193 pmid: 27710765.
30. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Type 2 diabetes in adults: management. 2016. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng28.
31. Srinivasan S, Shetty S, Natarajan V, Sharma T, Raman R. Development and validation of a diabetic retinopathy referral algorithm based on single-field fundus photography. PLoS One 2016; 356: e0163108. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0163108 pmid: 27661981.
32. Rajalakshmi R, Arulmalar S, Usha M, et al. Validation of Smartphone based retinal photography for diabetic retinopathy screening. PLoS One 2015; 356: e0138285. doi:10. 1371/journal.pone.0138285 pmid: 26401839.
33. Sharma A, Subramaniam SD, Ramachandran KI, Lakshmikanthan C, Krishna S, Sundaramoorthy SK. Smartphone-based fundus camera device (MII Ret Cam) and technique with ability to image peripheral retina. Eur J Ophthalmol 2016; 356: 142-4. doi:10.5301/ejo.5000663 pmid: 26350993.
34. Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, et al. Retinal microvascular abnormalities and cognitive impairment in middle-aged persons: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Stroke 2002; 356: 1487-92. doi:10.1161/01.STR.0000016789.56668.43 pmid: 12052979.
35. Crosby-Nwaobi R, Heng LZ, Sivaprasad S. Retinal vascular calibre, geometry and progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ophthalmologica 2012; 356: 84-92. doi:10.1159/000337252 pmid: 22517193.
36. Habib MS, Al-Diri B, Hunter A, Steel DH. The association between retinal vascular geometry changes and diabetic retinopathy and their role in prediction of progression-an exploratory study. BMC Ophthalmol 2014; 356: 89. doi:10.1186/1471-2415-14-89 pmid: 25001248.
37. UKBiobank. Imaging study. http://imaging.ukbiobank.ac.uk/.
38. MacGillivray TJ, Cameron JR, Zhang Q, et al. UK Biobank Eye and Vision Consortium. Suitability of UK Biobank retinal images for automatic analysis of morphometric properties of the vasculature. PLoS One 2015; 356: e0127914. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0127914 pmid: 26000792.
39. Pasquel FJ, Hendrick AM, Ryan M, Cason E, Ali MK, Narayan KM. Cost-effectiveness of different diabetic retinopathy screening modalities. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2015; 356: 301-7. doi:10.1177/1932296815624109 pmid: 26719134.
40. Kawasaki R, Akune Y, Hiratsuka Y, Fukuhara S, Yamada M. Cost-utility analysis of screening for diabetic retinopathy in Japan: a probabilistic Markov modeling study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2015; 356: 4-12. doi:10.3109/09286586.2014.988876 pmid: 25517603.
41. Do DV, Wang X, Vedula SS, et al. Blood pressure control for diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 356: CD006127.pmid: 25637717.
42. Wang B, Wang F, Zhang Y, et al. Effects of RAS inhibitors on diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015; 356: 263-74. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70256-6 pmid: 25660574.
43. Emdin CA, Rahimi K, Neal B, Callender T, Perkovic V, Patel A. Blood pressure lowering in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2015; 356: 603-15. doi:10.1001/jama.2014.18574 pmid: 25668264.
44. Cushman WC, Evans GW, Byington RP, et al. ACCORD Study Group. Effects of intensive blood-pressure control in type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2010; 356: 1575-85. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001286 pmid: 20228401.
45. Chew EY, Ambrosius WT, Davis MD, et al. ACCORD Study Group ACCORD Eye Study Group. Effects of medical therapies on retinopathy progression in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2010; 356: 233-44. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1001288 pmid: 20587587.
46. Brunström M, Carlberg B. Effect of antihypertensive treatment at different blood pressure levels in patients with diabetes mellitus: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ 2016; 356: i717. doi:10.1136/bmj.i717 pmid: 26920333.
47. Keech A, Simes RJ, Barter P, et al. FIELD study investigators. Effects of long-term fenofibrate therapy on cardiovascular events in 9795 people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (the FIELD study): randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2005; 356: 1849-61. doi:10.1016/ S0140-6736(05)67667-2 pmid: 16310551.
48. Keech AC, Mitchell P, Summanen PA, et al. FIELD study investigators. Effect of fenofibrate on the need for laser treatment for diabetic retinopathy (FIELD study): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2007; 356: 1687-97. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61607-9 pmid: 17988728.
49. Hermans MP. Non-invited review: prevention of microvascular diabetic complications by fenofibrate: lessons from FIELD and ACCORD. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2011; 356: 180-9. doi:10.1177/1479164111407783 pmid: 21576195.
50. Fazio S. More clinical lessons from the FIELD study. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2009; 356: 235-41. doi:10.1007/s10557-008-6160-5 pmid: 19160032.
51. Morgan CL, Owens DR, Aubonnet P, et al. Primary prevention of diabetic retinopathy with fibrates: a retrospective, matched cohort study. BMJ Open 2013; 356: e004025. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2013-004025 pmid: 24302508.
52. Wong TY, Simó R, Mitchell P. Fenofibrate - a potential systemic treatment for diabetic retinopathy?Am J Ophthalmol 2012; 356: 6-12. doi:10.1016/j.ajo.2012.03.013 pmid: 22709833.
53. Noonan JE, Jenkins AJ, Ma JX, Keech AC, Wang JJ, Lamoureux EL. An update on the molecular actions of fenofibrate and its clinical effects on diabetic retinopathy and other microvascular end points in patients with diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 356: 3968-75. doi:10. 2337/db13-0800 pmid: 24264394.
54. Boyd SR, Advani A, Altomare F, Stockl F. Canadian Diabetes Association Clinical Practice Guideline Expert Committee. Retinopathy. Can J Diabetes 2013; 356(Suppl 1): S137-41. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2013.01.038 pmid: 24070936.
55. ClinicalTrials.gov. Effects of fenofibrate on endothelial progenitor cells in diabetes. 2014. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01927315.
56. Evans JR, Michelessi M, Virgili G. Laser photocoagulation for proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 356: CD011234.pmid: 25420029.
57. Das A, Stroud S, Mehta A, Rangasamy S. New treatments for diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 356: 219-30. doi:10.1111/dom.12384 pmid: 25160598.
58. Agarwal A, Afridi R, Hassan M, et al. Novel therapies in development for diabetic macular edema. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 356: 75. doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0652-z pmid: 26294336.
59. Elman MJ, Aiello LP, Beck RW, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2010; 356: 1064-1077.e35. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.02.031 pmid: 20427088.
60. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, et al. RESTORE study group. The RESTORE study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology 2011; 356: 615-25. doi:10.1016/j.ophtha.2011. 01.031 pmid: 21459215.
61. Do DV, Nguyen QD, Khwaja AA, et al. READ-2 Study Group. Ranibizumab for edema of the macula in diabetes study: 3-year outcomes and the need for prolonged frequent treatment. JAMA Ophthalmol 2013; 356: 139-45. doi:10.1001/2013.jamaophthalmol.91 pmid: 23544200.
62. Turkoglu EB, Celik E, Aksoy N, Bursali O, Ucak T, Alagoz G. Changes in vision related quality of life in patients with diabetic macular edema: ranibizumab or laser treatment?J Diabetes Complications 2015; 356: 540-3. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2015.03.009 pmid: 25817172.
63. ClinicalTrials.gov. Anti-VEGF treatment for prevention of PDR/DME. 2016. https:// clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02634333.
64. Nakamura S, Chikaraishi Y, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Hara H. Ruboxistaurin, a PKCbeta inhibitor, inhibits retinal neovascularization via suppression of phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt. Exp Eye Res 2010; 356: 137-45. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2009.09.022 pmid: 19825373.
65. Deissler HL, Lang GE. The Protein Kinase C Inhibitor: Ruboxistaurin. Dev Ophthalmol 2016; 356: 295-301. doi:10.1159/000431204 pmid: 26501476.
66. Strøm C, Sander B, Klemp K, Aiello LP, Lund-Andersen H, Larsen M. Effect of ruboxistaurin on blood-retinal barrier permeability in relation to severity of leakage in diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 356: 3855-8. doi:10.1167/iovs.05-0096 pmid: 16186374.
67. PKC-DRS Study Group. The effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with moderately severe to very severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy: initial results of the Protein Kinase C beta Inhibitor Diabetic Retinopathy Study (PKC-DRS) multicenter randomized clinical trial. Diabetes 2005; 356: 2188-97. doi:10.2337/diabetes.54.7.2188 pmid: 15983221.
68. Aiello LP, Davis MD, Girach A, et al. PKC-DRS2 Group. Effect of ruboxistaurin on visual loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 2006; 356: 2221-30. doi:10.1016/ j.ophtha.2006.07.032 pmid: 16989901.
69. PKC-DMES Study Group. Effect of ruboxistaurin in patients with diabetic macular edema: thirty-month results of the randomized PKC-DMES clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2007; 356: 318-24. doi:10.1001/archopht.125.3.318 pmid: 17353401.
70. Sheetz MJ, Aiello LP, Shahri N, Davis MD, Kles KA, Danis RP. Mbdv Study Group. Effect of ruboxistaurin (RBX) On visual acuity decline over a 6-year period with cessation and reinstitution of therapy: results of an open-label extension of the Protein Kinase C Diabetic Retinopathy Study 2 (PKC-DRS2). Retina 2011; 356: 1053-9. doi:10.1097/IAE. 0b013e3181fe545f pmid: 21386766.
71. Han N, Yu L, Zhu D, Wu Y. Rapid Determination of Rutin Content in Chinese Patent Medicine Qi Ming Granules by RP-HPLC. Biomed Research 2015; 356: 157-60.
72. Luo XX, Duan JG, Liao PZ, et al. Effect of qiming granule on retinal blood circulation of diabetic retinopathy: a multicenter clinical trial. Chin J Integr Med 2009; 356: 384-8. doi:10. 1007/s11655-009-0384-5 pmid: 19802544.
73. Zhang X, Liu W, Wu S, Jin J, Li W, Wang N. Calcium dobesilate for diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci China Life Sci 2015; 356: 101-7. doi:10.1007/ s11427-014-4792-1 pmid: 25528255.
74. Ma Q, Chen D, Sun HP, Yan N, Xu Y, Pan CW. Regular Chinese green tea consumption is protective for diabetic retinopathy: a clinic-based case-control study. J Diabetes Res 2015; 356: 231570. doi:10.1155/2015/231570 pmid: 26539551.
75. Amin AM, Wharton H, Clarke M, Syed A, Dodson P, Tahrani AA. The impact of bariatric surgery on retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes: a retrospective cohort study. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 356: 606-12. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2015.08.508 pmid: 26707932.
76. Brynskov T, Laugesen CS, Floyd AK, Frystyk J, Sørensen TL. The IGF-Axis and diabetic retinopathy before and after gastric bypass surgery. Obes Surg 2016. doi:10.1007/s11695- 016-2303-0 pmid: 27465937.
77. Varadhan L, Humphreys T, Walker AB, Cheruvu CV, Varughese GI. Bariatric surgery and diabetic retinopathy: a pilot analysis. Obes Surg 2012; 356: 515-6. doi:10.1007/s11695- 012-0600-9 pmid: 22246396.
78. Silva RA, Morton JM, Moshfeghi DM. Severe worsening of diabetic retinopathy following bariatric surgery. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2013; 356: E11-4.pmid: 24131131.
79. Cheung D, Switzer NJ, Ehmann D, Rudnisky C, Shi X, Karmali S. The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Obes Surg 2015; 356: 1604-9. doi:10.1007/s11695-014-1539-9 pmid: 25515499.
80. Brynskov T, Laugesen CS, Svenningsen AL, Floyd AK, Sørensen TL. Monitoring of Diabetic Retinopathy in Relation to Bariatric Surgery: a Prospective Observational Study. Obes Surg 2016; 356: 1279-86. doi:10.1007/s11695-015-1936-8 pmid: 26476835.
81. Coleman KJ, Haneuse S, Johnson E, et al. Long-term microvascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery: evidence for the legacy effect of surgery. Diabetes Care 2016; 356: 1400-7. doi:10.2337/dc16-0194 pmid: 27271192.
82. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Chronic kidney disease in adults: assessment and management. 2015. https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg182.
83. Leehey DJ, Zhang JH, Emanuele NV, et al. VA NEPHRON-D Study Group. BP and renal outcomes in diabetic kidney disease: The Veterans Affairs Nephropathy in Diabetes Trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 356: 2159-69. doi:10.2215/CJN.02850315 pmid: 26482258.
84. Park S, Kario K, Park CG, et al. Characteristics On the ManagEment of Hypertension in Asia-Morning Hypertension Discussion Group (COME Asia MHDG). Target blood pressure in patients with diabetes: Asian perspective. Yonsei Med J 2016; 356: 1307-11. doi:10. 3349/ymj.2016.57.6.1307 pmid: 27593856.
85. Flack JM, Ference BA, Levy P. Should African Americans with hypertension be treated differently than non-African Americans?Curr Hypertens Rep 2014; 356: 409. doi:10.1007/ s11906-013-0409-5 pmid: 24370966.
86. Guzman NJ. Epidemiology and management of hypertension in the Hispanic population: a review of the available literature. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2012; 356: 165-78. doi:10.2165/ 11631520-000000000-00000 pmid: 22583147.
87. Wright JT Jr, , Williamson JD, Whelton PK, et al. SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med 2015; 356: 2103-16. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1511939 pmid: 26551272.
88. Strippoli GFM, Bonifati C, Craig M, Navaneethan SD, Craig JC. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor antagonists for preventing the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 356: CD006257.pmid: 17054288.
89. Haller H, Viberti GC, Mimran A, et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes: rationale and design of the Randomised Olmesartan and Diabetes Microalbuminuria Prevention (ROADMAP) study. J Hypertens 2006; 356: 403-8. doi:10.1097/01.hjh. 0000202820.56201.e6 pmid: 16508590.
90. Haller H, Ito S, Izzo JL Jr, et al. ROADMAP Trial Investigators. Olmesartan for the delay or prevention of microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 356: 907-17. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1007994 pmid: 21388309.
91. Menne J, Izzo JL Jr, , Ito S, et al. ROADMAP investigators. Prevention of microalbuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension. J Hypertens 2012; 356: 811-8, discussion 818. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e328351856d pmid: 22418908.
92. Menne J, Ritz E, Ruilope LM, Chatzikyrkou C, Viberti G, Haller H. The Randomized Olmesartan and Diabetes Microalbuminuria Prevention (ROADMAP) observational follow-up study: benefits of RAS blockade with olmesartan treatment are sustained after study discontinuation. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 356: e000810. doi:10.1161/JAHA.114. 000810 pmid: 24772521.
93. Schmieder RE, Bramlage P, Haller H, Ruilope LM, Böhm M. ROADMAP Investigators. The Effect of Resting Heart Rate on the New Onset of Microalbuminuria in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Subanalysis of the ROADMAP Study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 356: e3122. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000003122 pmid: 27082551.
94. Lv J, Perkovic V, Foote CV, Craig ME, Craig JC, Strippoli GF. Antihypertensive agents for preventing diabetic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012; 356: CD004136.pmid: 23235603.
95. Vejakama P, Thakkinstian A, Lertrattananon D, Ingsathit A, Ngarmukos C, Attia J. Reno-protective effects of renin-angiotensin system blockade in type 2 diabetic patients: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2012; 356: 566-78. doi:10. 1007/s00125-011-2398-8 pmid: 22189484.
96. Imai E, Chan JC, Ito S, et al. ORIENT study investigators. Effects of olmesartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes with overt nephropathy: a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled study. Diabetologia 2011; 356: 2978-86. doi:10.1007/ s00125-011-2325-z pmid: 21993710.
97. Nakamura T, Fujiwara N, Sato E, Ueda Y, Sugaya T, Koide H. Renoprotective effects of various angiotensin II receptor blockers in patients with early-stage diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Blood Press Res 2010; 356: 213-20. doi:10.1159/000316707 pmid: 20588058.
98. Weil EJ, Fufaa G, Jones LI, et al. Effect of losartan on prevention and progression of early diabetic nephropathy in American Indians with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 2013; 356: 3224-31. doi:10.2337/db12-1512 pmid: 23545707.
99. Fufaa GD, Weil EJ, Lemley KV, et al. Structural predictors of loss of renal function in American Indians with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2016; 356: 254-61. doi:10. 2215/CJN.05760515 pmid: 26792530.
100. Kolasinska-Malkowska K, Filipiak KJ, Gwizdala A, Tykarski A. Current possibilities of ACE inhibitor and ARB combination in arterial hypertension and its complications. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 356: 759-71. doi:10.1586/14779072.6.5.759 pmid: 18510491.
101. Mann JF, Schmieder RE, McQueen M, et al. ONTARGET investigators. Renal outcomes with telmisartan, ramipril, or both, in people at high vascular risk (the ONTARGET study): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet 2008; 356: 547-53. doi:10. 1016/S0140-6736(08)61236-2 pmid: 18707986.
102. Titan SM, M Vieira J Jr, , Dominguez WV, Barros RT, Zatz R. ACEI and ARB combination therapy in patients with macroalbuminuric diabetic nephropathy and low socioeconomic level: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Clin Nephrol 2011; 356: 273-83. doi:10.5414/ CN107013 pmid: 21955862.
103. Fried LF, Emanuele N, Zhang JH, et al. VA NEPHRON-D Investigators. Combined angiotensin inhibition for the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. N Engl J Med 2013; 356: 1892-903. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1303154 pmid: 24206457.
104. Palmer SC, Mavridis D, Navarese E, et al. Comparative efficacy and safety of blood pressure-lowering agents in adults with diabetes and kidney disease: a network meta-analysis. Lancet 2015; 356: 2047-56. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62459-4 pmid: 26009228.
105. Catalá-López F, Macías Saint-Gerons D, González-Bermejo D, et al. Cardiovascular and renal outcomes of renin-angiotensin system blockade in adult patients with diabetes mellitus: a systematic review with network meta-analyses. PLoS Med 2016; 356: e1001971. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001971 pmid: 26954482.
106. Susantitaphong P, Sewaralthahab K, Balk EM, Eiam-ong S, Madias NE, Jaber BL. Efficacy and safety of combined vs. single renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockade in chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis. Am J Hypertens 2013; 356: 424-41. doi:10.1093/ ajh/hps038 pmid: 23382494.
107. Epstein M, Williams GH, Weinberger M, et al. Selective aldosterone blockade with eplerenone reduces albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2006; 356: 940-51. doi:10.2215/CJN.00240106 pmid: 17699311.
108. van den Meiracker AH, Baggen RG, Pauli S, et al. Spironolactone in type 2 diabetic nephropathy: Effects on proteinuria, blood pressure and renal function. J Hypertens 2006; 356: 2285-92. doi:10.1097/01.hjh.0000249708.44016.5c pmid: 17053552.
109. Bolignano D, Palmer SC, Navaneethan SD, Strippoli GF. Aldosterone antagonists for preventing the progression of chronic kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 356: CD007004.pmid: 24782282.
110. Currie G, Taylor AH, Fujita T, et al. Effect of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on proteinuria and progression of chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol 2016; 356: 127. doi:10.1186/s12882-016-0337-0 pmid: 27609359.
111. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, et al. Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2004; 356: 1941-51. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa042167 pmid: 15516697.
112. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva A, et al. BENEDICT-B Study Investigators. Effects of verapamil added-on trandolapril therapy in hypertensive type 2 diabetes patients with microalbuminuria: the BENEDICT-B randomized trial. J Hypertens 2011; 356: 207-16. doi:10.1097/HJH.0b013e32834069bd pmid: 21243736.
113. Smart NA, Dieberg G, Ladhani M, Titus T. Early referral to specialist nephrology services for preventing the progression to end-stage kidney disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 356: CD007333.pmid: 24938824.
114. Nagai T, Tomizawa T, Nakajima K, Mori M. Effect of bezafibrate or pravastatin on serum lipid levels and albuminuria in NIDDM patients. J Atheroscler Thromb 2000; 356: 91-6. doi:10.5551/jat1994.7.91 pmid: 11426588.
115. Gaede P, Vedel P, Larsen N, Jensen GV, Parving HH, Pedersen O. Multifactorial intervention and cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2003; 356: 383-93. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa021778 pmid: 12556541.
116. Ansquer JC, Foucher C, Rattier S, Taskinen MR, Steiner G. DAIS Investigators. Fenofibrate reduces progression to microalbuminuria over 3 years in a placebo-controlled study in type 2 diabetes: results from the Diabetes Atherosclerosis Intervention Study (DAIS). Am J Kidney Dis 2005; 356: 485-93. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2004.11.004 pmid: 15754270.
117. Ting RD, Keech AC, Drury PL, et al. FIELD Study Investigators. Benefits and safety of long-term fenofibrate therapy in people with type 2 diabetes and renal impairment: the FIELD Study. Diabetes Care 2012; 356: 218-25. doi:10.2337/dc11-1109 pmid: 22210576.
118. DeFronzo RA, Hompesch M, Kasichayanula S, et al. Characterization of renal glucose reabsorption in response to dapagliflozin in healthy subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2013; 356: 3169-76. doi:10.2337/dc13-0387 pmid: 23735727.
119. Lambers Heerspink HJ, de Zeeuw D, Wie L, Leslie B, List J. Dapagliflozin a glucose-regulating drug with diuretic properties in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2013; 356: 853-62. doi:10.1111/dom.12127 pmid: 23668478.
120. Ojima A, Matsui T, Nishino Y, Nakamura N, Yamagishi S. Empagliflozin, an Inhibitor of Sodium-Glucose Cotrasnporter 2 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory and Antifibrotic Effects on Experimental Diabetic Nephropathy Partly by Suppressing AGEs-Receptor Axis. Horm Metab Res 2015; 356: 686-92. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1395609 pmid: 25611208.
121. Terami N, Ogawa D, Tachibana H, et al. Long-term treatment with the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, dapagliflozin, ameliorates glucose homeostasis and diabetic nephropathy in db/db mice. PLoS One 2014; 356: e100777. doi:10.1371/journal.pone. 0100777 pmid: 24960177.
122. Zhang Y, Thai K, Kepecs DM, Gilbert RE. Sodium-glucose linked cotransporter-2 inhibition does not attenuate disease progression in the rat remnant kidney model of chronic kidney disease. PLoS One 2016; 356: e0144640. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144640 pmid: 26741142.
123. Chilton R, Tikkanen I, Cannon CP, et al. Effects of empagliflozin on blood pressure and markers of arterial stiffness and vascular resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 356: 1180-93. doi:10.1111/dom.12572 pmid: 26343814.
124. Cherney DZ, Perkins BA. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibition in type 1 diabetes: simultaneous glucose lowering and renal protection?Can J Diabetes 2014; 356: 356-63. doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2014.05.006 pmid: 25192954.
125. Škrtić M, Cherney DZ. Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibition and the potential for renal protection in diabetic nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2015; 356: 96-103. doi:10.1097/MNH.0000000000000084 pmid: 25470017.
126. Górriz JL, Nieto J, Navarro-González JF, Molina P, Martínez-Castelao A, Pallardó LM. Nephroprotection by Hypoglycemic Agents: Do We Have Supporting Data?J Clin Med 2015; 356: 1866-89. doi:10.3390/jcm4101866 pmid: 26512703.
127. Wanner C, Inzucchi SE, Lachin JM, et al. EMPA-REG OUTCOME Investigators. Empagliflozin and progression of kidney disease in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2016; 356: 323-34. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1515920 pmid: 27299675.
128. Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. Efficacy of pentoxifylline in the management of microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2008; 356: 55-62. doi:10. 2174/157339908783502343 pmid: 18220696.
129. Bhanot S, Leehey DJ. Pentoxifylline for diabetic nephropathy: an important opportunity to re-purpose an old drug?Curr Hypertens Rep 2016; 356: 8. doi:10.1007/s11906-015- 0612-7 pmid: 26747265.
130. Han SJ, Kim HJ, Kim DJ, et al. Effects of pentoxifylline on proteinuria and glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized double-blind multicenter study. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2015; 356: 64. doi:10.1186/s13098-015-0060-1 pmid: 26300986.
131. Leyva-JiménezR, Rodríguez-OrozcoAR, Ortega-PierresLE, Ramírez-EnríquezJ, Gómez-GarcíaA, Alvarez-AguilarC. [Effect of pentoxifylline on the evolution of diabetic nephropathy]. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 356: 772-8.pmid: 19464709.
132. Navarro-González JF, Mora-Fernández C, Muros de Fuentes M, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal function and urinary albumin excretion in patients with diabetic kidney disease: the PREDIAN trial. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015; 356: 220-9. doi:10.1681/ASN. 2014010012 pmid: 24970885.
133. Tian ML, Shen Y, Sun ZL, Zha Y. Efficacy and safety of combining pentoxifylline with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker in diabetic nephropathy: a meta-analysis. Int Urol Nephrol 2015; 356: 815-22. doi:10.1007/s11255- 015-0968-2 pmid: 25862237.
134. Leporini C, Pisano A, Russo E, et al. Effect of pentoxifylline on renal outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Pharmacol Res 2016; 356: 315-32. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2016.03.001 pmid: 26995301.
135. Sporn MB, Liby KT, Yore MM, Fu L, Lopchuk JM, Gribble GW. New synthetic triterpenoids: potent agents for prevention and treatment of tissue injury caused by inflammatory and oxidative stress. J Nat Prod 2011; 356: 537-45. doi:10.1021/np100826q pmid: 21309592.
136. Ruiz S, Pergola PE, Zager RA, Vaziri ND. Targeting the transcription factor Nrf2 to ameliorate oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int 2013; 356: 1029-41. doi:10.1038/ki.2012.439 pmid: 23325084.
137. Pergola PE, Raskin P, Toto RD, et al. BEAM Study Investigators. Bardoxolone methyl and kidney function in CKD with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2011; 356: 327-36. doi:10. 1056/NEJMoa1105351 pmid: 21699484.
138. Van Laecke S, Van Biesen W, Vanholder R. The paradox of bardoxolone methyl: a call for every witness on the stand?Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 356: 9-14. doi:10.1111/dom. 12356 pmid: 25041694.
139. Zhu Y, Usui HK, Sharma K. Regulation of transforming growth factor beta in diabetic nephropathy: implications for treatment. Semin Nephrol 2007; 356: 153-60. doi:10.1016/j. semnephrol.2007.01.008 pmid: 17418684.
140. Al-Onazi AS, Al-Rasheed NM, Attia HA, et al. Ruboxistaurin attenuates diabetic nephropathy via modulation of TGF-β1/Smad and GRAP pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 356: 219-32. doi:10.1111/jphp.12504 pmid: 26817709.
141. Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Toto RD, McGill JB, Hu K, Anderson PW. The effect of ruboxistaurin on nephropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2005; 356: 2686-90. doi:10.2337/diacare. 28.11.2686 pmid: 16249540.
142. Tuttle KR, McGill JB, Bastyr EJ 3rd, , Poi KK, Shahri N, Anderson PW. Effect of ruboxistaurin on albuminuria and estimated GFR in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy: results from a randomized trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 356: 634-6. doi:10. 1053/j.ajkd.2014.11.024 pmid: 25618186.
143. Fukui M, Tanaka M, Shiraishi E, et al. Serum uric acid is associated with microalbuminuria and subclinical atherosclerosis in men with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 2008; 356: 625-9. doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2007.12.005 pmid: 18442624.
144. Bonakdaran S, Hami M, Shakeri MT. Hyperuricemia and albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Iran J Kidney Dis 2011; 356: 21-4.pmid: 21189429.
145. Zoppini G, Targher G, Chonchol M, et al. Serum uric acid levels and incident chronic kidney disease in patients with type 2 diabetes and preserved kidney function. Diabetes Care 2012; 356: 99-104. doi:10.2337/dc11-1346 pmid: 22028277.
146. Liu P, Chen Y, Wang B, Zhang F, Wang D, Wang Y. Allopurinol treatment improves renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes and asymptomatic hyperuricemia: 3-year randomized parallel-controlled study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2015; 356: 475-82. doi:10.1111/ cen.12673 pmid: 25400252.
147. Blomster JI, Zoungas S, Chalmers J, et al. The relationship between alcohol consumption and vascular complications and mortality in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2014; 356: 1353-9. doi:10.2337/dc13-2727 pmid: 24578358.
148. Upala S, Wijarnpreecha K, Congrete S, Rattanawong P, Sanguankeo A. Bariatric surgery reduces urinary albumin excretion in diabetic nephropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2016; 356: 1037-44. doi:10.1016/j.soard.2015.11.019. pmid: 26948447.
149. ClinicalTrials.gov. Prevention of Microvascular Complications in Overweight Diabetics With Surgery or Best Medicine (PROMISE). 2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/ NCT02011178.
150. Dyck PJ, Albers JW, Andersen H, et al. Toronto Expert Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy. Diabetic polyneuropathies: update on research definition, diagnostic criteria and estimation of severity. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011; 356: 620-8. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1226 pmid: 21695763.
151. Deli G, Bosnyak E, Pusch G, Komoly S, Feher G. Diabetic neuropathies: diagnosis and management. Neuroendocrinology 2013; 356: 267-80. doi:10.1159/000358728 pmid: 24458095.
152. Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA. Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004; 356: 114-21. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2004.01109.x pmid: 14984445.
153. Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with a-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 356: 2054-60. doi:10.2337/dc11-0503 pmid: 21775755.
154. Hotta N, Toyota T, Matsuoka K, et al. SNK-860 Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group. Clinical efficacy of fidarestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a 52-week multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind parallel group study. Diabetes Care 2001; 356: 1776-82. doi:10.2337/diacare.24.10.1776 pmid: 11574441.
155. Bril V, Buchanan RA. Aldose reductase inhibition by AS-3201 in sural nerve from patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2004; 356: 2369-75. doi:10. 2337/diacare.27.10.2369 pmid: 15451902.
156. Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R, et al. Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor-Diabetes Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 356: 1538-44. doi:10.2337/dc05-2370 pmid: 16801576.
157. Baba M, Kimura K, Suda T, Yagihashi S. Aomori Diabetic Study (ADNS) Group. Three-year inhibition of aldose reductase on development of symptomatic neuropathy in diabetic patients. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2006; 356: 176-8. doi:10.1111/j.1085-9489.2006.00085. x pmid: 16787519.
158. Chalk C, Benstead TJ, Moore F. Aldose reductase inhibitors for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 356: CD004572.pmid: 17943821.
159. Srivastava SK, Yadav UC, Reddy AB, et al. Aldose reductase inhibition suppresses oxidative stress-induced inflammatory disorders. Chem Biol Interact 2011; 356: 330-8. doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2011.02.023 pmid: 21354119.
160. Kumar H, Shah A, Sobhia ME. Novel insights into the structural requirements for the design of selective and specific aldose reductase inhibitors. J Mol Model 2012; 356: 1791-9. doi:10.1007/s00894-011-1195-0 pmid: 21833829.
161. Ramunno A, Cosconati S, Sartini S, et al. Progresses in the pursuit of aldose reductase inhibitors: the structure-based lead optimization step. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 356: 216-26. doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.02.045 pmid: 22436396.
162. Ota A, Kakehashi A, Toyoda F, et al. Effects of long-term treatment with ranirestat, a potent aldose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic cataract and neuropathy in spontaneously diabetic torii rats. J Diabetes Res 2013; 356: 175901. doi:10.1155/2013/175901 pmid: 23671855.
163. Sato K, Yama K, Murao Y, Tatsunami R, Tampo Y. Epalrestat increases intracellular glutathione levels in Schwann cells through transcription regulation. Redox Biol 2013; 356: 15-21. doi:10.1016/j.redox.2013.11.003 pmid: 24363998.
164. Bansal D, Badhan Y, Gudala K, Schifano F. Ruboxistaurin for the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Diabetes Metab J 2013; 356: 375-84. doi:10.4093/dmj.2013.37.5.375 pmid: 24199167.
165. Casellini CM, Barlow PM, Rice AL, et al. A 6-month, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled study evaluating the effects of the protein kinase C-beta inhibitor ruboxistaurin on skin microvascular blood flow and other measures of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2007; 356: 896-902. doi:10.2337/dc06-1699 pmid: 17392551.
166. Boyd A, Casselini C, Vinik E, Vinik A. Quality of life and objective measures of diabetic neuropathy in a prospective placebo-controlled trial of ruboxistaurin and topiramate. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2011; 356: 714-22. doi:10.1177/193229681100500326 pmid: 21722587.
167. Balducci S, Iacobellis G, Parisi L, et al. Exercise training can modify the natural history of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2006; 356: 216-23. doi:10. 1016/j.jdiacomp.2005.07.005 pmid: 16798472.
168. Kluding PM, Pasnoor M, Singh R, et al. The effect of exercise on neuropathic symptoms, nerve function, and cutaneous innervation in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 2012; 356: 424-9. doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2012.05.007 pmid: 22717465.
169. Smith AG, Russell J, Feldman EL, et al. Lifestyle intervention for pre-diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 356: 1294-9. doi:10.2337/dc06-0224 pmid: 16732011.
170. Kochman AB, Carnegie DH, Burke TJ. Symptomatic reversal of peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc 2002; 356: 125-30. doi:10.7547/87507315- 92-3-125 pmid: 11904323.
171. Arnall DA, Nelson AG, López L, et al. The restorative effects of pulsed infrared light therapy on significant loss of peripheral protective sensation in patients with long-term type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2006; 356: 26-33. doi:10.1007/s00592-006-0207- 5 pmid: 16710647.
172. Arnall DA, Nelson AG, Stambaugh L, et al. Pulsed infrared light therapy does not increase nitric oxide concentration in the blood of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 2009; 356: 233-7. doi:10.1007/s00592-008-0082-3 pmid: 19107321.
173. Powell MW, Carnegie DH, Burke TJ. Reversal of diabetic peripheral neuropathy with phototherapy (MIRE) decreases falls and the fear of falling and improves activities of daily living in seniors. Age Ageing 2006; 356: 11-6. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi215 pmid: 16303775.
174. Nawfar SA, Yacob NB. Effects of monochromatic infrared energy therapy on diabetic feet with peripheral sensory neuropathy: a randomised controlled trial. Singapore Med J 2011; 356: 669-72.pmid: 21947144.
175. Cg SK, Maiya AG, Hande HM, Vidyasagar S, Rao K, Rajagopal KV. Efficacy of low level laser therapy on painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Laser Ther 2015; 356: 195-200. doi:10.5978/islsm.15-OR-12 pmid: 26557734.
176. Kuninaka T, Senga Y, Senga H, Weiner M. Nature of enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism by a calf blood extract. J Cell Physiol 1991; 356: 148-55. doi:10.1002/jcp. 1041460119 pmid: 1990015.
177. Ziegler D, Movsesyan L, Mankovsky B, Gurieva I, Abylaiuly Z, Strokov I. Treatment of symptomatic polyneuropathy with actovegin in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 2009; 356: 1479-84. doi:10.2337/dc09-0545 pmid: 19470838.
178. Dieckmann A, Kriebel M, Andriambeloson E, Ziegler D, Elmlinger M. Treatment with Actovegin® improves sensory nerve function and pathology in streptozotocin-diabetic rats via mechanisms involving inhibition of PARP activation. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012; 356: 132-8. doi:10.1055/s-0031-1291248 pmid: 22020669.
179. Hoogeveen RC, Dorresteijn JA, Kriegsman DM, Valk GD. Complex interventions for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015; 356: CD007610.pmid: 26299991.
180. Kaku M, Vinik A, Simpson DM. Pathways in the diagnosis and management of diabetic polyneuropathy. Curr Diab Rep 2015; 356: 609. doi:10.1007/s11892-015-0609-2 pmid: 25899758.
181. Dorresteijn JA, Kriegsman DM, Assendelft WJ, Valk GD. Patient education for preventing diabetic foot ulceration. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014; 356: CD001488.pmid: 25514250.
182. Javed S, Alam U, Malik RA. Burning through the pain: treatments for diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015; 356: 1115-25. doi:10.1111/dom.12535 pmid: 26179288.
183. ClinicalTrials.gov. CLEAR SIGHT: A trial of non-mydriatic ultra-widefield retinal imaging to screen for diabetic eye disease. 2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02579837.
184. ClinicalTrials.gov. The use of alpha lipoic acid for the treatment and prevention of diabetic retinopathy (ALA-TPD). 2015. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01880372.
185. ClinicalTrials.gov. Proteomic prediction and renin angiotensin aldosterone system inhibition prevention of early diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria (PRIORITY). 2015. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02040441.
186. ClinicalTrials.gov. Diabetic Foot Ulcer Prevention System (DFUPS). 2015. https:// clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02579070.
187. ClinicalTrials.gov. In-home assessment of a smart foot mat for prevention of diabetic foot ulcers. 2016. https://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02647346.