Essential nutrient interactions: Does low or suboptimal magnesium status interact with vitamin D and/or calcium status?

Advances in Nutrition

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2016, Pages 25-43

  Rosanoff, Andrea ^a   Dai, Qi ^b   Shapses, Sue A ^c  

^a Center for Magnesium Education and Research   (United States)

^b VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

^c RUTGERS UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Calcium; Calcium magnesium ratio; Essential mineral interactions; Magnesium; Nutrient interactions; Vitamin D

Indexed keywords

CALCIUM; MAGNESIUM; VITAMIN D;

BLOOD; CALORIC INTAKE; CHRONIC DISEASE; COMPLICATION; FEMALE; HUMAN; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MALE; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

CALCIUM; CHRONIC DISEASE; ENERGY INTAKE; FEMALE; HUMANS; MAGNESIUM; MAGNESIUM DEFICIENCY; MALE; NUTRITIONAL STATUS; VITAMIN D; VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY;

EID: 85000399186     PISSN: 21618313     EISSN: 21565376     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3945/an.115.008631     Document Type: Review

References (155)

1. Seelig M, Rosanoff A. Are we really low in magnesium? In: Seelig M,Rosanoff A, editors. The magnesium factor. New York: Avery, Penguin;2003.p. 211-8.
2. Joosten MM, Gansevoort RT, Mukamal KJ, van der Harst P, Geleijnse JM, Feskens EJ, Navis G, Bakker SJ; Prevend Study Group. Urinaryand plasma magnesium and risk of ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:1299-306.
3. Khan AM, Lubitz SA, Sullivan LM, Sun JX, Levy D, Vasan RS, Magnani JW, Ellinor PT, Benjamin EJ,Wang TJ. Low serum magnesium and the development of atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framing ham Heart Study. Circulation 2013;127:33-8.
4. Misialek JR, Lopez FL, Lutsey PL, Huxley RR, Peacock JM, Chen LY,Soliman EZ, Agarwal SK, Alonso A. Serum and dietary magnesium and incidence of atrial fibrillation in whites and in African Americans-Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circ J 2013;77:323-9.
5. Del Gobbo LC, Song Y, Poirier P, Dewailly E, Elin RJ, Egeland GM. Low serum magnesium concentrations are associated with a high prevalence of premature ventricular complexes in obese adults with type 2 diabetes. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012;11:23.
6. Larsson SC, Orsini N, Wolk A. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:362-6.
7. Del Gobbo LC, Imamura F, Wu JH, de Oliveira Otto MC, Chiuve SE,Mozaffarian D. Circulating and dietary magnesium and risk of cardio vascular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;98:160-73.
8. Qu X, Jin F, Hao Y, Li H, Tang T, Wang H, Yan W, Dai K. Magnesium and the risk of cardio vascular events: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 2013;8:e57720.
9. Nie ZL, Wang ZM, Zhou B, Tang ZP, Wang SK. Magnesium intake and incidence of stroke: meta-analysis of cohort studies. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2013;23:169-76.
10. Alghamdi AA, Al-Radi OO, Latter DA. Intravenous magnesium for prevention of atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass surgery:a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Card Surg 2005;20:293-9.
11. Shiga T, Wajima Z, Inoue T, Ogawa R. Magnesium prophylaxis for arrhythmias after cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Am J Med 2004;117:325-33.
12. Reffelmann T, Ittermann T, Dorr M, Volzke H, Reinthaler M, Petersmann A, Felix SB. Low serum magnesium concentrations predict cardio vascular and all-cause mortality. Atherosclerosis 2011;219:280-4.
13. Chiuve SE, Sun Q, Curhan GC, Taylor EN, Spiegelman D, Willett WC,Manson JE, Rexrode KM, Albert CM. Dietary and plasma magnesium and risk of coronary heart disease among women. J Am Heart Assoc2013;2:e000114.
14. Booth JV, Phillips-Bute B, McCants CB, Podgoreanu MV, Smith PK,Mathew JP, Newman MF. Low serum magnesium level predicts major adverse cardiac events after coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Am Heart J 2003;145:1108-13.
15. Ishimura E, Okuno S, Yamakawa T, Inaba M, Nishizawa Y. Serum magnesium concentration is a significant predictor of mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Magnes Res 2007;20:237-44.
16. Singhi SC, Singh J, Prasad R. Hypo- and hyper magnesemia in an Indian pediatric intensive care unit. J Trop Pediatr 2003;49:99-103.
17. Dong JY, Xun P, He K, Qin LQ. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2diabetes: meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Care2011;34:2116-22.
18. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Magnesium intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: ameta-analysis. J Intern Med 2007;262:208-14.
19. Sales CH, Pedrosa LF, Lima JG, Lemos TM, Colli C. Influence of magnesium status and magnesium intake on the blood glucose control inpatients with type 2 diabetes. Clin Nutr 2011;30:359-64.
20. Agrawal P, Arora S, Singh B, Manamalli A, Dolia PB. Association of macrovascular complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus with serum magnesium levels. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2011;5:41-4.
21. Sharma A, Dabla S, Agrawal RP, Barjatya H, Kochar DK, Kothari RP.Serum magnesium: an early predictor of course and complications of diabetes mellitus. J Indian Med Assoc 2007;105:16, 8, 20.
22. Chambers EC, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Wang J, Pi-Sunyer FX, PiersonRN Jr. Serum magnesium and type-2 diabetes in African Americans and Hispanics: a New York cohort. J Am Coll Nutr 2006;25:509-13.
23. Saggese G, Federico G, Bertelloni S, Baroncelli GI, Calisti L. Hypomagnesemia and the parathyroid hormone-vitamin D endocrine system in children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: effects of magnesium administration. J Pediatr 1991;118:220-5.
24. Solati M, Ouspid E, Hosseini S, Soltani N, Keshavarz M, Dehghani M.Oral magnesium supplementation in type II diabetic patients. Med J Islam Repub Iran 2014;28:67.
25. Song Y, He K, Levitan EB, Manson JE, Liu S. Effects of oral magnesium supplementation on glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes: ameta-analysis of randomized double-blind controlled trials. Diabet Med 2006;23:1050-6.
26. Yang CY, Chiu HF, Cheng MF, Tsai SS, Hung CF, Tseng YT. Magnesiumin drinking water and the risk of death from diabetes mellitus.Magnes Res 1999;12:131-7.
27. He K, Liu K, Daviglus ML, Morris SJ, Loria CM, Van Horn L, JacobsDR Jr., Savage PJ. Magnesium intake and incidence of metabolic syndrome among young adults. Circulation 2006;113:1675-82.
28. Huang JH, Lu YF, Cheng FC, Lee JN, Tsai LC. Correlation of magnesium intake with metabolic parameters, depression and physical activity in elderly type 2 diabetes patients: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2012;11:41.
29. Guerrero-Romero F, Rodríguez-Moran M. Low serum magnesium levels and metabolic syndrome. Acta Diabetol 2002;39:209-13.
30. Rodríguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Oral magnesium supplementation improves the metabolic profile of metabolically obese,normal-weight individuals: a randomized double-blind place bocontrolled trial. Arch Med Res 2014;45:388-93.
31. Dibaba DT, Xun P, Fly AD, Yokota K, He K. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis. Diabet Med2014a;31:1301-9.
32. Tucker KL, Hannan MT, Chen H, Cupples LA, Wilson PW, Kiel DP.Potassium, magnesium, and fruit and vegetable intakes are associated with greater bone mineral density in elderly men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:727-36.
33. Orchard TS, Larson JC, Alghothani N, Bout-Tabaku S, Cauley JA, Chen Z, Lacroix AZ, Wactawski-Wende J, Jackson RD. Magnesium intake,bone mineral density, and fractures: results from the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;99:926-33.
34. Ryder KM, Shorr RI, Bush AJ, Kritchevsky SB, Harris T, Stone K, Cauley J, Tylavsky FA. Magnesium intake from food and supplements is associated with bone mineral density in healthy older white subjects. J AmGeriatr Soc 2005;53:1875-80.
35. New SA, Robins SP, Campbell MK, Martin JC, Garton MJ, Bolton-Smith C, Grubb DA, Lee SJ, Reid DM. Dietary influences on bonemass and bone metabolism: further evidence of a positive link between fruit and vegetable consumption and bone health? Am J Clin Nutr 2000;71:142-51.
36. Stendig-Lindberg G, Tepper R, Leichter I. Trabecular bone density in atwo year controlled trial of peroral magnesium in osteoporosis.Magnes Res 1993;6:155-63.
37. Hopping BN, Erber E, Grandinetti A, Verheus M, Kolonel LN,Maskarinec G. Dietary fiber, magnesium, and glycemic load alter risk of type 2 diabetes in a multiethnic cohort in Hawaii. J Nutr2010;140:68-74.
38. Hruby A, McKeown N, Song Y, Djoussé L. Dietary magnesium and genetic interactions in diabetes and related risk factors: a brief overview of current knowledge. Nutrients 2013;5:4990-5011.
39. Guasch-Ferré M, Bullo M, Estruch R, Corella D, Martinez-GonzalezMA, Ros E, Covas M, Aros F, Gomez-Gracia E, Fiol M, et al. Dietary magnesium intake is inversely associated with mortality in adults at high cardio vascular disease risk. J Nutr 2014;144:55-60.
40. Rude RK, Singer FR, Gruber HE. Skeletal and hormonal effects of magnesium deficiency. J Am Coll Nutr 2009;28:131-41.
41. Sojka JE, Weaver CM. Magnesium supplementation and osteoporosis.Nutr Rev 1995;53:71-4.
42. New SA, Bolton-Smith C, Grubb DA, Reid DM. Nutritional influences on bone mineral density: a cross-sectional study in premenopausal women. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1831-9.
43. Aziz HS, Blamoun AI, Shubair MK, Ismail MM, DeBari VA, KhanMA. Serum magnesium levels and acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a retrospective study. Ann Clin Lab Sci2005;35:423-7.
44. Bhatt SP, Khandelwal P, Nanda S, Stoltzfus JC, Fioravanti GT. Serum magnesium is an independent predictor of frequent read missions dueto acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2008;102:999-1003.
45. Fiaccadori E, Del Canale S, Coffrini E, Melej R, Vitali P, Guariglia A,Borghetti A. Muscle and serum magnesium in pulmonary intensive care unit patients. Crit Care Med 1988;16:751-60.
46. Kurys E, Kurys P, Kuzniar A, Kieszko R. Analysis of antioxidant enzymeactivity and magnesium level in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD). Ann Univ Mariae Curie Sklodowska Med 2001;56:261-6.
47. Ruljancic N, Popovic-Grle S, Rumenjak V, Sokolic B,Malic A, Mihanovic M, Cepelak I. COPD: magnesium in the plasma and polymorphonuclear cells of patients during a stable phase. COPD 2007;4:41-7.
48. Chen GC, Pang Z, Liu QF. Magnesium intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Eur J Clin Nutr 2012;66:1182-6.
49. Ko HJ, Youn CH, Kim HM, Cho YJ, Lee GH, Lee WK. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Nutr Cancer 2014;66:915-23.
50. Dai Q, Motley SS, Smith JA Jr., Concepcion R, Barocas D, Byerly S,Fowke JH. Blood magnesium, and the interaction with calcium, on the risk of high-grade prostate cancer. PLoS One 2011;6:e18237.
51. Everett CJ, King DE, Wells BJ, Frithsen IL, Mainous AG III. Serum magnesium and cancer mortality. In: Bernhardt NE, Kasko AM, editors.Nutrition for the middle aged and elderly. Hauppauge (NY):Nova Science Publishers; 2008.p. 271-84.
52. Barragan-Rodríguez L, Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F. Depressive symptoms and hypo magnesemia in older diabetic subjects.Arch Med Res 2007;38:752-6.
53. Derom ML, Sayon-Orea C, Martinez-Ortega JM, Martinez-GonzalezMA. Magnesium and depression: a systematic review. Nutr Neurosci2013;16:191-206.
54. Tarleton EK, Littenberg B. Magnesium intake and depression inadults. J Am Board Fam Med 2015;28:249-56.
55. Yary T, Aazami S, Soleimannejad K. Dietary intake of magnesium maymodulate depression. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013;151:324-9.
56. Ozawa M, Ninomiya T, Ohara T, Hirakawa Y, Doi Y, Hata J, Uchida K,Shirota T, Kitazono T, Kiyohara Y. Self-reported dietary intake of potassium,calcium, and magnesium and risk of dementia in the Japanese:the Hisayama Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2012;60:1515-20.
57. Slutsky I, Abumaria N, Wu LJ, Huang C, Zhang L, Li B, Zhao X,Govindarajan A, Zhao MG, Zhuo M, et al. Enhancement of learning and memory by elevating brain magnesium. Neuron 2010;65:165-77.
58. Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, Abraham J, Adair T, Aggarwal R, Ahn SY, et al. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.Lancet 2012;380:2095-128.Erratum in: Lancet 2013;381(9867):628.
59. USDA Agricultural Research Service. What we eat in America, NHANES2011-2012.Table 37: Total nutrient intakes: percent reporting and mean amounts of selected vitamins and minerals from food and beverages and dietary supplements, by gender and age, in the United States, 2011-2012.Magnesium [cited 2015 Jan 1]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/1112/Table_37_SUP_GEN_11.pdf.
60. Institute of Medicine. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium, phosphorus,magnesium, vitamin D, and fluoride. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 1997.
61. Moshfegh A, Goldman JD, Ahuja J, Rhodes D, LaComb R. What we eatin America, NHANES 2005-2006: usual nutrient intakes from food and water compared to 1997 Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. 2009 [cited 2015 May 11].Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/0506/usual_nutrient_intake_vitD_ca_phos_mg_2005-06.pdf.
62. Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK. Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences under estimated? NutrRev 2012;70:153-64.
63. USDA Human Nutrition Information Service. CSFII Nation wide Food Consumption Survey Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals;men 19-50 years, 1 day; report no. 85-1.1985 [cited 2012 Jul10]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/8586/csfii85_1day_men_doc.pdf.
64. USDA Human Nutrition Information Service. CSFII Nation wide Food Consumption Survey Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals;women 19-50 years and their children 1-5 years, 1 day; report no. 85-1.1985 [cited 2012 Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/8586/csfii85_1day_doc.pdf.
65. Wilson JW, Enns CW, Goldman JD, Tippett KS, Mickle SJ, ClevelandLE, Chahil PS. Data tables: combined results from USDA's 1994 and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey [online]. 1997 [cited 2012Jul 10]. Available from: http://www.barc.usda.gov/bhnrc/foodsurvey/home.htm;http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14531.
66. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Nutrient intakes from food compared to Dietary Reference Intakes. Table 1.Mean amounts bygender and age: individuals 2 years and over (excluding breast-fedchildren), MEC sampling weights NHANES, 2001-2002 [cited 2012Feb 29]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/0102/usualintaketables2001-02.pdf.
67. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Table 1.Nutrient intakes from food:mean amounts consumed per individual, one day, NHANES 2003-2004.2007 [cited 2012 Feb 29]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/0304/Table_1_NIF.pdf.
68. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Table 1.Nutrient intakes fromfood: mean amounts consumed per individual, one day, NHANES2005-2006.2008 [cited 2012 Feb 29]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/0506/Table_1_NIF_05.pdf.
69. USDA Agricultural Research Service. Table 1.Nutrient intakes from food:mean amounts consumed per individual, one day, NHANES 2007-2008.2010 [cited 2012 Feb 29]. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/0708/Table_1_NIN_GEN_07.pdf.
70. USDA Agricultural Research Service. What we eat in America,NHANES 2009-2010, individuals 2 years and over (excluding pregnant and/or lactating females and breast-fed children), day 1 food and supplementintake data, weighted. 2012 [cited 2014 Oct 15]. Availablefrom: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/80400530/pdf/0910/Table_39_SUP_INC_09.pdf.
71. Dai Q, Shrubsole MJ, Ness RM, Schlundt D, Cai Q, Smalley WE, Li M,Shyr Y, Zheng W. The relation of magnesium and calcium intakes anda genetic polymorphism in the magnesium transporter to colorectalneoplasia risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2007;86:743-51.
72. Marier JR. Magnesium content of the food supply in the modern-dayworld. Magnesium 1986;5:1-8.
73. Elin RJ. Laboratory tests for the assessment of magnesium status in humans. Magnes Trace Elem 1991;10:172-81.
74. Wong ET, Rude RK, Singer FR, Shaw ST Jr. A high prevalence of hypo magnesemia and hyper magnesemia in hospitalized patients. Am J Clin Pathol 1983;79:348-52.
75. Elin RJ. Assessment of magnesium status for diagnosis and therapy.Magnes Res 2010;23:S194-8.
76. Nuoranne P. On the reliability of the magnesium serum value as an indicator of body magnesium status. Nord Vet Med 1978;30:71-3.
77. Arnold A, Tovey J, Mangat P, Penny W, Jacobs S. Magnesium deficiency in critically ill patients. Anaesthesia 1995;50:203-5.
78. Saur PM, Zielmann S, Roth AT, Frank L, Warneke G, Radke A, EnsinkFB, Kettler D. [Diagnosis of magnesium deficiency in intensive carepatients.] Anasthesiol Intensiv med Notfallmed Schmerzther 1996;31:37-41 (in German).
79. Hébert P, Mehta N, Wang J, Hindmarsh T, Jones G, Cardinal P. Functional magnesium deficiency in critically ill patients identified using amagnesium-loading test. Crit Care Med 1997;25:749-55.
80. Ryzen E, Elbaum N, Singer FR, Rude RK. Parenteral magnesium tolerancetesting in the evaluation of magnesium deficiency. Magnesium1985;4:137-47.
81. Danielson BG, Johansson G, Ljunghall S. Magnesium metabolism in healthy subjects. Scand J Urol Nephrol Suppl 1979;49-73.
82. Seelig MS. Magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of disease, earlyroots of cardio vascular,skeletal, and renal abnormalities. New Yorkand London: Plenum Medical Book Co.; 1980.
83. Lowenstein FW, Stanton MF. Serum magnesium levels in the United States, 1971-1974.J Am Coll Nutr 1986;5:399-414.
84. Elin RJ. Re-evaluation of the concept of chronic, latent, magnesium deficiency. Magnes Res 2011;24:225-7.
85. Ross AC, Taylor CL, Yaktine AL, Del Valle H. Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D. Washington (DC): National Academies Press; 2011.
86. Elin R. Laboratory evaluation of chronic latent magnesium deficiency.In: Rayssiguier Y, Mazur A, Durlach J, editors. Advances in magnesium research: nutrition and health. Eastleigh (United Kingdom):John Libbey & Company Ltd.; 2001.p. 233-9.
87. Kieboom BC, Kiefte-de Jong JC, Eijgelsheim M, Franco OH, KuipersEJ, Hofman A, Zietse R, Stricker BH, Hoorn EJ. Proton pump inhibitors and hypo magnesemia in the general population: a population based cohort study. Am J Kidney Dis 2015;66(5):775-82.
88. Shils M. Magnesium. In: Shils M, Olson J, Shike M, Ross A, editors.Modern nutrition in health and disease. Baltimore (MD): Williams& Wilkins; 1999.p. 169-92.
89. Larsson SC. Urinary magnesium excretion as a marker of heart disease risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:1159-60.
90. Joosten MM, Gansevoort RT, Mukamal KJ, Kootstra-Ros JE, FeskensEJM, Geleijnse JM, Navis G, Bakker SJL. Urinary magnesium excretion and risk of hyper tension: the prevention of renal and vascularend-stage disease study. Hypertension 2013;61:1161-7.
91. Rude RK. Magnesium metabolism and deficiency. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 1993;22:377-95.
92. Rubin H. Central roles of Mg2+ and MgATP2- in the regulation of protein synthesis and cell proliferation: significance for neo plastic transformation. Adv Cancer Res 2005;93:1-58.
93. Pantin CFA. On the physiology of amoeboid movement. IV. The action of magnesium. Br J Exp Biol 1925-26;3:297-312.
94. Resnick LM. Cellular calcium and magnesium metabolism in the patho physiology and treatment of hyper tension and related metabolic disorders. Am J Med 1992;93:11S-20S.
95. Resnick LM. Cellular ions in hyper tension, insulin resistance, obesity,and diabetes: a unifying theme. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992;3:S78-85.
96. Resnick LM. Ionic basis of hyper tension, insulin resistance, vascular disease, and related disorders: the mechanism of "syndrome X". AmJ Hypertens 1993;6:123S-34S.
97. Seelig MS. The requirement of magnesium by the normal adult. Am J Clin Nutr 1964;14:242-90.
98. Seelig MS. Human requirements of magnesium; factors that increase needs.In: Durlach J, ed. 1er Symposium International sur le Deficit Magnesiqueen Pathologie Humaine [First International Symposium on Magnesium Deficiency in Human Pathology]. Vittel: SGEMV, 1971:11-38 (in French).
99. Hunt CD, Johnson LK. Magnesium requirements: new estimations for men and women by cross-sectional statistical analyses of metabolic magnesium balance data. Am J Clin Nutr 2006;84:843-52.
100. Amiot D, Hioco D, Durlach J. Frequence du deficit magnesique chez lesujet normal et dans diverses osteopathies. [Frequency of magnesium deficit in the normal subjects and in various steopathies]. J Med Besancon1969;5:371-8 (in French).
101. Clarkson EM, Warren RL, McDonald SJ, de Wardener HE. The effect of a high intake of calcium on magnesium metabolism in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure. Clin Sci 1967;32:11-8.
102. Sojka J,Wastney M, Abrams S, Lewis SF, Martin B,Weaver C, Peacock M.Magnesium kinetics in adolescent girls determined using stable isotopes:effects of high and low calcium intake. Am J Physiol 1997;273:R710-5.
103. Green JH, Booth C, Bunning R. Impact of supplementary high calcium milk with additional magnesium on parathyroid hormone and bio chemical markers of bone turnover in post menopausal women. Asia PacJ Clin Nutr 2002;11:268-73.
104. Domrongkitchaiporn S, Ongphiphadhanakul B, Stitchantrakul W, Piaseu N, Chansirikam S, Puavilai G, Rajatanavin R. Risk of calcium oxalatenephrolithiasis after calcium or combined calcium and calcitriol supplementation in post menopausal women. Osteoporos Int 2000;11:486-92.
105. Kärkkäinen MU, Wiersma JW, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Postprandial parathyroidhormone response to four calcium-rich food stuffs. Am J Clin Nutr 1997;65:1726-30.
106. Doyle L, Flynn A, Cashman K. The effect of magnesium supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism or blood pressure in healthy young adult females. Eur J Clin Nutr 1999;53:255-61.
107. Basso LE, Ubbink JB, Delport R, Spies J, Vermaak WJ. Effect of magnesium supplementation on the fractional intestinal absorption of 45CaCl2 in women with a low erythrocyte magnesium concentration.Metabolism 2000;49:1092-6.
108. Kato Y, Yamaguchi S, Yachiku S, Nakazono S, Hori J, Wada N, Hou K.Changes in urinary parameters after oral administration of potassium sodium citrate and magnesium oxide to prevent urolithiasis. Urology2004;63:7-11; discussion: 2.
109. Sei M, Nakamura H, Miyoshi T. Nutritional epidemiological study onmineral intake and mortality from cardio vascular disease. Tokushima J Exp Med 1993;40:199-207.
110. Burnett-Hartman AN, Fitzpatrick AL, Gao K, Jackson SA, SchreinerPJ. Supplement use contributes to meeting recommended dietary intakes for calcium, magnesium, and vitamin C in four ethnicities of middle-aged and older Americans: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis.J Am Diet Assoc 2009;109:422-9.
111. Durlach J. Recommended dietary amounts of magnesium: Mg RDA.Magnes Res 1989;2:195-203.
112. Dai Q, Sandler R, Barry E, Summers R, Grau M, Baron J. Calcium,magnesium, and colorectal cancer. Epidemiology 2012;23:504-5.
113. Ma J, Folsom AR, Melnick SL, Eckfeldt JH, Sharrett AR, NabulsiAA, Hutchinson RG, Metcalf PA. Associations of serum and dietary magnesium with cardio vascular disease, hyper tension, diabetes, insulin,and carotid arterial wall thickness: the ARIC study. Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. J Clin Epidemiol 1995;48:927.
114. Dai Q, Shu XO, Deng X, Xiang YB, Li H, Yang G, Shrubsole MJ, Ji B,Cai H, Chow WH, et al. Modifying effect of calcium/magnesium intake ratio and mortality: a population-based cohort study. BMJ Open2013;3:e002111.
115. Chiuve SE, Korngold EC, Januzzi JL Jr., Gantzer ML, Albert CM.Plasma and dietary magnesium and risk of sudden cardiac death in women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;93:253-60.
116. Zhang W, Iso H, Ohira T, Date C, Tamakoshi A. Associations of dietary magnesium intake with mortality from cardio vascular disease: the JACC study. Atherosclerosis 2012;221(2):587-95.
117. Lutsey PL, Alonso A, Michos ED, Loehr LR, Astor BC, Coresh J, FolsomAR. Serum magnesium, phosphorus, and calcium are associated with risk of incident heart failure: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities(ARIC) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2014;100:756-64.
118. Moore-Schiltz L, Albert JM, Singer ME, Swain J, Nock NL. Dietary intake of calcium and magnesium and the metabolic syndrome in the National Health and Nutrition Examination (NHANES) 2001-2010data. Br J Nutr 2015;14(6):1-12.
119. Rosanoff A. Rising Ca:Mg intake ratio from food in USA Adults: a concern? Magnes Res 2010;23:S181-93.
120. Carpenter TO. Disturbances of vitamin D metabolism and action during clinical and experimental magnesium deficiency. Magnes Res1988;1:131-9.
121. Medalle R, Waterhouse C, Hahn TJ. Vitamin D resistance in magnesium deficiency. Am J Clin Nutr 1976;29:854-8.
122. Rösler A, Rabinowitz D. Magnesium-induced reversal of vitamin-Dresistance in hypoparathyroidism. Lancet 1973;1:803-4.
123. Rude RK, Adams JS, Ryzen E, Endres DB, Niimi H, Horst RL, Haddad JGJr., Singer FR. Low serum concentrations of 1,25-di hydroxy vitamin D in human magnesium deficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1985;61:933-40.
124. Seelig MS. Vitamin D and cardio vascular, renal, and brain damage in infancy and child hood. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1969;147:539-82.
125. Seelig MS. Vitamin D-risk vs benefit. J Am Coll Nutr 1983;2:109-10.
126. Holick MF. Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets. J Clin Invest 2006;116:2062-72.
127. Zittermann A, Iodice S, Pilz S, Grant WB, Bagnardi V, Gandini S. Vitamin D deficiency and mortality risk in the general population: ameta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95:91-100.
128. Schöttker B, Haug U, Schomburg L, Kohrle J, Perna L,Muller H, Holleczek B, Brenner H. Strong associations of 25-hydroxy vitamin D concentrations with all-cause, cardio vascular, cancer, and respiratory disease mortality in a large cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 2013;97:782-93.
129. Melamed ML, Michos ED, Post W, Astor B. 25-Hydroxy vitamin Dlevels and the risk of mortality in the general population. Arch Intern Med 2008;168:1629-37.
130. Pittas AG, Nelson J, Mitri J, Hillmann W, Garganta C, Nathan DM,Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B; Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group. Plasma 25-hydroxy vitamin D and progression to diabetes inpatients at risk for diabetes: an ancillary analysis in the Diabetes Prevention Program. Diabetes Care 2012;35:565-73.
131. Mitri J, Muraru MD, Pittas AG. Vitamin D and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011;65:1005-15.
132. Pittas AG, Lau J, Hu FB, Dawson-Hughes B. The role of vitamin D and calcium in type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007;92:2017-29.
133. Sun Q, Shi L, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Hu FB, Manson JE, RexrodeKM. Vitamin D intake and risk of cardio vascular disease in US men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 2011;94:534-42.
134. Leu M, Giovannucci E. Vitamin D: epidemiology of cardio vascular risks and events. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;25:633-46.
135. Giovannucci E. Epidemiological evidence for vitamin D and colorectal cancer. J Bone Miner Res 2007;22(Suppl 2):V81-5.
136. Lee JE, Li H, Chan AT, Hollis BW, Lee IM, Stampfer MJ, Wu K,Giovannucci E, Ma J. Circulating levels of vitamin D and colonand rectal cancer: the Physicians' Health Study and a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011;4:735-43.
137. Huncharek M, Muscat J, Kupelnick B. Colorectal cancer risk and dietary intake of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy products: a meta-analysis of 26,335 cases from 60 observational studies. Nutr Cancer 2009;61:47-69.
138. Manson JE, Mayne ST, Clinton SK. Vitamin D and prevention of cancer-ready for prime time? N Engl J Med 2011;364:1385-7.
139. Shapses SA, Manson JE. Vitamin D and prevention of cardio vascular disease and diabetes: why the evidence falls short. JAMA 2011;305:2565-6.
140. Grant WB. Effect of interval between serum draw and follow-up periodon relative risk of cancer incidence with respect to 25-hydroxy vitamin Dlevel: implications for meta-analyses and setting vitamin D guidelines.Dermatoendocrinol 2011;3:199-204.
141. Grant WB. Effect of follow-up time on the relation between pre diagnostic serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D and all-cause mortality rate. Dermatoendocrinol2012;4:198-202.
142. Manson JE, Bassuk SS, Lee IM, Cook NR, Albert MA, Gordon D,Zaharris E, Macfadyen JG, Danielson E, Lin J, et al. The VITamin Dand OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplementsfor the primary prevention of cancer and cardio vascular disease. Contemp Clin Trials 2012;33:159-71.
143. Looker AC, Pfeiffer CM, Lacher DA, Schleicher RL, Picciano MF,Yetley EA. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D status of the US population:1988-1994 compared with 2000-2004.Am J Clin Nutr 2008;88:1519-27.
144. International Agency for Research on Cancer. Vitamin D and cancer-a report of the IARC working group on vitamin D. Lyon(France): World Health Organization Press; 2008.
145. Garland CF, French CB, Baggerly LL, Heaney RP. Vitamin D supplement doses and serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D in the range associated with cancer prevention. Anticancer Res 2011;31:607-11.
146. Reddy V, Sivakumar B. Magnesium-dependent vitamin-D-resistantrickets. Lancet 1974;1:963-5.
147. Risco F, Traba ML. Influence of magnesium on the in vitro synthesis of 24,25-di hydroxy vitamin D3 and 1 alpha, 25-di hydroxy vitamin D3.Magnes Res 1992;5:5-14.
148. Risco F, Traba ML. Possible involvement of a magnesium dependent mitochondrial alkaline phosphatase in the regulation of the25-hydroxy vitamin D3-1 alpha-and 25-hydroxy vitamin D3-24Rhydroxylasesin LLC-PK1 cells. Magnes Res 1994;7:169-78.
149. Fuss M, Bergmann P, Bergans A, Bagon J, Cogan E, Pepersack T, VanGossum M, Corvilain J. Correction of low circulating levels of 1,25-di hydroxy vitamin D by 25-hydroxy vitamin D during reversal of hypomagnesaemia.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1989;31:31-8.
150. Deng X, Song Y, Manson JE, Signorello LB, Zhang SM, Shrubsole MJ,Ness RM, Seidner DL, Dai Q. Magnesium, vitamin D status and mortality:results from US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001 to 2006 and NHANES III. BMC Med2013;11:187.
151. Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, Aloia JF, Brannon PM, Clinton SK,Durazo-Arvizu RA, Gallagher JC, Gallo RL, Jones G, et al. The 2011report on Dietary Reference Intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011;96:53-8.
152. Song Y, Manson JE, Cook NR, Albert CM, Buring JE, Liu S. Dietary magnesium intake and risk of cardio vascular disease among women.Am J Cardiol 2005;96:1135-41.
153. Wark PA, Lau R, Norat T, Kampman E. Magnesium intake and colorectaltumor risk: a case-control study and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96:622-31.
154. Qu X, Jin F, Hao Y, Zhu Z, Li H, Tang T, Dai K. Non linear association between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer. Eur JGastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:309-18.
155. Chu HI, Liu SH, Hsu HC, Choa HC, Cheu SH. Calcium, phosphorus,nitrogen, and magnesium metabolism in normal young Chinese adults. Chin Med J 1941;59:1-33.