Diabetic neuropathies: Diagnosis and management

Neuroendocrinology

Volumn 98, Issue 4, 2013, Pages 267-280

  Deli, Gabriella ^a   Bosnyak, Edit ^a   Pusch, Gabriella ^a,b   Komoly, Samuel ^a   Feher, Gergely ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS   (Hungary)

^b WILLIAM HARVEY HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Autonomic neuropathy; Diabetes; Diagnosis; Neuropathic pain; Neuropathy; Polyneuropathy; Sensory neuropathy; Treatment

Indexed keywords

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; BENZODIAZEPINE DERIVATIVE; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; NARCOTIC AGENT; SEROTONIN UPTAKE INHIBITOR; SORBINIL; THIOCTIC ACID; TOLRESTAT; TRICYCLIC ANTIDEPRESSANT AGENT; ZENARESTAT; CAPSAICIN; DULOXETINE; GABAPENTIN; LAMOTRIGINE; LIDOCAINE; PREGABALIN; VALPROIC ACID; VENLAFAXINE;

ARTICLE; AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; CLINICAL FEATURE; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEUROPATHY; DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURE; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HEART INFARCTION; HUMAN; INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; MONONEUROPATHY; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; NONHUMAN; PAIN; PARESTHESIA; PATHOGENESIS; PATHOPHYSIOLOGY; PREVALENCE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RADICULOPATHY; SENSORIMOTOR NEUROPATHY; SENSORY DYSFUNCTION; SUDDEN DEATH; TREATMENT PLANNING; ANIMAL; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; CARDIOVASCULAR AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECT; CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS; COMPARATIVE STUDY; CRANIAL NEUROPATHY; DEPRESSION; DIABETIC BLADDER DYSFUNCTION; DIABETIC MONONEUROPATHY; DIABETIC MULTIPLE MONONEUROPATHY; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DIABETIC PATIENT; DIABETIC SUDOMOTOR DYSFUNCTION; EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA; ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION; GASTROINTESTINAL AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY; HEART CANCER; INCIDENCE; MANAGED CARE; META ANALYSIS (TOPIC); MONOAMINERGIC SYSTEM; NERVE INJURY; NEUROPATHIC PAIN; PALLIATIVE THERAPY; PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY; POSTHERPETIC NEURALGIA; STOMACH PARESIS;

ANIMALS; DIABETIC NEUROPATHIES; HUMANS;

EID: 84896491234     PISSN: 00283835     EISSN: 14230194     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1159/000358728     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Zimmet P, Alberti KG, Shaw J: Global and societal implications of the diabetes epidemic. Nature 2001; 414:782-787.
2. Edwards JL, Vincent AM, Cheng HT, Feld-man EL: Diabetic neuropathy: mechanisms to management. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:1-34.
3. Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Arezzo JC, Bril V, Feld-man EL, Freeman R, Malik RA, Maser RE, Sosenko JM, Ziegler D; American Diabetes Association Diabetic neuropathies: a statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care 2005; 28:956-962.
4. Yasuda H, Terada M, Maeda K, Kogawa S, Sanada M, Haneda M, Kashiwagi A, Kikkawa R: Diabetic neuropathy and nerve regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2003; 69:229-285.
5. Duby JJ, Campbell RK, Setter SM, White JR, Rasmussen KA: Diabetic neuropathy: an intensive review. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2004; 61:160-173.
6. Deshpande AD, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M: Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Phys Ther 2008; 88: 1254-1264.
7. Papanas N, Vinik AI, Ziegler D: Neuropathy in prediabetes: does the clock start ticking early? Nat Rev Endocrinol 2011; 7:682-690.
8. Fernyhough P, Roy Chowdhury SK, Schmidt RE: Mitochondrial stress and the pathogene-sis of diabetic neuropathy. Expert Rev Endo-crinol Metab 2010; 5:39-49.
9. Vincent AM, Russell JW, Low P, Feldman EL: Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy. Endocr Rev 2004; 25:612-628.
10. Obrosova IG: How does glucose generate ox-idative stress in peripheral nerve? Int Rev Neurobiol 2002; 50:3-35.
11. Zherebitskaya E, Akude E, Smith DR, Ferny-hough P: Development of selective axonopa-thy in adult sensory neurons isolated from diabetic rats: role of glucose-induced oxida-tive stress. Diabetes 2009; 58:1356-1364.
12. Fernyhough P, Schmidt RE: Neurofilaments in diabetic neuropathy. Int Rev Neurobiol 2002; 50:115-144.
13. Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G: Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2010; 9: 807-819.
14. Kuwabara S, Misawa S: Pharmacologic intervention in axonal excitability: in vivo assessment of nodal persistent sodium currents in human neuropathies. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2008; 1:61-67.
15. Bahia PK, Suzuki R, Benton DC, et al: A functional role for small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in sensory pathways including nociceptive processes. J Neu-rosci 2005; 25:3489-98.
16. Caterina MJ, Julius D: The vanilloid receptor: a molecular gateway to the pain pathway. Annu Rev Neurosci 2001; 24:487-517.
17. Wen YR, Tan PH, Cheng JK, Liu YC, Ji RR: Microglia: a promising target for treating neuropathic and postoperative pain, and morphine tolerance J Formos Med Assoc 2011; 110:487-494.
18. Tesfaye S, Selvarajah D: Advances in the epidemiology, pathogenesis and management of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2012; 28(suppl 1):8-14
19. Ropper AH, Samuels MA (eds): Adams and Victor's Principles of Neurology, ed 9. New York, McGraw-Hill, 2009, chapter 46.
20. Bansal V, Kalita J, Misra UK: Diabetic neuropathy. Postgrad Med J 2006; 82:95-100.
21. Abbott CA, Malik RA, van Ross ER, Kulkarni J, Boulton AJ: Prevalence and characteristics of painful diabetic neuropathy in a large community-based diabetic population in the UK. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:2220-2224.
22. Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, Taylor A: The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1518-1522.
23. Tracy JA, Dyck PJ: The spectrum of diabetic neuropathies. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2008; 19:1-26.
24. Pop-Busui R: Cardiac autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: a clinical perspective. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:434-441.
25. Spallone V, Bellavere F, Scionti L, Maule S, Quadri R, Bax G, Melga P, Viviani GL, Es-posito K, Morganti R, Cortelli P; Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group of the Italian Society of Diabetology: Recommendations for the use of cardiovascular tests in diagnosing diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2011; 21:69-78.
26. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, Freeman R, Horowitz M, Kempler P, Lauria G, Malik RA, Spallone V, Vinik A, Bernardi L, Valensi P; Toronto Diabetic Neuropathy Expert Group: Diabetic neuropathies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010; 33:2285-2293.
27. Chandrasekharan B, Srinivasan S: Diabetes and the enteric nervous system. Neurogastro-enterol Motil 2007; 19:951-960.
28. Price D, Hackett G: Management of erectile dysfunction in diabetes: an update for 2008. Curr Diab Rep 2008; 8:437-443.
29. Palumbo PJ: Metabolic risk factors, endothe-lial dysfunction, and erectile dysfunction in men with diabetes. Am J Med Sci 2007; 334: 466-480.
30. Burakgazi AZ, Alsowaity B, Burakgazi ZA, Unal D, Kelly JJ: Bladder dysfunction in peripheral neuropathies. Muscle Nerve 2012; 45: 2-8.
31. Freeman R: Autonomic peripheral neuropathy. Lancet 2005; 365:1259-1270.
32. American Diabetes Association: Standards of medical care in diabetes-2011. Diabetes Care 2011; 34(suppl 1):S11-S61.
33. Hartemann A, Attal N, Bouhassira D, Du-mont I, Gin H, Jeanne S, Said G, Richard JL; Working Group on the Diabetic Foot from the French-speaking Society of Diabetology: Painful diabetic neuropathy: diagnosis and management. Diabetes Metab 2011; 37:377-388.
34. Cruccu G, Sommer C, Anand P, Attal N, Baron R, Garcia-Larrea L, Haanpaa M, Jensen TS, Serra J, Treede RD: EFNS guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment: revised 2009. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17:1010-1018.
35. Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, Bernardi L, Frontoni S, Pop-Busui R, Stevens M, Kempler P, Hilsted J, Tesfaye S, Low P, Valensi P; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011, DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1239.
36. Obrosova IG: Diabetic painful and insensate neuropathy: pathogenesis and potential treatments. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:638-647.
37. Hotta N, Akanuma Y, Kawamori R, Matsuoka K, Oka Y, Shichiri M, Toyota T, Nakashima M, Yoshimura I, Sakamoto N, Shigeta Y: Long-term clinical effects of epalrestat, an al-dose reductase inhibitor, on diabetic peripheral neuropathy: the 3-year, multicenter, comparative Aldose Reductase Inhibitor-Diabetes Complications Trial. Diabetes Care 2006; 29:1538-1544.
38. Hotta N, Toyota T, Matsuoka K, Shigeta Y, Kikkawa R, Kaneko T, Takahashi A, Sugimu-ra K, Koike Y, Ishii J, Sakamoto N; SNK-860 Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group: Clinical efficacy of fidarestat, a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, for diabetic peripheral neuropathy: a 52-week multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind parallel group study. Diabetes Care 2001; 24:1776-1782.
39. Hotta N, Yasuda K, Sumita Y, Sano T, Kakuta H, Nagashima M, Hayashi Y, Yamamoto M, Wakao T, Okuyama M, Kobayashi M, Mori K: Effects of a novel aldose reductase inhibitor, fidarestat (SNK-860), on vibration perception threshold and subjective symptoms in patients with diabetic polyneuropathy: an open-label pilot study. Clin Drug Investig 2004; 24: 671-680.
40. Bril V, Buchanan RA: Long-term effects of ra-nirestat (AS-3201) on peripheral nerve function in patients with diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy. Diabetes Care 2006; 29: 68-72.
41. Chalk C, Benstead TJ, Moore F: Aldose reduc-tase inhibitors for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4:CD004572.
42. Mijnhout GS, Alkhalaf A, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ: Alpha lipoic acid: a new treatment for neuropathic pain in patients with diabetes? Neth J Med 2010; 68:158-162.
43. Ziegler D, Nowak H, Kempler P, Vargha P, Low PA: Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant alpha-lipoic acid: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med 2004; 21:114-121.
44. McIlduff CE, Rutkove SB: Critical appraisal of the use of alpha lipoic acid (thioctic acid) in the treatment of symptomatic diabetic poly-neuropathy. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2011; 7: 377-385.
45. Ziegler D, Hanefeld M, Ruhnau KJ, Hasche H, Lobisch M, Schütte K, Kerum G, Malessa R; ALADIN III Study Group: Treatment of symptomatic diabetic polyneuropathy with the antioxidant α-lipoic acid: a 7-month mul-ticenter randomized controlled trial (ALA-DIN III Study). Diabetes Care 1999; 22:1296-1301.
46. Ziegler D, Low PA, Litchy WJ, Boulton AJ, Vinik AI, Freeman R, Samigullin R, Tritschler H, Munzel U, Maus J, Schütte K, Dyck PJ: Efficacy and safety of antioxidant treatment with α-lipoic acid over 4 years in diabetic polyneuropathy: the NATHAN 1 trial. Diabetes Care 2011; 34:2054-2060.
47. Mijnhout GS, Kollen BJ, Alkhalaf A, Kleefstra N, Bilo HJ: Alpha lipoic acid for symptomatic peripheral neuropathy in patients with diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Endocrinol 2012; 2012:456279.
48. Said G: Diabetic neuropathy-a review. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 2007; 3:331-340.
49. Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, Backonja M, Cohen J, Del Toro D, Feldman E, Iverson DJ, Perkins B, Russell JW, Zochodne D: Evidence-based guideline: treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiag-nostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 2011; 76:1758-1765.
50. Attal N, Cruccu G, Baron R, Haanpää M, Hansson P, Jensen TS, Nurmikko T; European Federation of Neurological Societies: EFNS guidelines on the pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010; 17:1113-e88.
51. Feighner JP: Mechanism of action of antide-pressant medications. J Clin Psychiatry 1999; 60(suppl 4):4-11.
52. Dworkin RH, Backonja M, Rowbotham MC, Allen RR, Argoff CR, Bennett GJ, Bushnell MC, Farrar JT, Galer BS, Haythornthwaite JA, Hewitt DJ, Loeser JD, Max MB, Saltarelli M, Schmader KE, Stein C, Thompson D, Turk DC, Wallace MS, Watkins LR, Weinstein SM: Advances in neuropathic pain diagnosis, mechanisms, and treatment recommendations. Arch Neurol 2003; 60:1524-1534.
53. Saarto T, Wiffen PJ: Antidepressants for neuropathic pain: a Cochrane review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010; 81:1372-1373.
54. Haanpää ML, Gourlay GK, Kent JL, Mias-kowski C, Raja SN, Schmader KE, Wells CD: Treatment considerations for patients with neuropathic pain and other medical comor-bidities. Mayo Clin Proc 2010; 85(3 suppl):S15-S25.
55. Trindade E, Menon D, Topfer LA, Coloma C: Adverse effects associated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antide-pressants: a meta-analysis. CMAJ 1998; 159: 1245-1252.
56. Roose SP, Laghrissi-Thode F, Kennedy JS, Nelson JC, Bigger JT Jr, Pollock BG, Gaffney A, Narayan M, Finkel MS, McCafferty J, Gergel I: Comparison of paroxetine and nortrip-tyline in depressed patients with ischemic heart disease. JAMA 1998; 279:287-291.
57. Jiang W, Davidson JR: Antidepressant therapy in patients with ischemic heart disease. Am Heart J 2005; 150:871-881.
58. Saarto T, Wiffen PJ: Antidepressants for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; 4:CD005454.
59. Max MB, Lynch SA, Muir J, Shoaf SE, Smoller B, Dubner R: Effects of desipramine, amitrip-tyline, and fluoxetine on pain in diabetic neu ropathy. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:1250-1256.
60. Sindrup SH, Gram LF, Brosen K, Eshoj O, Mogensen EF: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine is effective in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy symptoms. Pain 1990; 42:135-144.
61. Sindrup SH, Bjerre U, Dejgaard A, Brøsen K, Aaes-Jørgensen T, Gram LF: The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor citalopram relieves the symptoms of diabetic neuropathy. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1992; 52:547-552.
62. Stahl SM, Grady MM, Moret C, Briley M: SNRIs: their pharmacology, clinical efficacy, and toler-ability in comparison with other classes of anti-depressants. CNS Spectr 2005; 10:732-747.
63. Lunn MP, Hughes RA, Wiffen PJ: Duloxetine for treating painful neuropathy or chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 4:CD007115.
64. Hall JA, Wang F, Oakes TM, Utterback BG, Crucitti A, Acharya N: Safety and tolerability of duloxetine in the acute management of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain: analysis of pooled data from three placebo-controlled clinical trials. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2010; 9: 525-537.
65. Vinik A: Clinical review: use of antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of chronic painful diabetic neuropathy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90:4936-4945.
66. LaRoche SM, Helmers SL: The new antiepi-leptic drugs: scientific review. JAMA 2004, 291: 605-614.
67. Wiffen PJ, McQuay HJ, Edwards JE, Moore RA: Gabapentin for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 3:CD005452.
68. Moore RA, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, McQuay HJ: Gabapentin for chronic neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 3:CD007938.
69. Moore RA, Straube S, Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Mc-Quay HJ: Pregabalin for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; 3:CD007076.
70. Gill D, Derry S, Wiffen PJ, Moore RA: Val-proic acid and sodium valproate for neuropathic pain and fibromyalgia in adults. Co-chrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 10:CD009183.
71. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA: Lamotrigine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 2:CD006044.
72. Wiffen PJ, Derry S, Moore RA, McQuay HJ: Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 1:CD005451.
73. Thienel U, Neto W, Schwabe SK, Vijapurkar U; Topiramate Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Study Group: Topiramate in painful diabetic polyneuropathy: findings from three double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Acta Neurol Scand 2004; 110:221-231.
74. Donofrio PD, Raskin P, Rosenthal NR, Hewitt DJ, Jordan DM, Xiang J, Vinik AI; CAPSS-141 Study Group: Safety and effectiveness of topi-ramate for the management of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in an open-label extension study. Clin Ther 2005; 27:1420-1431.
75. Eisenberg E, McNicol E, Carr DB: Opioids for neuropathic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 3:CD006146.
76. Furlan AD, Sandoval JA, Mailis-Gagnon A, Tunks E: Opioids for chronic noncancer pain: a meta-analysis of effectiveness and side effects. CMAJ 2006; 174:1589-1594.
77. A receptor mimetics-novel antihyperalgesic agents? Mol Med (Berl) 2009; 87:465-469.
78. Smith HS, Argoff CE: Pharmacological treatment of diabetic neuropathic pain. Drugs 2011; 71:557-589.
79. Zhang C, Ma YX, Yan Y: Clinical effects of acupuncture for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Tradit Chin Med 2010; 30:13-14.
80. Hopton A, MacPherson H: Acupuncture for chronic pain: is acupuncture more than an effective placebo? A systematic review of pooled data from meta-analyses. Pain Pract 2010; 10: 94-102.
81. Chen W, Zhang Y, Liu JP: Chinese herbal medicine for diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 6:CD007796.
82. Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J: Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2010; 74:173-176.
83. Quilici S, Chancellor J, Löthgren M, Simon D, Said G, Le TK, Garcia-Cebrian A, Monz B: Meta-analysis of duloxetine vs. pregabalin and gabapentin in the treatment of diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. BMC Neurol 2009; 9:6.
84. Chou R, Carson S, Chan BK: Gabapentin versus tricyclic antidepressants for diabetic neuropathy and post-herpetic neuralgia: discrepancies between direct and indirect meta-anal-yses of randomized controlled trials. J Gen Intern Med 2009; 24:178-188.
85. Wolff RF, Bala MM, Westwood M, Kessels AG, Kleijnen J: 5% lidocaine medicated plaster in painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN): a systematic review. J Swiss Med Wkly 2010; 140:297-306.
86. Tesfaye S, Wilhelm S, Lledo A, Schacht A, Tölle T, Bouhassira D, Cruccu G, Skljarevski V, Freynhagen R: Duloxetine and pregabalin: high-dose monotherapy or their combination? The 'COMBO-DN study'-a multinational, randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain. Pain 2013; 154: 2616-2625.
87. Kempler P, Amarenco G, Freeman R, Fron-toni S, Horowitz M, Stevens M, Low P, Pop-Busui R, Tahrani A, Tesfaye S, Várkonyi T, Ziegler D, Valensi P; Toronto Consensus Panel on Diabetic Neuropathy: Gastrointestinal autonomic neuropathy, erectile-, bladder-and sudomotor dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011, DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.1223.