Untangling the Impacts of Climate Change on Waterborne Diseases: A Systematic Review of Relationships between Diarrheal Diseases and Temperature, Rainfall, Flooding, and Drought

Environmental Science and Technology

Volumn 50, Issue 10, 2016, Pages 4905-4922

  Levy, Karen ^a   Woster, Andrew P ^b   Goldstein, Rebecca S ^a   Carlton, Elizabeth J ^b  

^a EMORY UNIVERSITY   (United States)

^b Food Science and Human Nutrition   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

DROUGHT; FLOODS; RAIN; RISK ASSESSMENT; TEMPERATURE;

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGES; METEOROLOGICAL CONDITION; POTENTIAL IMPACTS; PUBLICATION BIAS; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WATER-BORNE DISEASE; WATER-BORNE ENTERIC DISEASE; WEB OF SCIENCE;

CLIMATE CHANGE;

RAIN;

AIR TEMPERATURE; CLIMATE CHANGE; DATABASE; DIARRHEAL DISEASE; DISEASE INCIDENCE; DROUGHT; EPIDEMIOLOGY; FLOODING; NATURE-SOCIETY RELATIONS; PRIORITIZATION; RAINFALL; SANITATION; TEMPERATURE EFFECT;

CLIMATE CHANGE; DIARRHEA; DISEASE ASSOCIATION; DROUGHT; ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION; ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE; FLOODING; HUMAN; METEOROLOGY; NONHUMAN; PRECIPITATION; REVIEW; SYSTEMATIC REVIEW; WATER BORNE DISEASE; TEMPERATURE;

CLIMATE CHANGE; DROUGHTS; FLOODS; HUMANS; TEMPERATURE; WATERBORNE DISEASES;

EID: 84969834479     PISSN: 0013936X     EISSN: 15205851     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06186     Document Type: Review

References (216)

1. Smith, K. R.; Woodward, A.; Campbell-Lendrum, D.; Chadee, D. D.; Honda, Y.; Liu, Q.; Olwoch, J. M.; Revich, B.; Sauerborn, R. Human health: impacts, adaptation, and co-benefits. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Field, C. B., Barros, V. R., Dokken, D. J., Mach, K. J., Mastrandrea, M. D., Bilir, T. E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K. L., Estrada, Y. O., Genova, R. C., Girma, B., Kissel, E. S., Levy, A. N., MacCracken, S., Mastrandrea, P. R., White, L. L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, U.K., 2014; pp 709-754.
2. Eisenberg, J. N.; Desai, M. A.; Levy, K.; Bates, S. J.; Liang, S.; Naumoff, K.; Scott, J. C. Environmental determinants of infectious disease: a framework for tracking causal links and guiding public health research Environ. Health Perspect 2007, 115 (8) 1216-23 10.1289/ehp.9806
3. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Summary for Policymakers; Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: Geneva, Switzerland, 2013.
4. Patz, J. A.; Frumkin, H.; Holloway, T.; Vimont, D. J.; Haines, A. Climate change: challenges and opportunities for global health JAMA 2014, 312 (15) 1565-80 10.1001/jama.2014.13186
5. Luber, G.; Knowlton, K.; Balbus, J.; Frumkin, H.; Hayden, M.; Hess, J.; McGeehin, M.; Sheats, N.; Backer, L.; Beard, C. B.; Ebi, K. L.; Maibach, E.; Ostfeld, R. S.; Wiedinmyer, C.; Zielinski-Gutiérrez, E.; Ziska, L., Chapter 9: Human Health. In Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment; Melillo, J. M.; Richmond, T. C.; Yohe, G. W., Eds.; U.S. Global Change Research Program: Washington, D.C., 2014.
6. Liu, L.; Johnson, H. L.; Cousens, S.; Perin, J.; Scott, S.; Lawn, J. E.; Rudan, I.; Campbell, H.; Cibulskis, R.; Li, M.; Mathers, C.; Black, R. E. Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality: an updated systematic analysis for 2010 with time trends since 2000 Lancet 2012, 379 (9832) 2151-61 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60560-1
7. Lozano, R.; Naghavi, M.; Foreman, K.; Lim, S.; Shibuya, K.; Aboyans, V.; Abraham, J.; Adair, T.; Aggarwal, R.; Ahn, S. Y.; Alvarado, M.; Anderson, H. R.; Anderson, L. M.; Andrews, K. G.; Atkinson, C.; Baddour, L. M.; Barker-Collo, S.; Bartels, D. H.; Bell, M. L.; Benjamin, E. J.; Bennett, D.; Bhalla, K.; Bikbov, B.; Abdulhak, A. B.; Birbeck, G.; Blyth, F.; Bolliger, I.; Boufous, S.; Bucello, C.; Burch, M.; Burney, P.; Carapetis, J.; Chen, H.; Chou, D.; Chugh, S. S.; Coffeng, L. E.; Colan, S. D.; Colquhoun, S.; Colson, K. E.; Condon, J.; Connor, M. D.; Cooper, L. T.; Corriere, M.; Cortinovis, M.; de Vaccaro, K. C.; Couser, W.; Cowie, B. C.; Criqui, M. H.; Cross, M.; Dabhadkar, K. C.; Dahodwala, N.; De Leo, D.; Degenhardt, L.; Delossantos, A.; Denenberg, J.; Des Jarlais, D. C.; Dharmaratne, S. D.; Dorsey, E. R.; Driscoll, T.; Duber, H.; Ebel, B.; Erwin, P. J.; Espindola, P.; Ezzati, M.; Feigin, V.; Flaxman, A. D.; Forouzanfar, M. H.; Fowkes, F. G.; Franklin, R.; Fransen, M.; Freeman, M. K.; Gabriel, S. E.; Gakidou, E.; Gaspari, F.; Gillum, R. F.; Gonzalez-Medina, D.; Halasa, Y. A.; Haring, D.; Harrison, J. E.; Havmoeller, R.; Hay, R. J.; Hoen, B.; Hotez, P. J.; Hoy, D.; Jacobsen, K. H.; James, S. L.; Jasrasaria, R.; Jayaraman, S.; Johns, N.; Karthikeyan, G.; Kassebaum, N.; Keren, A.; Khoo, J. P.; Knowlton, L. M.; Kobusingye, O.; Koranteng, A.; Krishnamurthi, R.; Lipnick, M.; Lipshultz, S. E.; Ohno, S. L.; Mabweijano, J.; MacIntyre, M. F.; Mallinger, L.; March, L.; Marks, G. B.; Marks, R.; Matsumori, A.; Matzopoulos, R.; Mayosi, B. M.; McAnulty, J. H.; McDermott, M. M.; McGrath, J.; Mensah, G. A.; Merriman, T. R.; Michaud, C.; Miller, M.; Miller, T. R.; Mock, C.; Mocumbi, A. O.; Mokdad, A. A.; Moran, A.; Mulholland, K.; Nair, M. N.; Naldi, L.; Narayan, K. M.; Nasseri, K.; Norman, P.; ODonnell, M.; Omer, S. B.; Ortblad, K.; Osborne, R.; Ozgediz, D.; Pahari, B.; Pandian, J. D.; Rivero, A. P.; Padilla, R. P.; Perez-Ruiz, F.; Perico, N.; Phillips, D.; Pierce, K.; Pope, C. A., 3rd; Porrini, E.; Pourmalek, F.; Raju, M.; Ranganathan, D.; Rehm, J. T.; Rein, D. B.; Remuzzi, G.; Rivara, F. P.; Roberts, T.; De Leon, F. R.; Rosenfeld, L. C.; Rushton, L.; Sacco, R. L.; Salomon, J. A.; Sampson, U.; Sanman, E.; Schwebel, D. C.; Segui-Gomez, M.; Shepard, D. S.; Singh, D.; Singleton, J.; Sliwa, K.; Smith, E.; Steer, A.; Taylor, J. A.; Thomas, B.; Tleyjeh, I. M.; Towbin, J. A.; Truelsen, T.; Undurraga, E. A.; Venketasubramanian, N.; Vijayakumar, L.; Vos, T.; Wagner, G. R.; Wang, M.; Wang, W.; Watt, K.; Weinstock, M. A.; Weintraub, R.; Wilkinson, J. D.; Woolf, A. D.; Wulf, S.; Yeh, P. H.; Yip, P.; Zabetian, A.; Zheng, Z. J.; Lopez, A. D.; Murray, C. J.; AlMazroa, M. A.; Memish, Z. A. Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 Lancet 2012, 380 (9859) 2095-2128 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0
8. WHO. Number of deaths: WORLD by cause. http://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.CODWORLD?lang=en (accessed 11/26/13).
9. Guerrant, R. L.; DeBoer, M. D.; Moore, S. R.; Scharf, R. J.; Lima, A. A. The impoverished gut - a triple burden of diarrhoea, stunting and chronic disease Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2012, 10 (4) 220-229 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.239
10. Campbell-Lendrum, D.; Woodruff, R. Comparative risk assessment of the burden of disease from climate change Environ. Health Perspect. 2006, 114 (12) 1935-1941 10.1289/ehp.8432
11. Kolstad, E. W.; Johansson, K. A. Uncertainties Associated with Quantifying Climate Change Impacts on Human Health: A Case Study for Diarrhea Environ. Health. Perspect. 2011, 119 (3) 299-305 10.1289/ehp.1002060
12. Jagai, J. S.; Castronovo, D. A.; Monchak, J.; Naumova, E. N. Seasonality of cryptosporidiosis: A meta-analysis approach Environ. Res. 2009, 109 (4) 465-478 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.008
13. Jagai, J. S.; Sarkar, R.; Castronovo, D.; Kattula, D.; McEntee, J.; Ward, H.; Kang, G.; Naumova, E. N. Seasonality of rotavirus in South Asia: a meta-analysis approach assessing associations with temperature, precipitation, and vegetation index PLoS One 2012, 7 (5 e38168 10.1371/journal.pone.0038168
14. Levy, K.; Hubbard, A. E.; Eisenberg, J. N. S. Seasonality of rotavirus disease in the tropics: a systematic review and meta-analysis Int. J. Epidemiol. 2009, 38 (6) 1487-1496 10.1093/ije/dyn260
15. Naumova, E. N.; Jagai, J. S.; Matyas, B.; DeMaria, A., Jr.; MacNeill, I. B.; Griffiths, J. K. Seasonality in six enterically transmitted diseases and ambient temperature Epidemiol. Infect. 2007, 135 (2) 281-92 10.1017/S0950268806006698
16. Sari Kovats, R. S.; Edwards, S. J.; Charron, D.; Cowden, J.; DSouza, R. M.; Ebi, K. L.; Gauci, C.; Gerner-Smidt, P.; Hajat, S.; Hales, S.; Hernandez Pezzi, G.; Kriz, B.; Kutsar, K.; McKeown, P.; Mellou, K.; Menne, B.; OBrien, S.; van Pelt, W.; Schmid, H. Climate variability and campylobacter infection: an international study Int. J. Biometeorol. 2005, 49 (4) 207-14 10.1007/s00484-004-0241-3
17. Cann, K. F.; Thomas, D. R.; Salmon, R. L.; Wyn-Jones, A. P.; Kay, D. Extreme water-related weather events and waterborne disease Epidemiol. Infect. 2013, 141 (4) 671-86 10.1017/S0950268812001653
18. Sterk, A.; Schijven, J.; de Nijs, T.; de Roda Husman, A. M. Direct and Indirect Effects of Climate Change on the Risk of Infection by Water-Transmitted Pathogens Environ. Sci. Technol. 2013, 47 (22) 12648-12660 10.1021/es403549s
19. Moher, D.; Liberati, A.; Tetzlaff, J.; Altman, D. G. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement PLoS Med. 2009, 6 (7) e1000097 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
20. Higgins, J. P.; Green, S. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions, version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]; The Cochrane Collaboration, 2011.
21. Rooney, A. A.; Boyles, A. L.; Wolfe, M. S.; Bucher, J. R.; Thayer, K. A. Systematic review and evidence integration for literature-based environmental health science assessments Environ. Health Perspect. 2014, 122 (7) 711-718 10.1289/ehp.1307972
22. Carlton, E. J.; Woster, A. P.; DeWitt, P.; Goldstein, R. S.; Levy, K. A systematic review and meta-analysis of ambient temperature and diarrhoeal diseases Int. J. Epidemiol. 2016, 45, 117 10.1093/ije/dyv296
23. Carlton, E. J.; Eisenberg, J. N.; Goldstick, J.; Cevallos, W.; Trostle, J.; Levy, K. Heavy rainfall events and diarrhea incidence: the role of social and environmental factors Am. J. Epidemiol. 2014, 179 (3) 344-52 10.1093/aje/kwt279
24. Curriero, F. C.; Patz, J. A.; Rose, J. B.; Lele, S. The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994 Am. J. Public Health 2001, 91 (8) 1194-9 10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1194
25. Thomas, K. M.; Charron, D. F.; Waltner-Toews, D.; Schuster, C.; Maarouf, A. R.; Holt, J. D. A role of high impact weather events in waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada, 1975-2001 Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2006, 16 (3) 167-80 10.1080/09603120600641326
26. Guyatt, G. H.; Oxman, A. D.; Vist, G. E.; Kunz, R.; Falck-Ytter, Y.; Alonso-Coello, P.; Schunemann, H. J.; Group, G. W. GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations BMJ. 2008, 336 (7650) 924-926 10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.AD
27. Alexander, K. A.; Blackburn, J. K. Overcoming barriers in evaluating outbreaks of diarrheal disease in resource poor settings: assessment of recurrent outbreaks in Chobe District, Botswana BMC Public Health 2013, 13, 775 10.1186/1471-2458-13-775
28. Ali, M.; Kim, D. R.; Yunus, M.; Emch, M. Time Series Analysis of Cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh, during 1988-2001 J. Health Popul. Nutr. 2013, 31 (1) 11-19 10.3329/jhpn.v31i1.14744
29. Atchison, C. J.; Tam, C. C.; Hajat, S.; van Pelt, W.; Cowden, J. M.; Lopman, B. A. Temperature-dependent transmission of rotavirus in Great Britain and The Netherlands Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. B 2010, 277 (1683) 933-942 10.1098/rspb.2009.1755
30. Bandyopadhyay, S.; Kanji, S.; Wang, L. M. The impact of rainfall and temperature variation on diarrheal prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa Appl. Geogr. 2012, 33 (1) 63-72 10.1016/j.apgeog.2011.07.017
31. Bennett, A.; Epstein, L. D.; Gilman, R. H.; Cama, V.; Bern, C.; Cabrera, L.; Lescano, A. G.; Patz, J.; Carcamo, C.; Sterling, C. R.; Checkley, W. Effects of the 1997-1998 El Nino episode on community rates of diarrhea Am. J. Public Health 2012, 102 (7) e63-9 10.2105/AJPH.2011.300573
32. Bern, C.; Hernandez, B.; Lopez, M. B.; Arrowood, M. J.; De Merida, A. M.; Klein, R. E. The contrasting epidemiology of Cyclospora and Cryptosporidium among outpatients in Guatemala Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2000, 63 (5-6) 231-235
33. Bhandari, G. P.; Gurung, S.; Dhimal, M.; Bhusal, C. L. Climate change and occurrence of diarrheal diseases: evolving facts from Nepal J. Nepal Health Res. Counc. 2012, 10 (22) 181-186
34. Bi, P.; Cameron, A. S.; Zhang, Y.; Parton, K. A. Weather and notified Campylobacter infections in temperate and sub-tropical regions of Australia: an ecological study J. Infect. 2008, 57 (4) 317-23 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.004
35. Britton, E.; Hales, S.; Venugopal, K.; Baker, M. G. Positive association between ambient temperature and salmonellosis notifications in New Zealand, 1965-2006 Aust. N Z. J. Public Health 2010, 34 (2) 126-9 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00495.x
36. Chai, J. Y.; Kim, N. Y.; Guk, S. M.; Park, Y. K.; Seo, M.; Han, E. T.; Lee, S. H. High prevalence and seasonality of cryptosporidiosis in a small rural village occupied predominantly by aged people in the Republic of Korea Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2001, 65 (5) 518-522
37. Chakravarti, A.; Broor, S.; Natarajan, R.; Setty, V. S.; Mittal, S. K. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of acute diarrhoea in children due to human rotavirus J. Trop. Pediatr. 1992, 38 (4) 192-3 10.1093/tropej/38.4.192
38. Checkley, W.; Epstein, L.; Gilman, R.; Figueroa, D.; Cama, R.; Patz, J.; Black, R. Effects of El Nino and ambient temperature on pediatric diarrhea in Lima, Peru Epidemiology 2000, 11 (4) S123-S123 10.1097/00001648-200007000-00297
39. Chou, W. C.; Wu, J. L.; Wang, Y. C.; Huang, H.; Sung, F. C.; Chuang, C. Y. Modeling the impact of climate variability on diarrhea-associated diseases in Taiwan (1996-2007) Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 409 (1) 43-51 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.09.001
40. DSouza, R. M.; Becker, N. G.; Hall, G.; Moodie, K. B. Does ambient temperature affect foodborne disease? Epidemiology 2004, 15 (1) 86-92 10.1097/01.ede.0000101021.03453.3e
41. DSouza, R. M.; Hall, G.; Becker, N. G. Climatic factors associated with hospitalizations for rotavirus diarrhoea in children under 5 years of age Epidemiol. Infect. 2008, 136 (1) 56-64 10.1017/S0950268807008229
42. Dean, A. G.; Jones, T. C. Seasonal gastroenteritis and malabsorption at an American military base in the Philippines. I. Clinical and epidemiologic investigations of the acute illness Am. J. Epidemiol. 1972, 95 (2) 111-27
43. Dewan, A. M.; Corner, R.; Hashizume, M.; Ongee, E. T. Typhoid Fever and Its Association with Environmental Factors in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh: A Spatial and Time-Series Approach PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis. 2013, 7 (1 e1998 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001998
44. Espejo, R. T.; Calderon, E.; Gonzalez, N.; Salomon, A.; Martuscelli, A.; Romero, P. Presence of two distinct types of rotavirus in infants and young children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in Mexico City, 1977 J. Infect. Dis. 1979, 139 (4) 474-7 10.1093/infdis/139.4.474
45. Fleury, M.; Charron, D. F.; Holt, J. D.; Allen, O. B.; Maarouf, A. R. A time series analysis of the relationship of ambient temperature and common bacterial enteric infections in two Canadian provinces Int. J. Biometeorol. 2006, 50 (6) 385-91 10.1007/s00484-006-0028-9
46. Glass, R. I.; Becker, S.; Huq, M. I.; Stoll, B. J.; Khan, M. U.; Merson, M. H.; Lee, J. V.; Black, R. E. Endemic cholera in rural Bangladesh, 1966-1980 Am. J. Epidemiol. 1982, 116 (6) 959-70
47. Gomwalk, N. E.; Umoh, U. J.; Gosham, L. T.; Ahmad, A. A. Influence of Climatic Factors on Rotavirus Infection among Children with Acute Gastroenteritis in Zaria, Northern Nigeria J. Trop. Pediatr. 1993, 39 (5) 293-297 10.1093/tropej/39.5.293
48. Haffejee, I. E.; Moosa, A. Rotavirus studies in Indian (Asian) South African infants with acute gastro-enteritis: I. Microbiological and epidemiological aspects Ann. Trop. Paediatr. 1990, 10 (2) 165-72
49. Hall, G. V.; Hanigan, I. C.; Dear, K. B. G.; Vally, H. The influence of weather on community gastroenteritis in Australia Epidemiol. Infect. 2011, 139 (6) 927-936 10.1017/S0950268810001901
50. Hashizume, M.; Armstrong, B.; Hajat, S.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Hayashi, T.; Sack, D. A. Association between climate variability and hospital visits for non-cholera diarrhoea in Bangladesh: effects and vulnerable groups Int. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 36 (5) 1030-1037 10.1093/ije/dym148
51. Hashizume, M.; Armstrong, B.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Hayashi, T.; Sack, D. A. Rotavirus infections and climate variability in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a time-series analysis Epidemiol. Infect. 2008, 136 (9) 1281-1289 10.1017/S0950268807009776
52. Hashizume, M.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Hayashi, T.; Armstrong, B. Cholera in Bangladesh: Climatic components of seasonal variation Epidemiology 2010, 21 (5) 706-710 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181e5b053
53. Hu, W.; Mengersen, K.; Fu, S. Y.; Tong, S. The use of ZIP and CART to model cryptosporidiosis in relation to climatic variables Int. J. Biometeorol. 2010, 54 (4) 433-40 10.1007/s00484-009-0294-4
54. Hu, W.; Tong, S.; Mengersen, K.; Connell, D. Weather variability and the incidence of cryptosporidiosis: comparison of time series poisson regression and SARIMA models Ann. Epidemiol. 2007, 17 (9) 679-88 10.1016/j.annepidem.2007.03.020
55. Huang, D. S.; Guan, P.; Guo, J. Q.; Wang, P.; Zhou, B. S. Investigating the effects of climate variations on bacillary dysentery incidence in northeast China using ridge regression and hierarchical cluster analysis BMC Infect. Dis. 2008, 8, 130 10.1186/1471-2334-8-130
56. Ijaz, M. K.; Alharbi, S.; Uduman, S. A.; Cheema, Y.; Sheek-Hussen, M. M.; Alkhair, A. R. A.; Shalabi, A. G.; Ijaz, S. S.; Bin-Othman, S. A.; Sattar, S. A.; Liddle, L. F. Seasonality and prevalence of rotavirus in Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates Clin. Diagn. Virol. 1994, 2 (6) 323-329 10.1016/0928-0197(94)90002-7
57. Islam, M. S.; Sharker, M. A.; Rheman, S.; Hossain, S.; Mahmud, Z. H.; Islam, M. S.; Uddin, A. M.; Yunus, M.; Osman, M. S.; Ernst, R.; Rector, I.; Larson, C. P.; Luby, S. P.; Endtz, H. P.; Cravioto, A. Effects of local climate variability on transmission dynamics of cholera in Matlab, Bangladesh Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 103 (11) 1165-70 10.1016/j.trstmh.2009.04.016
58. Katsumata, T.; Hosea, D.; Wasito, E. B.; Kohno, S.; Hara, K.; Soeparto, P.; Ranuh, I. G. Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: A hospital-based study and a community-based survey Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1998, 59 (4) 628-632
59. Kelly-Hope, L. A.; Alonso, W. J.; Thiem, V. D.; Anh, D. D.; Canh, D. G.; Lee, H.; Smith, D. L.; Miller, M. A. Geographical distribution and risk factors associated with enteric diseases in Vietnam Am. J.Trop. Med. Hyg. 2007, 76 (4) 706-712
60. Kelly-Hope, L. A.; Alonso, W. J.; Thiem, V. D.; Canh, D. G.; Anh, D. D.; Lee, H.; Miller, M. A. Temporal trends and climatic factors associated with bacterial enteric diseases in Vietnam, 1991-2001 Environ. Health Perspect. 2008, 116 (1) 7-12 10.1289/ehp.9658
61. Kimura, K.; Rai, S. K.; Rai, G.; Insisiengmay, S.; Kawabata, M.; Karanis, P.; Uga, S. Study on cyclospora cayetanensis associated with diarrheal disease in Nepal and Loa PDR Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2005, 36 (6) 1371-6
62. Konno, T.; Suzuki, H.; Katsushima, N.; Imai, A.; Tazawa, F.; Kutsuzawa, T.; Kitaoka, S.; Sakamoto, M.; Yazaki, N.; Ishida, N. Influence of temperature and relative humidity on human rotavirus infection in Japan J. Infect. Dis. 1983, 147 (1) 125-8 10.1093/infdis/147.1.125
63. Kovats, R. S.; Edwards, S. J.; Hajat, S.; Armstrong, B. G.; Ebi, K. L.; Menne, B. The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries Epidemiol. Infect. 1999, 132 (3) 443-53 10.1017/S0950268804001992
64. Lake, I. R.; Bentham, G.; Kovats, R. S.; Nichols, G. L. Effects of weather and river flow on cryptosporidiosis J. Water Health 2005, 3 (4) 469-474 10.2166/wh.2005.048
65. Lama, J. R.; Seas, C. R.; Leon-Barua, R.; Gotuzzo, E.; Sack, R. B. Environmental temperature, cholera, and acute diarrhoea in adults in Lima, Peru J. Health, Popul., Nutr. 2004, 22 (4) 399-403
66. Lee, W. T.; Lin, P. C.; Lin, L. C.; Chen, H. L.; Yang, R. C. Salmonella/rotavirus coinfection in hospitalized children Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci. 2012, 28 (11) 595-600 10.1016/j.kjms.2012.04.025
67. Lloyd, S. J.; Kovats, R. S.; Armstrong, B. G. Global diarrhoea morbidity, weather and climate Climate Res. 2007, 34 (2) 119-127 10.3354/cr034119
68. Lopman, B.; Armstrong, B.; Atchison, C.; Gray, J. J. Host, Weather and Virological Factors Drive Norovirus Epidemiology: Time-Series Analysis of Laboratory Surveillance Data in England and Wales PLoS One 2009, 4 (8 e6671 10.1371/journal.pone.0006671
69. Luque Fernandez, M. A.; Bauernfeind, A.; Jimenez, J. D.; Gil, C. L.; El Omeiri, N.; Guibert, D. H. Influence of temperature and rainfall on the evolution of cholera epidemics in Lusaka, Zambia, 2003-2006: analysis of a time series Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2009, 103 (2) 137-43 10.1016/j.trstmh.2008.07.017
70. Matsuda, F.; Ishimura, S.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Higashi, T.; Hayashi, T.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Sack, D. A.; Nishibuchi, M. Prediction of epidemic cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O1 in children younger than 10 years using climate data in Bangladesh Epidemiol. Infect. 2008, 136 (1) 73-79 10.1017/S0950268807008175
71. McCormick, B. J. J.; Alonso, W. J.; Miller, M. A. An exploration of spatial patterns of seasonal diarrhoeal morbidity in Thailand Epidemiol. Infect. 2012, 140 (7) 1236-1243 10.1017/S0950268811001919
72. Mitui, M. T.; Chan, P. K. S.; Nelson, E. A. S.; Leung, T. F.; Nishizono, A.; Ahmed, K. Co-dominance of G1 and emerging G3 rotaviruses in Hong Kong: A three-year surveillance in three major hospitals J. Clin. Virol. 2011, 50 (4) 325-333 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.01.008
73. Onozuka, D.; Hashizume, M.; Hagihara, A. Effects of weather variability on infectious gastroenteritis Epidemiol. Infect. 2010, 138 (2) 236-243 10.1017/S0950268809990574
74. Paredes-Paredes, M.; Okhuysen, P. C.; Flores, J.; Mohamed, J. A.; Padda, R. S.; Gonzalez-Estrada, A.; Haley, C. A.; Carlin, L. G.; Nair, P.; DuPont, H. L. Seasonality of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in the US students acquiring diarrhea in Mexico J. Travel Med. 2011, 18 (2) 121-125 10.1111/j.1708-8305.2010.00488.x
75. Phukan, A. C.; Patgiri, D. K.; Mahanta, J. Rotavirus associated acute diarrhoea in hospitalized children in Dibrugarh, north-east India Indian J. Pathol. Microbiol,. 2003, 46 (2) 274-8
76. Pinfold, J. V.; Horan, N. J.; Mara, D. D. Seasonal effects on the reported incidence of acute diarrhoeal disease in northeast Thailand Int. J. Epidemiol. 1991, 20 (3) 777-86 10.1093/ije/20.3.777
77. Purohit, S. G.; Kelkar, S. D.; Simha, V. Time series analysis of patients with rotavirus diarrhoea in Pune, India J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 1998, 16 (2) 74-83
78. Ram, S.; Khurana, S.; Khurana, S. B.; Sharma, S.; Vadehra, D. V. Seasonal fluctuations in the occurrence of enteroinvasive Escherichia coli diarrhoea Indian J. Med. Res. 1990, 91, 258-62
79. Salazar-Lindo, E.; Pinell-Salles, P.; Maruy, A.; Chea-Woo, E. El Nino and diarrhoea and dehydration in Lima, Peru Lancet 1997, 350 (9091) 1597-1598 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)64013-5
80. Sarkar, R.; Kang, G.; Naumova, E. N. Rotavirus Seasonality and Age Effects in a Birth Cohort Study of Southern India PLoS One 2013, 8 (8 e71616 10.1371/journal.pone.0071616
81. Seidu, R.; Stenstrom, T. A.; Lofman, O. A comparative cohort study of the effect of rainfall and temperature on diarrhoeal disease in faecal sludge and non-faecal sludge applying communities, Northern Ghana J. Water Clim. Change 2013, 4 (2) 90-102 10.2166/wcc.2013.032
82. Singh, R. B. K.; Hales, S.; de Wet, N.; Raj, R.; Hearnden, M.; Weinstein, P. The influence of climate variation and change on diarrheal disease in the Pacific Islands Environ. Health Perspect. 2001, 109 (2) 155-159 10.1289/ehp.01109155
83. Soenarto, Y.; Sebodo, T.; Ridho, R.; Alrasjid, H.; Rohde, J. E.; Bugg, H. C.; Barnes, G. L.; Bishop, R. F. Acute diarrhea and rotavirus infection in newborn babies and children in Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from June 1978 to June 1979 J. Clin. Microbiol. 1981, 14 (2) 123-9
84. Speelmon, E. C.; Checkley, W.; Gilman, R. H.; Patz, J.; Calderon, M.; Manga, S. Cholera incidence and El Nino-related higher ambient temperature JAMA, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2000, 283 (23) 3072-3074 10.1001/jama.283.23.3072-a
85. Sumi, A.; Rajendran, K.; Ramamurthy, T.; Krishnan, T.; Nair, G. B.; Harigane, K.; Kobayashi, N. Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on rotavirus infections in Kolkata, India Epidemiol. Infect. 2013, 141 (8) 1652-1661 10.1017/S0950268812002208
86. Sutra, S.; Srisontrisuk, S.; Panpurk, W.; Sutra, P.; Chirawatkul, A.; Snongchart, N.; Kusowon, P. The pattern of diarrhea in children in Khon Kaen, northeastern Thailand: I. The incidence and seasonal variation of diarrhea Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 1990, 21 (4) 586-93
87. Tam, C. C.; Rodrigues, L. C.; OBrien, S. J.; Hajat, S. Temperature dependence of reported Campylobacter infection in England, 1989-1999 Epidemiol. Infect. 2006, 134 (1) 119-25 10.1017/S0950268805004899
88. Torres, B. V.; Ilja, R. M.; Esparaza, J. Epidemiological aspects of rotavirus infection in hospitalized Venezuelan children with gastroenteritis Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 1978, 27 (3) 567-72
89. Trabelsi, A.; Fodha, I.; Chouikha, A.; Ben Hadj Fredj, M.; Mastouri, M.; Ben Abdelaziz, A.; Sfar, T.; Essoussi, A. S.; Jaoua, S.; Steele, A. D. Rotavirus Strain Diversity in the Centre Coast of Tunisia from 2000 through 2003 J. Infect. Dis. 2010, 202, S252-S257 10.1086/653580
90. Traerup, S. L. M.; Ortiz, R. A.; Markandya, A. The Costs of Climate Change: A study of cholera in Tanzania Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2011, 8 (12) 4386-4405 10.3390/ijerph8124386
91. Utsalo, S. J.; Eko, F. O.; Antiaobong, E. O. Features of Cholera and Vibrio-Parahaemolyticus Diarrhea Endemicity in Calabar, Nigeria Eur. J. Epidemiol. 1992, 8 (6) 856-860 10.1007/BF00145332
92. Woodward, W. E.; Hirschhorn, N.; Sack, R. B.; Cash, R. A.; Brownlee, I.; Chickadonz, G. H.; Evans, L. K.; Shepard, R. H.; Woodward, R. C. Acute diarrhea on an Apache Indian reservation Am. J. Epidemiol. 1974, 99 (4) 281-90
93. Workman, S. N.; Sobers, S. J.; Mathison, G. E.; Lavoie, M. C. Human Campylobacter-associated enteritis on the Caribbean island of Barbados Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 74 (4) 623-627
94. Zhang, Y.; Bi, P.; Hiller, J. E. Weather and the transmission of bacillary dysentery in Jinan, northern China: A time-series analysis Public Health Rep. 2008, 123 (1) 61-66
95. Zhang, Y.; Bi, P.; Hiller, J. E. Climate variations and Salmonella infection in Australian subtropical and tropical regions Sci. Total Environ. 2010, 408 (3) 524-530 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.10.068
96. Checkley, W.; Epstein, L. D.; Gilman, R. H.; Figueroa, D.; Cama, R. I.; Patz, J. A.; Black, R. E. Effect of El Nino and ambient temperature on hospital admissions for diarrhoeal diseases in Peruvian children Lancet 2000, 355 (9202) 442-50 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)82010-3
97. Adkins, H. J.; Escamilla, J.; Santiago, L. T.; Ranoa, C.; Echeverria, P.; Cross, J. H. Two-year survey of etiologic agents of diarrheal disease at San Lazaro Hospital, Manila, Republic of the Philippines J. Clin. Microbiol. 1987, 25 (7) 1143-7
98. Drayna, P.; McLellan, S. L.; Simpson, P.; Li, S. H.; Gorelick, M. H. Association between rainfall and pediatric emergency department visits for acute gastrointestinal illness Environ. Health Perspect. 2010, 118 (10) 1439-1443 10.1289/ehp.0901671
99. Hashizume, M.; Armstrong, B.; Hajat, S.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Hayashi, T.; Sack, D. A. The effect of rainfall on the incidence of cholera in Bangladesh Epidemiology 2008, 19 (1) 103-110 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31815c09ea
100. Nichols, G.; Lane, C.; Asgari, N.; Verlander, N. Q.; Charlett, A. Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in England and Wales J. Water Health 2009, 7 (1) 1-8 10.2166/wh.2009.143
101. Said, B.; Wright, F.; Nichols, G. L.; Reacher, M.; Rutter, M. Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private drinking water supplies in England and Wales 1970-2000 Epidemiol. Infect. 2003, 130 (3) 469-79 10.1017/S0950268803008495
102. Aksoy, U.; Akisu, C.; Sahin, S.; Usluca, S.; Yalcin, G.; Kuralay, F.; Oral, A. M. First reported waterborne outbreak of cryptosporidiosis with Cyclospora co-infection in Turkey Euro Surveill. 2007, 12 (7 E070215
103. Anderson, A. D.; Heryford, A. G.; Sarisky, J. P.; Higgins, C.; Monroe, S. S.; Beard, R. S.; Newport, C. M.; Cashdollar, J. L.; Fout, G. S.; Robbins, D. E.; Seys, S. A.; Musgrave, K. J.; Medus, C.; Vinje, J.; Bresee, J. S.; Mainzer, H. M.; Glass, R. I. A waterborne outbreak of Norwalk-like virus among snowmobilers-Wyoming, 2001 J. Infect. Dis. 2003, 187 (2) 303-6 10.1086/346239
104. Atherton, F.; Newman, C. P.; Casemore, D. P. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply in the UK Epidemiol. Infect. 1995, 115 (1) 123-31 10.1017/S0950268800058180
105. Auld, H.; MacIver, D.; Klaassen, J. Heavy rainfall and waterborne disease outbreaks: the Walkerton example J. Toxicol. Environ. Health, Part A 2004, 67 (20-22) 1879-87 10.1080/15287390490493475
106. Bridgman, S. A.; Robertson, R. M.; Syed, Q.; Speed, N.; Andrews, N.; Hunter, P. R. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a disinfected groundwater supply Epidemiol. Infect. 1995, 115 (3) 555-66 10.1017/S0950268800058726
107. Public Health Agency of Canada Waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with a contaminated municipal water supply, Walkerton, Ontario, May-June 2000 Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 2000, 26 (20) 170-3
108. Doyle, A.; Barataud, D.; Gallay, A.; Thiolet, J. M.; Le Guyaguer, S.; Kohli, E.; Vaillant, V. Norovirus foodborne outbreaks associated with the consumption of oysters from the Etang de Thau, France, December 2002 Euro Surveill. 2004, 9 (3) 24-6
109. Effler, P.; Isaacson, M.; Arntzen, L.; Heenan, R.; Canter, P.; Barrett, T.; Lee, L.; Mambo, C.; Levine, W.; Zaidi, A.; Griffin, P. M. Factors contributing to the emergence of Escherichia coli O157 in Africa Emerging Infect. Dis. 2001, 7 (5) 812-819 10.3201/eid0705.017507
110. Fong, T. T.; Mansfield, L. S.; Wilson, D. L.; Schwab, D. J.; Molloy, S. L.; Rose, J. B. Massive microbiological groundwater contamination associated with a waterborne outbreak in Lake Erie, South Bass Island, Ohio Environ. Health Perspect. 2007, 115 (6) 856-64 10.1289/ehp.9430
111. Fox, K. R.; Lytle, D. A. Milwaukees crypto outbreak: Investigation and recommendations J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1996, 88 (9) 87-94
112. Gelting, R.; Sarisky, J.; Selman, C.; Otto, C.; Higgins, C.; Bohan, P. O.; Buchanan, S. B.; Meehan, P. J. Use of a systems-based approach to an environmental health assessment for a waterborne disease outbreak investigation at a snowmobile lodge in Wyoming Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2005, 208 (1-2) 67-73 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.009
113. Goodman, R. A.; Buehler, J. W.; Greenberg, H. B.; McKinley, T. W.; Smith, J. D. Norwalk gastroenteritis associated with a water system in a rural Georgia community Arch. Environ. Health 1982, 37 (6) 358-60 10.1080/00039896.1982.10667591
114. Hejkal, T. W.; Keswick, B.; Labelle, R. L.; Gerba, C. P.; Sanchez, Y.; Dreesman, G.; Hafkin, B.; Melnick, J. L. Viruses in a Community Water-Supply Associated with an Outbreak of Gastroenteritis and Infectious-Hepatitis J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 1982, 74 (6) 318-321
115. Ihekweazu, C.; Barlow, M.; Roberts, S.; Christensen, H.; Guttridge, B.; Lewis, D.; Paynter, S. Outbreak of E. coli O157 infection in the south west of the UK: risks from streams crossing seaside beaches Euro Surveill. 2006, 11 (4) 128-30
116. Mac Kenzie, W. R.; Hoxie, N. J.; Proctor, M. E.; Gradus, M. S.; Blair, K. A.; Peterson, D. E.; Kazmierczak, J. J.; Addiss, D. G.; Fox, K. R.; Rose, J. B. et al. A massive outbreak in Milwaukee of cryptosporidium infection transmitted through the public water supply N. Engl. J. Med. 1994, 331 (3) 161-7 10.1056/NEJM199407213310304
117. Millson, M.; Bokhout, M.; Carlson, J.; Spielberg, L.; Aldis, R.; Borczyk, A.; Lior, H. An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis linked to meltwater contamination of a municipal well Can. J. Public Health 1991, 82 (1) 27-31
118. OReilly, C. E.; Bowen, A. B.; Perez, N. E.; Sarisky, J. P.; Shepherd, C. A.; Miller, M. D.; Hubbard, B. C.; Herring, M.; Buchanan, S. D.; Fitzgerald, C. C.; Hill, V.; Arrowood, M. J.; Xiao, L. X.; Hoekstra, R. M.; Mintz, E. D.; Lynch, M. F. A waterborne outbreak of gastroenteritis with multiple etiologies among resort island visitors and residents: Ohio, 2004 Clin. Infect. Dis. 2007, 44 (4) 506-512 10.1086/511043
119. Patil, S. B.; Deshmukh, D.; Dixit, J. V.; Damle, A. S. Epidemiological investigation of an outbreak of acute diarrheal disease: A shoe leather epidemiology J. Global Infect. Dis. 2011, 3 (4) 361-365 10.4103/0974-777X.91060
120. Smith, H. V.; Patterson, W. J.; Hardie, R.; Greene, L. A.; Benton, C.; Tulloch, W.; Gilmour, R. A.; Girdwood, R. W.; Sharp, J. C.; Forbes, G. I. An outbreak of waterborne cryptosporidiosis caused by post-treatment contamination Epidemiol. Infect. 1989, 103 (3) 703-15 10.1017/S0950268800031101
121. Vogt, R. L.; Sours, H. E.; Barrett, T.; Feldman, R. A.; Dickinson, R. J.; Witherell, L. Campylobacter enteritis associated with contaminated water Ann. Intern. Med. 1982, 96 (3) 792 10.7326/0003-4819-96-3-292
122. Willocks, L.; Crampin, A.; Milne, L.; Seng, C.; Susman, M.; Gair, R.; Moulsdale, M.; Shafi, S.; Wall, R.; Wiggins, R.; Lightfoot, N. A large outbreak of cryptosporidiosis associated with a public water supply from a deep chalk borehole. Outbreak Investigation Team Commun. Dis. Public Health 1998, 1 (4) 239-43
123. Yamamoto, N.; Urabe, K.; Takaoka, M.; Nakazawa, K.; Gotoh, A.; Haga, M.; Fuchigami, H.; Kimata, I.; Iseki, M. Outbreak of cryptosporidiosis after contamination of the public water supply in Saitama Prefecture, Japan, in 1996 Kansenshogaku Zasshi 2000, 74 (6) 518-26 10.11150/kansenshogakuzasshi1970.74.518
124. Rose, J. B.; Daeschner, S.; Easterling, D. R.; Curriero, F. C.; Lele, S.; Patz, J. A. Climate and waterborne disease outbreaks J. Am. Water Works Ass. 2000, 92 (9) 77-87
125. Biswas, R.; Pal, D.; Mukhopadhyay, S. P. A community based study on health impact of flood in a vulnerable district of West Bengal Indian J. Public Health 1999, 43 (2) 89-90
126. Bokhari, H.; Shah, M. A.; Asad, S.; Akhtar, S.; Akram, M.; Wren, B. W. Escherichia coli Pathotypes in Pakistan from Consecutive Floods in 2010 and 2011 Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2013, 88 (3) 519-525 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0365
127. Campanella, N. Infectious diseases and natural disasters: the effects of Hurricane Mitch over Villanueva municipal area, Nicaragua Public Health Rev. 1999, 27 (4) 311-9
128. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and mortality associated with Hurricane Floyd-North Carolina, September-October 1999 MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2000, 49 (17) 369-72
129. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Rapid health response, assessment, and surveillance after a tsunami-Thailand, 2004-2005 MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2005, 54 (3) 61-4
130. Chhotray, G. P.; Pal, B. B.; Khuntia, H. K.; Chowdhury, N. R.; Chakraborty, S.; Yamasaki, S.; Ramamurthy, T.; Takeda, Y.; Bhattacharya, S. K.; Balakrish Nair, G. Incidence and molecular analysis of Vibrio cholerae associated with cholera outbreak subsequent to the super cyclone in Orissa, India Epidemiol. Infect. 2002, 128 (2) 131-138 10.1017/S0950268801006720
131. Ding, G. Y.; Zhang, Y.; Gao, L.; Ma, W.; Li, X. J.; Liu, J.; Liu, Q. Y.; Jiang, B. F. Quantitative Analysis of Burden of Infectious Diarrhea Associated with Floods in Northwest of Anhui Province, China: A Mixed Method Evaluation PLoS One 2013, 8 (6 e65112 10.1371/journal.pone.0065112
132. Harris, A. M.; Chowdhury, F.; Begum, Y. A.; Faruque, A. S.; Svennerholm, A. M.; Harris, J. B.; Ryan, E. T.; Cravioto, A.; Calderwood, S. B.; Qadri, F. Shifting Prevalence of Major Diarrheal Pathogens in Patients Seeking Hospital Care during Floods in 1998, 2004, and 2007 in Dhaka, Bangladesh Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2008, 79 (6) 107-107
133. Hashizume, M.; Wagatsuma, Y.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Hayashi, T.; Hunter, P. R.; Armstrong, B.; Sack, D. A. Factors determining vulnerability to diarrhoea during and after severe floods in Bangladesh J. Water Health 2008, 6 (3) 323-332 10.2166/wh.2008.062
134. Joshi, P. C.; Kaushal, S.; Aribam, B. S.; Khattri, P.; DAoust, O.; Singh, M. M.; Marx, M.; Guha-Sapir, D. Recurrent floods and prevalence of diarrhea among under five children: observations from Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, India Glob. Health Action 2011, 10.3402/gha.v4i0.6355
135. Kondo, H.; Seo, N.; Yasuda, T.; Hasizume, M.; Koido, Y.; Ninomiya, N.; Yamamoto, Y. Post-flood - infectious diseases in Mozambique Prehosp. Disaster Med. 2002, 17 (3) 126-33 10.1017/S1049023X00000340
136. Miettinen, I. T.; Zacheus, O.; von Bonsdorff, C. H.; Vartiainen, T. Waterborne epidemics in Finland in 1998-1999 Water Sci. Technol. 2001, 43 (12) 67-71
137. Milojevic, A.; Armstrong, B.; Hashizume, M.; McAllister, K.; Faruque, A.; Yunus, M.; Kim Streatfield, P.; Moji, K.; Wilkinson, P. Health Effects of Flooding in Rural Bangladesh Epidemiology 2012, 23 (1) 107-115 10.1097/EDE.0b013e31823ac606
138. Mondal, N. C.; Biswas, R.; Manna, A. Risk factors of diarrhoea among flood victims: a controlled epidemiological study Indian J. Public Health 2001, 45 (4) 122-7
139. Reacher, M.; McKenzie, K.; Lane, C.; Nichols, T.; Kedge, I.; Iversen, A.; Hepple, P.; Walter, T.; Laxton, C.; Simpson, J.; Lewes Flood Action Recovery, T. Health impacts of flooding in Lewes: a comparison of reported gastrointestinal and other illness and mental health in flooded and non-flooded households Commun. Dis. Public Health 2004, 7 (1) 39-46
140. Schnitzler, J.; Benzler, J.; Altmann, D.; Mucke, I.; Krause, G. Survey on the populations needs and the public health response during floods in Germany 2002 J. Public Health Manag. Pract. 2007, 13 (5) 461-464 10.1097/01.PHH.0000285197.23932.3e
141. Schwartz, B. S.; Harris, J. B.; Khan, A. I.; Larocque, R. C.; Sack, D. A.; Malek, M. A.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Qadri, F.; Calderwood, S. B.; Luby, S. P.; Ryan, E. T. Diarrheal epidemics in Dhaka, Bangladesh, during three consecutive floods: 1988, 1998, and 2004 Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2006, 74 (6) 1067-1073
142. Setzer, C.; Domino, M. E. Medicaid outpatient utilization for waterborne pathogenic illness following Hurricane Floyd Public Health Rep. 2004, 119 (5) 472-8 10.1016/j.phr.2004.07.004
143. Siddique, A. K.; Islam, Q.; Akram, K.; Mazumder, Y.; Mitra, A.; Eusof, A. Cholera epidemic and natural disasters; where is the link Trop. Geogr. Med. 1989, 41 (4) 377-82
144. Sur, D.; Dutta, P.; Nair, G. B.; Bhattacharya, S. K. Severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of West Bengal Indian J. Med. Res. 2000, 112, 178-82
145. Vollaard, A. M.; Ali, S.; van Asten, H. A.; Widjaja, S.; Visser, L. G.; Surjadi, C.; van Dissel, J. T. Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia JAMA: J. Am. Med. Assoc. 2004, 291 (21) 2607-15 10.1001/jama.291.21.2607
146. Wade, T. J.; Sandhu, S. K.; Levy, D.; Lee, S.; LeChevallier, M. W.; Katz, L.; Colford, J. M. Did a severe flood in the midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? Am. J. Epidemiol. 2004, 159 (4) 398-405 10.1093/aje/kwh050
147. Waring, S.; Zakos-Feliberti, A.; Wood, R.; Stone, M.; Padgett, P.; Arafat, R. The utility of geographic information systems (GIS) in rapid epidemiological assessments following weather-related disasters: Methodological issues based on the Tropical Storm Allison experience Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2005, 208 (1-2) 109-116 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.01.020
148. Woodruff, B. A.; Toole, M. J.; Rodrigue, D. C.; Brink, E. W.; Mahgoub, E. S.; Ahmed, M. M.; Babikar, A. Disease Surveillance and Control after a Flood-Khartoum, Sudan, 1988 Disasters 1990, 14 (2) 151-163 10.1111/j.1467-7717.1990.tb01056.x
149. Ahmed, M. U.; Urasawa, S.; Taniguchi, K.; Urasawa, T.; Kobayashi, N.; Wakasugi, F.; Islam, A.; Sahikh, H. A. Analysis of Human Rotavirus Strains Prevailing in Bangladesh in Relation to Nationwide Floods Brought by the 1988 Monsoon J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991, 29 (10) 2273-2279
150. Ahmed, Z.; Khan, A. A.; Nisar, N. Frequency of infectious diseases among flood affected people at district Rajanpur, Pakistan Pak. J. Med. Sci. 2011, 27 (4) 866-869
151. Bhunia, R.; Ghosh, S. Waterborne cholera outbreak following Cyclone Aila in Sundarban area of West Bengal, India, 2009 Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 2011, 105 (4) 214-219 10.1016/j.trstmh.2010.12.008
152. Bingnan, F. N.; Unicomb, L.; Rahim, Z.; Banu, N. N.; Podder, G.; Clemens, J.; Vanloon, F. P. L.; Rao, M. R.; Malek, A.; Tzipori, S. Rotavirus-Associated Diarrhea in Rural Bangladesh-2-Year Study of Incidence and Serotype Distribution J. Clin. Microbiol. 1991, 29 (7) 1359-1363
153. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Norovirus outbreak among evacuees from hurricane Katrina-Houston, Texas, September 2005 MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2005, 54 (40) 1016-8
154. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Infectious disease and dermatologic conditions in evacuees and rescue workers after Hurricane Katrina-multiple states, August-September, 2005 MMWR 2005, 54 (38) 961-4
155. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Surveillance for illness and injury after hurricane Katrina-New Orleans, Louisiana, September 8-25, 2005 MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2005, 54 (40) 1018-21
156. Kukkula, M.; Arstila, P.; Klossner, M. L.; Maunula, L.; Bonsdorff, C. H.; Jaatinen, P. Waterborne outbreak of viral gastroenteritis Scand. J. Infect. Dis. 1997, 29 (4) 415-8 10.3109/00365549709011840
157. Kunii, O.; Nakamura, S.; Abdur, R.; Wakai, S. The impact on health and risk factors of the diarrhoea epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods Public Health 2002, 116 (2) 68-74 10.1038/sj.ph.1900828
158. Paul, B. K.; Rahman, M. K.; Rakshit, B. C. Post-Cyclone Sidr illness patterns in coastal Bangladesh: an empirical study Nat. Hazards 2011, 56 (3) 841-852 10.1007/s11069-010-9595-5
159. Qadri, F.; Khan, A. I.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Begum, Y. A.; Chowdhury, F.; Nair, G. B.; Salam, M. A.; Sack, D. A.; Svennerholm, A. M. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholerae diarrhea, Bangladesh, 2004 Emerging Infect. Dis. 2005, 11 (7) 1104-1107 10.3201/eid1107.041266
160. Schmid, D.; Lederer, I.; Much, P.; Pichler, A. M.; Allerberger, F. Outbreak of norovirus infection associated with contaminated flood water, Salzburg, 2005 Euro Surveill. 2005, 10 (6) E050616
161. Siddique, A. K.; Baqui, A. H.; Eusof, A.; Zaman, K. 1988 floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 1991, 9 (4) 310-4
162. World Health Organization; Organization Mondiale de la Sante Epidemic-prone disease surveillance and response after the tsunami in Aceh Province, Indonesia Weekly Epidemiological Record 2005, 80 (18) 160-164
163. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Morbidity and mortality associated with Hurricane Floyd-North Carolina, September-October 1999 MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2000, 49 (17) 369-72
164. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Early warning disease surveillance after a flood emergency-Pakistan, 2010 MMWR. Morb. Mortal. Wkly Rep. 2012, 61 (49) 1002-7
165. Burr, M. L.; Davis, A. R.; Zbijowski, A. G. Diarrhoea and the drought Public Health 1978, 92 (2) 86-7 10.1016/S0033-3506(78)80034-1
166. de Sherbinin, A. The Biophysical and Geographical Correlates of Child Malnutrition in Africa Popul. Space Place 2011, 17 (1) 27-46 10.1002/psp.599
167. Stanke, C.; Kerac, M.; Prudhomme, C.; Medlock, J.; Murray, V. Health effects of drought: a systematic review of the evidence PLoS Curr. 2013, 10.1371/currents.dis.7a2cee9e980f91ad7697b570bcc4b004
168. Wilhite, D. A.; Glantz, M. H. Understanding the Drought Phenomenon: The Role of Definitions Water Int. 1985, 10 (3) 111-120 10.1080/02508068508686328
169. Lal, A.; Hales, S.; French, N.; Baker, M. G. Seasonality in human zoonotic enteric diseases: a systematic review PLoS One 2012, 7 (4) e31883 10.1371/journal.pone.0031883
170. Murphy, C.; Carroll, C.; Jordan, K. N. Environmental survival mechanisms of the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 100 (4) 623-32 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.02903.x
171. Roszak, D. B.; Colwell, R. R. Survival strategies of bacteria in the natural environment Microbiol. Rev. 1987, 51 (3) 365-79
172. Rzezutka, A.; Cook, N. Survival of human enteric viruses in the environment and food FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 2004, 28 (4) 441-53 10.1016/j.femsre.2004.02.001
173. van Elsas, J. D.; Semenov, A. V.; Costa, R.; Trevors, J. T. Survival of Escherichia coli in the environment: fundamental and public health aspects ISME J. 2011, 5 (2) 173-83 10.1038/ismej.2010.80
174. Alum, A.; Absar, I. M.; Asaad, H.; Rubino, J. R.; Ijaz, M. K. Impact of environmental conditions on the survival of cryptosporidium and giardia on environmental surfaces Interdiscip. Perspect. Infect. Dis. 2014, 2014, 210385 10.1155/2014/210385
175. Peng, X.; Murphy, T.; Holden, N. M. Evaluation of the effect of temperature on the die-off rate for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water, soils, and feces Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2008, 74 (23) 7101-7 10.1128/AEM.01442-08
176. John, D. E.; Rose, J. B. Review of factors affecting microbial survival in groundwater Environ. Sci. Technol. 2005, 39 (19) 7345-56 10.1021/es047995w
177. Hernández-Delgado, E. A.; Toranzos, G. A. In-Situ Replication Studies of Somatic and Male-Specific Coliphages in a Tropical Pristine River Water Sci. Technol. 1995, 31 (5-6) 247-250 10.1016/0273-1223(95)00274-Q
178. Kelly, J. J.; Minalt, N.; Culotti, A.; Pryor, M.; Packman, A. Temporal variations in the abundance and composition of biofilm communities colonizing drinking water distribution pipes PLoS One 2014, 9 (5) e98542 10.1371/journal.pone.0098542
179. Shapiro, R. S.; Cowen, L. E. Thermal control of microbial development and virulence: molecular mechanisms of microbial temperature sensing mBio 2012, 3 (5 e00238-12 10.1128/mBio.00238-12
180. Konkel, M. E.; Tilly, K. Temperature-regulated expression of bacterial virulence genes Microbes Infect. 2000, 2 (2) 157-66 10.1016/S1286-4579(00)00272-0
181. Pitzer, V. E.; Viboud, C.; Lopman, B. A.; Patel, M. M.; Parashar, U. D.; Grenfell, B. T. Influence of birth rates and transmission rates on the global seasonality of rotavirus incidence J. R. Soc., Interface 2011, 8 (64) 1584-93 10.1098/rsif.2011.0062
182. Alexander, K. A.; Carzolio, M.; Goodin, D.; Vance, E. Climate change is likely to worsen the public health threat of diarrheal disease in Botswana Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2013, 10 (4) 1202-30 10.3390/ijerph10041202
183. Tirado, M. C.; Clarke, R.; Jaykus, L.; McQuatters-Gollop, A.; Frank, J. M. Climate change and food safety: A review Food Res. Int. 2010, 43, 1745-1765 10.1016/j.foodres.2010.07.003
184. Ahern, M.; Kovats, R. S.; Wilkinson, P.; Few, R.; Matthies, F. Global health impacts of floods: epidemiologic evidence Epidemiol. Rev. 2005, 27, 36-46 10.1093/epirev/mxi004
185. Alderman, K.; Turner, L. R.; Tong, S. Floods and human health: a systematic review Environ. Int. 2012, 47, 37-47 10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.003
186. Dorner, S. M.; Anderson, W. B.; Slawson, R. M.; Kouwen, N.; Huck, P. M. Hydrologic modeling of pathogen fate and transport Environ. Sci. Technol. 2006, 40 (15) 4746-4753 10.1021/es060426z
187. Ferguson, C.; Husman, A. M. D.; Altavilla, N.; Deere, D.; Ashbolt, N. Fate and transport of surface water pathogens in watersheds Crit. Rev. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2003, 33 (3) 299-361 10.1080/10643380390814497
188. Jofre, J.; Blanch, A. R.; Lucena, F., Water-Borne Infectious Disease Outbreaks Associated with Water Scarcity and Rainfall Events. In Water Scarcity in the Mediterranean: Perspectives Under Global Change, 8 th ed.; Sabater, S.; Barcelo, D., Eds.; Springer-Verlag: Berlin, 2010; pp 147-159.
189. Jean, J. S.; Guo, H. R.; Chen, S. H.; Liu, C. C.; Chang, W. T.; Yang, Y. J.; Huang, M. C. The association between rainfall rate and occurrence of an enterovirus epidemic due to a contaminated well J. Appl. Microbiol. 2006, 101 (6) 1224-31 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03025.x
190. Moors, E.; Singh, T.; Siderius, C.; Balakrishnan, S.; Mishra, A. Climate change and waterborne diarrhoea in northern India: Impacts and adaptation strategies Sci. Total Environ. 2013, 468-469 (Suppl) S139-51 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.021
191. Liu, C.; Hofstra, N.; Franz, E. Impacts of climate change on the microbial safety of pre-harvest leafy green vegetables as indicated by Escherichia coli O157 and Salmonella spp Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2013, 163 (2-3) 119-28 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.02.026
192. Hurst, A. M.; Edwards, M. J.; Chipps, M.; Jefferson, B.; Parsons, S. A. The impact of rainstorm events on coagulation and clarifier performance in potable water treatment Sci. Total Environ. 2004, 321 (1-3) 219-30 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2003.08.016
193. Egorov, A. I.; Naumova, E. N.; Tereschenko, A. A.; Kislitsin, V. A.; Ford, T. E. Daily variations in effluent water turbidity and diarrhoeal illness in a Russian city Int. J. Environ. Health Res. 2003, 13 (1) 81-94 10.1080/0960312021000071567
194. Schwartz, J.; Levin, R. Drinking water turbidity and health Epidemiology 1999, 10 (1) 86-90 10.1097/00001648-199901000-00017
195. Schwartz, J.; Levin, R.; Goldstein, R. Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2000, 54 (1) 45-51 10.1136/jech.54.1.45
196. Schwartz, J.; Levin, R.; Hodge, K. Drinking water turbidity and pediatric hospital use for gastrointestinal illness in Philadelphia Epidemiology 1997, 8 (6) 615-20 10.1097/00001648-199710000-00001
197. Tinker, S. C.; Moe, C. L.; Klein, M.; Flanders, W. D.; Uber, J.; Amirtharajah, A.; Singer, P.; Tolbert, P. E. Drinking water turbidity and emergency department visits for gastrointestinal illness in Atlanta, 1993-2004 J. Exposure Sci. Environ. Epidemiol. 2010, 20 (1) 19-28 10.1038/jes.2008.68
198. Moran, P.; Nhandara, C.; Hove, I.; Charimari, L.; Katito, C.; Bradley, M.; Williams, M. A. Contamination of traditional drinking water sources during a period of extreme drought in the Zvimba communal lands, Zimbabwe Cent. Afr. J. Med. 1997, 43 (11) 316-21
199. Shehane, S. D.; Harwood, V. J.; Whitlock, J. E.; Rose, J. B. The influence of rainfall on the incidence of microbial faecal indicators and the dominant sources of faecal pollution in a Florida river J. Appl. Microbiol. 2005, 98 (5) 1127-36 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2005.02554.x
200. Besner, M.; Prévost, M.; Regli, S. Assessing the public health risk of microbial intrusion events in distribution systems: Conceptual model, available data, and challenges Water Res. 2011, 45, 961-979 10.1016/j.watres.2010.10.035
201. Hunter, P. R.; Zmirou-Navier, D.; Hartemann, P. Estimating the impact on health of poor reliability of drinking water interventions in developing countries Sci. Total Environ. 2009, 407 (8) 2621-4 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.018
202. En, W. L.; Gan, G. L. Factors Associated with Use of Improved Water Sources and Sanitation among Rural Primary Schoolchildren in Pursat Province, Cambodia Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health 2011, 42 (4) 1022-1031
203. Pickering, A. J.; Davis, J. Freshwater availability and water fetching distance affect child health in sub-Saharan Africa Environ. Sci. Technol. 2012, 46 (4) 2391-7 10.1021/es203177v
204. IPCC. Summary for policymakers. In Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change; Field, C. B.; Barros, V. R.; Dokken, D. J.; Mach, K. J.; Mastrandrea, M. D.; Bilir, T. E.; Chatterjee, M.; Ebi, K. L.; Estrada, Y. O.; Genova, R. C.; Girma, B.; Kissel, E. S.; Levy, A. N.; MacCracken, S.; Mastrandrea, P. R.; White, L. L., Eds.; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, United Kingdom, 2014; pp 1-32.
205. Emch, M.; Yunus, M.; Escamilla, V.; Feldacker, C.; Ali, M. Local population and regional environmental drivers of cholera in Bangladesh Environ. Health 2010, 9, 2 10.1186/1476-069X-9-2
206. Hashizume, M.; Chaves, L. F.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Yunus, M.; Streatfield, K.; Moji, K. A Differential Effect of Indian Ocean Dipole and El Nino on Cholera Dynamics in Bangladesh PLoS One 2013, 8 (3 e60001 10.1371/journal.pone.0060001
207. Hashizume, M.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Terao, T.; Yunus, M.; Streatfield, K.; Yamamoto, T.; Moji, K. The indian ocean dipole and cholera incidence in Bangladesh: A time-series analysis Environ. Health Perspect. 2011, 119 (2) 239-244 10.1289/ehp.1002302
208. Lobitz, B.; Beck, L.; Huq, A.; Wood, B.; Fuchs, G.; Faruque, A. S. G.; Colwell, R. Climate and infectious disease: Use of remote sensing for detection of Vibrio cholerae by indirect measurement Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2000, 97 (4) 1438-1443 10.1073/pnas.97.4.1438
209. Cutler, D.; Miller, G. The role of public health improvements in health advances: the twentieth-century United States Demography 2005, 42 (1) 1-22 10.1353/dem.2005.0002
210. Patz, J. A.; Olson, S. H.; Uejio, C. K.; Gibbs, H. K. Disease emergence from global climate and land use change Med. Clin. North Am. 2008, 92 (6) 1473-91 10.1016/j.mcna.2008.07.007
211. Philipsborn, R.; Ahmed, S. M.; Brosi, B. J.; Levy, K. Climatic Drivers of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: A systematic review and meta-analysis J. Infect. Dis. 2016, jiw081 10.1093/infdis/jiw081
212. Eisenberg, J. N.; Cevallos, W.; Ponce, K.; Levy, K.; Bates, S. J.; Scott, J. C.; Hubbard, A.; Vieira, N.; Endara, P.; Espinel, M.; Trueba, G.; Riley, L. W.; Trostle, J. Environmental change and infectious disease: how new roads affect the transmission of diarrheal pathogens in rural Ecuador Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 2006, 103 (51) 19460-5 10.1073/pnas.0609431104
213. Kotloff, K. L.; Nataro, J. P.; Blackwelder, W. C.; Nasrin, D.; Farag, T. H.; Panchalingam, S.; Wu, Y.; Sow, S. O.; Sur, D.; Breiman, R. F.; Faruque, A. S.; Zaidi, A. K.; Saha, D.; Alonso, P. L.; Tamboura, B.; Sanogo, D.; Onwuchekwa, U.; Manna, B.; Ramamurthy, T.; Kanungo, S.; Ochieng, J. B.; Omore, R.; Oundo, J. O.; Hossain, A.; Das, S. K.; Ahmed, S.; Qureshi, S.; Quadri, F.; Adegbola, R. A.; Antonio, M.; Hossain, M. J.; Akinsola, A.; Mandomando, I.; Nhampossa, T.; Acacio, S.; Biswas, K.; OReilly, C. E.; Mintz, E. D.; Berkeley, L. Y.; Muhsen, K.; Sommerfelt, H.; Robins-Browne, R. M.; Levine, M. M. Burden and aetiology of diarrhoeal disease in infants and young children in developing countries (the Global Enteric Multicenter Study, GEMS): a prospective, case-control study Lancet 2013, 382 (9888) 209-22 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60844-2
214. Platts-Mills, J. A.; Babji, S.; Bodhidatta, L.; Gratz, J.; Haque, R.; Havt, A.; McCormick, B. J.; McGrath, M.; Olortegui, M. P.; Samie, A.; Shakoor, S.; Mondal, D.; Lima, I. F.; Hariraju, D.; Rayamajhi, B. B.; Qureshi, S.; Kabir, F.; Yori, P. P.; Mufamadi, B.; Amour, C.; Carreon, J. D.; Richard, S. A.; Lang, D.; Bessong, P.; Mduma, E.; Ahmed, T.; Lima, A. A.; Mason, C. J.; Zaidi, A. K.; Bhutta, Z. A.; Kosek, M.; Guerrant, R. L.; Gottlieb, M.; Miller, M.; Kang, G.; Houpt, E. R. Pathogen-specific burdens of community diarrhoea in developing countries: a multisite birth cohort study (MAL-ED) Lancet Glob. Health 2015, 3 (9) e564-75 10.1016/S2214-109X(15)00151-5
215. Pruss-Ustun, A.; Bartram, J.; Clasen, T.; Colford, J. M., Jr.; Cumming, O.; Curtis, V.; Bonjour, S.; Dangour, A. D.; De France, J.; Fewtrell, L.; Freeman, M. C.; Gordon, B.; Hunter, P. R.; Johnston, R. B.; Mathers, C.; Mausezahl, D.; Medlicott, K.; Neira, M.; Stocks, M.; Wolf, J.; Cairncross, S. Burden of disease from inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene in low- and middle-income settings: a retrospective analysis of data from 145 countries Trop. Med. Int. Health 2014, 19 (8) 894-905 10.1111/tmi.12329
216. Hodges, M.; Belle, J. H.; Carlton, E. J.; Liang, S.; Li, H.; Luo, W.; Freeman, M. C.; Liu, Y.; Gao, Y.; Hess, J. J.; Remais, J. V. Delays in reducing waterborne and water-related infectious diseases in China under climate change Nat. Clim. Change 2014, 4, 1109-1115 10.1038/nclimate2428