Global health impacts of floods: Epidemiologic evidence

Epidemiologic Reviews

Volumn 27, Issue , 2005, Pages 36-46

  Ahern, Mike ^a   Kovats, R Sari ^a   Wilkinson, Paul ^a   Few, Roger ^b   Matthies, Franziska ^c  

^a LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE AND TROPICAL MEDICINE   (United Kingdom)

^b UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF EAST ANGLIA   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ABRASION; ARTICLE; CAUSE OF DEATH; CHOLERA; CONTROLLED STUDY; CONTUSION; CRYPTOSPORIDIOSIS; DENGUE; DIARRHEA; FLOOD TIDE; HUMAN; INFECTION; INJURY; LACERATION; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALARIA; MENTAL DISEASE; MORTALITY; MOUTH DISEASE; POLIOMYELITIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; SPRAIN; TYPHOID FEVER; VIRUS INFECTION;

ANIMALS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; DISEASE VECTORS; EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDIES; HUMANS; MENTAL HEALTH; MORTALITY; NATURAL DISASTERS; WORLD HEALTH; WOUNDS AND INJURIES;

EID: 21244490086     PISSN: 0193936X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxi004     Document Type: Article

References (116)

1. Center for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. EM-DAT: the OFDA/CRED International Disasters Data Base. Brussels, Belgium: School of Public Health, Université Catholique de Louvain, 2005. (http://www.em-dat.net/) .
2. Hajat S, Ebi KL, Kovats RS, et al. The human health consequences of flooding in Europe and the implications for public health: a review of the evidence. Appl Environ Sci Public Health 2003;1:13-21.
3. Malilay J. Floods. In: Noji E, ed. The public health consequences of disasters. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1997:287-301.
4. Seaman J. Epidemiology of natural disasters. Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 1984.
5. Western K. Epidemiologic surveillance after natural disaster. Washington, DC: Pan American Health Organization, 1982.
6. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2001: impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2001.
7. Abrahams MJ, Price J, Whitlock FA, et al. The Brisbane floods, January 1974: their impact on health. Med J Aust 1976;2:936-9.
8. Bennet G. Bristol floods 1968. Controlled survey of effects on health of local community disaster. Br Med J 1970;3:454-8.
9. French J, Ing R, Von Allmen S, et al. Mortality from flash floods: a review of national weather service reports, 1969-81. Public Health Rep 1983;98:584-8.
10. Handmer JW, Smith DI. Health hazards of floods: hospital admissions for Lismore. Aust Geogr Stud 1983;21:221-30.
11. Lorraine NSR. Convey Island flood disaster, February, 1953. Med Off 1954;91:59-62.
12. Flood-related mortality-Missouri, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42:941-3.
13. Duclos P, Vidonne O, Beuf P, et al. Flash flood disaster: Nîmes, France, 1988. Eur J Epidemiol 1991;7:365-71.
14. Flood-related mortality-Georgia, July 4-14, 1994. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43:526-30.
15. Dietz VJ, Gunn RA, Rigau-Perez JG, et al. Health assessment of the 1985 flood disaster in Puerto Rico. Disasters 1990; 14:164-70.
16. Storm-related mortality-Central Texas, October 17-31, 1998. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000;49:133-5.
17. Staes C, Orengo JC, Malilay J, et al. Deaths due to flash floods in Puerto Rico, January 1992: implications for prevention. Int J Epidemiol 1994;23:968-75.
18. Health assessment of the population affected by flood conditions-Khartoum, Sudan. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1989;37:785-8.
19. Siddique AK, Baqui AH, Eusof A, et al. 1988 floods in Bangladesh: pattern of illness and causes of death. J Diarrhoeal Dis Res 1991;9:310-14.
20. Woodruff BA, Toole JM, Rodriguez DC, et al. Disease surveillance and control after a flood in Khartoum, Sudan, 1988. Disasters 1990;14:151-63.
21. Kunii O, Nakamura S, Abdur R, et al. The impact on health and risk factors of the diarrhoea epidemics in the 1998 Bangladesh floods. Public Health 2002; 116:68-74.
22. Jonkman S, Kelman I. An analysis of causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. Disasters 2005;29: 75-97.
23. Morbidity surveillance following the midwest flood-Missouri, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42: 797-8.
24. Public health consequences of a flood disaster-Iowa, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1993;42:653-6.
25. Korthuis PT, Jones TR, Lesmana M, et al. An outbreak of El Tor cholera associated with a tribal funeral in Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 1998; 29:550-4.
26. Sur D, Dutta P, Nair GB, et al. Severe cholera outbreak following floods in a northern district of West Bengal. Indian J Med Res 2000;112:178-82.
27. Katsumata T, Hosea D, Wasito EB, et al. Cryptosporidiosis in Indonesia: a hospital-based study and a community-based survey. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1998;59:628-32.
28. Biswas R, Pal D, Mukhopadhyay SP. A community based study on health impact of flood in a vulnerable district of West Bengal. Indian J Public Health 1999;43:89-90.
29. Mondal NC, Biswas R, Manna A. Risk factors of diarrhoea among flood victims: a controlled epidemiological study. Indian J Public Health 2001;45:122-7.
30. Kondo H, Seo N, Yasuda T, et al. Post-flood-infectious diseases in Mozambique. Prehospital Disaster Med 2002; 17:126-33.
31. Heller L, Colosimo EA, Antunes CM. Environmental sanitation conditions and health impact: a case-control study. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2003;36:41-50.
32. van Middelkoop A, van Wyk JE, Kustner HG, et al. Poliomyelitis outbreak in Natal/KwaZulu, South Africa, 1987-1988. 1. Epidemiology. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1992;86:80-2.
33. Fun BN, Unicomb L, Rahim Z, et al. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea in rural Bangladesh: two-year study of incidence and serotype distribution. J Clin Microbiol 1991;29:1359-63.
34. Vollaard AM, Ali S, van Asten HA, et al. Risk factors for typhoid and paratyphoid fever in Jakarta, Indonesia. JAMA 2004;291:2607-15.
35. Cervenka J. Health aspects of Danube river floods. Ann Soc Belg Med Trop 1976;56:217-22.
36. Aavitsland P, Iversen BG, Krogh T, et al. [Infections during the 1995 flood in Ostlandet. Prevention and incidence]. (In Norwegian). Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 1996;116:2038-43.
37. Waring SC, Reynolds KM, D'Souza G, et al. Rapid assessment of household needs in the Houston area after Tropical Storm Allison. Disaster Manag Response 2002;3-9.
38. Wade TJ, Sandhu SK, Levy D, et al. Did a severe flood in the Midwest cause an increase in the incidence of gastrointestinal symptoms? Am J Epidemiol 2004;159:398-405.
39. Reacher M, McKenzie K, Lane C, et al. Health impacts of flooding in Lewes: a comparison of reported gastrointestinal and other illness and mental health in flooded and non-flooded households. Commun Dis Public Health 2004;7: 56-63.
40. Mackowiak PA, Caraway CT, Portnoy BL. Oyster-associated hepatitis: lessons from the Louisiana experience. Am J Epidemiol 1976;103:181-91.
41. Sidley P. Malaria epidemic expected in Mozambique. BMJ 2000;320:669.
42. El-Sayed BB, Arnot DE, Mukhtar MM, et al. A study of the urban malaria transmission problem in Khartoum. Acta Trop 2000;75:163-71.
43. McCarthy MC, Haberberger RL, Salib AW, et al. Evaluation of arthropod-borne viruses and other infectious disease pathogens as the causes of febrile illnesses in the Khartoum Province of Sudan. J Med Virol 1996;48:141-6.
44. Mathur KK, Harpalani G, Kalra NL, et al. Epidemic of malaria in Banner district (Thar desert) of Rajasthan during 1990. Indian J Malariol 1992;29:1-10.
45. Sharma RS, Lal S, Sharma SN, et al. Malaria outbreak in Mewat region Gurgaon district of Haryana State. J Commun Dis 1997;29:307-8.
46. Cedeño JEM. Rainfall and flooding in the Guayas river basin and its effects on the incidence of malaria 1982-1985. Disasters 1986;10:107-11.
47. Russac PA. Epidemiological surveillance: malaria epidemic following the Nino phenomenon. Disasters 1986;10:112-17.
48. Gueri M, Gonzalez C, Morin V. The effect of the floods caused by "El Niño" on health. Disasters 1986;10:118-24.
49. Saenz R, Bissell RA, Paniagua F. Post-disaster malaria in Costa Rica. Prehosp Disaster Med 1995;10:154-60.
50. Valencia Telleria A. El Niño related health hazards. Health consequences of the floods in Bolivia in 1982. Disasters 1986;10:88-106.
51. Nielsen NO, Makaula P, Nyakuipa D, et al. Lymphatic filariasis in Lower Shire, southern Malawi. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2002;96:133-8.
52. Broom AK, Lindsay MD, Johansen CA, et al. Two possible mechanisms for survival and initiation of Murray Valley encephalitis virus activity in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;53:95-9.
53. Cordova SP, Smith DW, Broom AK, et al. Murray Valley encephalitis in Western Australia in 2000, with evidence of southerly spread. Commun Dis Intell 2000;24:368-72.
54. Han LL, Popovici F, Alexander JP Jr, et al. Risk factors for West Nile virus infection and meningoencephalitis, Romania, 1996. J Infect Dis 1999;179:230-3.
55. Hubalek Z, Halouzka J, Juricova Z, et al. [Surveillance of mosquito-borne viruses in Breclav after the flood of 1997]. (In Czech). Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 1999;48:91-6.
56. Tsai TF, Popovici F, Cernescu C, et al. West Nile encephalitis epidemic in southeastern Romania. Lancet 1998;352: 767-71.
57. Rapid assessment of vector-borne diseases during the Midwest flood-United States, 1993. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1994;43:481-3.
58. Hopkins CC, Hollinger FB, Johnson RF, et al. The epidemiology of St. Louis encephalitis in Dallas, Texas, 1966. Am J Epidemiol 1975;102:1-15.
59. Human arboviral encephalitis-United States, 1983. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1984;33:339-42, 347.
60. Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome-Panama, 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2000;49:205-7.
61. Vanasco NB, Fusco S, Zanuttini JC, et al. [Outbreak of human leptospirosis after a flood in Reconquista, Santa Fe, 1998]. (In Spanish). Rev Argent Microbiol 2002;34:124-31.
62. Barcellos C, Sabroza PC. The place behind the case: leptospirosis risks and associated environmental conditions in a flood-related outbreak in Rio de Janeiro. Cad Saude Publica 2001;17(suppl):59-67.
63. Correa MO. Human leptospirosis in Brazil. Int J Zoonoses 1975;2:1-9.
64. Ko AI, Reis MG, Dourado CM, et al. Urban epidemic of severe leptospirosis in Brazil. Lancet 1999;354:820-5.
65. Sarkar U, Nascimento SF, Barbosa R, et al. Population-based case-control investigation of risk factors for leptospirosis during an urban epidemic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2002; 66:605-10.
66. Suarez Hernandez M, Martinez Sanchez R, Posada Fernandez PE, et al. [Human leptospirosis outbreak in the district of Ciego de Avila, Cuba]. (In Spanish). Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 1999;32:13-18.
67. Leptospirosis, India. Report of the investigation of a postcyclone outbreak in Orissa, November 1999. Wkly Epidemiol Rec 2000;75:217-23.
68. Sehgal SC, Sugunan AP, Vijayachari P. Outbreak of leptospirosis after the cyclone in Orissa. Natl Med J India 2002; 15:22-3.
69. Karande S, Bhatt M, Kelkar A, et al. An observational study to detect leptospirosis in Mumbai, India, 2000. Arch Dis Child 2003;88:1070-5.
70. Karande S, Kulkarni H, Kulkarni M, et al. Leptospirosis in children in Mumbai slums. Indian J Pediatr 2002;69:855-8.
71. Park SK, Lee SH, Rhee YK, et al. Leptospirosis in Chonbuk Province of Korea in 1987: a study of 93 patients. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1989;41:345-51.
72. Leal-Castellanos CB, Garcia-Suarez R, Gonzalez-Figueroa E, et al. Risk factors and the prevalence of leptospirosis infection in a rural community of Chiapas, Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 2003;131:1149-56.
73. Trevejo RT, Rigau-Perez JG, Ashford DA, et al. Epidemic leptospirosis associated with pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995. J Infect Dis 1998;178:1457-63.
74. Outbreak of acute febrile illness and pulmonary hemorrhage-Nicaragua, 1995. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1995;44:841-3.
75. Ashford DA, Kaiser RM, Spiegel RA, et al. Asymptomatic infection and risk factors for leptospirosis in Nicaragua. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2000;63:249-54.
76. Simoes J, de Azevedo JF, Palmeiro JM. Some aspects of the Weil's disease epidemiology based on a recent epidemic after a flood in Lisbon (1967). An Esc Nacl Saude Publica Med Trop (Lisb) 1969;3:19-32.
77. Sanders EJ, Rigau-Perez JG, Smits HL, et al. Increase of leptospirosis in dengue-negative patients after a hurricane in Puerto Rico in 1966. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1999;61: 399-404.
78. World Health Organization. The world health report 2001-mental health: new understanding, new hope. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization, 2001.
79. Price J. Some age-related effects of the 1974 Brisbane floods. Aust N Z J Psychiatry 1978;12:55-8.
80. Neuberg M, Jakubowska-Szwed B, Neuberg J. [Reproductive behavior after the flood disaster in Klodzko region-July 1997]. (In Polish). Ginekol Pol 2001;72:1037-41.
81. Bokszczanin A. Long-term negative psychological effects of a flood on adolescents. Pol Psychol Bull 2002;33:55-61.
82. Melick ME. Self-reported effects of a natural disaster on the health and well-being of working class males. Crisis Interv 1978;9:12-31.
83. Logue JN, Melick ME, Struening EL. A study of health and mental health status following a major natural disaster. Res Community Ment Health 1981;2:217-74.
84. Logue JN, Hansen H. A case-control study of hypertensive women in a post-disaster community: Wyoming Valley, Pennsylvania. J Human Stress 1980;6:28-34.
85. Ollendick DG, Hoffmann M. Assessment of psychological reactions in disaster victims. J Community Psychol 1982; 10:157-67.
86. Powell BJ, Penick EC. Psychological distress following a natural disaster: a one-year follow-up of 98 flood victims. J Community Psychol 1983;11:269-76.
87. Phifer JF, Kaniasty KZ, Norris FH. The impact of natural disaster on the health of older adults: a multi-wave prospective study. J Health Soc Behav 1988;29:65-78.
88. Tobin GA, Ollenburger JC. Predicting levels of postdisaster stress in adults following the 1993 floods in the upper midwest. Environ Behav 1996;28:340-57.
89. Ginexi EM, Weihs K, Simmens SJ, et al. Natural disaster and depression: a prospective investigation of reactions to the 1993 midwest floods. Am J Community Psychol 2000;28: 495-518.
90. Durkin MS, Khan N, Davidson LL, et al. The effects of a natural disaster on child behaviour: evidence for posttraumatic stress. Am J Public Health 1993;83:1549-53.
91. Phifer JF. Psychological distress and somatic symptoms after natural disaster: differential vulnerability among older adults. Psychol Aging 1990;5:412-20.
92. Becht MC, van Tilburg MA, Vingerhoets AJ, et al. [Flood: a pilot study on the consequences for well-being and health of adults and children]. (In Dutch). Tijdschr Psychiatry 1998; 40:277-89.
93. Bokszczanin A. [Psychological consequences of floods in children and youth]. (In Polish). Psychol Wychowawcza 2000;43:172-81.
94. Russoniello CV, Skalko TK, O'Brien K, et al. Childhood posttraumatic stress disorder and efforts to cope after Hurricane Floyd. Behav Med 2002;28:61-70.
95. Norris FH, Kaniasty K, Conrad ML, et al. Placing age differences in cultural context: a comparison of the effects of age on PTSD after disasters in the United States, Mexico, and Poland. J Clin Geropsychol 2002;8:153-73.
96. Verger P, Hunault C, Rotily M, et al. [Risk factors for post traumatic stress symptoms five years after the 1992 flood in the Vaucluse (France)]. (In French). Rev Epidemiol Sante Publique 2000;48(suppl 2):2S44-53.
97. Maltais D, Lachance L, Fortin M, et al. Psychological and physical health of the July 1996 disaster victims: a comparative study between victims and non-victims. (In French). Sante Ment Que 2000;25:116-37.
98. McMillen C, North C, Mosley M, et al. Untangling the psychiatric comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder in a sample of flood survivors. Compr Psychiatry 2002;43: 478-85.
99. Waelde LC, Koopman C, Rierdan J, et al. Symptoms of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder following exposure to disastrous flooding. J Trauma Dissoc 2001;2: 37-52.
100. Verger P, Rotily M, Hunault C, et al. Assessment of exposure to a flood disaster in a mental-health study. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol 2003;13:436-42.
101. Krug EG, Kresnow MJ, Peddicord JP, et al. Suicide after natural disasters. N Engl J Med 1998;338:373-8.
102. Krug EG, Kresnow MJ, Peddicord JP, et al. Retraction: suicide after natural disasters. N Eng J Med 1999;340: 148-9.
103. He ZX. A suicide belt in China: the Yangtze Basin. Arch Suicide Res 1998;4:287-9.
104. Meier PA, Mathers WD, Sutphin JE, et al. An epidemic of presumed Acanthamoeba keratitis that followed regional flooding: results of a case-control investigation. Arch Ophthalmol 1998;116:1090-4.
105. Swinkels WA, Engelsman M, Kasteleijn-Nolst Trenite DG, et al. Influence of an evacuation in February 1995 in The Netherlands on the seizure frequency in patients with epilepsy: a controlled study. Epilepsia 1998;39:1203-7.
106. Janerich DT, Stark AD, Greenwald P, et al. Increased leukemia, lymphoma, and spontaneous abortion in western New York following a flood disaster. Public Health Rep 1981;96:350-6.
107. Cheng AC, Hanna JN, Norton R, et al. Melioidosis in northern Australia, 2001-02. Commun Dis Intell 2003; 27:272-7.
108. Balluz L, Moll D, Diaz Martinez MG, et al. Environmental pesticide exposure in Honduras following Hurricane Mitch. Bull World Health Organ 2001;79:288-95.
109. Potera C. Fuel damage from flooding: finding a fix. Environ Health Perspect 2003;111:A228-31.
110. Lilley B, Lammie P, Dickerson J, et al. An increase in hookworm infection temporally associated with ecologic change. Emerg Infect Dis 1997;3:391-3.
111. Zhang YQ, Zhang J, Yang H. [Schistosomiasis investigation at 4 villages of Yangjiayuan during a flood in 1999]. (In Chinese). Zhongguo Ji Sheng Chong Xue Yu Ji Sheng Chong Bing Za Zhi 2002;20:59-60.
112. Chen W, Yang X, Huang X, et al. Influence of flood in 1998 on schistosomiasis epidemic. Chin J Schistosomiasis Contr 2000;12:202-5.
113. Chen J, Deng X, Xu F, et al. Study on the relationship between river flooding and the prevalence of schistosomiasis. Chin J Schistosomiasis Contr 2001;13:27-30.
114. Few R, Ahern M, Matthies F, et al. Floods, health and climate change: a strategic review. Norwich, United Kingdom: University of East Anglia, 2004.
115. Prado MS, Strina A, Barreto ML, et al. Risk factors for infection with Giardia duodenalis in pre-school children in the city of Salvador, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2003;131:899-906.
116. Canino G, Bravo M, Rubio-Stipec M, et al. The impact of disaster on mental health: prospective and retrospective analyses. Int J Ment Health 1990;19:51-69.