Somatic TP53 mutations in the era of genome sequencing

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine

Volumn 6, Issue 11, 2016, Pages

  Hainaut, Pierre ^a   Pfeifer, Gerd P ^b  

^a UNIV GRENOBLE ALPES   (France)

^b VAN ANDEL RESEARCH INSTITUTE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

PROTEIN P53; CARCINOGEN; TP53 PROTEIN, HUMAN;

ALTERNATIVE RNA SPLICING; APOPTOSIS; ARTICLE; BINDING SITE; BREAST CANCER; CANCER PATIENT; CELL PROLIFERATION; CHRONIC LYMPHATIC LEUKEMIA; COMPARATIVE STUDY; DNA BINDING; DNA REPAIR; GENE SEQUENCE; GENOTYPE PHENOTYPE CORRELATION; HAPLOTYPE; HETEROZYGOSITY LOSS; HUMAN; MELANOMA; MISSENSE MUTATION; MUTATION RATE; MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING; NON SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; NONHUMAN; NONSENSE MUTATION; PREDICTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; SILENT MUTATION; SMALL CELL LUNG CANCER; SOMATIC MUTATION; SYNOVIOCYTE; TOBACCO; ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION; DNA MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION; GENETICS; MUTATION; NEOPLASM; PROGNOSIS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR GENE;

CARCINOGENS; DNA MUTATIONAL ANALYSIS; GENE EXPRESSION REGULATION, NEOPLASTIC; GENES, P53; HUMANS; MUTATION; NEOPLASMS; PROGNOSIS; TUMOR SUPPRESSOR PROTEIN P53;

EID: 84994662975     PISSN: None     EISSN: 21571422     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026179     Document Type: Article

References (94)

1. Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S,Wedge DC, Aparicio SA, Behjati S, Biankin AV, Bignell GR, Bolli N, Borg A, Borresen-Dale AL, et al. 2013a. Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer. Nature 500: 415-421.
2. Alexandrov LB, Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, Campbell PJ, Stratton MR. 2013b. Deciphering signatures of mutational processes operative in human cancer. Cell Rep 3: 246-259.
3. Ambs S, Bennett WP, Merriam WG, Ogunfusika MO, Oser SM, Harrington AM, Shields PG, Felley-Bosco E, Hussain SP, Harris CC. 1999. Relationship between p53 mutations and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in human colorectal cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91: 86-88.
4. Baker SJ, Fearon ER, Nigro JM, Hamilton SR, Preisinger AC, Jessup JM, vanTuinen P, Ledbetter DH, Barker DF, Nakamura Y, et al. 1989. Chromosome 17 deletions and p53 gene mutations in colorectal carcinomas. Science 244: 217-221.
5. Bartek J, Bartkova J, Vojtesek B, Staskova Z, Rejthar A, Kovarik J, Lane DP. 1990. Patterns of expression of the p53 tumour suppressor in human breast tissues and tumours in situ and in vitro. Int J Cancer 46: 839-844.
6. Beroud C, Soussi T. 1998. p53 gene mutation: Software and database. Nucleic Acids Res 26: 200-204.
7. Bonnefoi H, Piccart M, Bogaerts J, Mauriac L, Fumoleau P, Brain E, Petit T, Rouanet P, Jassem J, Blot E, et al. 2011. TP53 status for prediction of sensitivity to taxane versus non-taxane neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer (EORTC 10994/BIG 1-00): A randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 12: 527-539.
8. Bougeard G, Renaux-Petel M, Flaman JM, Charbonnier C, Fermey P, Belotti M, Gauthier-Villars M, Stoppa-Lyonnet D, Consolino E, Brugieres L, et al. 2015. Revisiting Li-Fraumeni syndrome from TP53 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol 33: 2345-2352.
9. Brash DE, Rudolph JA, Simon JA, Lin A, McKenna GJ, BadenHP, Halperin AJ, Ponten J. 1991. A role for sunlight in skin cancer: UV-induced p53 mutations in squamous cell carcinoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88: 10124-10128.
10. Bressac B,Kew M,Wands J, Ozturk M. 1991. Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa. Nature 350: 429-431.
11. Brosh R, Rotter V. 2009. When mutants gain new powers: News from the mutant p53 field. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 701-713.
12. Chen X, Bahrami A, Pappo A, Easton J, Dalton J, Hedlund E, Ellison D, Shurtleff S,Wu G,Wei L, et al. 2014. Recurrent somatic structural variations contribute to tumorigenesis in pediatric osteosarcoma. Cell Rep 7: 104-112.
13. Clinical Lung Cancer Genome Project (CLCGP). 2013. A genomics-based classification of human lung tumors. Sci Transl Med 5: 209ra153.
14. Cooks T, Harris CC, Oren M. 2014. Caught in the cross fire: p53 in inflammation. Carcinogenesis 35: 1680-1690.
15. Cortot AB, Younes M,Martel-Planche G, Guibert B, Isaac S, Souquet PJ, Commo F, Girard P, Fouret P, Brambilla E, et al. 2014. Mutation of TP53 and alteration of p14arf expression in EGFR- and KRAS-mutated lung adenocarcinomas. Clin Lung Cancer 15: 124-130.
16. Courtois S, Caron de Fromentel C, Hainaut P. 2004. p53 protein variants: Structural and functional similarities with p63 and p73 isoforms. Oncogene 23: 631-638.
17. Curtis C, Shah SP, Chin SF, Turashvili G, Rueda OM, Dunning MJ, Speed D, Lynch AG, Samarajiwa S, Yuan Y, et al. 2012. The genomic and transcriptomic architecture of 2,000 breast tumours reveals novel subgroups. Nature 486: 346-352.
18. Denissenko MF, Pao A, Tang M, Pfeifer GP. 1996. Preferential formation of benzo[a]pyrene adducts at lung cancer mutational hotspots in P53. Science 274: 430-432.
19. Denissenko MF, Koudriakova TB, Smith L, O’Connor TR, Riggs AD, Pfeifer GP. 1998. The p53 codon 249 mutational hotspot in hepatocellular carcinoma is not related to selective formation or persistence of aflatoxin B1 adducts. Oncogene 17: 3007-3014.
20. Donzelli S, Strano S, Blandino G. 2014. microRNAs: Short non-coding bullets of gain of function mutant p53 proteins. Oncoscience 1: 427-433.
21. Dorman SN, Viner C, Rogan PK. 2014. Splicing mutation analysis reveals previously unrecognized pathways in lymph node-invasive breast cancer. Sci Rep 4: 7063.
22. Dumont P, Leu JI, Della Pietra AC, George DL, Murphy M. 2003. The codon 72 polymorphic variants of p53 have markedly different apoptotic potential. Nat Genet 33: 357-365.
23. Fernandez-Cuesta L, Anaganti S, Hainaut P, Olivier M. 2011a. p53 status influences response to tamoxifen but not to fulvestrant in breast cancer cell lines. Int J Cancer 128: 1813-1821.
24. Fernandez-Cuesta L, Anaganti S, Hainaut P, Olivier M. 2011b. Estrogen levels act as a rheostat on p53 levels and modulate p53-dependent responses in breast cancer cell lines. Breast Cancer Res Treat 125: 35-42.
25. Fernandez-Cuesta L, Oakman C, Falagan-Lotsch P, Smoth KS, Quinaux E, Buyse M, Dolci MS, Azambuja ED, Hainaut P, Dell’orto P, et al. 2012. Prognostic and predictive value of TP53 mutations in node-positive breast cancer patients treated with anthracycline- or anthracycline/ taxane-based adjuvant therapy: Results from the BIG 02-98 phase III trial. Breast Cancer Res 14: R70.
26. Firestein GS, Echeverri F, Yeo M, Zvaifler NJ, Green DR. 1997. Somatic mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc Natl Acad Sci 94: 10895-10900.
27. Garritano S, Gemignani F, Palmero EI, Olivier M, Martel-Planche G, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Brugieres L, Vargas FR, Brentani RR, Ashton-Prolla P, et al. 2010. Detailed haplotype analysis at the TP53 locus in p.R337H mutation carriers in the population of Southern Brazil: Evidence for a founder effect. Hum Mutat 31: 143-150.
28. Gembarska A, Luciani F, Fedele C, Russell EA, Dewaele M, Villar S, Zwolinska A, Haupt S, de Lange J, Yip D, et al. 2012. MDM4 is a key therapeutic target in cutaneous melanoma. Nat Med 18: 1239-1247.
29. Gouas D, Shi H, Hainaut P. 2009. The aflatoxin-induced TP53 mutation at codon 249 (R249S): Biomarker of exposure, early detection and target for therapy. Cancer Lett 286: 29-37.
30. Gouas DA, Villar S, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Legros P, Ferro G, Kirk GD, Lesi OA, Mendy M, Bah E, Friesen MD, et al. 2012. TP53 R249S mutation, genetic variations in HBXand risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in The Gambia. Carcinogenesis 33: 1219-1224.
31. Greenblatt MS, Bennett WP, Hollstein M, Harris CC. 1994. Mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene: Clues to cancer etiology and molecular pathogenesis. Cancer Res 54: 4855-4878.
32. Hainaut P, Hollstein M. 2000. p53 and human cancer: The first ten thousand mutations. Adv Cancer Res 77: 81-137.
33. Hanahan D, Weinberg RA. 2011. Hallmarks of cancer: The next generation. Cell 144: 646-674.
34. Hodis E, Watson IR, Kryukov GV, Arold ST, Imielinski M, Theurillat JP, Nickerson E, Auclair D, Li L, Place C, et al. 2012. A landscape of driver mutations in melanoma. Cell 150: 251-263.
35. Hollstein M, Hergenhahn M, Yang Q, Bartsch H,Wang ZQ, Hainaut P. 1999. New approaches to understanding p53 gene tumor mutation spectra. Mutat Res 431: 199-209.
36. Hollstein M, Moriya M, Grollman AP, Olivier M. 2013. Analysis of TP53 mutation spectra reveals the fingerprint of the potent environmental carcinogen, aristolochic acid. Mutat Res 753: 41-49.
37. Iggo R, Rudewicz J,Monceau E, Sevenet N, Bergh J, Sjoblom T, Bonnefoi H. 2013. Validation of a yeast functional assay for p53 mutations using clonal sequencing. J Pathol 231: 441-448.
38. ser mutant in regulating cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and aneuploidy in a telomerase-immortalized normal human hepatocyte-derived cell line. Int J Cancer 127: 1011-1020.
39. Joruiz SM, Bourdon JC. 2016. p53 isoforms: Key regulators of the cell fate decision. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026039.
40. Kato S, Han SY, Liu W, Otsuka K, Shibata H, Kanamaru R, Ishioka C. 2003. Understanding the function-structure and function-mutation relationships of p53 tumor suppressor protein by high-resolution missense mutation analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci 100: 8424-8429.
41. Khoury MP, Bourdon JC. 2010. The isoforms of the p53 protein. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2: a000927.
42. Kristensen VN, Lingjaerde OC, Russnes HG, Vollan HK, Frigessi A, Borresen-Dale AL. 2014. Principles and methods of integrative genomic analyses in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 14: 299-313.
43. Ladanyi M, Cha C, Lewis R, Jhanwar SC, Huvos AG, Healey JH. 1993. MDM2 gene amplification in metastatic osteosarcoma. Cancer Res 53: 16-18.
44. Le Calvez F,Mukeria A, Hunt JD, Kelm O, Hung RJ, Taniere P, Brennan P, Boffetta P, Zaridze DG, Hainaut P. 2005. TP53 and KRAS mutation load and types in lung cancers in relation to tobacco smoke: Distinct patterns in never, former, and current smokers. Cancer Res 65: 5076-5083.
45. Lindley RA. 2013. The importance of codon context for understanding the Ig-like somatic hypermutation strandbiased patterns in TP53mutations in breast cancer. Cancer Genet 206: 222-226.
46. Lomazzi M, Moroni MC, Jensen MR, Frittoli E, Helin K. 2002. Suppression of the p53- or pRB-mediated G1 checkpoint is required for E2F-induced S-phase entry. Nat Genet 31: 190-194.
47. Luo JL, Tong WM, Yoon JH, Hergenhahn M, Koomagi R, Yang Q, Galendo D, Pfeifer GP, Wang ZQ, Hollstein M. 2001. UV-inducedDNAdamage and mutations inHupki (human p53 knock-in) mice recapitulate p53 hotspot alterations in sun-exposed human skin. Cancer Res 61: 8158-8163.
48. Ma X, Rousseau V, Sun H, Lantuejoul S, Filipits M, Pirker R, Popper H, Mendiboure J, Vataire AL, Le Chevalier T, et al. 2014. Significance of TP53 mutations as predictive markers of adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy in completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Mol Oncol 8: 555-564.
49. Mahmoudi S, Henriksson S, Corcoran M,Mendez-Vidal C, Wiman KG, Farnebo M. 2009. Wrap53, a natural p53 antisense transcript required for p53 induction upon DNA damage. Mol Cell 33: 462-471.
50. Marcel V, Vijayakumar V, Fernandez-Cuesta L, Hafsi H, Sagne C, Hautefeuille A, Olivier M, Hainaut P. 2010. p53 regulates the transcription of its D133p53 isoform through specific response elements contained within the TP53 P2 internal promoter. Oncogene 29: 2691-2700.
51. Marcel V, Dichtel-Danjoy ML, Sagne C, Hafsi H, Ma D, Ortiz-Cuaran S, Olivier M, Hall J, Mollereau B, Hainaut P, et al. 2011. Biological functions of p53 isoforms through evolution: Lessons from animal and cellular models. Cell Death Differ 18: 1815-1824.
52. Marin MC, Jost CA, Brooks LA, Irwin MS, O’Nions J, Tidy JA, James N,McGregor JM, Harwood CA, Yulug IG, et al. 2000. A common polymorphism acts as an intragenic modifier of mutant p53 behaviour. Nat Genet 25: 47-54.
53. Mathe E, Olivier M, Kato S, Ishioka C, Hainaut P, Tavtigian SV. 2006. Computational approaches for predicting the biological effect of p53 missense mutations: A comparison of three sequence analysis based methods. Nucleic Acids Res 34: 1317-1325.
54. Mechanic LE, Bowman ED, Welsh JA, Khan MA, Hagiwara N, Enewold L, Shields PG, Burdette L, Chanock S, Harris CC. 2007. Common genetic variation in TP53 is associated with lung cancer risk and prognosis in African Americans and somatic mutations in lung tumors. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16: 214-222.
55. Milner J, Medcalf EA. 1991. Cotranslation of activated mutant p53 with wild type drives the wild-type p53 protein into the mutant conformation. Cell 65: 765-774.
56. Mounawar M, Mukeria A, Le Calvez F, Hung RJ, Renard H, Cortot A, Bollart C, ZaridzeD, Brennan P, Boffetta P, et al. 2007. Patterns of EGFR, HER2 TP53, and KRAS mutations of p14arf expression in non-small-cell lung cancers in relation to smoking history. Cancer Res 67: 5667-5672.
57. Muller PA, Vousden KH. 2014. Mutant p53 in cancer: New functions and therapeutic opportunities. Cancer Cell 25: 304-317.
58. Nigro JM, Baker SJ, Preisinger AC, Jessup JM, Hostetter R, Cleary K, Bigner SH, Davidson N, Baylin S, Devilee P, et al. 1989. Mutations in the p53 gene occur in diverse human tumour types. Nature 342: 705-708.
59. Nik-Zainal S, Wedge DC, Alexandrov LB, Petljak M, Butler AP, Bolli N, Davies HR, Knappskog S,Martin S, Papaemmanuil E, et al. 2014. Association of a germline copy number polymorphism of APOBEC3A and APOBEC3B with burden of putative APOBEC-dependent mutations in breast cancer. Nat Genet 246: 487-491.
60. Olivier M, Eeles R, Hollstein M, Khan MA, Harris CC, Hainaut P. 2002. The IARC TP53 database: New online mutation analysis and recommendations to users. Hum Mutat 19: 607-614.
61. Olivier M, Hussain SP, Caron de Fromentel C, Hainaut P, Harris CC. 2004. TP53 mutation spectra and load: A tool for generating hypotheses on the etiology of cancer. IARC Sci Publ 247-270.
62. Olivier M, Langerod A, Carrieri P, Bergh J, Klaar S, Eyfjord J, Theillet C, Rodriguez C, Lidereau R, Bieche I, et al. 2006. The clinical value of somatic TP53 gene mutations in 1,794 patients with breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 12: 1157-1167.
63. Olivier M, Hollstein M, Hainaut P. 2010. TP53 mutations in human cancers: Origins, consequences, and clinical use. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2: a001008.
64. Ortiz-Cuaran S, Cox D, Villar S, Friesen MD, Durand G, Chabrier A, Khuhaprema T, Sangrajrang S, Ognjanovic S, Groopman JD, et al. 2013. Association between TP53 R249S mutation and polymorphisms in TP53 intron 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 52: 912-919.
65. Petitjean A, Achatz MI, Borresen-Dale AL, Hainaut P, Olivier M. 2007. TP53 mutations in human cancers: Functional selection and impact on cancer prognosis and outcomes. Oncogene 26: 2157-2165.
66. Pfeifer GP. 2015. How the environment shapes cancer genomes. Curr Opin Oncol 27: 71-77.
67. Pim D, Banks L. 2004. p53 polymorphic variants at codon 72 exert different effects on cell cycle progression. Int J Cancer 108: 196-199.
68. Pleasance ED, Cheetham RK, Stephens PJ, McBride DJ, Humphray SJ, Greenman CD, Varela I, Lin ML, Ordonez GR, Bignell GR, et al. 2010a. A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome. Nature 463: 191-196.
69. Pleasance ED, Stephens PJ, O’Meara S, McBride DJ, Meynert A, Jones D, Lin ML, Beare D, Lau KW, Greenman C, et al. 2010b. A small-cell lung cancer genome with complex signatures of tobacco exposure. Nature 463: 184-190.
70. Poeta ML, Manola J, Goldwasser MA, Forastiere A, Benoit N, Califano JA, Ridge JA, Goodwin J, KenadyD, Saunders J, et al. 2007. TP53 mutations and survival in squamouscell carcinoma of the head and neck. N Engl J Med 357: 2552-2561.
71. Poon SL, Pang ST,McPherson JR, YuW, Huang KK, Guan P, Weng WH, SiewEY, Liu Y, Heng HL, et al. 2013. Genomewide mutational signatures of aristolochic acid and its application as a screening tool. Sci Transl Med 5: 197ra101.
72. Rausch T, Jones DT, Zapatka M, Stutz AM, Zichner T, Weischenfeldt J, Jager N, Remke M, Shih D, Northcott PA, et al. 2012. Genome sequencing of pediatric medulloblastoma links catastrophic DNA rearrangements with TP53 mutations. Cell 148: 59-71.
73. ReismanD, Balint E, LogingWT, Rotter V, Almon E. 1996. A novel transcript encoded within the 10-kb first intron of the human p53 tumor suppressor gene (D17S2179E) is induced during differentiation ofmyeloid leukemia cells. Genomics 38: 364-370.
74. Ribi S, Baumhoer D, Lee K Edison, Teo AS, Madan B, Zhang K, Kohlmann WK, Yao F, Lee WH, et al. 2015. TP53 intron 1 hotspot rearrangements are specific to sporadic osteosarcoma and can cause Li-Fraumeni syndrome. Oncotarget 6: 7727-7740.
75. Roberts SA, Gordenin DA. 2014. Hypermutation in human cancer genomes: Footprints and mechanisms. Nat Rev Cancer 14: 786-800.
76. Robles AI, Harris CC. 2010. Clinical outcomes and correlates of TP53 mutations and cancer. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2: a001016.
77. Scoccianti C, Vesin A, Martel G, Olivier M, Brambilla E, Timsit JF, Tavecchio L, Brambilla C, Field JK, Hainaut P. 2012. Prognostic value of TP53, KRAS and EGFR mutations in nonsmall cell lung cancer: The EUELC cohort. Eur Respir J 40: 177-184.
78. Siddique M, Sabapathy K. 2006. Trp53-dependent DNArepair is affected by the codon 72 polymorphism. Oncogene 25: 3489-3500.
79. Silwal-Pandit L, Vollan HK, Chin SF, Rueda OM,McKinney S, Osako T, Quigley DA, Kristensen VN, Aparicio S, Borresen-Dale AL, et al. 2014. TP53 mutation spectrum in breast cancer is subtype specific and has distinct prognostic relevance. Clin Cancer Res 20: 3569-3580.
80. Skinner HD, Sandulache VC, Ow TJ, Meyn RE, Yordy JS, Beadle BM, Fitzgerald AL, Giri U, Ang KK, Myers JN. 2012. TP53 disruptive mutations lead to head and neck cancer treatment failure through inhibition of radiationinduced senescence. Clin Cancer Res 18: 290-300.
81. Solomon H, Madar S, Rotter V. 2011. Mutant p53 gain of function is interwoven into the hallmarks of cancer. J Pathol 225: 475-478.
82. Soussi T. 2014. The TP53 gene network in a postgenomic era. Hum Mutat 35: 641-642.
83. Stephens PJ, Tarpey PS, Davies H, Van Loo P, Greenman C, Wedge DC, Nik-Zainal S, Martin S, Varela I, Bignell GR, et al. 2012. The landscape of cancer genes and mutational processes in breast cancer. Nature 486: 400-404.
84. Stilgenbauer S, Schnaiter A, Paschka P, Zenz T, Rossi M, Dohner K, Buhler A, Bottcher S, Ritgen M, Kneba M, et al. 2014. Gene mutations and treatment outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: Results from the CLL8 trial. Blood 123: 3247-3254.
85. Takahashi T, Nau MM, Chiba I, Birrer MJ, Rosenberg RK, Vinocour M, Levitt M, Pass H, Gazdar AF, Minna JD. 1989. p53: A frequent target for genetic abnormalities in lung cancer. Science 246: 491-494.
86. Tretyakova N,Matter B, Jones R, Shallop A. 2002. Formation of benzo[a]pyrene diol epoxide-DNA adducts at specific guanines within K-ras and p53 gene sequences: Stable isotope-labeling mass spectrometry approach. Biochemistry 41: 9535-9544.
87. Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. 1992. Carcinogens leave fingerprints. Nature 355: 209-210.
88. Waters CE, Saldivar JC, Amin ZA, Schrock MS, Huebner K. 2015. FHIT loss-induced DNA damage creates optimal APOBECsubstrates: Insights intoAPOBEC-mediatedmutagenesis. Oncotarget 6: 3409-3419.
89. Watson IR, Takahashi K, Futreal PA, Chin L. 2013. Emerging patterns of somatic mutations in cancer. Nat Rev Genet 14: 703-718.
90. Whibley C, Pharoah PD, Hollstein M. 2009. p53 polymorphisms: Cancer implications. Nat Rev Cancer 9: 95-107.
91. Yamamoto M, Hosoda M, Nakano K, Jia S, Hatanaka KC, Takakuwa E, Hatanaka Y,Matsuno Y, Yamashita H. 2014. p53 accumulation is a strong predictor of recurrence in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors. Cancer Sci 105: 81-88.
92. Yamanishi Y, Boyle DL, Rosengren S, Green DR, Zvaifler NJ, Firestein GS. 2002. Regional analysis of p53 mutations in rheumatoid arthritis synovium. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 10025-10030.
93. Zhang J, Ding L, Holmfeldt L, Wu G, Heatley SL, Payne-Turner D, Easton J, Chen X,Wang J, Rusch M, et al. 2012. The genetic basis of early T-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Nature 481: 157-163.
94. Zhu J, Sammons MA, Donahue G, Dou Z, Vedadi M, Getlik M, Barsyte-Lovejoy D, Al-awar R, Katona BW, Shilatifard A, et al. 2015. Gain-of-function p53 mutants co-opt chromatin pathways to drive cancer growth. Nature 525: 206-211.