Typhoid Fever and Its Association with Environmental Factors in the Dhaka Metropolitan Area of Bangladesh: A Spatial and Time-Series Approach

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases

Volumn 7, Issue 1, 2013, Pages

  Dewan, Ashraf M ^a   Corner, Robert ^a   Hashizume, Masahiro ^b   Ongee, Emmanuel T ^a  

^a CURTIN UNIVERSITY   (Australia)

^b NAGASAKI UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

RAIN;

ADOLESCENT; ADULT; AGE; ARTICLE; BANGLADESH; CHILD; CLIMATE; ENVIRONMENTAL FACTOR; FEMALE; GENDER; HUMAN; INCIDENCE; INFANT; INFECTION RATE; MALE; NEWBORN; PRESCHOOL CHILD; PREVALENCE; RIVER; SCHOOL CHILD; SEASONAL VARIATION; SPATIAL ANALYSIS; TEMPERATURE; TYPHOID FEVER;

EID: 84873488734     PISSN: 19352727     EISSN: 19352735     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001998     Document Type: Article

References (79)

1. Nagashetty K, Channappa ST, Gaddad SM, (2010) Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi in India. J Infect Dev Ctries 4 (2): 070-073.
2. Kanungo S, Dutta S, Sur D, (2008) Epidemiology of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in India. J Infect Dev Ctries 2 (6): 454-460.
3. Bhan M, Bahl R, Bhatnagar S, (2005) Typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Lancet 366 (9487): 749-762.
4. Naheed A, Ram PK, Brooks WA, Hossain MA, Parsons MB, et al. (2010) Burden of typhoid and paratyphoid fever in a densely populated urban community, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Int J Infect Dis 14 (S3): e93-e99.
5. Crump JA, Luby SP, Mintz ED, (2004) The global burden of typhoid fever. Bull World Health Organ 82: 346-353.
6. World Health organization (WHO), (1997). Typhoid fever. WHO, Geneva, Fact Sheet No. 149.
7. Sharma PK, Ramakrishnan R, Hutin Y, Manickam P, Gupte MD, (2009) Risk factors for typhoid in Darjeeling, West Bengal, India: evidence for practical action. Trop Med Int Health 14 (6): 696-702.
8. Ram PK, Naheed A, Brooks WA, Hossain MA, Mintz ED, et al. (2007) Risk factors for typhoid fever in a slum in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 135: 458-465.
9. Luby SP, Faizan MK, Fisher-Hoch SP, Syed A, Mintz ED, et al. (1998) Risk factors for typhoid fever in an epidemic setting, Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 120(2): 129-138.
10. Velema JP, van Wijnen G, Bult P, van Naerssen T, Jota S, (1997) Typhoid fever in Ujung Pandang, Indonesia-high risk groups and high-risk behaviours. Trop Med Int Health 2 (11): 1088-1094.
11. Black RE, Cisneros L, Levine MM, Banfi A, Lobos H, et al. (1985) Case-control study to identify risk factors for paediatric endemic typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile. Bull World Health Organ 63 (5): 899-904.
12. Kelly-Hope LA, Alonso WJ, Theim VD, Anh DD, Canh DG, et al. (2007) Geographical distribution and risk factors associated with enteric diseases in Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 76 (4): 706-712.
13. Gasem MH, Dolamans WM, Keuter MM, Djokomoeljanto RR, (2001) Poor food hygiene and housing as risk factors for typhoid fever in Semarang, Indonesia. Trop Med Int Health 6 (6): 484-490.
14. Mermin JH, Villar R, Carpenter J, Roberts L, Samaridden A, et al. (1999) et al. A massive epidemic of multidrug-resistant typhoid fever in Tajikistan associated with consumption of municipal water. J Infect Dis 179 (6): 1416-1422.
15. King CC, Chen CJ, You SL, Chuang YC, Huang HH, et al. (1989) Community-wide epidemiological investigation of a typhoid outbreak in a rural township in Taiwan, Republic of China. Int J Epidemiol 18 (1): 254-260.
16. Karkey A, Arjyal A, Anders KL, Boni MF, Dongol S, et al. (2010) The burden and characteristics of enteric fever at a healthcare facility in a densely populated area of Kathmandu. PloS One 5 (11): e13988.
17. Tran HH, Bjune G, Nguyen BM, Rottingen JA, Grais RF, Guerin PJ, (2005) Risk factors associated with typhoid fever in Son La Province, northern Vietnam. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 99: 819-826.
18. Sur D, Ali M, Seidlein LV, Manna B, Deen JL, et al. (2007) Comparisons of predictors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Kolkata, India. BMC Public Health 7: 289.
19. Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HAGH, Widjaja S, Visser LG, et al. (2004) Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta. JAMA 291 (21): 2607-2615.
20. Kothari A, Pruthi A, Chugh TD, (2008) The burden of enteric fever. J Infect Dev Ctries 2 (4): 253-259.
21. Whitaker JA, Franco-Pardes C, del Rio C, Edupuganti C, (2009) Rethinking typhoid fever vaccines: implications for travelers and people living in highly endemic areas. J Travel Med 16 (1): 46-52.
22. Wang LX, Li XJ, Fang LQ, Wang DC, Cao WC, et al. (2012) Association between the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever and meteorological variables in Guizhou, China. Chinese Med J 125 (3): 455-460.
23. Ochiai RL, Acosta CJ, Danovaro-Holliday MC, Baiqing D, Bhattacharya SK, et al. (2008) A study of typhoid fever in five Asian countries: disease burden and implications for controls. Bull World Health Organ 86 (4): 260-268.
24. Stoll BJ, Glass RI, Banu H, Alam M, (1983) Enteric fever in patients to a diarrhoeal disease hospital in Bangladesh. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 77 (4): 548-551.
25. Saha SK, Baqui AH, Abdullah H, Hanif M, Darmstadt GL, et al. (2001) Typhoid fever in Bangladesh: implications for vaccination policy. Ped Infect Dis J 20 (5): 521-524.
26. Brook WA, Hossain A, Goswami D, Sharmeen AT, Nahar K, et al. (2005) Bacteremic typhoid fever in children in an urban slum, Bangladesh. Emerg Infect Dis 11 (2): 326-329.
27. Rahman AKMM, Ahmad M, Begum RS, Hossain MZ, Hoque SA, et al. (2011) Prevalence of typhoid fever among the children in a semi urban area of Bangladesh. J Dhaka Med Coll 20 (1): 37-43.
28. Jacquez GM, (2000) Spatial science in epidemiology: nascent science or a failure of GIS. J Geogr Syst 2: 91-97.
29. Rezaeian M, Dunn G, Leger SS, Appleby L, (2007) Geographical epidemiology, spatial analysis and geographical information systems: a multidisciplinary glossary. J Epidemiol Community Health 61: 98-102.
30. Chaikaew N, Tripathi NK, Souris M, (2009) Exploring spatial patterns and hotspots of diarrhea in Chiang Mai, Thailand,. Int J Health Geogr 8: 36.
31. Gesler W, (1986) The uses of spatial analysis in medical geography: a review. Soc Sci Med 23: 963-973.
32. Hinman SE, Blackburn JK, Curtis A, (2006) Spatial and temporal structure of typhoid outbreaks in Washington D.C., 1906-1909: evaluating local clustering with the Gi* statistics. Int J Health Geogr 5: 13.
33. Matisziw TC, Grubesic TH, Wei H, (2008) Downscaling spatial structure for the analysis of epidemiological data. Comput Environ Urban Syst 32: 81-93.
34. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), (2003) Population Census-2001. Community Series, Dhaka, Narayanganj and Gazipur, Dhaka: Ministry of Planning.
35. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), (2001) Population Census-2001. National Series, Dhaka: Ministry of Planning.
36. Environmental System Research Institute (ESRI), (2010) Interpreting GWR results. (http://webhelp.esri.com/arcgisdesktop/9.3/index.cfm?TopicName=Interpreting_GWR_results), accessed 11 August 2012.
37. Fotheringham SA, Brunsdon C, Charlton M, (2002) Geographically weighted regression: the analysis of spatially varying relationships. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
38. Clayton D, Kaldor J, (1987) Empirical Bayesian estimates of age-standardized relative risks for use in disease mapping. Biometrics 43 (3): 671-681.
39. Anselin L, (2005) Spatial statistical modelling in a GIS environment. In: Maguire DJ, Batty M, and Goodchild MF, editors. GIS, Spatial Analysis and Modelling. Redlands: ESRI, pp. 93-111.
40. Anselin L, Lozano L, Koschinsky J, (2006) Rate transformations and smoothing. Spatial Analysis Laboratory, Department of Geography, Urbana-Champaign: University of Illinois,.
41. Anselin L, (1995) Local indicators of spatial association - LISA. Geogr Anal 27: 93-116.
42. Anselin L, Syabri I, Kho Y, (2006) GeoDa: an introduction to spatial data analysis. Geogr Anal 38: 5-22.
43. McCullagh P, Nelder J, (1989) Generalized linear models. London: Chapman and Hall.
44. Stolwijk AM, Straatman H, Zielhuis GA, (1999) Studying seasonality by using sine and cosine functions in regression analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health 53: 235-8.
45. Brumback B, Burge HA, Neas LM, Ryan LM, Schwartz JD, et al. (2000) Transitional regression models, with application to environmental time series. J Am Stat Assoc 95: 16-27.
46. Durrleman S, Simon R, (1989) Flexible regression models with cubic splines. Stat Med 8: 551-61.
47. Burnham KP, Anderson DR, (2002) Model selection and multimodel inference: a practical information-theoretic approach. The Netherlands: Springer-Verlag.
48. Reyburn R, Kim DR, Emch M, Khatib A, von Seidlein L, et al. (2011) Climate Variability and the Outbreaks of Cholera in Zanzibar, East Africa: A Time Series Analysis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 84 (6): 862-869.
49. Hashizume M, Wagatsuma Y, Hayashi T, Saha SK, Streatfield K, et al. (2009) The effect of temperature on mortality in rural Bangladesh: a population based time-series study. Int J Epidemiol 38 (6): 1689-1697.
50. Haque U, Scott LM, Hashizume M, Fisher E, Haque R, et al. (2012) Modelling malaria treatment practices in Bangladesh using spatial statistics. Malar J 11: 63.
51. Loth L, Gilbert M, Osmani MG, Kalam AM, Xiao X, (2010) Risk factors and clusters of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 outbreaks in Bangladesh. Prev Vet Med 96: 104-113.
52. Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, (2002a) The spatial epidemiology of cholera in an endemic area of Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 55 (6): 1015-1024.
53. Ali M, Emch M, Donnay JP, Yunus M, Sack RB, (2002b) Identifying environmental risk factors for endemic cholera: a raster GIS approach. Health Place 8 (3): 201-210.
54. Ali M, Wagatsuma Y, Emch M, Breiman R, (2003) Use of geographic information system for defining spatial risk for dengue transmission in Bangladesh: role for Aedes Albopictus in an urban outbreak. Am J Trop Med Hyg 69 (6): 634-640.
55. Emch M, Ali M, (2001) Spatial and temporal patterns of diarrheal disease in Matlab, Bangladesh. Environ Plan A 33: 339-350.
56. Emch M, (2000) Relationships between flood control, kala-azar, and diarrheal disease in Bangladesh. Environ Plan A 32: 1051-1063.
57. Butler T, Islam A, Kabir I, Jones PK, (1991) Patterns of morbidity and mortality in Typhoid fever dependent on age and gender: review of 552 hospitalized patients with diarrhea. Rev Inf Dis 13: 85-90.
58. Morris JG Jr, Ferreccio C, Garcia J, Lobos H, Black RE, et al. (1984) Typhoid fever in Santiago, Chile: a study of household contacts of pediatric patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 33 (6): 1198-1202.
59. MacKian S, (2005) A review of health seeking behaviour: problems and prospects. Health Systems Development Programme, University of Manchester, HSD/WP/05/03.
60. Ahmed SM, Adams AM, Chowdhury M, Bhuiya A, (2000) Gender, socioeconomic development and health-seeking behaviour in Bangladesh. Soc Sci Med 51: 361-371.
61. Wanke C, Butler T, Islam M, (1988) Epidemiological and clinical features of invasive amebiasis in Bangladesh: a case-control comparison with other diarrheal diseases and post-mortem findings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 38 (2): 335-341.
62. Kondo H, Seo N, Yasuda T, Hasizume M, Koido Y, et al. (2002) Post-flood epidemics of infectious disease in Mozambique. Prehosp Disast Med 17: 126-133.
63. Hörman A, Rimhanen-Finne R, Maunula L, von Bonsdorff C-H, Torvela N, et al. (2004) Campylobacter spp., Giardia spp., Cryptosporidium spp., Noroviruses, and indicator 372 organisms in surface water in south-western Finland, 2000-2001. Appl Env Microbiol 70 (1): 87-95.
64. Cho JC, Kim SJ, (1999) Viable, but non-culturable, state of a green fluorescence protein-tagged environmental isolate of Salmonella typhi in groundwater and pond water. FEMS Microbiol Lett 170: 257-264.
65. Thong K-L, Cordano A-M, Yassin RM, Pang T, (1996) Molecular analysis of environmental and human isolates of Salmonella typhi. Appl Environ Microbiol 62: 271-274.
66. Dewan AM, Kabir MH, Nahar K, Rahman MZ, (2012) Urbanization and environmental degradation in Dhaka metropolitan area of Bangladesh. Int J Env Sust Dev 11 (2): 118-146.
67. Aktar Z, Fakhruddin ANM, Ahmed MSU, Nasreen T, Parveen S, (2009) Assessment and treatment of the supplied pipeline water of selected areas of Dhaka City, Bangladesh. J Sci Ind Res 44 (3): 335-340.
68. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), (2010) Compendium of Environment Statistics of Bangladesh 2009. Dhaka: Ministry of Planning.
69. Mallik AK, Islam MS, Rafiqul I, Matin MA, Zahid IK, (20060 Bacteriological quality of untreated deep tube well and treated river water of Dhaka city, Bangladesh. Bangladesh J Env Sci 12 (1): 64-67.
70. Sohel KMA, Chowdhury MAI, Ahmed MF, (2003) Surface water quality in and around Dhaka City. J Water SRT - Aqua 52 (2): 141-153.
71. Karn SK, Harada H, (2001) Surface water pollution in three urban territories of Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Env Man 28 (4): 483-496.
72. Waller LA, Gotway CA, (2004) Applied spatial Statistics for Public Health Data. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
73. Lin FY, Vo AH, Phan VB, Nguyen TT, Bryla D, et al. (2000) The epidemiology of typhoid fever in the Dong Thap Province, Mekong Delta region of Vietnam. Am J Trop Med Hyg 62: 644-648.
74. Kovats RS, Edwards SJ, Hajat S, Armstrong BG, Ebi KL, et al. (2004) The effect of temperature on food poisoning: a time-series analysis of salmonellosis in ten European countries. Epidemiol Infect 132: 443-453.
75. Curriero FC, Patz JA, Rose JB, Lele S, (2001) The association between extreme precipitation and waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States, 1948-1994. Am J Public Health 91: 1194-1199.
76. Luby SP, Islam MS, Johnston R, (2006) Chlorine spot treatment of flooded tube wells, an efficacy trail. J Appl Microbiol 100: 115-1158.
77. Luby SP, Gupta SK, Sheikh MA, Johnston RB, Ram PK, et al. (2008) Tubewell water quality and predictors of contamination in three flood-prone areas of Bangladesh. J Appl Microbiol 105: 1002-1008.
78. Jacquez GM, Greiling DA, (2003) Local clustering in breast, lung, and colorectal cancer in Long Island. Int J Health Geogr 2: 1-12.
79. Ivanoff B, Levine MM, Keuter PH, (1994) Vaccination against typhoid fever: present status,. Bull World Health Organ 72: 957-971.