메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn , Issue , 2015, Pages 207-218

Cognitive load theory: Researching and planning teaching to maximise learning

Author keywords

Cognitive architecture; Cognitive load theory; Information processing load; Learning

Indexed keywords


EID: 84978142594     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1002/9781118838983.ch18     Document Type: Chapter
Times cited : (50)

References (90)
  • 1
    • 84856734061 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evolutionary upgrade of cognitive load theory: Using the human motor system and collaboration to support the learning of complex cognitive tasks
    • Paas, F. & Sweller, J. (2012) An evolutionary upgrade of cognitive load theory: Using the human motor system and collaboration to support the learning of complex cognitive tasks. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 27-45.
    • (2012) Educational Psychology Review , vol.24 , pp. 27-45
    • Paas, F.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 2
    • 34547732657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educating the evolved mind: Conceptual foundations for an evolutionary educational psychology
    • Carlson, J.S. & Levin, J.R. (eds), Information Age Publishing, Greenwich, CT
    • Geary, D. (2007) Educating the evolved mind: Conceptual foundations for an evolutionary educational psychology. In: Carlson, J.S. & Levin, J.R. (eds), Psychological Perspectives on Contemporary Educational Issues. Information Age Publishing, Greenwich, CT, pp. 1-99.
    • (2007) Psychological Perspectives on Contemporary Educational Issues , pp. 1-99
    • Geary, D.1
  • 3
    • 54349105722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • An evolutionarily informed education science
    • Geary, D. (2008) An evolutionarily informed education science. Educational Psychologist, 43, 179-195.
    • (2008) Educational Psychologist , vol.43 , pp. 179-195
    • Geary, D.1
  • 4
    • 84870351977 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary educational psychology In: Harris, K., Graham, S. & Urdan, T. (eds), APA Educational Psychology Handbook. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C
    • Geary, D. (2012) Evolutionary educational psychology In: Harris, K., Graham, S. & Urdan, T. (eds), APA Educational Psychology Handbook. Vol. 1. American Psychological Association, Washington, D.C., pp. 597-621.
    • (2012) , vol.1 , pp. 597-621
    • Geary, D.1
  • 5
    • 61449148379 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive bases of human creativity
    • Sweller, J. (2009) Cognitive bases of human creativity. Educational Psychology Review, 21, 11-19.
    • (2009) Educational Psychology Review , vol.21 , pp. 11-19
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 6
    • 0000819688 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning
    • Sweller, J. (1988) Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12, 257-285.
    • (1988) Cognitive Science , vol.12 , pp. 257-285
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 9
    • 84981263306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The magical number 4 in short-term memory: A reconsideration of mental storage capacity
    • Cowan, N. (2001) The magical number 4 in short-term memory: a reconsideration of mental storage capacity. Behavioral and Brain Science, 24, 152-153.
    • (2001) Behavioral and Brain Science , vol.24 , pp. 152-153
    • Cowan, N.1
  • 12
    • 0000888252 scopus 로고
    • Expertise in a complex skill: Diagnosing x-ray pictures
    • Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R.&Farr, M.J.(eds), Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ
    • Lesgold, A., Rubinson, H., Feltovich, P., Glaser, R., Klopfer, D. & Wang, Y. (1988) Expertise in a complex skill: Diagnosing x-ray pictures. In: Chi, M.T.H., Glaser, R.&Farr, M.J.(eds), TheNatureofExpertise. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
    • (1988) The Nature of Expertise
    • Lesgold, A.1    Rubinson, H.2    Feltovich, P.3    Glaser, R.4    Klopfer, D.5    Wang, Y.6
  • 13
    • 43949152992 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design
    • Sweller, J. (1994) Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4, 295-312.
    • (1994) Learning and Instruction , vol.4 , pp. 295-312
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 14
    • 84945136529 scopus 로고
    • Why some material is difficult to learn
    • Sweller, J. & Chandler, P. (1994) Why some material is difficult to learn. Cognitive and Instruction, 12, 185-223.
    • (1994) Cognitive and Instruction , vol.12 , pp. 185-223
    • Sweller, J.1    Chandler, P.2
  • 16
    • 21844491541 scopus 로고
    • Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks
    • Paas, F. & Van Merriënboer, J.J.G. (1994) Instructional control of cognitive load in the training of complex cognitive tasks. Educational Psychology Review, 6, 51-71.
    • (1994) Educational Psychology Review , vol.6 , pp. 51-71
    • Paas, F.1    Van Merriënboer, J.J.G.2
  • 18
    • 77952544479 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load
    • Sweller, J. (2010) Element interactivity and intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive load. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 122-138.
    • (2010) Educational Psychology Review , vol.22 , pp. 122-138
    • Sweller, J.1
  • 19
    • 78651288965 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory: How many types of load does it really need?
    • Kalyuga, S. (2011) Cognitive load theory: How many types of load does it really need? Educational Psychology Review, 23, 1-19.
    • (2011) Educational Psychology Review , vol.23 , pp. 1-19
    • Kalyuga, S.1
  • 21
    • 74049097220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory in health professional education: Design principles and strategies
    • Van Merrienboer, J.J.G. & Sweller, J. (2010) Cognitive load theory in health professional education: design principles and strategies. Medical Education, 44, 85-93.
    • (2010) Medical Education , vol.44 , pp. 85-93
    • Van Merrienboer, J.J.G.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 23
    • 33846059680 scopus 로고
    • Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skills in statistics: A cognitive load approach
    • Paas, F. (1992) Training strategies for attaining transfer of problem-solving skills in statistics: A cognitive load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 84, 429-434.
    • (1992) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.84 , pp. 429-434
    • Paas, F.1
  • 25
    • 0346279202 scopus 로고
    • Locus of difficulty in multistage mathematics problems
    • Ayres, P. & Sweller, J. (1990) Locus of difficulty in multistage mathematics problems. American Journal of Psychiatry, 103, 167-193.
    • (1990) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.103 , pp. 167-193
    • Ayres, P.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 26
    • 0000129405 scopus 로고
    • What do students learn while solving mathematics problems?
    • Owen, E. & Sweller, J. (1985) What do students learn while solving mathematics problems? Journal of Educational Psychology, 77, 272-284.
    • (1985) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.77 , pp. 272-284
    • Owen, E.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 27
    • 84963474629 scopus 로고
    • The use of worked examples as a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra
    • Sweller, J. & Cooper, M. (1985) The use of worked examples as a substitute for problem solving in learning algebra. Cognitive and Instruction, 1, 59-89.
    • (1985) Cognitive and Instruction , vol.1 , pp. 59-89
    • Sweller, J.1    Cooper, M.2
  • 28
    • 84948512218 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction
    • Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1991) Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. Cognitive and Instruction, 8, 293-332.
    • (1991) Cognitive and Instruction , vol.8 , pp. 293-332
    • Chandler, P.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 29
    • 84982017552 scopus 로고
    • The split-attention effect as a factor in the design of instruction
    • Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1992) The split-attention effect as a factor in the design of instruction. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 62, 233-246.
    • (1992) British Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.62 , pp. 233-246
    • Chandler, P.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 30
    • 0042210946 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Systematic mathematical errors and cognitive load
    • Ayres, P. (2001) Systematic mathematical errors and cognitive load. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26, 227-248.
    • (2001) Contemporary Educational Psychology , vol.26 , pp. 227-248
    • Ayres, P.1
  • 31
    • 40949115266 scopus 로고
    • Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): Results of empirical and theoretical research
    • Hancock, P.A. & Meshtaki, N. (eds), North-Holland, Amsterdam
    • Hart, S.G. & Staveland, L.E. (1988) Development of NASA-TLX (Task Load Index): results of empirical and theoretical research. In: Hancock, P.A. & Meshtaki, N. (eds), Human Mental Workload. North-Holland, Amsterdam, pp. 139-183.
    • (1988) Human Mental Workload , pp. 139-183
    • Hart, S.G.1    Staveland, L.E.2
  • 32
    • 3843146186 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Designing instructional examples to reduce intrinsic cognitive load: Molar versus modular presentation of solution procedures
    • Gerjets, P., Scheiter, K. & Catrambone, R. (2004) Designing instructional examples to reduce intrinsic cognitive load: Molar versus modular presentation of solution procedures. Instructional Science, 32, 33-58.
    • (2004) Instructional Science , vol.32 , pp. 33-58
    • Gerjets, P.1    Scheiter, K.2    Catrambone, R.3
  • 33
    • 33646044047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Can learning from molar and modular worked examples be enhanced by providing instructional explanations and prompting self-explanations?
    • Gerjets, P., Scheiter, K. & Catrambone, R. (2006) Can learning from molar and modular worked examples be enhanced by providing instructional explanations and prompting self-explanations? Learning and Instruction, 16, 104-121.
    • (2006) Learning and Instruction , vol.16 , pp. 104-121
    • Gerjets, P.1    Scheiter, K.2    Catrambone, R.3
  • 34
    • 25844440882 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Just-in-time, schematic supportive information presentation during cognitive skill acquisition
    • Kester, L., Lehnen, C., Van Gerven, P.W.M. & Kirschner, P.A. (2006) Just-in-time, schematic supportive information presentation during cognitive skill acquisition. Computers in Human Behavior, 22, 93-112.
    • (2006) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.22 , pp. 93-112
    • Kester, L.1    Lehnen, C.2    Van Gerven, P.W.M.3    Kirschner, P.A.4
  • 35
    • 77950908667 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conceptions of efficiency: Applications in learning and problem solving
    • Hoffman, B. & Schraw, G. (2010) Conceptions of efficiency: Applications in learning and problem solving. Educational Psychologist, 45, 1-14.
    • (2010) Educational Psychologist , vol.45 , pp. 1-14
    • Hoffman, B.1    Schraw, G.2
  • 36
    • 0027853922 scopus 로고
    • The efficiency of instructional conditions: An approach to combine mental effort and performance measures
    • Paas, F. & Van Merriënboer, J.J.G. (1993) The efficiency of instructional conditions: An approach to combine mental effort and performance measures. Human Factors, 35, 737-743.
    • (1993) Human Factors , vol.35 , pp. 737-743
    • Paas, F.1    Van Merriënboer, J.J.G.2
  • 37
    • 41349084211 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Instructional efficiency: Revisiting the original construct in educational research
    • Van Gog, T. & Paas, F. (2008) Instructional efficiency: Revisiting the original construct in educational research. Educational Psychologist, 43, 16-26.
    • (2008) Educational Psychologist , vol.43 , pp. 16-26
    • Van Gog, T.1    Paas, F.2
  • 38
    • 85008798869 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Attention and automation: New perspectives on mental underload and performance
    • Young, M.S. & Stanton, N.A. (2002) Attention and automation: new perspectives on mental underload and performance. Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science, 3, 178-194.
    • (2002) Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics Science , vol.3 , pp. 178-194
    • Young, M.S.1    Stanton, N.A.2
  • 39
    • 33750513435 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using subjective measures to detect variations of intrinsic load within problems
    • Ayres, P. (2006) Using subjective measures to detect variations of intrinsic load within problems. Learning and Instruction, 16, 389-400.
    • (2006) Learning and Instruction , vol.16 , pp. 389-400
    • Ayres, P.1
  • 40
    • 59049088701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Explaining the split-attention effect: Is the reduction of extraneous cognitive load accompanied by an increase in germane cognitive load?
    • Cierniak, G., Scheiter, K. & Gerjets, P. (2009) Explaining the split-attention effect: Is the reduction of extraneous cognitive load accompanied by an increase in germane cognitive load? Computers in Human Behavior, 25, 315-324.
    • (2009) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.25 , pp. 315-324
    • Cierniak, G.1    Scheiter, K.2    Gerjets, P.3
  • 41
    • 40749152256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A comparison of three measures of cognitive load: Evidence for separable measures of intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load
    • De Leeuw, K.E. & Mayer, R.E. (2008) A comparison of three measures of cognitive load: Evidence for separable measures of intrinsic, extraneous, and germane load. Journal of Educational Psychology, 100, 223-234.
    • (2008) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.100 , pp. 223-234
    • De Leeuw, K.E.1    Mayer, R.E.2
  • 43
    • 84859162591 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • What is the relationship between mental workload factors and cognitive load types?
    • Galy, E., Cariou, M. & Mélan, C. (2012) What is the relationship between mental workload factors and cognitive load types? International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83, 269-275.
    • (2012) International Journal of Psychophysiology , vol.83 , pp. 269-275
    • Galy, E.1    Cariou, M.2    Mélan, C.3
  • 47
    • 84860488919 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Educational implications of expertise reversal effects in learning and performance of complex cognitive and sensorimotor skills
    • Kalyuga, S., Rikers, R.M.J.P. & Paas, F. (2012) Educational implications of expertise reversal effects in learning and performance of complex cognitive and sensorimotor skills. Educational Psychology Review, 24, 313-337.
    • (2012) Educational Psychology Review , vol.24 , pp. 313-337
    • Kalyuga, S.1    Rikers, R.M.J.P.2    Paas, F.3
  • 50
    • 33846580222 scopus 로고
    • Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach
    • Paas, F. & Van Merriënboer, J.J.G. (1994) Variability of worked examples and transfer of geometrical problem-solving skills: A cognitive-load approach. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 122-133.
    • (1994) Journal of Educational Psychology , vol.86 , pp. 122-133
    • Paas, F.1    Van Merriënboer, J.J.G.2
  • 51
  • 52
    • 78649778398 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning: Theory, methods and applications
    • Robinson, D.H. & Schraw, G. (eds), Information Age Publishing, Charlotte
    • Paas, F., Ayres, P. & Pachman, M. (2008) Assessment of cognitive load in multimedia learning: Theory, methods and applications. In: Robinson, D.H. & Schraw, G. (eds), Recent Innovations in Educational Psychology that Facilitate Student Learning. Information Age Publishing, Charlotte, pp. 11-35.
    • (2008) Recent Innovations in Educational Psychology that Facilitate Student Learning , pp. 11-35
    • Paas, F.1    Ayres, P.2    Pachman, M.3
  • 53
    • 34247330991 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neuroimaging of cognitive load in instructional multimedia
    • Whelan, R.R. (2007) Neuroimaging of cognitive load in instructional multimedia. Educational Research Review, 2, 1-12.
    • (2007) Educational Research Review , vol.2 , pp. 1-12
    • Whelan, R.R.1
  • 55
    • 71949096033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using electroencephalography to measure cognitive load
    • Antonenko, P. & Niederhauser, D.S. (2010) Using electroencephalography to measure cognitive load. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 140-150.
    • (2010) Computers in Human Behavior , vol.26 , pp. 140-150
    • Antonenko, P.1    Niederhauser, D.S.2
  • 58
    • 84901998969 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance cognitive and metacognitive processes in computer-based learning environments
    • Azevedo, R. & Aleven, V. (eds), Springer, New York
    • Van Gog, T. & Jarodzka, H. (2013) Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance cognitive and metacognitive processes in computer-based learning environments. In: Azevedo, R. & Aleven, V. (eds), International Handbook of Metacognition and Learning Technologies. Springer, New York, pp. 143-156.
    • (2013) International Handbook of Metacognition and Learning Technologies , pp. 143-156
    • Van Gog, T.1    Jarodzka, H.2
  • 59
    • 71749098384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning
    • Van Gog, T. & Scheiter, K. (2010) Eye tracking as a tool to study and enhance multimedia learning. Learning and Instruction, 20, 95-99.
    • (2010) Learning and Instruction , vol.20 , pp. 95-99
    • Van Gog, T.1    Scheiter, K.2
  • 61
    • 85018401231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Combined eye activity measures accurately estimate changes in sustained visual task performance
    • Van Orden, K.F., Jung, T.P. & Makeig, S. (2000) Combined eye activity measures accurately estimate changes in sustained visual task performance. Biological Psychology, 44, 85-93.
    • (2000) Biological Psychology , vol.44 , pp. 85-93
    • Van Orden, K.F.1    Jung, T.P.2    Makeig, S.3
  • 62
    • 0041829165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making
    • Recarte, M.A. & Nunes, L.M. (2003) Mental workload while driving: Effects on visual search, discrimination, and decision making. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 9, 119-133.
    • (2003) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied , vol.9 , pp. 119-133
    • Recarte, M.A.1    Nunes, L.M.2
  • 63
    • 0032080306 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Physiological workload reactions to increasing levels of task difficulty
    • Veltman, J. & Gaillard, A. (1998) Physiological workload reactions to increasing levels of task difficulty Ergonomics, 41, 656-659
    • (1998) Ergonomics , vol.41 , pp. 656-659
    • Veltman, J.1    Gaillard, A.2
  • 64
    • 0024025919 scopus 로고
    • Tunnel vision or general interference? Cognitive load and attentional bias are both important
    • Williams, L.J. (1988) Tunnel vision or general interference? Cognitive load and attentional bias are both important. American Journal of Psychiatry, 101, 171-191.
    • (1988) American Journal of Psychiatry , vol.101 , pp. 171-191
    • Williams, L.J.1
  • 65
    • 0001079343 scopus 로고
    • Safety aspects of CRT touch panel controls in automobiles
    • Gale, A.G., Freeman, M.H., Haslegrave, C.M., Smith, P. & Taylor, S.H. (eds), Elsevier, Amsterdam
    • Zwahlen, H.T., Adams, C.C. & DeBald, D.P. (1988) Safety aspects of CRT touch panel controls in automobiles. In: Gale, A.G., Freeman, M.H., Haslegrave, C.M., Smith, P. & Taylor, S.H. (eds), Vision in Vehicles. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 335-344.
    • (1988) Vision in Vehicles , pp. 335-344
    • Zwahlen, H.T.1    Adams, C.C.2    DeBald, D.P.3
  • 66
    • 0000682368 scopus 로고
    • Effects of prior knowledge on use of cognitive capacity in three complex cognitive tasks
    • Britton, B.K. & Tesser, A. (1982) Effects of prior knowledge on use of cognitive capacity in three complex cognitive tasks. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 21, 421-436.
    • (1982) Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior , vol.21 , pp. 421-436
    • Britton, B.K.1    Tesser, A.2
  • 67
    • 0015803023 scopus 로고
    • Processing demands during mental operations
    • Kerr, B. (1973) Processing demands during mental operations. Memory and Cognition, 1, 401-412.
    • (1973) Memory and Cognition , vol.1 , pp. 401-412
    • Kerr, B.1
  • 69
    • 0002261466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program
    • Chandler, P. & Sweller, J. (1996) Cognitive load while learning to use a computer program. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 10, 151-170.
    • (1996) Applied Cognitive Psychology , vol.10 , pp. 151-170
    • Chandler, P.1    Sweller, J.2
  • 70
    • 84892980888 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Towards an instructionally-oriented theory of example-based learning
    • Renkl, A. (2014) Towards an instructionally-oriented theory of example-based learning. Cognitive Science, 38, 1-37.
    • (2014) Cognitive Science , vol.38 , pp. 1-37
    • Renkl, A.1
  • 71
    • 77952516370 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Example-based learning: Integrating cognitive and social-cognitive research perspectives
    • Van Gog, T. & Rummel, N. (2010) Example-based learning: Integrating cognitive and social-cognitive research perspectives. Educational Psychology Review, 22, 155-174.
    • (2010) Educational Psychology Review , vol.22 , pp. 155-174
    • Van Gog, T.1    Rummel, N.2
  • 72
    • 47649102530 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fostering diagnostic competence through computer-supported, case-based worked examples: Effects of erroneous examples and feedback
    • Kopp, V., Stark, R. & Fischer, M.R. (2008) Fostering diagnostic competence through computer-supported, case-based worked examples: Effects of erroneous examples and feedback. Medical Education, 42, 823-829.
    • (2008) Medical Education , vol.42 , pp. 823-829
    • Kopp, V.1    Stark, R.2    Fischer, M.R.3
  • 73
    • 70450203672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Do worked examples foster medical students' diagnostic knowledge of hyperthyroidism?
    • Kopp, V., Stark, R., Kühne-Eversmann, L. & Fischer, M.R. (2009) Do worked examples foster medical students' diagnostic knowledge of hyperthyroidism? Medical Education, 43, 1210-1217.
    • (2009) Medical Education , vol.43 , pp. 1210-1217
    • Kopp, V.1    Stark, R.2    Kühne-Eversmann, L.3    Fischer, M.R.4
  • 74
    • 84881490595 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of modeling examples in complex procedural skills training: A randomized study
    • Bjerrum, A.S., Hilberg, O., Van Gog, T., Charles, P. & Eika, B. (2013) Effects of modeling examples in complex procedural skills training: A randomized study. Medical Education, 47, 888-898.
    • (2013) Medical Education , vol.47 , pp. 888-898
    • Bjerrum, A.S.1    Hilberg, O.2    Van Gog, T.3    Charles, P.4    Eika, B.5
  • 75
    • 84893664716 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How can students' diagnostic competence benefit most from practice with clinical cases? Effects of structured reflection on future diagnosis of the same and novel diseases
    • Mamede, S., VanGog, T., Moura, A.S., DeFarias, R.M.D. & Peixoto, J.M. (2014) How can students' diagnostic competence benefit most from practice with clinical cases? Effects of structured reflection on future diagnosis of the same and novel diseases. Academic Medicine, 89, 121-127.
    • (2014) Academic Medicine , vol.89 , pp. 121-127
    • Mamede, S.1    VanGog, T.2    Moura, A.S.3    DeFarias, R.M.D.4    Peixoto, J.M.5
  • 76
    • 84860228291 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reflection as a strategy to foster medical students' acquisition of diagnostic competence
    • Mamede, S., VanGog, T., Moura, A.S. et al. (2012)Reflection as a strategy to foster medical students' acquisition of diagnostic competence. Medical Education, 46, 464-472.
    • (2012) Medical Education , vol.46 , pp. 464-472
    • Mamede, S.1    VanGog, T.2    Moura, A.S.3
  • 77
    • 84904025122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Effects of free, cued, and modeled reflection on medical students' diagnostic competence
    • Ibiapina, C., Mamede, S., Moura, A.S., Eloi-Santos, S. & Van Gog, T. (2014) Effects of free, cued, and modeled reflection on medical students' diagnostic competence. Medical Education, 48, 796-805.
    • (2014) Medical Education , vol.48 , pp. 796-805
    • Ibiapina, C.1    Mamede, S.2    Moura, A.S.3    Eloi-Santos, S.4    Van Gog, T.5
  • 79
    • 68949183183 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A universal model for diagnostic reasoning
    • Croskerry, P. (2009) A universal model for diagnostic reasoning. Academic Medicine, 84, 1022.
    • (2009) Academic Medicine , vol.84 , pp. 1022
    • Croskerry, P.1
  • 82
    • 84899875170 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The emotional and cognitive impact of unexpected simulated patient death: A randomized controlled study
    • Fraser, K., Huffman, J., Ma, I. et al. (2014) The emotional and cognitive impact of unexpected simulated patient death: A randomized controlled study. Chest, 145, 958-963.
    • (2014) Chest , vol.145 , pp. 958-963
    • Fraser, K.1    Huffman, J.2    Ma, I.3
  • 83
    • 0001611438 scopus 로고
    • Biomedical knowledge and clinical reasoning
    • Evans, D.A. & Patel, V.L. (eds), MIT Press, Cambridge
    • Patel, V.L., Evans, D.A. & Groen, G.J. (1989) Biomedical knowledge and clinical reasoning. In: Evans, D.A. & Patel, V.L. (eds), Cognitive Science in Medicine: Biomedical Modeling. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 53-112.
    • (1989) Cognitive Science in Medicine: Biomedical Modeling , pp. 53-112
    • Patel, V.L.1    Evans, D.A.2    Groen, G.J.3
  • 84
    • 0028918039 scopus 로고
    • Developing a "clinical presentation" curriculum at the University of Calgary
    • Mancin, H., Harasym, P., Eagle, C. & Watanabe, M. (1995) Developing a "clinical presentation" curriculum at the University of Calgary. Academic Medicine, 70, 186-193.
    • (1995) Academic Medicine , vol.70 , pp. 186-193
    • Mancin, H.1    Harasym, P.2    Eagle, C.3    Watanabe, M.4
  • 85
    • 0002921749 scopus 로고
    • A specific, problem-based self-directed learning method designed to teach medical problem-solving skills, and enhance knowledge retention and recall
    • Schmidt, H.G. & de Volder, M.L. (eds), Van Gorcum, Assen, The Netherlands
    • Barrows, H.S. (1984) A specific, problem-based self-directed learning method designed to teach medical problem-solving skills, and enhance knowledge retention and recall. In: Schmidt, H.G. & de Volder, M.L. (eds), Tutorials in Problem-Based Learning. Van Gorcum, Assen, The Netherlands.
    • (1984) Tutorials in Problem-Based Learning
    • Barrows, H.S.1
  • 86
    • 85030536309 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview
    • Wilkerson, L. & Gijselaers, W.H. (eds), Vol.68. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco
    • Barrows, H.S. (1996) Problem-based learning in medicine and beyond: A brief overview. In: Wilkerson, L. & Gijselaers, W.H. (eds), New Directions for Teaching and Learning.Vol.68. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco, pp. 3-11.
    • (1996) New Directions for Teaching and Learning , pp. 3-11
    • Barrows, H.S.1
  • 87
    • 84899490865 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Using cognitive load theory to facilitate medical education
    • Qiao, Y.Q., Shen, J., Liang, X. et al. (2014) Using cognitive load theory to facilitate medical education. BMC Medical Education, 14, 79-85.
    • (2014) BMC Medical Education , vol.14 , pp. 79-85
    • Qiao, Y.Q.1    Shen, J.2    Liang, X.3
  • 88
    • 84903303335 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Adjusting cognitive load to the student's level of expertise for increasing motivation to learn
    • International Association for Statistical Education, Auckland, NZ
    • Leppink, J. (2010) Adjusting cognitive load to the student's level of expertise for increasing motivation to learn. In: Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Teaching Statistics. International Association for Statistical Education, Auckland, NZ.
    • (2010) Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Teaching Statistics
    • Leppink, J.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.