Extracellular vesicles in blood, milk and body fluids of the female and male urogenital tract and with special regard to reproduction

Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences

Volumn 53, Issue 6, 2016, Pages 379-395

  Foster, B P ^a   Balassa, T ^b   Benen, T D ^c   Dominovic, M ^d   Elmadjian, G K ^e   Florova, V ^f   Fransolet, M D ^g   Kestlerova, A ^h   Kmiecik, G ⁱ   Kostadinova, I A ^j   Kyvelidou, C ^k   Meggyes, M ^b   Mincheva, M N ^e   Moro, L ^l,m   Pastuschek, J ^m   Spoldi, V ⁱ   Wandernoth, P ⁿ   Weber, M ^m   Toth, B ^o   Markert, U R ^m  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MANCHESTER   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF PÉCS   (Hungary)

^c Microtrac GmbH   (Germany)

^d UNIVERSITY OF RIJEKA   (Croatia)

^e Repro Inova Immunology Laboratory   (Bulgaria)

^f RESEARCH CENTER OF OBSTETRICS   (Russian Federation)

^g UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

^h CHARLES UNIVERSITY   (Czech Republic)

ⁱ Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero   (Italy)

^j Institute of Biology and Immunology of Reproduction   (Bulgaria)

^k UNIVERSITY OF CRETE   (Greece)

^l CENTRE FOR RESEARCH IN ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY CREAL   (Spain)

^m JENA UNIVERSITY HOSPITAL   (Germany)

ⁿ UNIVERSITY OF DUISBURG ESSEN   (Germany)

^o UNIVERSITY OF HEIDELBERG   (Germany)

more..

Author keywords

Blood; exosomes; lactation; microparticles; microvesicles; ovary; platelets; pregnancy; semen; urine; uterus

Indexed keywords

BIOLOGICAL MARKER; NANOPARTICLE;

AMNION FLUID; ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPY; BLADDER CANCER; BLOOD; BODY FLUID; BREAST MILK; DENDRITIC CELL; ELECTRON MICROSCOPY; EMBRYO CULTURE; ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY; ERYTHROCYTE; EXOSOME; FEMALE; FEMALE GENITAL SYSTEM; FLOW CYTOMETRY; HUMAN; KIDNEY CARCINOMA; KIDNEY DISEASE; LACTATION; MALE; MALE GENITAL SYSTEM; NANOANALYSIS; NATURAL KILLER CELL; NONHUMAN; OPTICAL TWEEZERS; OVARY FOLLICLE FLUID; PLACENTA; PREECLAMPSIA; PREGNANCY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROSTATE CANCER; RAMAN SPECTROMETRY; REPRODUCTION; REVIEW; SPERMATOZOON MATURATION; SUPERNATANT; THROMBOCYTE; TROPHOBLAST; UMBILICAL CORD BLOOD; WESTERN BLOTTING; BLOOD CELL; CYTOLOGY; FETUS BLOOD; UROGENITAL SYSTEM;

BLOOD CELLS; EXTRACELLULAR VESICLES; FEMALE; FETAL BLOOD; HUMANS; LACTATION; MALE; MILK, HUMAN; PREGNANCY; UROGENITAL SYSTEM;

EID: 84986540410     PISSN: 10408363     EISSN: 1549781X     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2016.1190682     Document Type: Review

References (235)

1. S.Sitar, A.Kejzar, D.Pahovnik,. Size characterization and quantification of exosomes by asymmetrical-flow field-flow fractionation. Anal Chem 2015;87:9225–33
2. A.Lo Cicero, P.D.Stahl, G.Raposo Extracellular vesicles shuffling intercellular messages:for good or for bad. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2015;35:69–77
3. Z.Varga, Y.Yuana, A.E.Grootemaat,. Towards traceable size determination of extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3. Available from:http://www.journalofextracellularvesicles.net/index.php/jev/article/view/23298/32213
4. C.Thery, M.Ostrowski, E.Segura Membrane vesicles as conveyors of immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 2009;9:581–93
5. D.D.Taylor, S.Shah Methods of isolating extracellular vesicles impact down-stream analyses of their cargoes. Methods 2015;87:3–10
6. G.Raposo, W.Stoorvogel Extracellular vesicles:exosomes, microvesicles, and friends. J Cell Biol 2013;200:373–83
7. E.Cocucci, J.Meldolesi Ectosomes and exosomes:shedding the confusion between extracellular vesicles. Trends Cell Biol 2015;25:364–72
8. P.Wolf The nature and significance of platelet products in human plasma. Br J Haematol 1967;13:269–88
9. O.Gasser, J.A.Schifferli Activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils disseminate anti-inflammatory microparticles by ectocytosis. Blood 2004;104:2543–8
10. C.Thery, L.Zitvogel, S.Amigorena Exosomes:composition, biogenesis and function. Nat Rev Immunol 2002;2:569–79
11. M.Simons, G.Raposo. Exosomes-vesicular carriers for intercellular communication. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009;21:575–81
12. L.Zitvogel, A.Regnault, A.Lozier,. Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine:dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Nat Med 1998;4:594–600
13. L.L.Horstman, W.Jy, J.J.Jimenez,. New horizons in the analysis of circulating cell-derived microparticles. Keio J Med 2004;53:210–30
14. A.Piccin, W.G.Murphy, O.P.Smith Circulating microparticles:pathophysiology and clinical implications. Blood Rev 2007;21:157–71
15. G.Raposo, H.W.Nijman, W.Stoorvogel,. B lymphocytes secrete antigen-presenting vesicles. J Exp Med 1996;183:1161–72
16. J.Albanese, S.Meterissian, M.Kontogiannea,. Biologically active Fas antigen and its cognate ligand are expressed on plasma membrane-derived extracellular vesicles. Blood 1998;91:3862–74
17. C.Thery, A.Regnault, J.Garin,. Molecular characterization of dendritic cell-derived exosomes. Selective accumulation of the heat shock protein hsc73. J Cell Biol 1999;147:599–610
18. M.Record, C.Subra, S.Silvente-Poirot, M.Poirot Exosomes as intercellular signalosomes and pharmacological effectors. Biochem Pharmacol 2011;81:1171–82
19. S.Mathivanan, H.Ji, R.J.Simpson Exosomes:extracellular organelles important in intercellular communication. J Proteomics 2010;73:1907–20
20. M.Mittelbrunn, F.Sanchez-Madrid Intercellular communication:diverse structures for exchange of genetic information. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2012;13:328–35
21. A.Zernecke, K.Bidzhekov, H.Noels,. Delivery of microRNA-126 by apoptotic bodies induces CXCL12-dependent vascular protection. Sci Signal 2009;2:ra81
22. L.L.Horstman, Y.S.Ahn Platelet microparticles:a wide-angle perspective. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 1999;30:111–42
23. M.J.VanWijk, E.VanBavel, A.Sturk, R.Nieuwland Microparticles in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiovasc Res 2003;59:277–87
24. D.Karpman, A.L.Stahl, I.Arvidsson,. Complement interactions with blood cells, endothelial cells and microvesicles in thrombotic and inflammatory conditions. Adv Exp Med Biol 2015;865:19–42
25. M.Kanada, M.H.Bachmann, J.W.Hardy,. Differential fates of biomolecules delivered to target cells via extracellular vesicles. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2015;112:E1433–42
26. A.Aharon The role of extracellular vesicles in placental vascular complications. Thromb Res 2015;135:S23–5
27. L.Balaj, R.Lessard, L.Dai,. Tumour microvesicles contain retrotransposon elements and amplified oncogene sequences. Nat Commun 2011;2:180. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3040683/pdf/nihms270621.pdf
28. Y.Yuana, R.M.Bertina, S.Osanto Pre-analytical and analytical issues in the analysis of blood microparticles. Thromb Haemost 2011;105:396–408
29. G.Muller Microvesicles/exosomes as potential novel biomarkers of metabolic diseases. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2012;5:247–82
30. K.W.Witwer, E.I.Buzas, L.T.Bemis,. Standardization of sample collection, isolation and analysis methods in extracellular vesicle research. J Extracell Vesicles 2013;2. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760646/pdf/JEV-2-20360.pdf
31. D.D.Taylor, S.Shah Methods of isolating extracellular vesicles impact down-stream analyses of their cargoes. Methods 2015;87:3–10
32. M.P.Oksvold, A.Kullmann, L.Forfang,. Expression of B-cell surface antigens in subpopulations of exosomes released from B-cell lymphoma cells. Clin Ther 2014;36:847–62. e841
33. S.Ospina-Prieto, W.Chaiwangyen, J.Herrmann,. MicroRNA-141 is upregulated in preeclamptic placentae and regulates trophoblast invasion and intercellular communication. Transl Res 2016;172:61–72
34. M.I.Zonneveld, A.R.Brisson, M.J.van Herwijnen,. Recovery of extracellular vesicles from human breast milk is influenced by sample collection and vesicle isolation procedures. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4139932/pdf/JEV-3-24215.pdf
35. A.Sabapatha, C.Gercel-Taylor, D.D.Taylor Specific isolation of placenta-derived exosomes from the circulation of pregnant women and their immunoregulatory consequences. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006;56:345–55
36. J.Schageman, E.Zeringer, M.Li,. The complete exosome workflow solution:from isolation to characterization of RNA cargo. Biomed Res Int 2013;2013:253957. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3800616/pdf/BMRI2013-253957.pdf
37. J.Van Deun, P.Mestdagh, R.Sormunen,. The impact of disparate isolation methods for extracellular vesicles on downstream RNA profiling. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3:24858. Available from:http://dx.doi.org/10.3402/jev.v3.24858
38. E.M.Mora, S.Alvarez-Cubela, E.Oltra Biobanking of exosomes in the era of precision medicine:are we there yet? Int J Mol Sci 2015;17:pii E13. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730260/
39. V.Sokolova, A.K.Ludwig, S.Hornung,. Characterisation of exosomes derived from human cells by nanoparticle tracking analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011;87:146–50
40. S.Boukouris, S.Mathivanan Exosomes in bodily fluids are a highly stable resource of disease biomarkers. Proteomics Clin Appl 2015;9:358–67
41. H.Kalra, C.G.Adda, M.Liem,. Comparative proteomics evaluation of plasma exosome isolation techniques and assessment of the stability of exosomes in normal human blood plasma. Proteomics 2013;13:3354–64
42. M.Yanez-Mo, P.R.Siljander, Z.Andreu,. Biological properties of extracellular vesicles and their physiological functions. J Extracell Vesicles 2015;4:27066
43. Q.Ge, Y.Zhou, J.Lu,. miRNA in plasma exosome is stable under different storage conditions. Molecules 2014;19:1568–75
44. L.Cheng, R.A.Sharples, B.J.Scicluna, A.F.Hill Exosomes provide a protective and enriched source of miRNA for biomarker profiling compared to intracellular and cell-free blood. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3:23743. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3968297/pdf/JEV-3-23743.pdf
45. D.Sun, X.Zhuang, X.Xiang,. A novel nanoparticle drug delivery system:the anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin is enhanced when encapsulated in exosomes. Mol Ther 2010;18:1606–14
46. B.Gyorgy, T.G.Szabo, M.Pasztoi,. Membrane vesicles, current state-of-the-art:emerging role of extracellular vesicles. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011;68:2667–88
47. Y.Yuana, R.I.Koning, M.E.Kuil,. Cryo-electron microscopy of extracellular vesicles in fresh plasma. J Extracell Vesicles 2013;2. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895263/pdf/JEV-2-21494.pdf
48. E.van der Pol, A.G.Hoekstra, A.Sturk,. Optical and non-optical methods for detection and characterization of microparticles and exosomes. J Thromb Haemost 2010;8:2596–607
49. E.van der Pol, M.J.van Gemert, A.Sturk,. Single vs. swarm detection of microparticles and exosomes by flow cytometry. J Thromb Haemost 2012;10:919–30
50. S.Robert, R.Lacroix, P.Poncelet,. High-sensitivity flow cytometry provides access to standardized measurement of small-size microparticles–brief report. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012;32:1054–8
51. C.Y.Soo, Y.Song, Y.Zheng,. Nanoparticle tracking analysis monitors microvesicle and exosome secretion from immune cells. Immunology 2012;136:192–7
52. R.A.Dragovic, C.Gardiner, A.S.Brooks,. Sizing and phenotyping of cellular vesicles using nanoparticle tracking analysis. Nanomedicine 2011;7:780–8
53. H.T.Muturi, J.D.Dreesen, E.Nilewski,. Tumor and endothelial cell-derived microvesicles carry distinct CEACAMs and influence T-cell behavior. PLoS One 2013;8:e74654
54. C.Gardiner, Y.J.Ferreira, R.A.Dragovic,. Extracellular vesicle sizing and enumeration by nanoparticle tracking analysis. J Extracell Vesicles 2013;2. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760643/pdf/JEV-2-19671.pdf
55. Y.Y.Yeh, H.G.Ozer, A.M.Lehman,. Characterization of CLL exosomes reveals a distinct microRNA signature and enhanced secretion by activation of BCR signaling. Blood 2015;125:3297–305
56. A.Mehdiani, A.Maier, A.Pinto,. An innovative method for exosome quantification and size measurement. J Vis Exp 2015;50974. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4354536/pdf/jove-95-50974.pdf
57. D.K.Jeppesen, M.L.Hvam, B.Primdahl-Bengtson,. Comparative analysis of discrete exosome fractions obtained by differential centrifugation. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3:25011. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4224706/
58. J.C.Akers, V.Ramakrishnan, J.P.Nolan,. Comparative analysis of technologies for quantifying extracellular vesicles (EVs) in clinical cerebrospinal fluids (CSF). PLoS One 2016;11:e0149866
59. E.van der Pol, F.A.Coumans, A.E.Grootemaat,. Particle size distribution of exosomes and microvesicles determined by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and resistive pulse sensing. J Thromb Haemost 2014;12:1182–92
60. I.Tatischeff, E.Larquet, J.M.Falcon-Perez,. Fast characterisation of cell-derived extracellular vesicles by nanoparticles tracking analysis, cryo-electron microscopy, and Raman tweezers microspectroscopy. J Extracell Vesicles 2012;1. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3760651/pdf/JEV-1-19179.pdf
61. S.F.Lynch, C.A.Ludlam Plasma microparticles and vascular disorders. Br J Haematol 2007;137:36–48
62. J.E.Italiano, Jr., A.T.Mairuhu, R.Flaumenhaft Clinical relevance of microparticles from platelets and megakaryocytes. Curr Opin Hematol 2010;17:578–84
63. P.R.Siljander Platelet-derived microparticles – an updated perspective. Thromb Res 2011;127 Suppl:S30–3
64. W.L.Dean, M.J.Lee, T.D.Cummins,. Proteomic and functional characterisation of platelet microparticle size classes. Thromb Haemost 2009;102:711–18
65. R.Flaumenhaft Formation and fate of platelet microparticles. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006;36:182–7
66. M.L.Rand, H.Wang, K.W.Bang,. Rapid clearance of procoagulant platelet-derived microparticles from the circulation of rabbits. J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:1621–3
67. T.Villmow, B.Kemkes-Matthes, A.C.Matzdorff Markers of platelet activation and platelet-leukocyte interaction in patients with myeloproliferative syndromes. Thromb Res 2002;108:139–45
68. H.F.Heijnen, A.E.Schiel, R.Fijnheer,. Activated platelets release two types of membrane vesicles:microvesicles by surface shedding and exosomes derived from exocytosis of multivesicular bodies and alpha-granules. Blood 1999;94:3791–9
69. M.T.Aatonen, T.Ohman, T.A.Nyman,. Isolation and characterization of platelet-derived extracellular vesicles. J Extracell Vesicles 2014;3. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4125723/pdf/JEV-3-24692.pdf
70. P.Diehl, A.Fricke, L.Sander,. Microparticles:major transport vehicles for distinct microRNAs in circulation. Cardiovasc Res 2012;93:633–44
71. E.Biro, J.W.Akkerman, F.J.Hoek,. The phospholipid composition and cholesterol content of platelet-derived microparticles:a comparison with platelet membrane fractions. J Thromb Haemost 2005;3:2754–63
72. M.Merten, R.Pakala, P.Thiagarajan, C.R.Benedict Platelet microparticles promote platelet interaction with subendothelial matrix in a glycoprotein IIb/IIIa-dependent mechanism. Circulation 1999;99:2577–82
73. C.M.Boulanger, N.Amabile, A.Tedgui Circulating microparticles:a potential prognostic marker for atherosclerotic vascular disease. Hypertension 2006;48:180–6
74. R.A.Preston, W.Jy, J.J.Jimenez,. Effects of severe hypertension on endothelial and platelet microparticles. Hypertension 2003;41:211–17
75. P.M.van der Zee, E.Biro, Y.Ko,. P-selectin- and CD63-exposing platelet microparticles reflect platelet activation in peripheral arterial disease and myocardial infarction. Clin Chem 2006;52:657–64
76. P.Diehl, F.Nagy, V.Sossong,. Increased levels of circulating microparticles in patients with severe aortic valve stenosis. Thromb Haemost 2008;99:711–19
77. O.Rubin, D.Crettaz, G.Canellini,. Microparticles in stored red blood cells:an approach using flow cytometry and proteomic tools. Vox Sang 2008;95:288–97
78. M.D.Shah, A.L.Bergeron, J.F.Dong, J.A.Lopez Flow cytometric measurement of microparticles:pitfalls and protocol modifications. Platelets 2008;19:365–72
79. N.Amabile, A.P.Guerin, A.Leroyer,. Circulating endothelial microparticles are associated with vascular dysfunction in patients with end-stage renal failure. J Am Soc Nephrol 2005;16:3381–8
80. M.J.VanWijk, R.Nieuwland, K.Boer,. Microparticle subpopulations are increased in preeclampsia:possible involvement in vascular dysfunction? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2002;187:450–6
81. B.Hugel, M.C.Martinez, C.Kunzelmann, J.M.Freyssinet Membrane microparticles:two sides of the coin. Physiology (Bethesda) 2005;20:22–7
82. R.Liu, I.Klich, J.Ratajczak,. Erythrocyte-derived microvesicles may transfer phosphatidylserine to the surface of nucleated cells and falsely ‘mark’ them as apoptotic. Eur J Haematol 2009;83:220–9
83. R.M.Kini Structure-function relationships and mechanism of anticoagulant phospholipase A2 enzymes from snake venoms. Toxicon 2005;45:1147–61
84. S.Sadallah, C.Eken, J.A.Schifferli Erythrocyte-derived ectosomes have immunosuppressive properties. J Leukoc Biol 2008;84:1316–25
85. M.Foller, S.M.Huber, F.Lang Erythrocyte programmed cell death. IUBMB Life 2008;60:661–8
86. G.J.Bosman, J.M.Werre, F.L.Willekens, V.M.Novotny Erythrocyte ageing in vivo and in vitro:structural aspects and implications for transfusion. Transfus Med 2008;18:335–47
87. E.J.van Beers, M.C.Schaap, R.J.Berckmans,. Circulating erythrocyte-derived microparticles are associated with coagulation activation in sickle cell disease. Haematologica 2009;94:1513–19
88. M.Westerman, A.Pizzey, J.Hirschman,. Microvesicles in haemoglobinopathies offer insights into mechanisms of hypercoagulability, haemolysis and the effects of therapy. Br J Haematol 2008;142:126–35
89. G.J.Kato, V.McGowan, R.F.Machado,. Lactate dehydrogenase as a biomarker of hemolysis-associated nitric oxide resistance, priapism, leg ulceration, pulmonary hypertension, and death in patients with sickle cell disease. Blood 2006;107:2279–85
90. A.Rank, R.Nieuwland, B.Toth,. Microparticles for diagnosis of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic stem transplantation. Transplantation 2011;92:244–50
91. D.Nantakomol, A.M.Dondorp, S.Krudsood,. Circulating red cell-derived microparticles in human malaria. J Infect Dis 2011;203:700–6
92. B.Liu, C.Liao, J.Chen,. Significance of increasing adhesion of cord blood hematopoietic cells and a new method:platelet microparticles. Am J Hematol 2003;74:216–17
93. B.Liu, J.S.Chen, M.Cao,. Platelet characteristic antigens of CD34+ cells in cryopreserved cord blood:a study of platelet-derived microparticles in transplant processing. Vox Sang 2004;87:96–104
94. J.Ratajczak, M.Kucia, K.Mierzejewska,. Paracrine proangiopoietic effects of human umbilical cord blood-derived purified CD133+ cells–implications for stem cell therapies in regenerative medicine. Stem Cells Dev 2013;22:422–30
95. S.Schweintzger, A.Schlagenhauf, B.Leschnik,. Microparticles in newborn cord blood:slight elevation after normal delivery. Thromb Res 2011;128:62–7
96. M.Uszynski, E.Zekanowska, W.Uszynski,. Microparticles (MPs), tissue factor (TF) and tissue factor inhibitor (TFPI) in cord blood plasma. A preliminary study and literature survey of procoagulant properties of MPs. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2011;158:37–41
97. S.Utsugi-Kobukai, H.Fujimaki, C.Hotta,. MHC class I-mediated exogenous antigen presentation by exosomes secreted from immature and mature bone marrow derived dendritic cells. Immunol Lett 2003;89:125–31
98. B.Gansuvd, M.Hagihara, A.Higuchi,. Umbilical cord blood dendritic cells are a rich source of soluble HLA-DR:synergistic effect of exosomes and dendritic cells on autologous or allogeneic T-Cell proliferation. Hum Immunol 2003;64:427–39
99. M.A.Roos, L.Gennero, T.Denysenko,. Microparticles in physiological and in pathological conditions. Cell Biochem Funct 2010;28:539–48
100. B.Huppertz, H.G.Frank, J.C.Kingdom,. Villous cytotrophoblast regulation of the syncytial apoptotic cascade in the human placenta. Histochem Cell Biol 1998;110:495–508
101. M.Knight, C.W.Redman, E.A.Linton, I.L.Sargent Shedding of syncytiotrophoblast microvilli into the maternal circulation in pre-eclamptic pregnancies. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998;105:632–40
102. C.W.Redman, I.L.Sargent Placental debris, oxidative stress and pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2000;21:597–602
103. C.W.Redman, D.S.Tannetta, R.A.Dragovic,. Review:does size matter? Placental debris and the pathophysiology of pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2012;33:S48–54
104. R.A.Dragovic, G.P.Collett, P.Hole,. Isolation of syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles and exosomes and their characterisation by multicolour flow cytometry and fluorescence nanoparticle tracking analysis. Methods 2015;87:64–74
105. C.Gohner, M.Weber, D.S.Tannetta,. A new enzyme-linked sorbent assay (ELSA) to quantify syncytiotrophoblast extracellular vesicles in biological fluids. Am J Reprod Immunol 2015;73:582–8
106. M.Messerli, K.May, S.R.Hansson,. Feto-maternal interactions in pregnancies:placental microparticles activate peripheral blood monocytes. Placenta 2010;31:106–12
107. L.Mincheva-Nilsson, V.Baranov The role of placental exosomes in reproduction. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010;63:520–33
108. C.W.Redman, I.L.Sargent Circulating microparticles in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Placenta 2008;29:S73–7
109. C.W.Redman, I.L.Sargent Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 2005;308:1592–4
110. S.Atay, C.Gercel-Taylor, M.Kesimer, D.D.Taylor Morphologic and proteomic characterization of exosomes released by cultured extravillous trophoblast cells. Exp Cell Res 2011;317:1192–202
111. A.K.Gupta, C.Rusterholz, B.Huppertz,. A comparative study of the effect of three different syncytiotrophoblast micro-particles preparations on endothelial cells. Placenta 2005;26:59–66
112. S.Di Santo, R.Sager, A.C.Andres,. Dual in vitro perfusion of an isolated cotyledon as a model to study the implication of changes in the third trimester placenta on preeclampsia. Placenta 2007;28:S23–32
113. S.J.Germain, G.P.Sacks, S.R.Sooranna,. Systemic inflammatory priming in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia:the role of circulating syncytiotrophoblast microparticles. J Immunol 2007;178:5949–56
114. J.Southcombe, D.Tannetta, C.Redman, I.Sargent The immunomodulatory role of syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles. PLoS One 2011;6:e20245
115. C.Gardiner, D.S.Tannetta, C.A.Simms,. Syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles released from pre-eclampsia placentae exhibit increased tissue factor activity. PLoS One 2011;6:e26313
116. S.Guller, Z.Tang, Y.Y.Ma,. Protein composition of microparticles shed from human placenta during placental perfusion:potential role in angiogenesis and fibrinolysis in preeclampsia. Placenta 2011;32:63–9
117. M.Hedlund, A.C.Stenqvist, O.Nagaeva,. Human placenta expresses and secretes NKG2D ligands via exosomes that down-modulate the cognate receptor expression:evidence for immunosuppressive function. J Immunol 2009;183:340–51
118. S.Baig, N.Kothandaraman, J.Manikandan,. Proteomic analysis of human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles in preeclampsia. Clin Proteomics 2014;11:40. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4247627/pdf/12014_2014_Article_82.pdf
119. M.D.Mitchell, H.N.Peiris, M.Kobayashi,. Placental exosomes in normal and complicated pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015;213:S173–81
120. S.Baig, J.Y.Lim, A.Z.Fernandis,. Lipidomic analysis of human placental syncytiotrophoblast microvesicles in adverse pregnancy outcomes. Placenta 2013;34:436–42
121. L.Ghulmiyyah, B.Sibai Maternal mortality from preeclampsia/eclampsia. Semin Perinatol 2012;36:56–9
122. C.W.Redman, I.L.Sargent. Pre-eclampsia, the placenta and the maternal systemic inflammatory response-a review. Placenta 2003;24:S21–7
123. F.Bretelle, F.Sabatier, D.Desprez,. Circulating microparticles:a marker of procoagulant state in normal pregnancy and pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia or intrauterine growth restriction. Thromb Haemost 2003;89:486–92
124. G.N.Chironi, C.M.Boulanger, A.Simon,. Endothelial microparticles in diseases. Cell Tissue Res 2009;335:143–51
125. Y.Chen, Y.Huang, R.Jiang, Y.Teng Syncytiotrophoblast-derived microparticle shedding in early-onset and late-onset severe pre-eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2012;119:234–8
126. C.A.Lok, R.Nieuwland, A.Sturk,. Microparticle-associated P-selectin reflects platelet activation in preeclampsia. Platelets 2007;18:68–72
127. A.Tesse, F.Meziani, E.David,. Microparticles from preeclamptic women induce vascular hyporeactivity in vessels from pregnant mice through an overproduction of NO. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2007;293:H520–5
128. C.A.Lok, J.Jebbink, R.Nieuwland,. Leukocyte activation and circulating leukocyte-derived microparticles in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 2009;61:346–59
129. F.Meziani, A.Tesse, E.David,. Shed membrane particles from preeclamptic women generate vascular wall inflammation and blunt vascular contractility. Am J Pathol 2006;169:1473–83
130. V.H.Gonzalez-Quintero, L.P.Smarkusky, J.J.Jimenez,. Elevated plasma endothelial microparticles:preeclampsia versus gestational hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1418–24
131. U.Kammerer, M.von Wolff, U.R.Markert Immunology of human endometrium. Immunobiology 2004;209:569–74
132. A.Braunschweig, T.G.Poehlmann, S.Busch,. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3) balance controls cytotoxicity and IL-10 expression in decidual-like natural killer cell line NK-92. Am J Reprod Immunol 2011;66:329–35
133. L.Lugini, S.Cecchetti, V.Huber,. Immune surveillance properties of human NK cell-derived exosomes. J Immunol 2012;189:2833–42
134. M.Kornek, D.Schuppan Microparticles:modulators and biomarkers of liver disease. J Hepatol 2012;57:1144–6
135. B.K.Pliyev, M.V.Kalintseva, S.V.Abdulaeva,. Neutrophil microparticles modulate cytokine production by natural killer cells. Cytokine 2014;65:126–9
136. L.Kordelas, V.Rebmann, A.K.Ludwig,. MSC-derived exosomes:a novel tool to treat therapy-refractory graft-versus-host disease. Leukemia 2014;28:970–3
137. E.Laresgoiti-Servitje A leading role for the immune system in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. J Leukoc Biol 2013;94:247–57
138. L.Fernandez-Messina, C.Gutierrez-Vazquez, E.Rivas-Garcia,. Immunomodulatory role of microRNAs transferred by extracellular vesicles. Biol Cell 2015;107:61–77
139. T.G.Poehlmann, A.Schaumann, S.Busch,. Inhibition of term decidual NK cell cytotoxicity by soluble HLA-G1. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006;56:275–85
140. M.Record Intercellular communication by exosomes in placenta:a possible role in cell fusion? Placenta 2014;35:297–302
141. F.Pucci, M.J.Pittet Molecular pathways:tumor-derived microvesicles and their interactions with immune cells in vivo. Clin Cancer Res 2013;19:2598–604
142. C.Holden Stem cells. Controversial marrow cells coming into their own? Science 2007;315:760–1
143. P.M.Elliott, W.H.Inman Volume of liquor amnii in normal and abnormal pregnancy. Lancet 1961;2:835–40
144. A.B.Modena, S.Fieni Amniotic fluid dynamics. Acta Biomed 2004;75:11–13
145. F.H.Bloomfield, P.L.van Zijl, M.K.Bauer, J.E.Harding Effects of intrauterine growth restriction and intraamniotic insulin-like growth factor-I treatment on blood and amniotic fluid concentrations and on fetal gut uptake of amino acids in late-gestation ovine fetuses. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2002;35:287–97
146. R.J.Benzie, T.A.Doran, J.L.Harkins,. Composition of the amniotic fluid and maternal serum in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974;119:798–810
147. W.Uszynski, E.Zekanowska, M.Uszynski,. New observations on procoagulant properties of amniotic fluid:microparticles (MPs) and tissue factor-bearing MPs (MPs-TF), comparison with maternal blood plasma. Thromb Res 2013;132:757–60
148. S.Keller, J.Ridinger, A.K.Rupp,. Body fluid derived exosomes as a novel template for clinical diagnostics. J Transl Med 2011;9:86. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3118335/pdf/1479-5876-9-86.pdf
149. S.Liu, L.Wei, Y.Zhang,. Procoagulant activity and cellular origin of microparticles in human amniotic fluid. Thromb Res 2014;133:645–51
150. E.Mantikou, M.A.Youssef, M.van Wely,. Embryo culture media and IVF/ICSI success rates:a systematic review. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:210–20
151. J.Kropp, S.M.Salih, H.Khatib Expression of microRNAs in bovine and human pre-implantation embryo culture media. Front Genet 2014;5:91. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4006060/pdf/fgene-05-00091.pdf
152. J.Nyalwidhe, T.Burch, S.Bocca,. The search for biomarkers of human embryo developmental potential in IVF:a comprehensive proteomic approach. Mol Hum Reprod 2013;19:250–63
153. A.Petherick Development:mother’s milk:a rich opportunity. Nature 2010;468:S5–7
154. M.K.Irmak, Y.Oztas, E.Oztas Integration of maternal genome into the neonate genome through breast milk mRNA transcripts and reverse transcriptase. Theor Biol Med Model 2012;9:20. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3413567/pdf/1742-4682-9-20.pdf
155. C.Admyre, S.M.Johansson, K.R.Qazi,. Exosomes with immune modulatory features are present in human breast milk. J Immunol 2007;179:1969–78
156. C.Lasser, V.S.Alikhani, K.Ekstrom,. Human saliva, plasma and breast milk exosomes contain RNA:uptake by macrophages. J Transl Med 2011;9:9. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033821/pdf/1479-5876-9-9.pdf
157. P.Torregrosa Paredes, C.Gutzeit, S.Johansson,. Differences in exosome populations in human breast milk in relation to allergic sensitization and lifestyle. Allergy 2014;69:463–71
158. N.Kosaka, H.Izumi, K.Sekine, T.Ochiya microRNA as a new immune-regulatory agent in breast milk. Silence 2010;1:7. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2847997/pdf/1758-907X-1-7.pdf
159. Q.Zhou, M.Li, X.Wang,. Immune-related microRNAs are abundant in breast milk exosomes. Int J Biol Sci 2012;8:118–23
160. T.I.Naslund, D.Paquin-Proulx, P.T.Paredes,. Exosomes from breast milk inhibit HIV-1 infection of dendritic cells and subsequent viral transfer to CD4+ T cells. AIDS 2014;28:171–80
161. M.M.Kasi, F.Mahrukh, S.M.Naseer Baloch,. Studies on human cervical mucus:the effect of proteases on cervical mucus glycoproteins functions. Jour Chem Soc Pak 1997;19:153–62
162. F.Flori, F.Secciani, A.Capone,. Menstrual cycle-related sialidase activity of the female cervical mucus is associated with exosome-like vesicles. Fertil Steril 2007;88:1212–19
163. A.A.Al-Dossary, E.E.Strehler, P.A.Martin-Deleon Expression and secretion of plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase 4a (PMCA4a) during murine estrus:association with oviductal exosomes and uptake in sperm. PLoS One 2013;8:e80181
164. O.Twu, N.de Miguel, G.Lustig,. Trichomonas vaginalis exosomes deliver cargo to host cells and mediate host:parasite interactions. PLoS Pathog 2013;9:e1003482
165. E.Frohlich, E.Roblegg Mucus as barrier for drug delivery by nanoparticles. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2014;14:126–36
166. K.Khanvilkar, M.D.Donovan, D.R.Flanagan Drug transfer through mucus. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2001;48:173–93
167. S.Chadwick, C.Kriegel, M.Amiji Delivery strategies to enhance mucosal vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2009;9:427–40
168. D.Tannetta, R.Dragovic, Z.Alyahyaei, J.Southcombe Extracellular vesicles and reproduction-promotion of successful pregnancy. Cell Mol Immunol 2014;11:548–63
169. Y.H.Ng, S.Rome, A.Jalabert,. Endometrial exosomes/microvesicles in the uterine microenvironment:a new paradigm for embryo-endometrial cross talk at implantation. PLoS One 2013;8:e58502
170. A.G.Sha, J.L.Liu, X.M.Jiang,. Genome-wide identification of micro-ribonucleic acids associated with human endometrial receptivity in natural and stimulated cycles by deep sequencing. Fertil Steril 2011;96:150–5. e155
171. S.S.Suarez Regulation of sperm storage and movement in the mammalian oviduct. Int J Dev Biol 2008;52:455–62
172. P.Coy, F.A.Garcia-Vazquez, P.E.Visconti, M.Aviles Roles of the oviduct in mammalian fertilization. Reproduction 2012;144:649–60
173. S.S.Suarez Interactions of spermatozoa with the female reproductive tract:inspiration for assisted reproduction. Reprod Fertil Dev 2007;19:103–10
174. I.Lauschová Secretory cells and morphological manifestation of secretion in the mouse oviduct. Scripta Medica Facultatis Medicae Universitatis Brunensis Masarykianae 2003;76:203–13
175. G.Frenette, R.Sullivan Prostasome-like particles are involved in the transfer of P25b from the bovine epididymal fluid to the sperm surface. Mol Reprod Dev 2001;59:115–21
176. F.Saez, G.Frenette, R.Sullivan Epididymosomes and prostasomes:their roles in posttesticular maturation of the sperm cells. J Androl 2003;24:149–54
177. A.Boyer, A.K.Goff, D.Boerboom WNT signaling in ovarian follicle biology and tumorigenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2010;21:25–32
178. J.J.Eppig Oocyte control of ovarian follicular development and function in mammals. Reproduction 2001;122:829–38
179. P.G.Knight, C.Glister TGF-beta superfamily members and ovarian follicle development. Reproduction 2006;132:191–206
180. R.J.Rodgers, H.F.Irving-Rodgers Formation of the ovarian follicular antrum and follicular fluid. Biol Reprod 2010;82:1021–9
181. A.Revelli, L.Delle Piane, S.Casano,. Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality:from single biochemical markers to metabolomics. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2009;7:40
182. J.C.da Silveira, D.N.Veeramachaneni, Q.A.Winger,. Cell-secreted vesicles in equine ovarian follicular fluid contain miRNAs and proteins:a possible new form of cell communication within the ovarian follicle. Biol Reprod 2012;86:71
183. M.M.Sohel, M.Hoelker, S.S.Noferesti,. Exosomal and non-exosomal transport of extra-cellular microRNAs in follicular fluid:implications for bovine oocyte developmental competence. PLoS One 2013;8:e78505
184. M.Santonocito, M.Vento, M.R.Guglielmino,. Molecular characterization of exosomes and their microRNA cargo in human follicular fluid:bioinformatic analysis reveals that exosomal microRNAs control pathways involved in follicular maturation. Fertil Steril 2014;102:1751–61
185. J.C.da Silveira, E.M.Carnevale, Q.A.Winger, G.J.Bouma Regulation of ACVR1 and ID2 by cell-secreted exosomes during follicle maturation in the mare. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2014;12:44
186. A.Diez-Fraile, T.Lammens, K.Tilleman,. Age-associated differential microRNA levels in human follicular fluid reveal pathways potentially determining fertility and success of in vitro fertilization. Hum Fertil (Camb) 2014;17:90–8
187. Q.Sang, Z.Yao, H.Wang,. Identification of microRNAs in human follicular fluid:characterization of microRNAs that govern steroidogenesis in vitro and are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome in vivo. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:3068–79
188. J.L.Dacheux, C.Belleannee, B.Guyonnet,. The contribution of proteomics to understanding epididymal maturation of mammalian spermatozoa. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2012;58:197–210
189. P.V.Lishko, Y.Kirichok, D.Ren,. The control of male fertility by spermatozoan ion channels. Annu Rev Physiol 2012;74:453–75
190. W.W.Shum, N.Da Silva, D.Brown, S.Breton Regulation of luminal acidification in the male reproductive tract via cell-cell crosstalk. J Exp Biol 2009;212:1753–61
191. R.Sullivan, F.Saez Epididymosomes, prostasomes, and liposomes:their roles in mammalian male reproductive physiology. Reproduction 2013;146:R21–35
192. A.Poliakov, M.Spilman, T.Dokland,. Structural heterogeneity and protein composition of exosome-like vesicles (prostasomes) in human semen. Prostate 2009;69:159–67
193. B.O.Nilsson, M.Jin, B.Einarsson,. Monoclonal antibodies against human prostasomes. Prostate 1998;35:178–84
194. G.Ronquist, I.Brody The prostasome:its secretion and function in man. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985;822:203–18
195. S.Shoji-Kawata, R.Sumpter, M.Leveno,. Identification of a candidate therapeutic autophagy-inducing peptide. Nature 2013;494:201–6
196. M.Aalberts, T.A.Stout, W.Stoorvogel Prostasomes:extracellular vesicles from the prostate. Reproduction 2014;147:R1–14
197. G.Aumuller, H.Renneberg, P.J.Schiemann,. The role of apocrine released proteins in the post-testicular regulation of human sperm function. Adv Exp Med Biol 1997;424:193–219
198. G.E.Sahlen, L.Egevad, A.Ahlander,. Ultrastructure of the secretion of prostasomes from benign and malignant epithelial cells in the prostate. Prostate 2002;53:192–9
199. G.Arvidson, G.Ronquist, G.Wikander, A.C.Ojteg Human prostasome membranes exhibit very high cholesterol/phospholipid ratios yielding high molecular ordering. Biochim Biophys Acta 1989;984:167–73
200. M.Aalberts, F.M.van Dissel-Emiliani, N.P.van Adrichem,. Identification of distinct populations of prostasomes that differentially express prostate stem cell antigen, annexin A1, and GLIPR2 in humans. Biol Reprod 2012;86:82
201. M.Stridsberg, R.Fabiani, A.Lukinius, G.Ronquist Prostasomes are neuroendocrine-like vesicles in human semen. Prostate 1996;29:287–95
202. S.Carolina, J.R.Pamela, C.N.Colleen Exosomes in prostate cancer:putting together the pieces of a puzzle. Cancers 2013;5:1522–44
203. G.Ronquist Prostasomes are mediators of intercellular communication:from basic research to clinical implications. J Intern Med 2012;271:400–13
204. G.Arienti, E.Carlini, C.Saccardi, C.A.Palmerini Role of human prostasomes in the activation of spermatozoa. J Cell Mol Med 2004;8:77–84
205. G.Arienti, E.Carlini, A.Polci,. Fatty acid pattern of human prostasome lipid. Arch Biochem Biophys 1998;358:391–5
206. R.Fabiani, L.Johansson, O.Lundkvist, G.Ronquist Prolongation and improvement of prostasome promotive effect on sperm forward motility. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1995;58:191–8
207. K.H.Park, B.J.Kim, J.Kang,. Ca2+ signaling tools acquired from prostasomes are required for progesterone-induced sperm motility. Sci Signal 2011;4:ra31
208. H.Pons-Rejraji, C.Artonne, B.Sion,. Prostasomes:inhibitors of capacitation and modulators of cellular signalling in human sperm. Int J Androl 2011;34:568–80
209. P.M.Wandernoth, M.Raubuch, N.Mannowetz,. Role of carbonic anhydrase IV in the bicarbonate-mediated activation of murine and human sperm. PLoS One 2010;5:e15061. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2991337/pdf/pone.0015061.pdf
210. G.S.Griffiths, D.S.Galileo, K.Reese, P.A.Martin-Deleon Investigating the role of murine epididymosomes and uterosomes in GPI-linked protein transfer to sperm using SPAM1 as a model. Mol Reprod Dev 2008;75:1627–36
211. C.R.Austin. Observations on the penetration of the sperm in the mammalian egg. Aust J Sci Res B 1951;4:581–96
212. M.C.Chang Fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa deposited into the fallopian tubes. Nature 1951;168:697–8
213. F.M.Flesch, J.F.Brouwers, P.F.Nievelstein,. Bicarbonate stimulated phospholipid scrambling induces cholesterol redistribution and enables cholesterol depletion in the sperm plasma membrane. J Cell Sci 2001;114:3543–55
214. K.G.Ronquist, G.Ronquist, L.Carlsson, A.Larsson Human prostasomes contain chromosomal DNA. Prostate 2009;69:737–43
215. I.A.Rooney, J.P.Atkinson, E.S.Krul,. Physiologic relevance of the membrane attack complex inhibitory protein CD59 in human seminal plasma:CD59 is present on extracellular organelles (prostasomes), binds cell membranes, and inhibits complement-mediated lysis. J Exp Med 1993;177:1409–20
216. P.Mitchell, J.Welton, J.Staffurth,. Can urinary exosomes act as treatment response markers in prostate cancer? J Transl Med 2009;7:4 Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2631476/pdf/1479-5876-7-4.pdf
217. R.J.Bryant, T.Pawlowski, J.W.Catto,. Changes in circulating microRNA levels associated with prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2012;106:768–74
218. T.Pisitkun, R.F.Shen, M.A.Knepper Identification and proteomic profiling of exosomes in human urine. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:13368–73
219. B.W.van Balkom, T.Pisitkun, M.C.Verhaar, M.A.Knepper Exosomes and the kidney:prospects for diagnosis and therapy of renal diseases. Kidney Int 2011;80:1138–45
220. P.G.Moon, S.You, J.E.Lee,. Urinary exosomes and proteomics. Mass Spectrom Rev 2011;30:1185–202
221. G.Jacquillet, E.J.Hoorn, A.Vilasi, R.J.Unwin Urinary vesicles:in splendid isolation. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1332–5
222. M.Salih, R.Zietse, E.J.Hoorn Urinary extracellular vesicles and the kidney:biomarkers and beyond. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2014;306:F1251–9
223. A.Kalani, A.Mohan, M.M.Godbole,. Wilm’s tumor-1 protein levels in urinary exosomes from diabetic patients with or without proteinuria. PLoS One 2013;8:e60177
224. A.L.Sun, J.T.Deng, G.J.Guan,. Dipeptidyl peptidase-IV is a potential molecular biomarker in diabetic kidney disease. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2012;9:301–8
225. L.L.Lv, Y.H.Cao, M.M.Pan,. CD2AP mRNA in urinary exosome as biomarker of kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 2014;428:26–31
226. M.Ramirez-Alvarado, C.J.Ward, B.Q.Huang,. Differences in immunoglobulin light chain species found in urinary exosomes in light chain amyloidosis (Al). PLoS One 2012;7:e38061
227. S.Alvarez, C.Suazo, A.Boltansky,. Urinary exosomes as a source of kidney dysfunction biomarker in renal transplantation. Transplant Proc 2013;45:3719–23
228. N.van der Lubbe, P.M.Jansen, M.Salih,. The phosphorylated sodium chloride cotransporter in urinary exosomes is superior to prostasin as a marker for aldosteronism. Hypertension 2012;60:741–8
229. J.L.Welton, S.Khanna, P.J.Giles,. Proteomics analysis of bladder cancer exosomes. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010;9:1324–38
230. C.L.Chen, Y.F.Lai, P.Tang,. Comparative and targeted proteomic analyses of urinary microparticles from bladder cancer and hernia patients. J Proteome Res 2012;11:5611–29
231. F.Raimondo, L.Morosi, S.Corbetta,. Differential protein profiling of renal cell carcinoma urinary exosomes. Mol Biosyst 2013;9:1220–33
232. S.Principe, E.E.Jones, Y.Kim,. In-depth proteomic analyses of exosomes isolated from expressed prostatic secretions in urine. Proteomics 2013;13:1667–71
233. J.Nilsson, J.Skog, A.Nordstrand,. Prostate cancer-derived urine exosomes:a novel approach to biomarkers for prostate cancer. Br J Cancer 2009;100:1603–7
234. I.V.Bijnsdorp, A.A.Geldof, M.Lavaei,. Exosomal ITGA3 interferes with non-cancerous prostate cell functions and is increased in urine exosomes of metastatic prostate cancer patients. J Extracell Vesicles 2013;2. Available from:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3873120/pdf/JEV-2-22097.pdf
235. S.Dijkstra, I.L.Birker, F.P.Smit,. Prostate cancer biomarker profiles in urinary sediments and exosomes. J Urol 2014;191:1132–8